Socialization

Socialization

Randy Palmer

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Socialization

Socialization refers to the process that makes people become proficient members of the societies they live in through providing them an understanding of various societal expectations and norms, awareness of its values, and to accept the beliefs of that society. The socialization process is vital for children growing into adulthood, without which they cannot integrate within their society and develop harmonious and beneficial relationships within it. Additionally, socialization enables people to learn about social taboos and deviant behavior, essentially governing the way people act and react to different situations they come across in life. A child that grows up to learn different tasks and behaviors expected from them, by their peers and family members, is able to find his or her place in relation to other members of the society, ultimately learning about his or her personal identity and how it relates to the society at large.

The socialization process begins with the question ‘Who am I?’ I am Randy Palmer, an honest, opinionated, domineering and at times described as an assertive individual. My socialization process started with my infancy primarily through my mother, father, siblings, grandparents and other relatives, who I would frequently interact with. My mother and father were the primary socialization agents in my life. They were a traditional middle-class urban family, a happily married and loving couple, who placed great emphasis on the importance of family, and took pride in instructing me and raising me with values they saw as acceptable. Moreover, my early socialization skills that included my manners and language development were also heavily influenced by my social relationships with parents and other members of the family. A child’s social interaction in the family setting serves as a key socialization agent that ultimately teaches them their place in society CITATION Kee16 \l 1033 (Keel, 2016). As I grew older, I was expected to care for my younger siblings and was supposed to teach them about social expectations and norms that are important to live by when growing up in the environment around them. Deviant behavior was not tolerated in our family, and each child was given certain chores that instilled in me a sense of responsibility from the start. My mother was very protective and would place us before everything else. One reason why I value honesty is because I was always taught that honesty makes one look better and always pays off at the end.

Growing up further, I encountered new agents of socialization after I started school. This began the secondary socialization process for me, in which I would build upon the family values I had learnt while being introduced to newer social skills and rules of acceptable group behavior. A lack of complacency with these rules and expectations would be met by social sanctions. For instance, I was once removed from the classroom for being disruptive, something that warned me against exhibiting disruptive behavior in a social setting. The social control theory suggests that these sanctions ultimately shape children into becoming acceptable and ‘normal’ members of the society CITATION Jan75 \l 1033 (Janowitz, 1975). It was both formal and informal forms of social control that aided in my secondary socialization through which I learned how to be accepted into a particular social group. Moreover, it taught me that behavior considered appropriate for adolescents might not be acceptable for adults, and thus I needed to adapt to changing norms of acceptable behavior as I aged. In primary school, life was simpler, all of my peers were friendly, and there was little social division that I witnessed while playing or studying. According to Mead, children's play often involved role-playing in which they try to observe and mimic different social situations from the perspective of another CITATION Kor12 \l 1033 (Kornblum, 2012). Playing with peers reflects another part of the socialization process in which children engage in social interaction by means of symbols, languages, role-playing, and shared meanings by means of which they are influenced by their society, which also helps them reflect upon themselves as an object.

As children reach adolescence, a range of societal factors such as social class, religion, and race begin to influence their socialization. For instance, families that are poorer emphasize conformity whereas wealthy families would encourage creativity and judgment. Peer group socialization continues to influence them at this stage even as the children begin to exert more independence and start to develop an identity independent of their parents CITATION Lev94 \l 1033 (Levine & Moreland, 1994). Moreover, peer-group socialization occurs through forms of activities than what usually occurs within the family setting. For me, the close associations I formed with my friends, neighbors, and peer-groups in school and other places contributed to my socialization process by means of which I learned how to compromise, cooperate, negotiate and exert dominance and leadership.

In high school, I had come across more social divisions. Middle-class students would usually conform to regulations and acceptable behavior whereas lower-class students would generally be more truant and care less about school regulations. I had formed associations with peers belonging to both groups which allowed me to reflect, plan and evaluate my own position with respect to the school's social setting. I wanted to achieve higher academic grades, but at the same time, I wanted to engage in other thrilling activities that another group of students would engage more in. Thus, I was torn between two different circles, which I tried to overcome by engaging in self-evaluation, thereby striking a balance between the two different kinds of social lives each group was living. This balance allowed me to become a high academic achiever as well as remain popular among peers. This further enhanced my social relationships and communication while my relationships with girls helped me understand the more emotional aspects of social relationships. Moreover, it was at this stage that I began to learn about emotional control and higher moral values, by means of which I learned how to conduct myself publicly in a dignified manner. This secondary socialization coupled with the primary socialization from my family helped shaped my identity, personality, and self-esteem in order to become the type of person which I am today.

Another form of socialization that I believe impacted me was through the media. The media not only transmitted to me concepts, roles and expectation with regards to my gender but also influenced the way I saw society. This occurred through my exposure to different forms of deviance, crime and anti-social behavior that I saw in television shows, from where I learned about the consequences of engaging in them. The display of deviance on television programs and the demonstration of punishment and consequences for those who do not conform to societal expectations influenced me to steer away from it. Additionally, religion also served as an important socialization avenue for me as I began to accompany my family to Church. Like school, these places of worship would also teach members and participants how to interact with society and to find one’s place in it CITATION Pic091 \l 1033 (Pickering, 2009). Moreover, the Church would uphold certain traditional norms and held important ceremonies and rituals related to birth, obituaries, and marriage, which instilled a shared sense of community in me and further strengthened certain desirable values in me through the socialization process.

In conclusion, the sociological perspective allowed me to realize how an individual is continuously shaped by different social processes as a result of their engagement with other members of society. The socialization process serves as an essential factor in ultimately determining a person’s self-identity as a result of different social controls and social interactions. In my life, five socialization agents played a key role: school, family, mass-media, peer-groups and religion, among which it was my family and school that played the most fundamental role in shaping me as an Individual. Since socialization is a process that is continuous, thus these agents continue to provide me certain social skills that I need to adopt in order to become a better person, and an effective member of the society.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Janowitz, M. (1975). Sociological Theory and Social Control. American Journal of Sociology, 81(1), 82-108. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777055

Keel, S. (2016). Socialization: Parent-Child Interaction in Everyday Life. New York, NY: Routledge.

Kornblum, W. (2012). Sociology in a Changing World (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Levine, J. M., & Moreland, R. L. (1994). Group Socialization: Theory and Research. European Review of Social Psychology, 5(1), 305-336. doi:10.1080/14792779543000093

Pickering, W. (2009). Durkheim's Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories (1st ed.). Cambridge: James Clarke & Co Ltd.

Socialization

Socialization

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Socialization

The world is developing and progressing rapidly. During the past 50 years, the lifestyle, habits, and choices of people have changed largely. People are divided into generations based on different factors. The Boomer Generation, born during 1943-1960, Generation X, born during 1961-1981, and the Millennial or Generation Y, born during 1982-2003, are some of the generations in the United States.

Comparing the three generations in Socializing

The life-long process of acquisition of norms and values, acceptance of societal beliefs, and awareness of the societal values to adapt in society are known as Socialization. The Baby Boomer generation is highly optimistic, but not very much social. They do not socialize for making new friends, rather their reason for socialization is for the satisfaction of their curiosity and making them feel like a significant part of the improving world. According to Generation X, socialization can be traditional and untraditional. Traditional socialization is interacting with the known people through social media, joining different clubs while untraditional socialization is the interaction with unknown people, and making friends with them. The more numbers of friends and followers on Facebook or Instagram, the more significant socializing is. Generation Y is ruling the digital world. Their real-life activities and pastimes both are related to socializing, and they believe that socialization is necessary to live. This generation is making new friends, finding online jobs, online shopping, or setting up meetings, faster than ever before.

Generalized other

Generalized other is a communal experience that means all other people in our life. The baby boomers are morally confused and are unadventurous. They do not believe in the concept of making new friends or interacting with strangers. They are individualistic and value older relationships than involving into new ones. Generation X is also known as the divorce generation. They focus more on money rather than on art and end up relationships instead of fixing them. The exposure to globalization in the Millennial Generation has made them materialistic. They have no time for close relationships due to excessive use of technology, but they are very much engaged in interacting with new people, and making new friends

Peer Group

Peer group is a group of individuals of similar interests, age, status, etc. Baby Boomers are very free-spirited and open in their peer group. They use technology not to make new friends but for remaining in contact with their peers. They value their peer relationships a lot. Generation X is the generation that is now taking place of the Baby Boomers. Their work and jobs are becoming their priority, but they tend to be connected to their peer group around the clock. The Millennial is very much influenced by the peer group. Their lifestyle is affected by peer choices, and they give much importance to peer relationships.

Anticipatory socialization

Anticipatory socialization means the social interactions in which non-group members take different values and norms and interact with each other in the group they want to join. Baby boomers have a strong sense of community. They like to be included in different groups and collaborations to use their skills and experience. Generation X is tolerant to changes in society and is flexible. They would adapt well if they are involved in some group and learn new things, but they believe in accomplishing things on their own. The Millennial is not afraid of the changes; rather they are in favor of the anticipatory socialization. They are independent thinkers, but they foster cooperation and teamwork.

Conclusion

Every generation is different from the others because of age, educations, hobbies, and interests, and the categorization of generations is based on these factors. Every generation has different attitudes, and ways of thinking, and this process goes on and on in life. These generations hold great differences from each other and come up with a different way of looking at life and its choices.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Baby boomers, Generacion X, Generacion Y y Millennials - YouTube. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnzzwpWV1Fw

Bejtkovský, J. (n.d.). The Current Generations: The Baby Boomers, X, Y and Z in the Context of Human Capital Management of the 21st Century in Selected Corporations in the Czech Republic.

Socialization And Social Structure Worksheet

Socialization and Social Structure Worksheet

Short-Answer

Respond to the following in 50 to 75 words each, unless otherwise specified.

In 25 to 50 words each, describe the following perspectives of development of the self:

Cooley’s Looking Glass Self:

This self- psychological concept talks about the human interaction with the society. According to this concept, the interpersonal interaction of a human helps in making his or her personality. The looking glass self-concept further guides that people tend to look themselves based on the perception of other people about themselves. This makes them to confirm other people’s opinion about themselves.

Mead’s Role Taking:

Mead’s role taking theory is one of the very important concept of sociology. It talks about the development of social cognition among the children. This theory argues that social cognition helps in developing the feelings and understandings about others. This theory categorizes the growth of children in such manner as cognitive development.

Piaget’s Development of Reasoning:

Jean Piaget categorizes the development of children in four stages. He has worked on both the child development and in understanding the nature of intelligence development in children. His categorization of children development includes sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stage. He argued in his theory that children take on active role in the learning process and tends to pay much attention to their observations of things.

What role does socialization take in personality, morality, emotions, and gender? How do different agents of socialization contribute?

Since socialization is the development of personality from those around us, therefore socialization is effected much by some personalities around us, from the emotions, from moral values and finally the gender roles one finds himself or herself in. It is important in the process of personality formation and therefore the socialization process can mold it in any direction. Similarly the inculcation of moral values and the gender roles of human affect socialization by the introduction of new relations from human interactions. Different agents of socialization also contributes in the process of socialization by presenting some right and wrong choices which normally human cognitions interpret in different manners.

In 20 to 25 words each, describe how socialization occurs in each of the following developmental periods:

Childhood (birth to age 12):

Socialization in childhood occurs through children’s learning of attitudes, values and perceptions. They learn socialization through the interaction with members of a particular culture.

Adolescence (ages 13-17):

In adolescence socialization occurs through the development of values in the child. At this stage of development, socialization is the result of interaction with overt norms and specific behavior. At this stage child observe things by being more participatory.

Transitional Adulthood (ages 18-29):

At this stage the process of socialization is taken over by some secondary sources. Children start interacting with some people they don’t know initially and at this very stage the socialization can occur as a result of interaction with different cultures by travelling as well.

The Middle Years (ages 30-65):

During this phase of life people are sure about their aims and purpose of life. Normally they don’t get influence by external circumstances and therefore the effect of external environment upon them remains of less significance.

The Older Years (ages 65 and above):

In the older year socialization becomes of least important. It overtakes other important matters of life for example, the health issues and age deprivations etc.

Different societies have different social structures. What is social structure? What components contribute to the macro sociological perspective of social structure?

The social structure in different societies are normally already defined. A specific social structure might be acceptable in one society and could be unacceptable in other societies. Asocial structure is kind of historically defined set of norms and social arrangements. These social arrangements are observable in manner of interactions of humans in different societies. The components which contribute to the macro sociological perspective of social structure includes social classes, social status, culture, gender roles and social intuitions etc. These all collectively guides the human behavior.

Societal Effects Of Individual Discipline

Societal Effects of Individual Discipline

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Societal Effects of Individual Discipline

Introduction

The basic purpose that sociology has been serving since its identification as a discipline is a broad study of the various aspects of an individual's social life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IJT9Z0D0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sklair, 1995)","plainCitation":"(Sklair, 1995)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":53,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/96CLYCJ3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/96CLYCJ3"],"itemData":{"id":53,"type":"book","title":"Sociology of the global system","publisher":"Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, MD","volume":"230","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sklair","given":"Leslie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sklair, 1995). These aspects of human life mainly include values, beliefs, thoughts, and behavior of individuals which are either influenced by the societal principles or govern the formation of societal principles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YS7bTzA8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sklair, 1995)","plainCitation":"(Sklair, 1995)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":53,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/96CLYCJ3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/96CLYCJ3"],"itemData":{"id":53,"type":"book","title":"Sociology of the global system","publisher":"Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, MD","volume":"230","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sklair","given":"Leslie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sklair, 1995). This indicates the strong correlation between society and individuals according to which both are dependent on each other. However, sociology presents lots of behavioral conditions that influence the society either directly or indirectly; one phenomenon which is rarely discussed is known as Anomie ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4N6ieXIQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Merton, 1938)","plainCitation":"(Merton, 1938)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":44,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/ZM96U8S2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/ZM96U8S2"],"itemData":{"id":44,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social structure and anomie","container-title":"American sociological review","page":"672–682","volume":"3","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Merton","given":"Robert K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1938"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Merton, 1938). It is mainly perceived as a large-scale breakdown of individual discipline due to the multiple factors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"R0I5Giam","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","plainCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":42,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"itemData":{"id":42,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice: A replication","container-title":"American Journal of Sociology","page":"355–358","volume":"61","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice","author":[{"family":"Roberts","given":"Alan H."},{"family":"Rokeach","given":"Milton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1956"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roberts & Rokeach, 1956). It is a social condition that is characterized by the disintegration of moral values and norms that once held huge importance. This concept was initially identified by a well-known sociologist named Emile Durkheim who did extensive research on the concept and stated that it takes place during the times of radical and quick transformations in the various aspects of society i.e. social, economic and political, and persists for a long time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Vk8dZjN7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bell, 1957)","plainCitation":"(Bell, 1957)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":46,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/L7WDCG9Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/L7WDCG9Q"],"itemData":{"id":46,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, social isolation, and the class structure","container-title":"Sociometry","page":"105–116","volume":"20","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Bell","given":"Wendell"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1957"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bell, 1957). From his perspective, it is mainly an evolution stage where the norms and beliefs that were prominent in one era are no longer recognized authentic before new beliefs and norms are in action. The condition of anomie is not formulated fictionally. History gives many shreds of evidence that such a condition is experienced by various states in a different frame of time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5DF34t6D","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Merton, 1938)","plainCitation":"(Merton, 1938)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":44,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/ZM96U8S2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/ZM96U8S2"],"itemData":{"id":44,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social structure and anomie","container-title":"American sociological review","page":"672–682","volume":"3","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Merton","given":"Robert K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1938"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Merton, 1938). It was during that time of the Soviet Union fall when numerous Eastern European states became victims of political and social instability. In these instances, the anomie has either been used to elaborate the social state emerged as a result of extreme economic crisis such as Bulgaria, social state emerged as a result of extreme structural change such as Iran, as a result of war such as Iraq and Afghanistan, or a social state emerged as a result of civil turbulence such as South Africa. From the above examples, it is quite clear that the anomie has been conceptualized in various ways but to define it as a state of society according to the Durkheim’s Point of view is prominent among all ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rW0J1Wd2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","plainCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"article-journal","title":"Alienation and anomie","container-title":"Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes","page":"291–371","volume":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Seeman","given":"Melvin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Seeman, 1991). As already established, he identified it as a failure of social rule and the upsurge of ethical disturbance. This paper will reflect on the societal effects of anomie resulting from the large breakdown of individual discipline.

Discussion

Although the idea of anomy is strongly aligned with Durkheim's suicide research, he originally wrote about it for the first time in his book, The Labor Division in Society, in the year 1893 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"17kYh1Ku","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dann, 1977)","plainCitation":"(Dann, 1977)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":55,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3AKSBKWH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3AKSBKWH"],"itemData":{"id":55,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism","container-title":"Annals of tourism research","page":"184–194","volume":"4","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dann","given":"Graham MS"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1977"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dann, 1977). Durkheim argued throughout this book about an anomalous division of labor, a term he used to characterize a chaotic division of labor in which certain classes don't function, although they did decades ago. Durkheim had seen this happening as developed European societies as well as the structure of society altered, including the growth of a more complicated division of labor. He portrayed it as a conflict between the technical harmony of monocultural, primitive societies as well as the natural cohesion that tries to keep social structures around each other ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uLM0CIh0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","plainCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":42,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"itemData":{"id":42,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice: A replication","container-title":"American Journal of Sociology","page":"355–358","volume":"61","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice","author":[{"family":"Roberts","given":"Alan H."},{"family":"Rokeach","given":"Milton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1956"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roberts & Rokeach, 1956). Anomie cannot arise in the framework of natural cooperation, as per Durkheim, since this diverse type of cooperation enables the division of labor to adapt as required so that none is left out and everyone plays a significant role.

A Sentiment of Withdrawal

Various studies have reported that during the times of anomie, the feeling of disconnection between the masses was greatly observed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DnceDY5C","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","plainCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"article-journal","title":"Alienation and anomie","container-title":"Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes","page":"291–371","volume":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Seeman","given":"Melvin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Seeman, 1991). Individuals lacked social connection due to the absence of norms and values that were once highly practiced and appreciated. It gives rise to feelings of alienation among the masses. People most likely believe that their thoughts are no longer acknowledged and their beliefs have no meaning. Their identity and role in society are not acknowledged. All of these further contribute to the feelings of hopelessness, depression, and upsurge of unwanted practices such as violence, deviance, and crime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3z0R8XGv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cloward, 1959)","plainCitation":"(Cloward, 1959)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":47,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3GXP9V7Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3GXP9V7Y"],"itemData":{"id":47,"type":"article-journal","title":"Illegitimate means, anomie, and deviant behavior","container-title":"American sociological review","page":"164–176","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cloward","given":"Richard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1959"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cloward, 1959). According to the studies, individuals of a society were observed to be experiencing loneliness, “I feel all alone these days”( frustration), “I often feel awkward and out of place”, and most importantly hopelessness and lack of motivation in thriving for future, “I have no control over my destiny” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6vv0MMgC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","plainCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"article-journal","title":"Alienation and anomie","container-title":"Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes","page":"291–371","volume":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Seeman","given":"Melvin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Seeman, 1991). As a state of mind, anomie has resulted in developing feelings of hopelessness, alienation, frustration, and depression in society as they believe that whatever they do is meaningless and has no positive influence on society.

Depression and Suicide

Several years down the line, through his 1897 book, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, Durkheim further expanded his idea of anomy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZG1oErra","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dann, 1977)","plainCitation":"(Dann, 1977)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":55,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3AKSBKWH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3AKSBKWH"],"itemData":{"id":55,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism","container-title":"Annals of tourism research","page":"184–194","volume":"4","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dann","given":"Graham MS"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1977"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dann, 1977). He described anomic suicide as a way to take an individual's life, inspired by anomy encounter. Durkheim observed that somehow the rate of suicide between Protestants was higher via an analysis of suicide rates between Catholics and Protestants in nineteenth-century Europe ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nf9JTaDB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bell, 1957)","plainCitation":"(Bell, 1957)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":46,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/L7WDCG9Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/L7WDCG9Q"],"itemData":{"id":46,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, social isolation, and the class structure","container-title":"Sociometry","page":"105–116","volume":"20","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Bell","given":"Wendell"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1957"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bell, 1957). Considering the different beliefs of the dual types of Christianity, Durkheim speculated that it was because of the higher importance of individualism in Protestant society. The latter rendered Protestants less likely to experience tight community relations that could support them in periods of mental anguish, which makes them more vulnerable to suicide ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WVBO87tZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","plainCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":42,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"itemData":{"id":42,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice: A replication","container-title":"American Journal of Sociology","page":"355–358","volume":"61","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice","author":[{"family":"Roberts","given":"Alan H."},{"family":"Rokeach","given":"Milton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1956"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roberts & Rokeach, 1956). Instead, he argued that conforming to the Catholic religion offered a society with higher social power and unity, thus minimizing the risk of anomy and anomic suicidal ideation. Robust social connections assist individuals and groups to sustain phases of transition and turmoil in the social order.

Deviance and Crime

Social scientists identify deviance as a behavior that violates intended norms and rules ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"u3Lxx1PL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":50,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/MCIYYPIY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/MCIYYPIY"],"itemData":{"id":50,"type":"book","title":"Understanding deviance: a guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Understanding deviance","author":[{"family":"Downes","given":"David"},{"family":"Rock","given":"Paul Elliott"},{"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Eugene"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016). Nevertheless, it is more than non-conformity; it is conduct that breaks social expectations drastically. There seems to be a nuance that separates it all from our rational interpretation of the same behavior throughout the societal perspective of deviance. Sociologists emphasize the nuance of society, not only the individual conduct. Therefore, in the context of community methods, meanings, and decisions, deviance is perceived, and not as the abnormal actions of individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HbNY243g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":49,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"itemData":{"id":49,"type":"article-journal","title":"A social behaviorist’s perspective on integration of theories of crime and deviance","container-title":"Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime: Problems and prospects","page":"23–36","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Akers","given":"Ronald L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Akers, 1989). Social scientists as well acknowledge that certain communities do not evaluate all behavior patterns in the same way. It might not be regarded what deviates from one class to another. Social scientists accept the collective development of defined rules and standards, not just objectively determined or enforced arbitrarily ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ejxe0q2w","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Downes et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Downes et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":50,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/MCIYYPIY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/MCIYYPIY"],"itemData":{"id":50,"type":"book","title":"Understanding deviance: a guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Understanding deviance","author":[{"family":"Downes","given":"David"},{"family":"Rock","given":"Paul Elliott"},{"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Eugene"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Downes et al., 2016). Therefore, deviance is not only about to conduct alone but also about the collective reactions of communities to many other people's behavior.

Durkheim's concept of anomy proved persuasive to United States social scientist Robert K. Merton, who revolutionized deviance sociology and is deemed as one of the most impactful researchers in the U.S ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WfDPHkMm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":49,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"itemData":{"id":49,"type":"article-journal","title":"A social behaviorist’s perspective on integration of theories of crime and deviance","container-title":"Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime: Problems and prospects","page":"23–36","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Akers","given":"Ronald L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Akers, 1989).Merton developed a concept of structural strain explaining how anomy contributes to deviance and crime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3k2j58yn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":49,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"itemData":{"id":49,"type":"article-journal","title":"A social behaviorist’s perspective on integration of theories of crime and deviance","container-title":"Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime: Problems and prospects","page":"23–36","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Akers","given":"Ronald L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Akers, 1989). The model suggests that only when society does not have the legal and legitimate ways required to enable people to pursue socially respected objectives, people look for alternative methods that can change the standard or breach conventions and regulations. For instance, unless society does not provide sufficient employment opportunities to pay a fair wage for employees to work for survival, everyone will switch to delinquent ways to obtain a living. For Merton, therefore, deviance and crime are largely caused as a result of anomie, a social disorder ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"80XAjqTT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cloward, 1959)","plainCitation":"(Cloward, 1959)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":47,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3GXP9V7Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3GXP9V7Y"],"itemData":{"id":47,"type":"article-journal","title":"Illegitimate means, anomie, and deviant behavior","container-title":"American sociological review","page":"164–176","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cloward","given":"Richard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1959"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cloward, 1959).

As per another scholarly report, inferential statistics indicated a connection among anomy and educational deception between students at the university, indicating that institutions have to enforce ethical guidelines amongst students to prevent it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dZ7uWYzZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Caruana, Ramaseshan, & Ewing, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Caruana, Ramaseshan, & Ewing, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":41,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/QZZTISFG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/QZZTISFG"],"itemData":{"id":41,"type":"article-journal","title":"The effect of anomie on academic dishonesty among university students","container-title":"International Journal of Educational Management","page":"23-30","volume":"14","issue":"1","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","abstract":"Anomie describes the individual's lack of integration in social life. The construct has been linked to various types of activities and concepts but no research appears to have been undertaken linking it to academic dishonesty. The literatures on anomie and academic dishonesty are examined, measurement instruments are identified and a survey is carried out among undergraduate students of a business school. The psychometric properties of the instruments are confirmed and correlates are investigated. The point is made that besides seeking ways to curb academic dishonesty, universities need to foster the development of an internalized code of ethics among students. Limitations are noted and directions for future research are indicated.","DOI":"10.1108/09513540010310378","ISSN":"0951-354X","journalAbbreviation":"Intl Jnl of Educational Mgt","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Caruana","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Ramaseshan","given":"B."},{"family":"Ewing","given":"Michael T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Caruana, Ramaseshan, & Ewing, 2000). The 1913 Webster Thesaurus claims using the term anomie inferring "contempt or breach of the law" but anomie as a social dysfunction should not be baffled with totalitarianism ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WFdzFRtB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","plainCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":42,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"itemData":{"id":42,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice: A replication","container-title":"American Journal of Sociology","page":"355–358","volume":"61","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice","author":[{"family":"Roberts","given":"Alan H."},{"family":"Rokeach","given":"Milton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1956"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roberts & Rokeach, 1956). Anarchic capitalism's supporters claim that totalitarianism may not inevitably lead to anomy, and therefore, that patriarchal order significantly increases criminality. Several anarchistic-primitivisms claim that advanced societies, especially industrialized and sub-industrial societies, necessarily cause problems like anomy by stripping the entity of ego-determination as well as a comparatively small support group including the team, family, or community to refer to ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UJ8wGEvH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","plainCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"article-journal","title":"Alienation and anomie","container-title":"Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes","page":"291–371","volume":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Seeman","given":"Melvin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Seeman, 1991).

Conclusion

In conclusion, many studies have depicted the societal effects of large scale breakdown of an individual's discipline. Durkheim pointed out that the guidelines about how entities connect were crumbling, so individuals were unable to decide how to behave with each other. As a result, Durkheim claimed that anomie was a state in which behavior pattern perceptions are ambiguous and the system breaks down. This is termed as normlessness. Durkheim declared that such a normlessness caused aberrant behaviors and subsequently, suicidal behavior, depression, and anxiety, as he asserted in his work of 1897. The principle of Durkheim is based on the notion that perhaps the lack of structure and clarification culminated in a mental designation of insignificance, disappointment, lack of motivation and hopelessness. Moreover, since there is no concept of what is deemed acceptable, it would also be pointless to aim for something. In criminology, the notion of anomy was that the person gets involved in illegal activity since the individual considers there is no logical explanation not to adopt that path. In certain sayings, the individual is antagonized, starts to feel useless, and seems to be counterproductive in trying to accomplish anything.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Akers, R. L. (1989). A social behaviorist’s perspective on integration of theories of crime and deviance. Theoretical Integration in the Study of Deviance and Crime: Problems and Prospects, 23–36.

Bell, W. (1957). Anomie, social isolation, and the class structure. Sociometry, 20(2), 105–116.

Caruana, A., Ramaseshan, B., & Ewing, M. T. (2000). The effect of anomie on academic dishonesty among university students. International Journal of Educational Management, 14(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540010310378

Cloward, R. A. (1959). Illegitimate means, anomie, and deviant behavior. American Sociological Review, 164–176.

Dann, G. M. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(4), 184–194.

Downes, D., Rock, P. E., & McLaughlin, E. (2016). Understanding deviance: A guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking. Oxford University Press.

Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672–682.

Roberts, A. H., & Rokeach, M. (1956). Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice: A replication. American Journal of Sociology, 61(4), 355–358.

Seeman, M. (1991). Alienation and anomie. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes, 1, 291–371.

Sklair, L. (1995). Sociology of the global system (Vol. 230). Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, MD.

Society And Social Interaction

Society and Social Interaction

Name

Institution

Society and Social Interaction

All interactions in society involve exchange and an underlying social contract for these exchanges. There is not a single social contract just as there isn’t a single type of exchange. The combinations are too many to categorize in such a way that everyone would agree with the taxonomy. This essay will discuss alienation, bourgeoisie, proletariat, class consciousness, collective conscience, social integration, achieved status, ascribed status, looking glass self, role set, role conflict, role strain, and Thomas Theorem within the context of social interaction and society. Each interaction in society depends on where the interests, class, culture, etc. of two people – who interact – converge CITATION Bil16 \l 1033 (O'Driscoll, 2016).

Social alienation is defined as the low degree of integration coupled with high degree of isolation between individuals or groups in a particular community. Social alienation can be caused by a particular group or a particular culture, and if the social alienation is caused by the culture, then it may have serious implications for the person being alienated. Social alienation because of culture can cause peer rejection which is a difficult thing to deal with. To combat alienation of any type, be it cultural, social, peer-related, I would encourage you to move beyond yourself. 

Class characteristics and social relations are objects defined under the capitalist social system. In the capitalist system, the bourgeoisie (i.e. capitalists) is the hegemonic class, the exploiter (the exploited class being the proletariat). On the other hand, the proletariat is the labor class and proletariat work in factories, mills, railroads, grid stations, etc. The proletariat cannot earn a profit because they have no control over the means of productions. All they can do is to accept wage for the work they do.

Class consciousness is meta-consciousness. It is one’s ability to understand his/her role in the system’s economy and politics. It is the ability to determine how anyone, as an individual, has power in the system (as a part of a greater, more organized whole, formed with others). It is the realization that any person can impact the systems that govern his/her life. On the contrary, there are operating principles that a sufficient number of individuals within a defined society can be characterized or measured with, according to those operating principles (or dominant narrative). Society is both collective and individualistic, and it is helpful to see things from either side to solve certain problems CITATION Bil16 \l 1033 (O'Driscoll, 2016). There are invaluable insights from both views, and people are the cells in society so, people will sympathize with each other more strongly.

Another important factor in social interaction is social integration which means people of all cultures should be more open-minded when looking towards other cultures and people. There is a common observation that societies work fine till people mind their own businesses and stop trying to preach others about how great their own culture, language or religious beliefs might be.

Social status is part of society’s social stratification that classifies people according to their credential, prestige, education, and marketability of their skills. The ascribed status is acquired by the person by birth. If one’s parents are of high social stature because of their popularity and expertise, the children can inherit their social status. People too would respect them as their parents because of the status they inherited CITATION Bil16 \l 1033 (O'Driscoll, 2016). Respect means power over people. Primitive societies gave more importance to ascribed social status. If the father was a chieftain, for instance, the eldest son was expected to assume his position and social status, just as monarchy’s succession is based on royal blood and social status of the successors.

Thomas’s theorem seems self-evident to many people when they interact with each other because perception is a reality in the sense that people have to react to things based on something. So, they assess situations using their current understandings and then react accordingly. The problem is that they can cause harm to themselves or to others if their perceptions do not, in fact, conform to reality. People's perceptions of reality obviously are subjective, and the idea that just because a person believes something is real, or it is real for him, has limited use or consequence.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY O'Driscoll, B. (Director). (2016). Trailer Trash A Mystery Film Journal [Motion Picture].

Sociological Autobiography

Sociological autobiography

Submitted by

Affiliation

Date

This autobiography belong s to my grandmother in her own words. I have already crossed the ninety-year milestone. How long the Lord will keep me in this world is only in His jurisdiction. Therefore, I decided to describe, if I have time, at least my childhood and youth. Often, when I speak with annoyance about some events of the present, my grandchildren notice that "now there are different times and a different morality." I think that the laws of morality are the same for millennia. “To be a person is, first of all, to be free from and to have your own, to have your own inner core. It is a way of separating from, isolating from, a way of becoming equivalent or stronger than the surrounding nature, inner nature and social environment. Inside this path there are also different branches and options, different visions of development directions”( Elder & Rockwell, 2009).

I remember myself from about the age of three. We lived in a house at a school near city. My father was appointed a teacher back in 1990, after the First World War he was lucky to return to his school. The school stood on the edge of the road, opposite it is a temple, almost at the very river is the priest's house. Then it was my whole world. School near the border, across the river. In that meadow by the river, my mother and I gathered flowers.

In front of the temple was a large area. There, every evening, border guards held evening prayers. I really liked that. They stood beautifully in the ranks. They sang evening prayers and a hymn. And at the end of the line, usually (when it didn’t rain, of course) we, two three-year-old girls, I and the priest’s daughter, “taking under the peak”, stood even though we didn’t have such a peak. On my head was a white panama with red fields. Mom later told me this. She also said that the border guards stood in line and were waiting for us. The boss allegedly said: “Ladies are somewhat delayed today. We should wait. ” In any case, everyone laughed for a long time.

Various funny stories happened with the border guards. I remember how a lot of marmalade was brought to the shop and in all his houses they ate with bread. In our house, too, I didn’t take this marmalade in my mouth, I really didn’t like its color, so I didn’t even try it. Mom was upset, and I was stubborn. But one evening, on the way to school for dancing, one border guard looked at us and, seeing that I was once again giving up marmalade, he corrected it instantly: he squeezed me with his knees and smeared the marmalade on my face with a spoon. Then he let me go and went to the dance hall. Embarrassed, I hid behind the doors, cried a lot there and, apparently, accidentally licked my lips, quickly went into the hall, found this border guard and pulled him behind his uniform (he was dancing). He apologized to his lady and turned to me: “Well, how?” And I reply: “Anoint me again!” “Again, everyone laughed heartily. So I am laughing at them all.

In winter, the school was noisy, in the summer it was quiet. I played with the sons of a priest. They were older than me, but they treated me well. Their sister, my girlfriend Verochka, died of diphtheria. I was immediately taken for vaccination. This was my first such long trip - as many as ten kilometers. In the summer, his relative, a girl of about seven or eight, visited the controller. She came to me to play almost every day. Together we went to the meadow behind the school and to the rye field to collect cornflowers, which I especially liked. Mom allowed us to walk only along the clearing so that we would not get lost. The rye seemed high, tall. Later, when I was growing up, I made such walks alone. The rye field was not so big. Then I saw in my dreams more than once that I was walking along a rye field, where cornflowers grow here and there, and a blue-blue sky above the field. To be a person is, first of all, to be free from and to have your own, to have your own inner core. It is a way of separating from, isolating from, a way of becoming equivalent or stronger than the surrounding nature, inner nature and social environment. Inside this path there are also different branches and options, different visions of development directions. “Life paths are winding, but the main question is who defines it. Usually, if you do not define it, your life path will be determined by others”( Turmel, 2004).

There is another strange dream that I saw in early childhood, and now I no longer see. It’s like I’m in some closed courtyard: there are white stone walls and an abandoned house around, not a soul around, only birds chirp and insect. And on a white stone wall, red roses curl. And above me is the blue sky. It’s strange. I didn’t see anything like that at that age. When I grew up and told my dream to my mother, she decided that I saw the village of our distant ancestors - the Crimean Tatars, who were expelled for anti-state activities. My grandfather even had documents for a family estate in the Crimea, which, of course, was destroyed during the revolution. Alas, I was not destined to see the land of my ancestors, although I really wanted to. How, are you not a person? Well, what are you ... And we have long been, and even advanced (Silverman, 1996).

Vivid memories of how I first performed on stage. It was 1921 and 1922 was coming to an end, I was three years old. I know this for sure, because my brother has not yet been born (he is four years younger). There was a Christmas tree at school, they put “live pictures”. On the stage on a stump sat a boy in a fur coat and fur hat, with a beard of tow and with the inscription on his chest "1921." Someone recited something. I was elevated. I was wearing a dress made of white crepe paper , With white socks on my feet, a golden paper crown on my head and a golden rain in my loose hair. I have the inscription "1922" on my chest. Mom brought me onto the stage and, when I played my "role", took me to our room. Obviously, there was no money on either the dress or the shoes. But I was very pleased with myself, and people also liked it. I still remember all this clearly. If you look at my children's photos, I have homemade slippers on my legs. And in that photograph, where my parents are in a coat, I only have a woolen blouse, and not at all my little coat and boots ... In the summer in those days, the children even ran barefoot, they wore shoes or boots only to the temple. I went to the temple often, and if something happened there - a wedding or christening, or even a funeral service this was a kind of event. A personality can both grow, build, develop, and fall apart, degrade. An even more common option is to simply function, simply to go with the flow of life, without degrading, but also not in growth.( Dermott, 2014).

My dolls were homemade, but there was one porcelain, with blonde hair, that opened and closed my eyes. My father brought it to me from Riga and put it next to me in my crib. This doll had beautiful lingerie and a red velvet dress. When I woke up in the morning, I saw a sleeping “creature” next to me and exclaimed: “What kind of someone else’s little girl is in my bed?” I was very proud of the doll and her dress, I even took it with me to the temple until the priest made a remark to me, I didn’t do that anymore. To my question “why?” He patiently and very sensitively explained that the doll is so beautiful that parishioners look at it and not at the icons, and in this way, I distract their attention from prayer. The doll's name was Tamara.

On the road between the school and the church, an “honor gate” was built. A gig drove up, the bells rang. Archbishop John stood in front of the gate. He was met by the local priest Boris Raman and several priests who arrived. I remember a priest from Karsava and father, we lived for ten years next door to him. Bread and salt were brought to the Lord by the warden of the parish. Then a solemn service was held in the church, then there was lunch at the priest’s house, and later all the priests, together with the Archbishop, went out to the river through the priest’s garden. How the shrine is kept in our house, the photo of the Lord with an autograph - he gave it to my father. I did not meet with Bishop John again. When we moved to Riga, I participated in a requiem in the country, where he suffered a martyrdom. The archbishop was brutally murdered on October 12, 1934.

I learned to read early (at the age of four). A brother was born, and so that I did not interfere, my father began to take me to class. I should have sat on the first desk next to a very neat girl, "do not spin, do not chat and do not indulge." I was given a slate. It was possible to draw on it, and if there was no more space, wash it with a damp sponge suspended on a cord. And sometimes I listened to how my father teaches children. Although no one taught me, by the middle of winter I was reading. At my request, I was given a book, the same as that of other children. The book did not have a cover, as well as a beginning and an end, later I found out that it was called "Living Word". After my education , I join teaching for entire of my life.

Life passed away fast and I crossed my youth, and now entered at an old age. A few years ago I had the opportunity to calmly, without fuss, visit the "paradise" of my childhood. I again went to the places of my childhood. The temple, chapel, priest’s house are preserved. The school building was almost destroyed, only its small part remained: our apartment of two rooms, a kitchen, a pantry and a corridor. This pilgrimage trip made a deep impression on everyone. My colleague Sylvia traveled with me, for whom everything was new, unprecedented, she said that she could not even imagine such beauty.

References

Dermott, E. (2014). Intimate fatherhood: A sociological analysis. Routledge.

Elder Jr, G. H., & Rockwell, R. C. (2009). The life-course and human development: An

ecological perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2(1), 1-21.

Silverman, L. K. (1996). Developmental Phases of Social Development.

Turmel, A. (2004). Towards a historical sociology of developmental thinking: the case of

generation. Paedagogica historica, 40(4), 419-433.

Sociological Perspectives And Social Groups Worksheet

Sociological Perspectives and Social Groups Worksheet

Part 1

Complete the following table by describing how each sociological perspective views each concept. Each response should be 25 to 40 words.

Perspective

Marriage

Family

Education

Religion

Functionalist

They discover how marriage plays its role to the welfare of society, how it relates to the other fractions of society? Marriage keeps the equilibrium in society (“Three Major Perspectives in Sociology,” n.d.).

Family is universal, it satisfies 6 necessities fundamental for subsistence of society: financial creation, socialization of kids, care of the ill and elderly, regeneration, sexual control and reproduction.

To impart information and expertise just like those associated to tasks. To pass down morals of the society from one age band to the next, and to impart societal harmony.

Religion too fulfills general human necessities. Religion provides people a sense of drive concerning the purpose of our existence in this world. It reliefs persons, imparts communal unity and rules for daily life.

Conflict

Lots of the skirmish in marriage is an influence fight. It is the major reason of struggle in marriage. Regularly the authority is controlled by the husband and the wife begrudges this.

Gender disparity, the family works on the road to the continuation of communal discrimination inside a civilization by keeping and emphasizing the status quo. Just rich families preserve their standings.

Educational Institutes sustain the social split of society and assist participants of the upper-class retain their supremacy. The better-off institutes have better tutors, better resources, better schooling.

Religion maintains the status quo, and sustains communal disparity. A disruption of what exactly is happening. A cover on misery and concentrating on how boundless the hereafter is going to be.

Symbolic Interactionist

A lifetime spouse, want to feel loved all along. True love hopes, when disappointments do drop in on, partners be inclined to blame each other for failing to fulfill the hopes.

It generates well united fellows of the social order and it imparts values to novel society fellows. Families provide substantial and emotive refuge and offers care and backing for the persons who require care.

What educators anticipate from their scholars has an impact on the performance of the students in school. Youngsters are given higher scores founded on their good student conduct.

They emphasize on the significance persons stretch to their experiences. It increases sense to different ciphers nonetheless it can alter intensely among nations. It generates mythos.

Part 2

Respond to the following in 50 to 75 words each:

Describe the characteristics of primary and secondary groups and how these groups function in society.

A primary group is distinguished by collaborated, close, long-term, directly confronted relationships. Family provides fundamental directions in life, after that come friends where our sense of community developed further. It provides self-esteem, an identity, a sense of who we are. They fulfill our fundamental requirements. While a secondary group is a bigger, nonpermanent, further unidentified, formal and neutral group grounded on some profits or activity (“Types of Social Groups: Primary, Secondary and Reference Groups - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com,” n.d.).

Explain the main differences between primary and secondary groups.

The major disparities between these two groups is that one is a personal, close group and the other is more official. Primary groups more often fulfill a person’s need of love or the desire to feel loved in oppose to the secondary group, it is founded on mutual benefits or activities. The utmost difference is that one is a really close and intimate group while the other one is not.

Describe the different aspects of group dynamics that influence social groups.

There is a combo, which is a group of 2, intimate relationship, but is likely unsteady once one of them is not interested no more. Similarly a triad is a group of 3, interactivity between 2 members of the group reduces and generates a tension. As a result with the expansion of the small group the chances of its survival increase but the intimacy decreases.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Three Major Perspectives in Sociology. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2019, from https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/the-sociological-perspective/three-major-perspectives-in-sociology

Types of Social Groups: Primary, Secondary and Reference Groups - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2019, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-social-groups-primary-secondary-and-reference-groups.html

Sociological Perspectives And Social Groups Worksheet

Sociological Perspectives and Social Groups Worksheet

Part 1

Complete the following table by describing how each sociological perspective views each concept. Each response should be 25 to 40 words.

Perspective

Marriage

Family

Education

Religion

Functionalist

Marriage is important for the continuity of race. According to functionalists, to some extent, marriage subjugates woman and give domination to men. Marriage is necessary thing that would be playing a crucial part in stabilizing a society.

Family is one of the most important institutions. According to functionalists, it is the basic building block. Its main function is to provide emotional support to its members. Family also helps in teaching individuals, how to socialize with other by taking norms and values in considerations.

According to the functionalist perspective, school is the most important figure that is going to prepare a student for participation in various institutions of society. Education is crucial for making an individual a part of the economic, social and political institution.

According to the functionalist perspective, religion assist in building a consciousness that would be collective. Religion helps in binding people in common relation and gives them a feeling of togetherness. Emotion is another component of religion. Religion also gives a feeling of belonging to people.

Conflict

It is the theory that focuses on the power struggle in marriage that exists between men and women. According to this conflict perspective marriage places men in power-class and women in a much lower class and there is a change in these roles as well.

Conflict perspective looks at family as a vehicle that would maintain patriarchy as well as the inequality that exist in society. It also sees that family benefit men more than women.

This theory is important for maintaining inequality in society. It also helps in preserving power of those who dominates the society. It enables the working class to accept their position as lower class of the society.

According to this perspective, religion helps for calming the uncertainty over the role that an individual is assigned by the universe or society. Religion also promises rewards for good deeds and punishment for evil deeds.

Symbolic Interactionist

As per this perspective, marriage is the central unit of life and is based on negotiated meanings. It helps in building emotional bonds among people.

According to this theory, family is the main element that inculcates and rejuvenates bond between members through symbolic rituals. Family meals and holidays promote interaction among people of a family.

Interaction between student and teacher helps in developing a set of expectations. In this theory it has been highlighted that student’s performance in both academic as well as discipline is important.

According to this perspective, a society is built on various ideas that are made on the interpretation of different objects, behaviour and events. This theory believes that religion is constructed socially and social change is one of reason of its emergence.

Part 1

Respond to the following in 50 to 75 words each:

Describe the characteristics of primary and secondary groups and how these groups function in society.

Secondary groups are larger whereas primary groups are smaller in size. Primary groups are more informal than the secondary groups. Secondary groups hold short-term relations as compared to the primary groups in which members used to have long term relations.

Primary groups help in providing emotional support.

Secondary groups help in fulfilling the increasing human needs.

Explain the main differences between primary and secondary groups.

In primary groups, members are closely knitted and are more intimate. Primary groups consist of small scale. It could be seen that in primary groups there comes family and friends. In primary group, relation is not formal. On the other hand, there comes secondary group that is greater as compared to the primary group. Secondary groups are impersonal and are for short time period. Secondary group includes colleagues etc. In secondary groups, relations are informal.

Describe the different aspects of group dynamics that influence social groups.

There are various aspects of group dynamics that influence social groups in a society and these are four in numbers. Aspects that influence the social groups are given below:

Communication and way of interaction

Interpersonal interaction

Social integration that includes power, influence, roles and norms etc.

Development of the groups.

Sociology

[Mit ]

[Name of Instructor]

[Sociology]

[2/4/2019]

In your own words, define “culture.” Maximum 100 words

In the field of sociology, culture is a set of principles which govern the living pattern of people living in a particular society. People in a particular society share a common language, music, religion and art, custom and values. Some may ask how does culture form. It can be "invented, discovered or developed by a given group." (Godwyn and Gittell, 313). Since culture belongs to a particular group, it can be learned from one another and with the passage of time it also changes to cope with the need of time. Some say culture does not change, but that is not true because culture when pass from one generation to another it takes different form according to the needs of the times as I said earlier.

In your own words, define “social structure:

In sociology, social structure is the arrangement of social organizations in a society where a distinctive group of people live and interact. For example, the caste system, family interaction, Likewise, in social structure the social differentiation between groups is based on the income level, their profession, and power they possess. Societies are mostly structured rich and poor depending on their possession. For example, “it seems evident that many of the features of our society are to a considerable extent dependent on the smooth functioning of their profession.”(Parsons, 457). People are labelled in different classes such as high class, middle class, poor and below poverty line based on the income they have. Human actions and relationships are continuing for a longer time.

In your own words, discuss how Karl Marx understands the relationship between culture and social structure (or culture and power.) Maximum 200 words.

. In every period of time societies are constructed in a specific mood of the production. Therefore societies for example slave, feudal lords or even capitalism are different means of production. The societies material needs such as food and shelter are dependent upon the certain mood of the production. In every mood of production, there are definite ways to attain necessities of life. Let's, for example, talk about how things in Feudal lord system work? It needs workers who would work on the farm and those who occupy lands. The relationship between workers and the owners shape the way relationship within societies develop. It also determines political, social and cultural development of society. We can say that according to Marx the mood of production lays the foundation of culture. According to Karl Marx, between two groups differing in power, there will always be struggles. As Marx explains ‘The mode of production of material life conditions the social, political and intellectual life process in general” (Storey, n.p). One group possibly tend to hold more power than another. For example Bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The proletariat as compare to Bourgeoisie have less economic power which chose to shape how societies are structured. Marx viewed economic power as the principal element to shape culture.

In your own words, discuss how Emile Durkheim understands the relationship between culture and social structure (or culture and power.) Maximum 200 words. Please cite your sources.

Known as the founder of modern sociology Emile Durkheim is of the view that society alone is a unique reality which cannot be reduced to its parts. It is a collective approach of every individual in the society. He calls the existence of culture as a social fact. For example, “a category of facts which present very special characteristics: they consist of manners of acting, thinking, and feeling external to the individual, which are invested with a coercive power by virtue of which they exercise control over him.” (Durkheim; 1982: 52) 

According to him every individual in society plays a role to form a social structure. For example, it is created when the individual sense of right and wrong intermingle with passion, constructions of a new reality take place. That reality is completely new and superior as compared to individual thinkings in society. In addition, he defines culture and social structures as a developing network of illustrations surrounding the historical significance of faith, values, and ideas. For example, he sees culture as the collective effort of individuals in the society, not any groups rich or poor.

In your own words, discuss how Max Weber understands the relationship between culture and social structure (or culture and power.) Maximum 200 words. Please cite your sources.

According to Weber, the social structure was divided into two religious faiths. Weber was of the opinion that protestant religion is more secular and those who followed it were very enthusiastic towards gathering money. In comparison to this, some new religions such as Calvinism prohibited excessive savings of money and considered going after luxuries as wickedness. Those who followed new religions also were told not to donate money to poor people because that would stop people from working. Not only was this, but giving money to poor people was abandoned to stop encouraging beggary. This gave rise to the traditional way of social structures where people were encouraged to earn money. As a result of this more money were obtainable by people. Weber was of the opinion that the only way to resolve the issue of the accumulated money is to invest in some business giving rise to boosting capitalism. The culture of capitalism advanced with the influence of a huge number of protestant engaging in work and as a result of these societies began to gather as much money as they could. "In Weber's view, the Protestant ethic was, therefore, the driving force behind the mass action that led to the development of capitalism.” (Crossman, n.p)

In your own words, discuss how Antonio Gramsci understands the relationship between culture and social structure (or culture and power.) Maximum 200 words. Please cite your sources.

According to Gramsci cultures is the foundation of being aware of something. There are different senses to culture. For example, aesthetic, anthropological, morals and a sense towards faith. Culture and social structures are fundamentals which direct to us the world we live in, the guidelines of right and wrongdoings, make the difference between what is just and what is unjust. He thinks culture and social structures aren’t political. It is what is within ourselves, our own consciousness.

. In your own words, discuss how W.E.B. DuBois understands the relationship between culture and social structure (or culture and power.) Maximum 200 words. Please cite your sources.

He is of the opinion that those black slaves from various backgrounds must find a common unworldly image to free themselves from slavery. He was against the concept of capitalism and considered socialism as one of the best social structures.

. Everyone’s ideas are impacted by the circumstances of their lives. Choose one of the theorists above and discuss how their theories were impacted by the time, place and social location of their life. Maximum 100 words. Please cite your sources.

The Communist party was founded by Antonio Gramsci. While he was in jail, he was looking closer to that time and making sense of power as an effective tool to change the systems. His ideas were influenced by the power of the regime around him. He even witnesses in his childhood how factory workers have taken over factories including the church exercising power in holding the masses loyalty. Thus he came with the thought that in order to bring a new society one must build awareness.

Citation:

Coates, Rodney D., ed. Race and ethnicity: across time, space, and discipline. Vol. 2. Brill, 2004.

Godwyn, Mary, and Jody H. Gittell. Sociology of Organizations: Structures and Relationships. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press, 2012. Print.

James R. Lincoln and Didier Guillot: Durkheim and Organizational Culture. IRLE Working Paper, 200.

Jäger, Friedrich, and Ora Wiskind. "Culture or Society? The Significance of Max Weber's Thought for Modern Cultural History." History and Memory 3.2 (1991): 115-140.

Lears, TJ Jackson. "The concept of cultural hegemony: Problems and possibilities." The American Historical Review(1985): 567-593.

Bottom of FormParsons, Talcott. "The professions and social structure." Social forces 17.4 (1939): 457-467.

Stuckey, Sterling. "WEB Du Bois: Black cultural reality and the meaning of freedom." Slave culture: Nationalist theory and the foundations of Black America (1987): 245-302.

The Rules of Sociological Method and Selected Texts on Sociology and Its Method. Translated by W. D. Halls, Steven Lukes, ed. New York: The Free Press, 1982.

Sociology

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Sociology

The early memory I have of being taught how to act like a member of my gender was when I was about 7 years old, and I wanted to buy a doll just because I found it attractive but my parents refused it by saying that dolls are for girls and boys do not play with dolls. When I started crying for the doll, they got angry and told me that boys do not cry. This was because masculinity is associated with power, intelligence, and courage and at any cost, they should avoid femininity, i.e. weakness, softness, and vulnerability ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"72rodmfZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lorber)","plainCitation":"(Lorber)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2084,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/A3B8294Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/A3B8294Q"],"itemData":{"id":2084,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Social Construction of Gender","page":"4","source":"Zotero","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Lorber","given":"Judith"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lorber).

I love to dance. When I was in school there an event was organized in which different dance performance was arranged. I also wanted to participate in one of the performance. Teacher selected me in contemporary dance style performance, but my parents refused for my participation just because of the dress. Everyone had to wear frocks while performing and my parents did not want me to wear a female dress. It was the time when I did not want to act according to the gender norms that only girls can wear a dress like frocks. I did not get permission, but I really want to neglect gender norms at that time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jAu7nByy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Tomi58n9b216amrh42cv5ijm50---Shaw-Lee-Learning-Gender.Pdf})","plainCitation":"(Tomi58n9b216amrh42cv5ijm50---Shaw-Lee-Learning-Gender.Pdf)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2088,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/SIR56Y4H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/SIR56Y4H"],"itemData":{"id":2088,"type":"article","title":"tomi58n9b216amrh42cv5ijm50---Shaw-Lee-Learning-Gender.pdf","URL":"http://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/tomi58n9b216amrh42cv5ijm50---Shaw-Lee-Learning-Gender.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tomi58n9b216amrh42cv5ijm50---Shaw-Lee-Learning-Gender.Pdf).

When we enforce gender behavior in society, gender hierarchy reinforces more strongly. Gender develops a process in which people differentiate social statuses for the obligation of responsibilities and moralities. Gender hierarchy ranks men superior to women, and when we enforce gender behavior, this inequality gets stronger in society. Therefore we can say that there is a direct relationship between gender behavior and gender hierarchy. When gender becomes a major factor of inequality, devalued gender get less prestige, power, reward, and economic identity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JD0D5rZZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shelley et al.)","plainCitation":"(Shelley et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2089,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/63UG9TAM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/63UG9TAM"],"itemData":{"id":2089,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gendered institutions and gender roles: understanding the experiences of women in policing","container-title":"Criminal Justice Studies","page":"351-367","volume":"24","issue":"4","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"Men are disproportionately represented in many institutions including law, politics, the academy, and the economy. Women have made great strides in increasing representation in many of these professions with the exception of policing; where police departments have had difficulty hiring, retaining, and promoting female officers. The available literature on women in policing, however, is largely atheoretical and does not thoroughly address advancement barriers and the retention of women. To address this gap in the literature, this article utilizes Acker’s theory of gendered institutions to provide a historical review of women’s experiences in law enforcement. Acker’s four gendered processes are used to organize the existing literature regarding women’s experiences as well as coping and adaptation strategies in the gendered institution of policing. Finally, implications are explored and an agenda for future research is discussed.","DOI":"10.1080/1478601X.2011.625698","ISSN":"1478-601X","shortTitle":"Gendered institutions and gender roles","author":[{"family":"Shelley","given":"Tara O’Connor"},{"family":"Morabito","given":"Melissa Schaefer"},{"family":"Tobin-Gurley","given":"Jennifer"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",12,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shelley et al.).

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Lorber, Judith. The Social Construction of Gender. p. 4.

Shelley, Tara O’Connor, et al. “Gendered Institutions and Gender Roles: Understanding the Experiences of Women in Policing.” Criminal Justice Studies, vol. 24, no. 4, Dec. 2011, pp. 351–67. Taylor and Francis+NEJM, doi:10.1080/1478601X.2011.625698.

Tomi58n9b216amrh42cv5ijm50---Shaw-Lee-Learning-Gender.Pdf. http://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/tomi58n9b216amrh42cv5ijm50---Shaw-Lee-Learning-Gender.pdf. Accessed 11 Feb. 2019.

Sociology

Student’s name

Course ID

Student’s name

Date

1904 St. Luis World’s Fair (poster)

This poster shows the equality in all over the world. Under the St. Luis, all the people are same. Whether, a Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Sikhs etc. all are the same. This image tells the story of different people of the world. Racism is a subject that concerns everyone. At any moment, everyone can be confronted with racism, whatever their sex, their skin color, their religion. All the racism of the world does not focus on the Jewish community. And unequal compassion can only engender misunderstanding, resentment; it can only further widen the gap between the different communities (Bonilla-Silva). This image provides an idea of racism.

The Romans felt superior to their neighbors whose territories they invaded. In the 16th century, the Spanish introduced colonial racism. They compared the natives to animals, because they did not wear clothes, painted their bodies, carried heavy loads and did not speak the same language as theirs (Dovidio, et.al.) Racism is also a behavior, abusive or even aggressive, quite widespread and unfortunately commonplace in some countries, which is to be wary and even to despise people with physical and cultural characteristics different from ours. Racism is not a new idea. This image is black and white in color which also portrays the concept of racism. We have all the types of people in this world, Black, White, and brownish etc.

To conclude, this image shows that racism is a theory that there are human races superior to all others. Racists define a race as a group of people sharing the same ancestry (Phelps). They differentiate breeds based on physical characteristics, such as the color of the skin or the appearance of the hair. In reality, there is no scientific proof of the existence of different races. Biology has identified only one race: the human race.

Works Cited

Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006.

Dovidio, John F., and Samuel L. Gaertner. Prejudice, discrimination, and racism. Academic Press, 1986.

Phelps, Edmund S. "The statistical theory of racism and sexism." The american economic review 1972: 659-661.

Sociology

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

The Sociological Imagination

Privacy is an extremely core aspect of almost every individual living on this earth. Although sometimes a person needs to interact with other people in order to keep them social. Nowadays we are living in a world in which communication is very easy and convenient for almost every individual. This is a positive but yet more negative factor because due to this many people are unable to keep their life private. When people step in their professional life, they give a welcome to every challenge that will come in their way during their struggle. As a freshman, finding a suitable job is extremely difficult for almost every person in America. Despite the fact that it consists of a number of employment opportunities finding a job is still a hassle for a female in this society. This is the problem I witnessed as a fresh graduate in the field as being from the field of media finding a job in the industry of America was really hard for me as in the media industry people mostly prefer to hire males instead of females. I applied in newspapers, magazines, channels and even in different production houses but faced continuous rejection. I was from the relevant field for the jobs but due to the fact that I was a female plus a fresh graduate my resume was ignored. Initially, I became frustrated and mentally disturbed as I was facing continuous rejection from no matter where I was applying. A number of questions evolved in my mind that what if the field I choose is not right for me? Am I not capable enough to work in a reputable company? And most importantly why I am the only one who is suffering? All these questions and thoughts were making me demotivated, but when I observed things on a bigger perspective, unemployment was everywhere. Thousands of freshman and even experienced people were roaming jobless for searching a job. There was even a time when crime rate in America heavily increased due to the no employment opportunities for the freshman in the country. (Wilson, William Julius. 1996)

People suffer from the situation of unemployment with a perception that they are the only one in it. These results in serious and severe consequences for them, people get frustrated by the never-ending hurdles of unemployment. They often get into severe mental problems and keep themselves reluctant from public interaction. People who are short-tempered also end up in giving up on the struggle of finding a job. They get into various illegal and criminal activities due to their increased stress level about their living. Their decision is influenced by a number of factors like being unable to afford a shelter despite having a degree, losing relations and getting into debts. (Bluestone, Barry. 1983) However, Mill's theory about the sociological imagination helps in understanding the differences between the private and social problems of people. Most people think that what they are suffering through is only happening to them, but in reality, it turns out to be a social problem. (Cooley, Charles Horton. 2017) It is important to have a sociological imagination as it helps in determining the problems carefully. People think of other possible positive solutions instead of getting into something negative.

Work Cited

Bluestone, Barry. "Deindustrialization and unemployment in America." The Review of Black Political Economy 12.3 (1983): 27-42.

Wilson, William Julius. "When work disappears." Political Science Quarterly 111.4 (1996): 567-595.

Cooley, Charles Horton. Human nature and the social order. Routledge, 2017.

Sociology

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Sociology

The key points of the theorist Max Weber are that human beings are the source of developing the culture, society, and values. He was of the view that culture does not shape human beings; however, human beings shape the cultures. In addition to it, he was of the view that the empirical nature of the human beings motivates them to question the set values and culture, resulting in the changed values. Another key point of max weber was the explanation of rationalization and bureaucracies. He was of the view that there is a rational source of each and every action, which results in its occurrence. On the other hand, the bureaucracies also work to ensure the discipline or smooth path of the governmental actions, taken for the development of the society (Weber).

The theorists’ ideas shed light on some aspect of our lives in the way that values of the society have hanged greatly as compared to the values practiced a century ago, which is actually the proof of the dependence of culture upon the human beings. The human beings of the modern generation have molded the culture, according to their thinking and benefits, and have not changed themselves according to the old values and culture (Kenneth).

The ideas of max weber have been impacted by his time and place in the way that he viewed the scenario of the industrial revolution as well as the rise of capitalism in society. The societal conditions impacted his ideology, and he was able to understand the changing role of culture. He also presented the concepts of rationalization and bureaucracies, in order to shed light on the working of the society as well as the role of the human action in its occurrence. So, it can be said that the societal conditions of the industrial revolution and capitalism, as well as the ideologies of Karl Marx, helped max weber to formulate his ideologies and present them to the world (Udy Jr).

Works Cited

Kenneth, Allan. "The social lens: An invitation to social and sociological theory." (2007).

Udy Jr, Stanley H. "" Bureaucracy" and" Rationality" in Weber's Organization Theory: An Empirical Study." American sociological review (1959): 791-795.

Weber, Max. "Rationality and the Bureaucratic Society.”

Sociology

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Q1. The importance of gender, the masculine and the feminine distinguish two individuals of equal dignity who, however do not possess a static equality, because the specific feminine is diverse from the masculine specific. Although, men are women are biologically different due to difference in the reproductive organs, but it is common mistake that both genders have different capabilities, emotions and intellect.

Men and women are not only biologically different, but the roles that society assign them are also different. It is safe to say that gender identity is given by society and not nature. Gender is not innate, unlike the sex of the individual. It is a social construct that takes a considerable amount of time to take shape in every human being. Gender is thus seen in individuals through a certain number of social, psychological and behaviors, attributed more to masculinity or rather to femininity. Each individual is therefore presupposed to have a defined genre that allows him to know, his role, his responsibilities and his place in society. Behavior that does not correspond to the presumed gender of the person alters the social relations of that individual almost systematically. For example, a man who wears makeup will probably cause some surprise. Today, gender barriers are difficult to identify and retrace differently. This does not mean that codes, norms and genres are being replaced by others; on the contrary.

Q2. Homophobia is a social problem that today has attracted a lot of attention because many social phenomena are caused by that. What is homophobia? Homophobia is to be afraid of what we do not know or see differently in society. What happens in people's lives is their problem and therefore if you do not see or see yourself affected you should not care. Homosexuality is considered as a crime in some countries and there are severe punishments including death penalties for homosexuals.

Religiously, the church chooses to say that they are not children of God, because God created man and woman to be united. Biology says that it is impossible to reproduce with people of the same sex and it is certainly true that homosexual couples seek the adoption of a child which has caused great chaos in the thinking of people, because they believe that the child to see a Gay or Lesbian couple will form and grow up thinking that this is the way to relate. But the truth is that this is not the case, the couple is free to adopt a child and has the obligation and the duty to explain the situation in which they live and not to do that, they are psychologically damaging the child but they do well The child will know that he can be free to make the decision he wants.

Homophobia did not always exist, in ancient civilizations, such as the Romans, the Mayans, the Sumerians, the Chinese of the dynasty and the Greeks, sexual practices between people of the same sex were allowed and even considered sacred. Today, Homophobia is considered as a social problem since there is a large number of people belonging to both the homosexual community and the homophobic community and this has caused severe problems of discrimination and disputes in which both sides defend their position aggressively, leading to both verbal and physical attacks. In addition, as we know the church has a large number of followers who support the ideology that homosexuality is not natural, that it is an aberration against the church and make homophobic comments against the LGBT community, thus causing more physical and verbal.

Q3. Racism is the belief that members of a race possess specific characteristics, abilities or qualities attributed to that race. There are many types of racism, the two under discussion are individual racism and institutional racism. Individual racism: opinions or personal actions, offenses and explicit attacks that a person commits against another because of their race, with the intention of causing harm. The recent Christchurch incident in which a terrorist shot and killed around 50 Muslim individuals on a Friday congregation prayers falls under individual racism. Institutional racism means racial discrimination by governments, corporations, religious and educational institutions or other large organizations that influence the lives of people. Recent attitude of US government towards Syrian refugees in particular can be categorized as institutional racism.

References

Gee, Gilbert C. "A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status." American journal of public health 98.Supplement_1 (2008): S48-S56.

Herek, Gregory M. "Beyond" homophobia": A social psychological perspective on attitudes toward lesbians and gay men." Journal of homosexuality 10.1-2 (1984): 1-21.

Plumwood, Val, and R. Stollers. "Do we need a sex/gender distinction?." Radical Philosophy 51 (1989): 2-11.

Sociology

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[Name of Instructor]

[Sociology]

[1/29/2019]

Where would you be? In the front? The back? The middle?

I would be standing in the middlehow would it feel to be there?

I would feel stuck in between. Halfway to the front and halfway to the back. Maybe not sure of my identity. Do you think some people would be more motivated to run the race than others? 

Yes, those who believe their hard work can change their fate will be motivated to run the race and win the gift, but those who have been hopeless by constantly been neglected in the society will eventually be disheartened towards anything that can alter their position in the society. They would accept their faith and be okay with wherever they stand, not running towards the gift.Does the winner deserve the gift card?

No, because the running distance for people was not the same. Some were standing in the middle, some in front and some at the back. It is keeping this circumstance in front if the one standing in front wins the race that isn't a meritocracy. That becomes favour, in a sense that it gives him a short length to run.

What if some people in the back refused even to run. Would it be their fault for losing?

It will not be their fault if they refuse to run because that is where they have always felt they belong to. Their social status per defined by the society make them inferior, and most of them don't have the guts even to believe that they can come forward too. They can change their positions too and that they can dare to compete too. It is a socially constructed phenomenon that those who are behind will always be behind and it becomes the society’s fault to make them believe in what is not their fault.

Would it be reasonable for the winner to frame their victory in terms of "meritocracy" - saying "my victory is fair and just because it demonstrates that I am the best runner?"

It would not be a meritocracy. Merit would be keeping everything equal. The social class, equal gender roles, same level of education. In an uneven world, I don't think the term merit makes sense. What, if anything, do you think this teaches us about our society's belief in "meritocracy" - the idea that people are where they are in a society based on their merit, character and hard work?

To me, merit seems just a fancy word which has nothing to do with hard work. Those who work hard if they belong to middle class won't even be recognised in front of those who are considered first-class people. First class people own companies, and with the power, in their money, they can even buy merit.

Sociology

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Sociology

Growing up in a 1990’s era, we were always told to stay quiet on the matters of love and sexuality when we were young. I still remember how sexuality and sex were the taboo topics for me till the age of 12. We as children hesitated to ask about the question related to the pregnancy. I once watched a film in which the guy makes a woman pregnant without marriage. I was unable to understand this issue back then and asked my parents how the girl can conceive if he didn't even marry her. So, these were some of the rules set by my parents which included no discussion on the topics of rape, pregnancy outside of wedlock, homosexual relations and premarital sex. I believe these are the same rules set for everybody else who was of the same age. The rules back then were made to make us believe in social ethics, rules, and norms. We believed that sex only happens in the wedlock, the only sexual relationship that exists is of the opposite sex and that any kind of cheating outside the marriage is wrong (Aron, Elaine and Aron, 2014).

But society has become very advanced now. People do not feel any hesitation while discussing these issues openly in the general public. They are even ready to break the rules which were made to conform us. Growing up order made many of us realize that there was hardly a rule by witnessing many broken rules in the society openly. Among them, the common one is the sexual assault, as opposed to the sexual consent needed for approval. Sexual assault is on the rise in the American society and there are many socio-cultural factors involved in its frequency (Johnson et al., 2016). The leading reasons are the excessive use of alcohol, institutional influences that comes from family, school etc., women objectification in media, societal influences, cultural mores and many more. America is the country where women were always seen as sexual objects and this is why the respect and equality were never given to them (Zinzow et al.,2015). Due to this reason, many men do not even bother to have consent or approval before doing the sexual act and prove their male dominancy in the society.

Works Cited

Aron, Elaine N., and Arthur Aron. "Love and sexuality." Sexuality in close relationships. Psychology Press, 2014. 41-64.

Johnson, Lee Michael, Todd L. Matthews, and Sarah L. Napper. "Sexual orientation and sexual assault victimization among US college students." The Social Science Journal 53.2 (2016): 174-183.

Zinzow, Heidi M., and Martie Thompson. "A longitudinal study of risk factors for repeated sexual coercion and assault in US college men." Archives of sexual behavior 44.1 (2015): 213-222.

Sociology

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Sociology

Cultural oppression exists in a society where a dominant group takes advantages of its power and uses it against the group which is vulnerable. All social types of oppression going on in this world come under cultural oppression. This oppression by an upper and dominant class of the society is defined as the discrimination of class, gender or race over the people of lower background. Oppression is a cruel and most unjust action of a person with supremacy and strength. People with lower-class or racial minority usually face discrimination at any point of their lives, regardless of the continent they are present in. It is derived from elements of power and the social imbalance which is identified with the social area of a gathering or a person.

The location of sociological aspect is characterized by definition given by Lynn Weber, that a social 'place' for a person or whole gathering in the race, class, sex and sexuality chains of command, just as in other fundamental social pecking orders, for example, ethnicity, age, country. The four overwhelming social orders that add to social mistreatment are class, race, sexuality, and gender (Noble, Safiya Umoja, np). Racism is the most common form of cultural oppression (Sue, p.62). Generally, racism is defined as the superiority of one race over the other, and this leads towards prejudice and discrimination. However, in cultural context racism is the supremacy or dominance of one culture over the other in terms of race or ethnicity. Therefore, it also creates many stereotypes related to racial inequity in society. The ideology of racism is that human beings are all from separate race and cultures, but some are lower cultures and races than the other. The dominant race is the white race. Therefore western culture is more privileged than the African or eastern cultures where people of color live.

Numerous political and social clashes occur due to racism which is mostly against ethnic and racial groups. Whereas, mostly these activities have even brought the ethnic gatherings to be paid lower than others of various social orders due to their religion, appearance or nationalities. They're even put to do higher hazard occupations in light of the fact that nobody else would. In precedent like the Immigrants that go through an adventure to get to the United States to get a more useful life, they need to work with being paid little amounts of cash for a high hazard or Unpleasant occupation that the native of the nation is reluctant to do (Grosfoguel, p.12).

The damages of racism to others physically or candidly from various perspectives: Self can be reasons for prejudice was the individual may loathe for his/her characteristics. Suicides additionally are influenced by bigotry, in the event that they always taunted this can prompt miseries, self-destructive considerations and after that passing. Racial issues may likewise cause ethnic gatherings assault against somebody or another specific ethnic gathering they consider useless or roar themselves (Storey, np). Some even create dietary issue due to verbal maltreatment that has influenced him/her. Others take the resentment and disappointment getting to be menaces and supremacist themselves. This thing help create Ethnic scorn between one another and separation emerge from these occasions.

The discrimination at the level of institutions or organization, i.e., police department, army, law firms, or any other governmental department induces the mistreatment of people with discriminative backgrounds. It happens when developed convention, laws, and practice efficiently reflect, also produces inconsistencies subject to the enlistment in centered social character get-togethers. In case injurious outcomes assemble to institutional laws, conventions, or practices, the association is damaging paying little heed to whether the general population keeping up those practices harsh objectives. This type of oppression makes a course of action of impalpable impediments on stressing people subject to their enlistment in unfavored social identity get-togethers.. The demonstration of directed abuse relies upon the trust in common power or insufficiency. Systematized abuse includes bring about paying little regard to design.

Institutional racism is the type of racism which is the determinant of political and social practices in the institutions. One case of the thing that matters is government funded school spending plans in the U.S. (counting nearby demands and securities) and the nature of instructors, which are regularly associated with property estimations: wealthy neighborhoods are bound to be increasingly 'white' and to have better educators and more cash for training, even in state-funded schools. Prohibitive lodging contracts and bank loaning strategies have additionally been recorded as types of institutional prejudice. Different models here and there portrayed as institutional bigotry are racial profiling by security watches and police, utilization of stereotyped racial personifications, the under-and deception of certain racial gatherings in the full communications, and race-based boundaries to productive business and expert headway (Golash-Boza, p.132).

Moreover, differential access to products, administrations, and chances of society can be incorporated inside the term institutional prejudice, for example, unpaved boulevards and streets, acquired financial disservice, and "government sanctioned" tests (every ethnic gathering arranged for it in an unexpected way; many are ineffectively prepared). Some sociological specialists recognize institutional bigotry and "basic bigotry" (now and again called organized racialization). The previous concentrations upon the standards and practices inside an organization, last upon the collaborations among establishments, connections that produce racialized results against non-white people. An essential element of basic bigotry is that it can't be decreased to singular bias or to the single capacity of a foundation.

Works Cited

Storey, John. Cultural theory and popular culture: An introduction. Routledge, 2018.

Sue, Derald Wing. "Therapeutic harm and cultural oppression." The Counseling Psychologist 43.3 (2015): 359-369.

Noble, Safiya Umoja. Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. NYU Press, 2018.

Grosfoguel, Ramon. "What is racism?." Journal of World-Systems Research 22.1 (2016): 9-15.

Golash-Boza, Tanya. "A critical and comprehensive sociological theory of race and racism." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 2.2 (2016): 129-141.

Sociology

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Sociology

How does the American Dream influence our perceptions of economic inequality and opportunity?

The American dream is the collective dreams of equal economic opportunity for everyone. The vision offers a chance to everyone if they are willing to work. The polls show that most American believes that it is possible to rise form rags to riches (Rank, p.84). Due to the perception of opportunity that the American dreams offer people don't care about the inequality anymore. People have the opinion that they don't care if someone is earning more because the American dream offers them to make as much as any other person. The perception is creating inequality which is getting harder to overcome with each passing day.

Does the American Dream serve the interests of some economic classes more than others?

People have the perception that that with the utilization of American dream they have the opportunity to become as rich as any other successful American. Many Americans are fooled by seeing the wealthy achievers looking down on the society and think that they could become one of them. The concept of the American dream originated when backs were being oppressed, so it is the imagination of a group of people that is being adopted by every American. "The white obviously seldom picture brown and yellow folk, but for five hundred centuries they have exhausted every ingenuity of trick of ridicule and caricature on black folk" (Allan, p.203). The American dream has been benefiting specific type of racial groups in the past, and now some economic groups are benefiting from it.

Does the American Dream limit us from developing other kinds of dreams?

The American dream provides equal, and this perception of equal opportunity is what separates America from the rest of the world. Hegemony is the condition in which society has a high level of consensus and social stability even when it is exploited (Storey, p.80). The American dream is based on the Hegemony as individual groups in the society utilize it, and people still support the same ideals that are being exploited and are benefiting certain classes. Remaining true to American dreams is limiting the ability of people to rely more on themselves than the American dream.

Works Cited

Top of Form

Allan, Kenneth. The Social Lens: An Invitation to Social and Sociological Theory. , 2013. Print.

Rank, Mark R. Chasing the American Dream: Understanding What Shapes Our Fortunes. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Internet resource.

Storey, John. Cultural theory and popular culture: An introduction. Routledge, 2018.

Sociology

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Reading assignment

There is slightly difference between prison system during Jim Crow which was outlined in Slavery by another name and the current system of Mass Incarceration described by Michelle Alexander in her chapter and her speech. The Slavery by another name is properly based on the experience of the author, whereas Michelle Alexander explains that today, an extraordinary percentage of black men in the United States are legally deprived of the right to vote, as their ancestors have been throughout American history (Alexander).

I am agreed with the Alexander's thesis that the prison system is part of a new colorblind racial caste system. The problems facing poor communities of color, including those related to delinquency and increased incarceration rates, were for me a consequence of poverty and the lack of quality education, the legacy life of slavery and Jim Crow (Slavery by Another Name).

Racial caste can be colorblind because they are connected distinctively in every area and bring another classification called racial, the minorities individuals, dark family too far to be in any way considered negroes: all marriage between a white individual and a negro individual or negro plummet up to the fourth era is illegal, and private relations with only one parent present are likewise prohibited between a white individual and a negro individual or negro plunge until the fourth era (Coates, Ta-Nehisi).The changes that have occurred since the collapse of the Jim Crow system are less about the fundamental structures of our society than the language used to justify them. In the age of indifference to skin color and color-blindness, it is no longer socially acceptable to justify discrimination, exclusion and contempt by explicitly invoking race. We do not do it. Rather than race, it is the judicial system that is used to label people of color as "criminals" and to reproduce all those practices that are supposed to belong to the past.

Works Cited

Alexander, Michelle. "The new jim crow." Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 9 (2011): 7.

Coates, Ta-Nehisi. "The Case For Reparations". The Atlantic, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/.

"Slavery By Another Name | Season 1 Episode 1 | Slavery By Another Name". PBS.Org, 2019, https://www.pbs.org/video/slavery-another-name-slavery-video/.