The Continuation Of The Political Conflict In African And The World

The Continuation of the Political Conflict in Africa and the World

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The researchers aimed at explicating the influence of domestic conflicts and their subsequent spread across the other states. The subjects of the study were the African states and the world (Hill and Rothchild, 1986: 716). The domestic strife that emerged from 1962 to 1966 in Africa and the world are highlighted to accomplish the objectives of the study.

A wide range of theories was utilized in the study as the theories of relative deprivation, the existence of cultures of violence and the group mobilization. These theories are criticized as they assert significance on the variables which occur inside the boundaries of each state and are independent. They have struggled to delineate the impact and influence of domestic skirmishes across the boundaries of states.

The authors stipulated the hypothesis that the spread of political dispute is a fundamental feature of social learning. The instances of political complexities in a state encourage other states to engage in similar activities. For instance, the deprived communities may pursue the radical acts committed by an insurgent community in the other state.

In conclusion, the authors found that the mass media plays an instrumental role in the states where media is politicized. The flow of information is also critical relating to the internal state of a state for the other states in the circumstances involving violence and conflicts. The bottom line is that the recent occurrence of strife is likely to cause an international political conflict in other states.

The time span of the mid-1960s served a potential role in the research. The African region was focused and proved a focal point for investigating the influence of ethnicity and media. The African states ethnic segmentation is widespread in comparison to other regions and thus allowed to test the state's response to an external skirmish.

REFERENCES

Hill, Stuart and Rothchild, Donald. 1986. "The Contagion of Political Conflict in Africa and the World". Journal of Conflict Resolution, 30(4), 716-735.

The Cost Of Natural Resources

The Cost of Natural Resources

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The Cost of Natural Resources

Oil is one of the most important components of the economic structure of the world. The economies and populations of the developing world are affected significantly when oil prices rise. Most of the countries face the issue of inflation with an increase in oil prices. The developing counties in the global south region of the world get severely affected by the rise of oil prices. On the other hand, the developed countries of the world like the United States of America do not get severely affected by the change in oil prices. The stable economy of the developed countries and the unstable economy of the developing or underdeveloped countries is one of the most important reasons for the different reaction of the countries towards the rise of oil prices.

The United States of America is one of the biggest importers of oil, apart from the fact that it exports it as well. The energy needs of the population are fulfilled through oil and gas resources, which balances out the financial pressure of the economy. On the other hand, the developing countries of the world face a lot more pressure on their economy, when they have to face the situation of oil rise. The energy needs of developing countries are mostly satisfied with the oil which they export from other countries of the world. With the increase in oil prices, the prices of most of the other goods and services also increase, causing a toll on the economy as well as the pockets of consumers, which is the main reason of their severe reaction (Mussa, 2000).

The oil prices affect the global economy; however, the impact on the economy of the developing countries is a lot more severe than that of the developed countries. The stability of the economy of any country plays an important role in defining its reaction to the rise of oil prices, which is also the reason of less severe reaction of the United States of America, as compared to the countries of the global south region.

Reference

Mussa, M. (2000). The impact of higher oil prices on the global economy. International Monetary Fund, 8.

THE ECONOMY

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The Economy

Walmart no doubt has a serious impact on the American economy. It is one of the largest global companies that earn more than any lead company. It was the first company that made a quarter of a trillion. It aims to provide goods to poor people at a lower cost. It has emerged as a unique company that is liked by a huge population due to the benefits that it provides to them. This "low-cost" has become the basis of its controversies (“Is Wal-Mart Good for America?,” 2019).

Walmart has created a huge amount of jobs but at cost of poor wages to its employees, which is inhumane and unethical. At one place it aims to help the middle and lower class but at the same time, it pays them less for the services. Not just that its major manufacturers are from China that is again underpaid for the large amount of work. Again this makes business practices of Walmart questionable. It is also responsible for providing cheap services to customers. If it chooses to buy high-quality stuff from American manufacturers it will create more job opportunities within the country and increase the economy of the country. I personally think that even if customers don't realize the benefits it will have of their lives and economic situation, they will understand the benefits the later when they will get quality.

The government also needs to intervene in its policy-making at fix minimum wage for the employees. This practice will also enable the employees to afford their own necessities without burdening the country's economy by relying on government aid programs.

America has chosen cheap over quality, which is the number one cause of consumerism in America. I think that shifting the manufacturing base from China to America will benefit the country's economy in long run.

Work Cited

Is Wal-Mart Good for America? (2019). Retrieved February 27, 2019, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/showswalmart/

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The Environment

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The Environment

Introductions of GMOs to Our Food Chain without Labeling

The environment is becoming a great cause of concern in modern times, as human activities are adding pollution to the atmosphere. The environment is becoming polluted with every passing day, which is not only impacting the lives of human beings but also causing serious threats to the existence of earth. The introduction of the genetically modified organisms to the food chain of human beings, without labelling, is becoming a rising environmental issue. The inclusion of GMOs to food chain may increase the available quantity of the food; however, it is impacting the environment by affecting the biodiversity, transgene stacking, insecticide, and herbicides.

The inclusion of GMOs in the food chain, without labeling is giving rise to series environment issues. It is paying an important role in affecting the biodiversity of the society, which then impacts the atmosphere. The issue is giving rise to some direct impacts, as well as indirect impacts. The direct impacts include the flow of Naked DNA, gene flow, chemical toxicity and weediness (Tsatsakis et al.). On the other hand, the indirect impacts include disturbed biodiversity, transgene stacking, as well as the increased tolerance of insecticide and herbicide. Although the researchers claim that the GMOs are as safe as the non-GMOs, however, more research is required to prove that, as the society is not ready yet to accept it (Tsatsakis et al.).

The environment of the earth is becoming polluted due to the activities of human beings, and one of such activities is the inclusion of GMOs to the food chain of human beings. It is not only impacting the genes and DNA of the crops and organism but also impacting the biodiversity, which has the tendency of affecting the atmosphere.

Work Cited

Tsatsakis, Aristidis M., et al. "Environmental impacts of genetically modified plants: a review." Environmental research156 (2017): 818-833.

The Evolution Of A Technological Solution

Evolution of technology

Technology has evolved significantly throughout my lifetime. Technology is now part of every aspect of human life. Technology can be used for removing global threats including hunger, modern slavery and child abuse. World hunger remains one of the significant challenge faced by countries globally. Integration of technology allows the creation of artificial methods that can help in overcoming the problems of crop shortage. It is also possible to improve the methods of agriculture by the adoption of technology. Modern slavery can be removed by incorporating technology because it allows law agencies to monitor the procurement laws of the companies. This will improve their role of supervising the companies. They can implement fair laws more effectively and identify the work conditions at workplaces. This can also be used for removing unfair practices such as child labor CITATION Fin181 \l 1033 (Toseland, 2018).

Child abuse is another global threat that can be removed by the integration of technology. This is because the information is now easily available that can be used for tracking the companies that are involved in malpractices. Victim identification has also become easy due to technology. Web-based tools, GPS and spotlight are technological tools used for controlling such issues. Criminal activities can also be controlled by technology. This will allow law enforcement agencies to conduct fast searches, track locations and find criminals in little time. Crime deterrence is also possible due to technology.

Although technology has threatened the employment of the people by laying off many workers from manual jobs. Technology has replaced many old methods of production. I think technology can be used for the betterment of the organizations and the people. However, there is a need for providing technical education and skills to the people.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY Toseland, F. (2018). Five tech solutions to global problems. Retrieved 05 19, 2019, from https://www.raconteur.net/business-innovation/tech-solutions-global-problems

The Family Discussion Question

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

The family discussion question

My Flesh and Blood is a documentary film based on the life of Tom family of Fairfield, CA. the family had Susan Tom who was a single mother and had adopted special children. The documentary covers all the difficulties that these children face while dealing with their special needs such as diabetics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AOUfDk86","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(My Flesh and Blood (2003) (Full Documentary))","plainCitation":"(My Flesh and Blood (2003) (Full Documentary))","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":18,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wY2D8D5E/items/8EHBXG3J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wY2D8D5E/items/8EHBXG3J"],"itemData":{"id":18,"type":"motion_picture","title":"My Flesh and Blood (2003) (Full Documentary)","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_LmrrQG35o","author":[{"family":"My Flesh and Blood (2003) (Full Documentary)","given":""}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (My Flesh and Blood (2003) (Full Documentary)). A special child, named, Joe also posed different difficulties for other propel through his anger. He had cystic fibrosis and was at the last stages of the disease.

This family life depicted in this documentary is very much different from family life in America today. In America family life has changed and now two-parent households are no more common. The rate of divorce, as well as remarriage, is increasing. Unmarried mothers have more babies as compared to the past. There is no a concept of a nuclear family in America. The size of the family has gone smaller and there are only fewer children in the American family.

Women role in the family has also changed. Now they do not spend all their life in rearing and upbringing children at home. Moreover, these women are now less dependent financially over their husbands and are now part of the labour force and share the economic burden of the family with their male counterparts. This has reduced the quality time that families used to spend together. This is due to the increased financial pressure due to the increased expenditures. They get tired and avoid spending time with the family.

In addition, the single parent families are now common in America and these are mostly seen headed by single mothers. These mothers had to bear all the pressures such as financial and emotional. They face more issues as compared to a nuclear family. Children in these families take the effect of a breakup of their parents and get emotionally disturbed with the single mother.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Works Cited

My Flesh and Blood (2003) (Full Documentary). My Flesh and Blood (2003) (Full Documentary). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_LmrrQG35o.

The Harry Potter Essay

The Harry Potter Essay

Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees

The Harry Potter Essay

Harry Potter is a very well-known series of fantasy novels written by the British author J.K Rowling (Rowling, 1997).The novel revolves around the life of a young wizard Harry Potter, his friends, and their expenditures while they were learning witchcraft at Hogwarts school. The wizardry and the portrayal of witchcraft are precisely what makes the novel more enchanting and intriguing in the eyes of J. K Rowling’s readers.

Looking at the novel and more specifically at the character Harry Potter through a sociological perspective, the series of the novel is filled with rich insights. The series tells the reader about the importance of family by showing Harry’s search for his parents by encountering several hurdles and also encountering various parental figures (Whited, 2004). The Character of Harry Potter also tells the reader about the identity as Harry was striving to establish his identity among a group of people (Natov, 2001). The novel also highlighted various social issues such as gender discrimination and cultural discrimination. Class differences were also shown in the movie where the Slytherin group was considered as the group of mist respected high-class witches.

The novel also highlighted racial discrimination by labeling characters as muggles, non-muggles and half-blood, etc to depict that racial discrimination also exists in an enchanted world (Whited, 2004). Harry Potter series tells the reader not only about social stratification but also about the inequalities in the criminal justice system by featuring the antagonist Lord Voldemort. Lord Voldemort was an evil wizard who wanted to attain immortality and overthrown the ministry of magic (Tucker, 1999). The character of Lord Voldemort shows how even in the enchanted world people can be selfish to achieve their desires.

The novel reignites the long last imagination of adults while also keeping the imagination strong. According to the functionalist perspective, each part of the society works together to attain progress (Fields, 2007). The novel also reflects the functional perspective by showing the strong friendship between Harry Potter and his friends. The novel’s story is used to make a series of movies that serve as a visual treat for not only children but adults who are fans of fantasy and fiction movies.

References

Fields, J. W. (2007). Harry Potter, Benjamin Bloom, and the Sociological Imagination. International Journal of Teaching & Learning in Higher Education, 19(2).

Natov, R. (2001). Harry Potter and the Extraordinariness of the Ordinary. The lion and the unicorn, 25(2), 310-327.

Rowling, J. K. (1997). Harry Potter. Bloomsbury: London.

Tucker, N. (1999). The rise and rise of Harry Potter. Children's Literature in Education, 30(4), 221-234.

Whited, L. A. (2004). The ivory tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives on a literary phenomenon. University of Missouri Press.

The Hutterites In North America

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The Hutterities in North America

Hutterities is a cub-cultural group of Anabaptist having a firm belief that they can honor God by adopting communal ways of living. These groups are still existing in Canada and United States where they are clinging to their old traditional and religious values. They emphasize on devoting pacifisms and fulfilling their religious duty by living communally. Their belief also encourages them to accept sufferings which has always remained part of their culture. They must be always ready for suffering although they adapted to the changing social, political and technological conditions of the world. Hutterites is still the largest family-type communal group in the west. In 1965, around 16,500 Hutterites were living in colonies. The population census reveals that 30,000 Hutterites lived in Manitoba and Alberta. While the facts depict that 32,500 were living in Canada by 2011.

Outsiders or non-Hutterites can rarely enter these groups if they are willing to accept communal living. Every person who is member of this group accepts the rural settings where agriculture is the primary way of life. Those who belong to the group adopt the same Hutteritian norms. Many people attempt to join the groups but fail due to many reasons such as their non-familiarity with Carinthian-Tirolean dialect. This is a rare language spoken by Hutterians but outsiders are unaware of it. Thus, language acts as a boundary for many people to enter the group. Cultural boundaries and traditions also restrict outsiders to become members of the group. This require changing attire, religious actions, customs and traditions. Another reason which restrict non-Hutterites is the non-acceptance of divorce. The community don’t accept divorcees or the person who has married a second time.

Hutterians convey their ‘IN group’ status in various ways such as the women wear black work trousers with colored shirts. They wear polka dotted head scarfs to exhibit uniformity. They also wear long patterned aprons. Men are all bearded and visit church on Sundays. Women also visit church on Sunday evening to show their connection with the religion. Women take care of the home chores such as washing clothes on Monday and cleaning on Friday. Socialization process depicts that men and women hardly get any opportunity to meet with the outsiders. There, belonging to the reference group is the only way of interacting with the people of community. Hutterites is an isolated group because people don’t interact with outsiders until it is very important. The norms and values of Hutterites are different from others and is also one of the significant reasons which restricts them from communicating with others. The members have to follow some norms such as premarital sex is not allowed. The couple does not tell anyone until they are together and share the news only at the time of marriage. During mealtime, the members eat in silence and the coffee is poured by the oldest person. After meal every person carries their own plate to the kitchen.

The Pedigre is the chief of the of the community who remains the deciding authority and holds the highest power. He takes the role of a minister and is responsible for performing his duties which include conducting sermons in the church, arranging marriages and taking care of the management related activities. The advisory board enjoys the highest status in the colony which comprises of Hausholter (manager), Weinzedl (farm manager) and Zullbrueder (witnesses). The advisory board has most important duty of managing church related activities. They have the authority to make decisions related to day-to-day activities such as economic aspects and job positioning. They assure maintenance of community disciples and elimination of wrongful practices. The board also decides the membership by determining the personalities and beliefs of the people. Memberships are decided on the basis of communal patterns and assessment of the personality attributes of the people. It is mandatory for all members to accept the communal lifestyle and accepting pacifism as actualization of Christian love and acceptance of avoiding social evils like corruption, aggression and violence. Hutterites are taught at young age to follow cultural norms and do right things. Any person who fails to act according to those norms is a deviant. Jacob Hutterr was the creator of these norms and values based on the Christian beliefs. Visiting church, adoption of communal lives and good behavior are common norms.

The traits required that the members must develop include; discipline, pacifism, simplicity, honesty, respect for the people and piety. These traits are most important and must be acquired by all people. The members who fail to develop these traits and acts differently are considered as deviant. The customs and norms of Huttterites are different from other cultures. Most of the practices prevalent in this group are non-existent in other cultures such as on the special day of marriage the couple spend their time with five other couples. This make Hutterittes different from American culture. People cannot buy property because the community believes in the concept of common wealth which is missing from all other cultures.

Hutterites have a mission of promoting the values of Hebrew-Christian Bible. They are working to influence members to transform themselves according to the teachings of New Testament. The faith of Hutterites was written in 1540 by Peter Rideman. The mission focused on convincing people to realize the reality of life and death. The central theme of this sub-group is to encourage people to adopt communal way of living. Hutterites are gemeinschaft type community because social relationships depend on community ties. People are bound to have relationships with others which make Hutterites isolated community. Hutterite is a rural peasant society because agriculture fulfills the idea of communal way of life. It is easy to make such decision because the traits and norms existing on this group are non-existent in other cultures or groups. Western or modern world has given the choice of premarital sex to the people and they don’t face social constraints CITATION Joh67 \l 1033 (Hostetler and Huntington). While in this group all members are bound to follow social norms and values. Traditional and cultural values are superior and more significant compared to the individual choices or values. Natural will is important for determining relationship among members. The only way of maintaining communications is through face-to-face interactions. People lack property ownership rights which is also a prominent feature of gemeinschaft type community. These attributes confirm that Hutterites is gemeinschaft type community. The traits of virtue, simplicity and lack of self-interest represent gemeinschaft type community because this is the idea of rural life.

If I wanted to join the community, I will have to develop the traits required for acquiring membership. I would learn the language of Hutterittes, adopt a communal way of living, give up my wealth and property for the community’s welfare, quit being aggressive and focus on the common rather than personal interest. I would play the role of the chief who has the responsibility of managing day-to-day activities. For that I would manage all activities fairly, handle marriages, church activities and guide people.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Hostetler, John A. and Gertrude Enders Huntington. The Hutterites in North America. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967.

The Immigrant Student's And The The Struggles In The US

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Sociology]

[Date]

The immigrant students and their struggles in the US

Abstract

Life in the United States is full of struggle and challenges for immigrants. In the last decade, the United States has experienced a major wave of immigration. People are migrating in search of better living standard and political stability. People of America are supportive based on many matters. However, employers often show discrimination to these immigrants in job opportunities. Immigrants are discriminated in school and the workplace due to their race and ethnic paradigms. There are vast opportunities for jobs in the US, but immigrants have to work for long works and low wages as compared to Americans. Language is a primary aspect of trouble for these immigrants. Lack of English speaking leads to social isolation in American society. People are unable to interact or share their feelings with others due to the language barrier. Even organizations categorize individuals on the basis of language. The immigration process is problematic for individuals due to the complex procedure and long waiting period. Many immigrants migrate to the US with their family members. As young individuals are internalized to adjust themselves in the new environment and new society, which lead to social conflicts among parents and children. Illegal immigrate are unable to attain basic social services in the US due to the fear of being caught. It is a nightmare for them to report complaints regarding oppression or violence. This research has found that the life of immigrants in the US is hard, but it does provide an opportunity to earn better living standards in American society.

Introduction

The United States is a place shaped by the cultures of Latin Americans, Native Americans, Asians, and African Americans. The US has one of the most complex cultural identities due to the immense size and diverse heritage. America is known as a land of opportunity, and it gives people freedom of lifestyle. It is notable to mention that the US is currently experiencing a major wave of student immigration. Furthermore, child immigration is also a significant facet of the growth of the population of America. Students from different countries having diverse cultures often face trouble in the linguistics, as English is not their primary language. According to Isphording, Ingo, and Otten, language is not the only problem faced by immigrants. There are a bunch of other paradigms and aspect that bother these students to settle in the US. Cultural and social aspects are crucial facets that affect the life of immigrant students in the US as these aspects help in understanding the identity and success of immigrant students. The immigration process is often not easy for most of the children and students as it includes long waiting time period. Moreover, cultural variations made it hard for students to amend themselves in the current environment of the US. Here, the focus is to determine various aspects and challenges that are problematic for students to amend themselves in the diverse culture of the US.

Literature Review

According to Yoon (2012), focusing almost exclusively on the linguistic needs of immigrant students is not enough. There are certain reasons that make this particular choice problematic. Solely focusing on the linguistic needs ignores other non-linguistic needs such as social and cultural preferences of the immigrant students. Individuals come to America in search of a better lifestyle, to escape political persecution, or in search of improved socioeconomic opportunities. Many immigrants often underestimate the intense stressors that they might face in the United States. These challenges often influence the psychological well-being and behavior of an individual. It is obvious that every individual may face different challenges in the US, but there are some typical challenges that new immigrants might confront. These challenges include economic disadvantage and poverty, social network and social capital, resettlement and affordable housing, difficulty in the immigration process, language and linguistic diversity, and adjustment to social norms. According to Tienda, Marta, and Ron Haskins (2011), due to the meager financial condition upon arriving in the United States, many immigrants are forced to live in low-cost societies, which offer poor living conditions and are poverty-stricken. It is difficult for new immigrants to access high-income jobs due to their lower education level. It is noteworthy to mention that low education attainment results in long work hours and low paying jobs for immigrants as compared to the US-born population. There are some immigrants who are well-educated and attain a reputable degree often find suitable and economic jobs. There is a significant shortage of labors in the health care and nursing department, so immigrants who are skilled in nursing areas are more likely to get a better job.

Helgesen (2009) implemented a case study in which he examines the diversity of school systems between the United States and Mexico. He found significant troubles for students when they transition from culture to culture and school to school. Different aspects are pointed out that make it hard for Mexican students to amend themselves in the US such as homework load, the way schools are run, and the length of compulsory education (Helgesen 1-12). A survey was conducted by the US Institute of physics, which demonstrated that many international students are facing problems with their visas (Bloemraad 55-84). Due to this, many master granting departments and Ph.D. granting departments in the US have reported complains. It is obvious that international students are getting troubles in gaining their visas due to which the research programs are deteriorating, and TA slots are going unfilled (Bloemraad 55-84). According to Isphording, Ingo, and Otten, the language barrier is a critical facet, which impedes adjustment to living in the US. It often leads towards the feeling of frustration and helplessness as people from other regions of the world find it difficult to speak English. It is notable to mention that the language minority students are growing at an alarming rate in the public schools of America (Isphording, Ingo, and Otten 30-50).

These minority groups comprised of almost 250 language groups spoken in US public schools. The linguistic diversity in the US public schools is comprised of 85 percent of the Laotian, Korean, Cantonese Spanish, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Hmong, and Navajo. The new immigrants often respond to the language barrier by appearing withdrawn and remaining silent. Imagine arriving in the United States without knowing how to speak English. It will be really difficult for someone to complete basic tasks such as filling out forms or buying food. It is even hard for the non-English person to make new friends, as he is unable to speak English (Isphording, Ingo, and Otten 30-50). Many immigrants often try to take English classes in order to learn how to speak English. However, finding time between jobs and adjusting in the new environment can be difficult.

Many new immigrants experience tension between the popular cultural norms in the United States and the cultural norms from their home country. When immigrants come to the United States, they explore that the traditional behaviors and values are not sanctioned or undermined in the United States. According to Pumariega, Andres J., and Eugenio Rothe (2010), a new value system, a new language, and a new set of cultural norms are internalized more quickly in the immigrant children in comparison with their parents. It is often difficult for new families to adjust to social norms. A conflict often rises in the family due to the differing rates of acculturation in these immigrants. The social controls of the society mostly weaken due to their exposure to the new norms (Pumariega, Andres, & Rothe 505). Adjusting in the new environment, having diverse social and cultural norms is difficult for students and their families. However, a feeling of alienation is caused by parents and child because of the quick adjustment of a child in the new environment in America. It is noteworthy to mention that the feeling of alienation often threatens parental authority which can be catastrophic for the entire family. America is the land of opportunity and better living standards as it gives immigrant adolescents an opportunity to behave and think independently. It helps them to seek advice from non-kin like school counselors, friends, and teachers who might jeopardize the internal relation of their families (Pumariega, Andres, & Rothe 505).

Los Angeles and New York City are the traditional immigration hubs, and they remain the central point of entry for new immigrants in the United States. It is noteworthy to mention that new immigrants have to suffer from the hardships of getting a reasonable and economical place to live. As many new immigrants have low-income jobs, so it is tough for them to afford a better living standard in highly sanitary conditions. According to McConnell, Eileen Diaz, and Ilana Redstone Akresh, there is increasingly less affordable housing in areas like Los Angeles and New York City due to the urban renewal. Consequently, new immigrants migrate directly to small cities just outside the main urban areas where they can easily afford a reasonable house to live. There is another problem link with affordable housing and resettlement (McConnell, Diaz, & Akresh 143-171). New immigrants mainly focus on getting the affordable house in small towns on the outskirts of major urban areas, but they often forget that they have to manage transportation cost to their offices and workplace. These long-distance transportation costs to the workplace can potentially deteriorate their financial condition. The US Census reveals that industries like meatpacking or farming have the potential to provide affordable housing and employment opportunities (McConnell, Diaz, & Akresh 143-171). There is a changing resettlement trend in different regions of the United States of America including the Hmong community in Lowell, Massachusetts, as well as the Indo-Guyanese community in suburban Schenectady.

In the small cities and suburbs in the outskirts of the main cities, there is a substantial increase in racial and ethical diversity. Another major obstacle faced by immigrants is to fix themselves in a new, unfamiliar culture. Immigrant parents often find it disturbing and disappointing to see their children struggling to amend themselves in accordance with the American education system. Immigrant students who enter American schools are often vulnerable to bullying and discrimination. History suggests that Americans always see themselves as a superior race and culture than any other region in the world (Greer 23-33). They believe that they are better than any race in every aspect. Asian Americans and African Americans are often discriminated and oppressed in schools and workplaces (Greer 23-33). They are bullied as a result of the cultural difference, which demotivates them along with their parents. In the American education system, children are often placed by their age instead of their abilities, which is virtually difficult for them to keep up if they are unable to speak English. Immigrant parents may not be able to communicate the problems and hardships of their children with the school faculty if they do not possess the education and language skills. Regardless of the education system, Immigrants have to suffer from various hardships in order to get a suitable job. Diverse racial and ethical identity is problematic for immigrants to find an economical job. Some of the immigrants faced discrimination while applying for a job due to their race.

Reputable companies and organizations do not tend to take the risk of giving a high-profile job to a person who is not white and who do not manage a fluent English accent. Due to which, many immigrants finish up with low wage job. It is notable to mention that it is incredibly hard to find a job and slowly to move up the ladder. Immigrants who are well qualified and had strong jobs back home often frustration in getting a reasonable job in the US. In the United States, employers mostly job experience within America, which means that the certifications outside the US do not really matter to these employers (Suh et al. 39-51). Hence, qualified and experienced immigrants had to face difficulties in the US. Many immigrants have to face exploitation and discrimination in the workplace. Workers who cannot speak English are more vulnerable to violence and exploitation than those who know English.

In the United States, new immigrants have a difficult time accessing basic services. Undocumented immigrants live in fear of accessing any services due to the liability that they might be deported. People mostly avoid reaching out for services like seeing a doctor or getting legal advice from a lawyer. The fear of being deported avoid these undocumented immigrants to access any services. It is problematic for them to access mental health care as they are often exposed to exploitation and violence. Sometimes, women face violence, torture, and rape but they avoid to document a report to any legal authority. This is due to the fact that they are residing illegally in the United States. Mental health issues create an additional barrier for those in need, as they are taboo in many cultures. The immigration experience is negative for those who are unable to attain the services they need. Language is the biggest issue that immigrants face in the United States. There are multiple examples that doctors misdiagnose a person due to language barrier and law enforcement agents misunderstand the statement of a victim for the same reason. The life of new immigrants significantly affects due to trouble with transportation. There are varieties of reason beyond obtaining a driver license. Procurement of driver license in difficult for every immigrant, whether they are documented or not.

A translator is needed for those who do not speak English, which is a difficult step to achieve. There is a significant written exam for those who apply for a driver license. Being literate is necessary as people have to pass the written exam in order to obtain a driving license. New immigrants by some luck will have a car to share among them. However, it is difficult in getting adults to and from work, as well as getting kids to and from school. It is obvious that having one car can make it incredibly difficult for members of the family to collaborate in order to fit in additional commitments. Most of the times, the men will keep up the car, making it hard for women to reach to market and workplace by finding their own rides. Public transportation is the only reasonable mean of transport for these immigrants. Immigrants mainly rely on public transportation in the United States, which can be terrible for them. Imagine, you are unfamiliar with the traffic routes and different streets in the United States, and you have to cover a large distance to reach your college or workplace. It will be frightening for you if you ever forget a particular road that may lead you to your destination. It is also incredibly terrifying if someone ever forgets the bus station or train on which they are supposed to ride. One thing that must be taken into consideration and no one can deny it is that public transportation for new immigrants in the United States can be a terrible idea if they are unfamiliar with roads or unable to speak English. New immigrants are often unfamiliar with how to cross the street safely. They put their life on risk while crossing a road and even the life of car drivers as they have never learned how to read the traffic signs.

The extended family system left behind in the countries of their origin as immigrants attempt to recreate tight-knit communities and robust social support system. It is noteworthy to mention that being accepted in the new environment and a new society is difficult. According to Greer, many whites avoid to build up any relationship with the new immigrants as they considered their race more superior to others. That is the main reason behind the social isolation of new immigrants in American society. The paradigms of being accepted in the new society is often a troublesome part for most of the immigrants. Therefore, many immigrants’ subgroups attempt to recreate themselves in communities to attain physical and psychological support. Building up of such social support communities is a protective mechanism against social isolation. It helps in providing basic facilities, community life, and safety along with better education for their children. It is safe to say that social networks with high social capital tend to secure their rights in American society.

In contradiction to this, social networks that are fragile can become detrimental to the physical and psychological wellbeing of its members as it creates excessive demand of individuals within the network. Social isolation is frequently seen in immigrants who neither incorporate themselves in such immigrant community of residence nor integrate into the non-immigrant communities. Social isolation can cause crucial situations for these new immigrants such as mental disorders, depression and substance abuse. Among the immigrant youth of all ethnic and racial group, the lack of social support is a significant facet that contributes to depression and alienation.

Research Methodology

This research is quantitative research with questionnaires which focused on our defined variables in order to attain the suitable results. This research was meant to be conducted in a particular way to determine the struggles and challenges that are experienced by immigrant students in the United States. This chapter is comprised of methods of data collection and procedures for the research. The research was conducted on immigrants who are living in the United States for more than five years. These immigrants comprised of students who are still getting an education in the United States and those who are working in different organizations in order to achieve a better lifestyle. The questionnaires are shared with these people to find out the struggles and challenges that they faced in the United States. The questionnaire that is shared with these people is given below;

Who did you immigrate with?

What was the process like? Easy? Hard?

Why did you immigrate to the USA?

What did you expect the USA would be like?

What was your life like before immigrating?

What was your life like after immigrating?

How did people treat you when you came here?

Do you regret your choice of immigrating here? If so, why? If not, what do you like most about the USA?

What struggles did you face most here?

When did you immigrate?

These questions are crucial to understanding the circumstances, which forced these immigrants to move to the United States. Moreover, these questions provide an insight into different aspects such as a new environment, new culture, and new opportunities, which alter the lives of the immigrants in American society. These questionnaires are simple close-ended questions which will completely cover the purpose and objective of this research study. The questionnaire will cover all the significant aspects of the lives of these immigrants in the country of their origin and in the United States.

Analysis

To analyze the data, the narrative analysis method is used with the help of a questionnaire. This technique summarizes a collection of information in different aspects with the help of different interview questions to determine the challenges and struggles that immigrant students have to face in American society. Narrative analysis is considered as a ‘real world measure’ which is effective to use in case of getting understanding regarding the ‘real-life problems.' This analysis focus on the study of the experience of the different individual after their migration in the United States. Narrative analysis is an effective method of investigating topics related to the social science investigation. Ten people were asked whom they immigrated to the United States, upon which 80 percent of them state that they immigrate along with their family in the United States. The results suggested that immigration alone is a hard task for these people due to various reasons. These reasons include family issues and financial issues. Immigration is not an easy process as there are various strings attached to it. There is a list of a few problems related to immigration and its whole procedure. The immigration process is a far too restrictive system, as it requires extensive documentation. There is also a need for clearance from the government to show that a person is eligible for immigration. When the persons were asked about the immigration process, they state that it was mostly hard for them. They had to wait in line for decades.

There is a long procedure of immigrant which requires a significant time period. However, applicants having relatives in the United States are more likely to get a visa with ease. Upon asking the reasons behind immigration, many people said that they wanted a better lifestyle. It is noteworthy to mention that the United States is a land of opportunities for every individual. There are many regions of the world where people are having trouble due to political and financial issues. That is the reason behind their immigration to the United States, as they want a better living standard. The United States provides extensive employment opportunities to ensure a better living standard. Forgetting a better understanding of the whole immigrant process, these people were asked about their life before immigration. Most of them state that they had faced many challenges and difficulties in the country of their origin. Mostly, the families were stressed due to poverty and financial difficulties. That is why they planned to immigrate to the United States to overcome all the hardships. People were asked what their expectation about life in the United States was? They expect that the United States will help them in providing educational facilities and better health care facilities. It is a well-known fact that the United States is the hub of high-class education and health facilities. People also expect that the US would be cheaper in terms of studying and living, but their expectation regarding this was wrong.

The facilities in the US are much are expensive in comparison with other countries as it guarantees a high profile standard. Upon asking the life of these immigrants after immigration, mixed results come out. Some of them argue that immigration proved to be effective for them as it made their life much easier than it was before. People feel easier and confident after living in American society. Some argue that people of America are very supported and open-minded. They treat them nicely in every situation. Whereas, some of them state that their life in the United States was hard in the first few years. Amending oneself in a new environment is always a hard task. With a new environment, there come new challenges. The cultural and social paradigms in the United States are different as compared to other countries. That is the reason behind the difficulty of adjustment in the new environment. Secondly, children in schools were bullied based on their language and race. People were asked if they regret their choice of immigrating. It is stated that they have no regret upon their choice of immigrating to the United States. They compared their life in the United States with their life back home. They were happy to come to America due to the supportive behavior of many American in the United States. Most of the people argue that learning a new language is a real challenge in the United States. People often judge them based on their language. English is essential for people who are living in the United States. Even employers offer a job opportunity by seeing the English language skills in a particular person. The questionnaire also include the date of immigration of these people in the United States. Most of them have been living in the United States for more than seven years. I was migrated to the United States in 2011. I had to face certain challenges in the new society. I find it difficult to make new friends due to the lack of English speaking. I was having troubles in adjusting to the new environment. Finding a suitable job in American society was not so easy for me. Employers often neglect the experience of a person and focus on citizenship along with the English language.

Discussion

Individuals typically come to the United States in search of better lifestyles, to escape political persecution and to achieve better socioeconomic opportunities. However, these people often neglect the challenges that they might face in the new environment. People immigrating to the United States have to face challenges like economic disadvantage and poverty, social network and social capital, language and linguistic diversity, hardships of the immigration process, adjustment to the social norms, and trouble in finding a suitable job. People are forced to live in small towns just outside the cities due to the meager financial condition. They often search for low-cost societies to peruse living in the United States. Immigrants have to face various difficulties such as discrimination and poverty in American society. People of America considered themselves superior to other nations and race. They believe that they are superior based on ethnic and racial characteristics.

Immigrants having good jobs in the country of their origin faced difficulties in accessing high-income jobs in America. Having a low educational background is problematic for these people as it results in long working hours and low paying jobs. The attainment of a suitable job is possible for those who have a strong educational background. There are some specific areas of working where finding a job is not that hard such as health care and nursing. Therefore, a person having a suitable degree in this field is more likely to attain a reasonable job in American society. The research has shown that the language barrier is a crucial aspect for immigrants in the US. Language barrier promotes the feeling of loneliness in immigrants, as they are unable to speak English with anyone. Many immigrants even find it difficult to manage time out of their busy work schedule to take English classes in order to learn how to speak English. There is a significant tension for immigrants between the cultural norms of the United States and the country of origin. It is seen that the traditional behavior of immigrants is undermined in the United States. They struggle to adjust themselves in a set of new cultural norms and value system.

Conclusion

It is concluded that the immense size and diverse heritage make America one of the complex cultural identities. The United States is experiencing a major wave of immigration, as it is a land of opportunities for each individual. People migrate to the US in search of better living standards and improved financial stability. However, they suffer from linguistic diversity, as English is not their first language. It is difficult for them to find time from their busy working schedule to learn the English language. Due to low education background, the majority of the immigrants work for longer hours with low wages to make both ends meet. Employers discriminate these immigrants based on their race and ethnic characteristics which make it tough for them to seek a reasonable job. Economic opportunities are vast for these immigrants, but with low wages. Research has shown that the immigration process is tough and long-lasting for the majority of these people. There is a long waiting period in order to get a visa. People often expect that education and healthcare facilities are cheaper in the US as compared to other countries. The new environment is internalized more quickly in children as compared to their parents, which lead towards conflict within the family members. Americans are often very supportive which can ease things for these immigrants in the new society. Illegal immigrants often face troubles in attaining basic services such as health care and police services. They always live in fear of being caught in America, as they do not possess legal documentation of their immigration to the United States. They are unable to report any violence or oppression due to this fear. Concisely, life for immigrants in the United States is full of struggle and challenges.

Works Cited

Bloemraad, Irene. "Being American/becoming American: Birthright citizenship and immigrants’ membership in the United States." Special Issue: Who Belongs? Immigration, Citizenship, and the Constitution of Legality. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2013. 55-84.

Golash-Boza, Tanya Maria. Immigration Nation: Raids, detentions, and deportations in post-9/11 America. Routledge, 2015.

Greer, Christina M. Black Ethnics: Race, immigration, and the pursuit of the American dream. Oxford University Press, 2013.

Helgesen, Caitlin. "Mexican immigrant challenges in the Unites States public school system: A case study of two schools." UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research 12 (2009): 1-12.

Isphording, Ingo E., and Sebastian Otten. "Linguistic barriers in the destination language acquisition of immigrants." Journal of Economic Behavior & organization 105 (2014): 30-50.

Leow, Deborah McLean, Marion Goldstein, and Lisa McGlinchy. "A selective literature review: Immigration, acculturation & substance abuse." New York City: Education Development Center (2006).

McConnell, Eileen Diaz, and Ilana Redstone Akresh. "Housing cost burden and new lawful immigrants in the United States." Population Research and Policy Review 29.2 (2010): 143-171.

Pumariega, Andres J., and Eugenio Rothe. "Leaving no children or families outside: The challenges of immigration." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 80.4 (2010): 505.

Suh, Yonghee, Sohyun An, and Danielle Forest. "Immigration, imagined communities, and collective memories of Asian American experiences: A content analysis of Asian American experiences in Virginia US history textbooks." The Journal of Social Studies Research 39.1 (2015): 39-51.

Tienda, Marta, and Ron Haskins. "Immigrant children: Introducing the issue." The Future of Children (2011): 3-18.

The Impact Of Media On The Youth

The Impact of Media on the Youth

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The Impact of Media on Youth

Introduction

Media has completely gained control over our lives and turned a world into a global village. It would be fair to acknowledge the fact of how media has played a huge role in modifying the lifestyle of an average individual. It has served as a major mode of communication which has not only reduced the distance between the relationships but has also contributed to the field of advertisement. It is hard to fathom the benefits media is providing us considering the role of it in almost every aspect of our lives. However, on the other hand, it has an equal share in influencing our lives negatively. Studies have reported that this excessive domination of social media in our daily lives has contributed to the prevalence of mental health issues in the population ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sBNBV1VF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Booker, Kelly, & Sacker, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Booker, Kelly, & Sacker, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VINBK2HS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VINBK2HS"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK","container-title":"BMC public health","page":"321","volume":"18","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Booker","given":"Cara L."},{"family":"Kelly","given":"Yvonne J."},{"family":"Sacker","given":"Amanda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Booker, Kelly, & Sacker, 2018). Evidence suggests that teens who spend an excessive portion of their day on social media such as Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram, etc. are reported to have an elevated ratio of depression and anxiety i.e. thirteen to sixty-six per cent as compared to those who do not spend much time on a social media. This paper will review the literature from three articles focused on the impact of media on youth.

Literature Review

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6y7tGkPP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ngonso, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Ngonso, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"vk7FJiHB/j977PVvT","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/S3S3CIQM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/S3S3CIQM"],"itemData":{"id":515,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Access to Information and Communication Technology such as the use of social media is the concern of many in the 21st century. The question whether rural Nigerian communities have access to social amenities including media technology prompted this study which adopted survey research method to investigate teenagers and youths in four selected secondary schools in the rural communities in Edo North, Nigeria to ascertain if they use social media. From a population of 1,751, a sample size of 260 students was drawn for the survey research study. It was found that, rural teenagers and youth have access to social media through their personal/parents internet-access mobile phones though not for academic purpose but to enhance their lives which are more or less social. They also prefer Facebook to other social networking sites. They were also exposed to other social media such as Instagram, Whatsapp, Twitter and YouTube, to make their day","container-title":"Global Media Journal","ISSN":"1550-7521","issue":"32","language":"en","page":"1-6","source":"www.globalmediajournal.com","title":"Effect of Social Media on Teenagers and Youths: A Study of Rural Nigerian Teenagers and Youths in Secondary Schools","title-short":"Effect of Social Media on Teenagers and Youths","volume":"17","author":[{"family":"Ngonso","given":"Blessed F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ngonso, 2019) determined the impact of social media on the teenagers and youth of the rural Nigerian community. The author states that access to social media is a major concern nowadays. The object of this study was to determine whether the rural communities of Nigeria have access to the basic social services most important, the media technology. For the purpose samples were taken from the four secondary schools located in the separate rural communities in Edo North, Nigeria. The sample number was 360 teenager students from the total population of 1751 individuals. Findings indicated the prominent use of social media among youth resided in these communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"H2Fjsh9m","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ngonso, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Ngonso, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"vk7FJiHB/j977PVvT","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/S3S3CIQM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/S3S3CIQM"],"itemData":{"id":515,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Access to Information and Communication Technology such as the use of social media is the concern of many in the 21st century. The question whether rural Nigerian communities have access to social amenities including media technology prompted this study which adopted survey research method to investigate teenagers and youths in four selected secondary schools in the rural communities in Edo North, Nigeria to ascertain if they use social media. From a population of 1,751, a sample size of 260 students was drawn for the survey research study. It was found that, rural teenagers and youth have access to social media through their personal/parents internet-access mobile phones though not for academic purpose but to enhance their lives which are more or less social. They also prefer Facebook to other social networking sites. They were also exposed to other social media such as Instagram, Whatsapp, Twitter and YouTube, to make their day","container-title":"Global Media Journal","ISSN":"1550-7521","issue":"32","language":"en","page":"1-6","source":"www.globalmediajournal.com","title":"Effect of Social Media on Teenagers and Youths: A Study of Rural Nigerian Teenagers and Youths in Secondary Schools","title-short":"Effect of Social Media on Teenagers and Youths","volume":"17","author":[{"family":"Ngonso","given":"Blessed F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ngonso, 2019). Youth and teenagers of these communities were able to access social media via various means such as access through personal or parent’s mobile phones. It was also observed that social media was not used for academic purpose but it was more influenced by personal interests. The use of various social media applications such as Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, Twitter, and YouTube is prominent among youngsters with Facebook as the most preferable site among all ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pQF5Z7oc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ngonso, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Ngonso, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"vk7FJiHB/j977PVvT","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/S3S3CIQM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/S3S3CIQM"],"itemData":{"id":515,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Access to Information and Communication Technology such as the use of social media is the concern of many in the 21st century. The question whether rural Nigerian communities have access to social amenities including media technology prompted this study which adopted survey research method to investigate teenagers and youths in four selected secondary schools in the rural communities in Edo North, Nigeria to ascertain if they use social media. From a population of 1,751, a sample size of 260 students was drawn for the survey research study. It was found that, rural teenagers and youth have access to social media through their personal/parents internet-access mobile phones though not for academic purpose but to enhance their lives which are more or less social. They also prefer Facebook to other social networking sites. They were also exposed to other social media such as Instagram, Whatsapp, Twitter and YouTube, to make their day","container-title":"Global Media Journal","ISSN":"1550-7521","issue":"32","language":"en","page":"1-6","source":"www.globalmediajournal.com","title":"Effect of Social Media on Teenagers and Youths: A Study of Rural Nigerian Teenagers and Youths in Secondary Schools","title-short":"Effect of Social Media on Teenagers and Youths","volume":"17","author":[{"family":"Ngonso","given":"Blessed F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ngonso, 2019). The author further advises parents and teachers to adopt essential measures to reduce the use of social media among youngsters by spreading awareness about the harmful effects of it.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"24svlGL4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Qureshi, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Qureshi, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"vk7FJiHB/94sH0ot1","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/3NBD24M9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/3NBD24M9"],"itemData":{"id":518,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies","issue":"1","page":"73–83","source":"Google Scholar","title":"SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA ON YOUTH","volume":"26","author":[{"family":"Qureshi","given":"Afshan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Qureshi, 2019) determined the socio-physiological impact of media on youngsters. She suggests that the Media is a principal representative of socialization nowadays. There were six basic purposes of the study: to determine the nature of content they watch on media; to determine the average number of hours youth spends on mass media; to determine the role of parents towards youngsters using mass media; to determine the impact of mass media on the belief system and behaviour; to determine both negative and positive socio-physiological influence and to determine whether media contributes to the aggressive behaviour of youngsters. Results showed that the population of urban areas is greatly influenced by the mass media as compared to the population of rural areas. Youngsters and children are prone to watching movies and TV shows due to their immense interest in such activities. They spend an average of 1-22 hours watching the content of their interest. Parents have no interest in what their child is doing therefore they pay no attention to it. Increased mass media use is the major cause of the generation gap and has contributed to influencing the cultural values, social beliefs, mood, behaviour, and learning. The author suggests parents and governmental organizations invest time on youngsters by educating them about the detriments and developing proper strategies to reduce its access, respectively.

Teenagers are characterized as one of the highest media users, although the study has shown that their health is diminishing with age ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fs7U06km","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Booker et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Booker et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VINBK2HS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VINBK2HS"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK","container-title":"BMC public health","page":"321","volume":"18","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Booker","given":"Cara L."},{"family":"Kelly","given":"Yvonne J."},{"family":"Sacker","given":"Amanda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Booker et al., 2018). The secular connection between the engagement of social media and health has not been fully developed. The objective of this research was to investigate if shifts in social media activity and two indicators of health are associated with age through concurrent development frameworks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"y1YQznfF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Booker et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Booker et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VINBK2HS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VINBK2HS"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK","container-title":"BMC public health","page":"321","volume":"18","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Booker","given":"Cara L."},{"family":"Kelly","given":"Yvonne J."},{"family":"Sacker","given":"Amanda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Booker et al., 2018). Statistics came through five phases of the Understanding Society's 10-15 years adolescent survey, the British Residential Retrospective study (redistributed n= 9859). Social network activity was measured by messaging on social websites regularly. Health was assessed by contentment to six aspects of life as well as the Worksheet of Attributes and Challenges. Results indicated sex disparities in the connection between social media interaction and health. There were important associations among interactions on social media and indicators of health and between interactions on social networking sites and thresholds of health among women. Moreover, elevated participation in social media at the age of 10 was correlated with decreases in health for women afterwards, but it was not observed in males. The findings for both health indicators were alike. The author concluded that during the early teenage years, a higher level of social media involvement has consequences for health in late adult years, especially for women. The absence of correlation between men indicates that other causes may be linked with their decline in health ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"neZblMAY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Booker et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Booker et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VINBK2HS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VINBK2HS"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK","container-title":"BMC public health","page":"321","volume":"18","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Booker","given":"Cara L."},{"family":"Kelly","given":"Yvonne J."},{"family":"Sacker","given":"Amanda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Booker et al., 2018).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Booker, C. L., Kelly, Y. J., & Sacker, A. (2018). Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 321.

Ngonso, B. F. (2019). Effect of Social Media on Teenagers and Youths: A Study of Rural Nigerian Teenagers and Youths in Secondary Schools. Global Media Journal, 17(32), 1–6.

Qureshi, A. (2019). SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA ON YOUTH. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 26(1), 73–83.

The Importance Of 9/11 On The MIC

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The Importance of 9/11 on the MIC

The United States of America went through a massive attack of terrorism on September 9, 2001. This sad incident resulted in the destruction of two prominent buildings of the United States and took the lives of approximately 2996 people including 19 hijackers. The tragic act of terrorism not only shook America socially and economically but also put impact over multiple sectors of the military economy. One of the significant effects was on the Military Industrial Complex.

The Military budget of the United States of America significantly increased after the 9/11 attacks. The military budget increased to such significant levels that before 2001, the government of United States used to allocate an amount of $456 to the military projects and after the attack, the budget raised to $700 billion. Sixty-seven percent out of the total budget goes to the military activities of the country, which is already more than the military budget of ten countries combined CITATION Rob18 \l 1033 (Reich).

The military industrial complex has grown so extensively that various kinds of products have erupted in the market in this respect, glorifying the bravery and contributions of the armed forces. One of the examples is the induction of video games that have been specially designed so that the children, teenagers and even the adults can realize the worth of the sacrifices and contributions towards the country (Robinson). These video games heavily portray and encourage the use of valor and masculinity.

Another aspect of the increase in the military budget is the crackpot realism. The intense obsession with war, according to some researchers and experts, will lead to the third world war (Lofgren). The term crackpot realist has been used recently for a person who is insanely realist and is not ready to look beyond the boundaries of his or her nation. This trait can be dangerously toxic and if found in any leader of a country, can lead to grave consequences for the state.

Works Cited

Lofgren, Michael S. "Syria And The Triumph Of Crackpot Realism." HuffPost. N.p., 2013. Web. 5 Mar. 2019.

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Robert Reich: The Military-Industrial Drain. Dir. Robert Reich. Perf. Robert Reich. 2018.

Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnR84h7t5kI

Robinson, Nick. "Militarism and opposition in the living room: the case of military videogames." Critical Studies on Security4.3 (2016): 255-275.

The Issue Exist To Build A Aging Community

The issue exists to build an aging community

Author

Institutional Affiliations

Author Note

The issue exists to build an aging community

Introduction

The irony in modern societies is that they tend to ensure the stability and prosperity that allow several people to grow old while rejecting to accept a suitable role for older people within a social order. Old age comes with numerous concerns and responsibilities. the concept of aging is dependent on various complicated and codependent factors including the social policies, political stance, demographics, economic situation and cultural values along with gender, class and race. In gerontology, the theories related to aging progress over time and it is obvious that the social policies and the public opinions take some time to catch up. The concept of familial importance has long been forgotten in United States since the beginning of past century. However, our culture has built a continuum that places institutional long term care on one side while an idealized vision related to aging in place. The real challenge for the American society is escaping the wrong choices while searching for a new way to facilitate the elders by creating age friendly communities.

It has become a national as well as an international concern to build age friendly communities. Various programs and initiatives have been taken in the past to ensure a stable and refined system for the elderly in our society. However, there are many challenges associated with the formulation and implementation of the age friendly goals. Numerous qualitative, quantitative and literatures reviews have been published so far in order to analyze the progress of building such a healthy and friendly environment along with the response of the elderly people and their families. Studies have suggested that the population of United States is aging at immense rate. After conducting several nation based surveys and research, it has been established that by the year 2030, one out of every five individuals in the United States would be aged 65 or older. By the year 2035, the total number of individuals older than 65 will exceed than the number of children who would be under 18 years ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aV58EIXk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(AARP, 2019)","plainCitation":"(AARP, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":415,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/LHEPBF9D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/LHEPBF9D"],"itemData":{"id":415,"type":"report","title":"AARP Network of Age-Friendly States and Communities","publisher":"AARP.org/Livable","author":[{"family":"AARP","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (AARP, 2019).

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to study the challenges faced by the adults and children in order to provide assistance and care to the older adults. There is also a gap in delivering the right and adequate information to the general public about the focus of social workers and political policy makers towards the issue. This paper will analyze different contributions of organizations in building an age friendly community.

Findings

The public policy and several other initiatives for the older population have primarily focused on the delivery of safety, healthcare, financial assistance and other benefits. Over the past few decades, the age friendly community initiatives (AFCIs) have provided a significant importance to the matter. These initiatives mainly engage with the stakeholders and from a number of sectors within any geographical area in order to make the social and physical environments more favorable for the elderly. The objective of such programs is to ensure their health, wellbeing, and the ability to grow old within any place or community. The community planning approach is a rational process as it requires civic engagement and cooperation of the individuals along with organizations from various fields such as transportation, housing and social participation. Support focused approach includes the collaboration of the local stakeholders and community volunteers in order to make environment more supportive and stable for the older people. Cross sector partnerships approach is the collaboration of multiple organizations and individuals for the planning and implementation of care and other services ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BkIJjBFy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Greenfield, Oberlink, Scharlach, Neal, & Stafford, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Greenfield, Oberlink, Scharlach, Neal, & Stafford, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":416,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/QAJ4VW77"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/QAJ4VW77"],"itemData":{"id":416,"type":"article-journal","title":"Age-friendly community initiatives: Conceptual issues and key questions","container-title":"The Gerontologist","page":"191-198","volume":"55","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Greenfield","given":"Emily A."},{"family":"Oberlink","given":"Mia"},{"family":"Scharlach","given":"Andrew E."},{"family":"Neal","given":"Margaret B."},{"family":"Stafford","given":"Philip B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Greenfield, Oberlink, Scharlach, Neal, & Stafford, 2015).

The AARP Network of Age Friendly States and Communities work such that their objective is to raise awareness and educate the elected officials and the local residents. They motivate the local leaders for implementation of programs that make the communities livable for the older adults. They ensure the availability of resources for an age friendly community by indulging in research programs. It focuses on multiple domains such as outdoor spaces and buildings, mobility, residence, social activation, respect and social values, civic engagement, communication and information. The project of age friendly cities was launched by World Health Organization in 2007 and the design was mad such that it would provide security and healthier environment to the older citizens. Many states have been using the model to provide old age care to its citizens and implementation of new programs due to increased urbanization and paradigm shift in the aging policies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HRWCqZtG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Filinson, Raimondo, & Maigret, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Filinson, Raimondo, & Maigret, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":417,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/JJ4DLPXQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/JJ4DLPXQ"],"itemData":{"id":417,"type":"article-journal","title":"Building age-friendly community: notes from the field","author":[{"family":"Filinson","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Raimondo","given":"Marianne"},{"family":"Maigret","given":"Maureen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Filinson, Raimondo, & Maigret, 2016).

As the baby boomers have reached to the age and require adequate facilities, it is imperative to initiate programs to build cities for all ages. The livable cities where they can receive all the care and services, would let them participate in the society like rest of the citizens. A City for All project will attract people of all ages and it can be achieved by expanding the horizon of senior housing options. Such cities should be able to match the requirements of all stages of life. Many such initiatives have been taken by Human Investment Project, Senior Housing Solutions, Burbank Senior Artists Colony, Senior Co-Housing and Green House Homes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AqjzOJDe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kennedy, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Kennedy, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":418,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/QVB96MLU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/QVB96MLU"],"itemData":{"id":418,"type":"article-journal","title":"The City of 2050—An Age-Friendly, Vibrant, Intergenerational Community","container-title":"Generations","page":"70-75","volume":"34","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Christine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kennedy, 2010). Age Friendly Oxford Initiative has also been working with the affiliation of World Health Organization and AARP. The combined efforts have led to the approval of the City of Oxford in Ohio to fulfil the commitment of the age friendly communities. It comprises of all the facilities to accommodate all kinds of age groups ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NIHja6qv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Roy et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":419,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/ZCP6BCBR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/ZCP6BCBR"],"itemData":{"id":419,"type":"article-journal","title":"Age-Friendly Oxford: A Qualitative Study Conducted by the Miami First Year Research Experience (FYRE) Class of 2017-2018","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Senjooti"},{"family":"Baker","given":"Cole"},{"family":"Hall","given":"Bobbie"},{"family":"Pryor","given":"Tone"},{"family":"Heath","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Vaswani","given":"Sundeep"},{"family":"Woodford","given":"Cassandra"},{"family":"Bennington","given":"Brooke"},{"family":"Arnell","given":"Blair"},{"family":"Medeiros","given":"Kate","non-dropping-particle":"de"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy et al., 2019). It has primarily focused on the housing as the top priority followed by transportation, health, education, employment, volunteering and communication. Most of the individuals have reported that despite a few challenges, such cities provide a good housing place to grow old ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cxDS4MhP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dhakal, Kunkel, Young, & Kessler, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Dhakal, Kunkel, Young, & Kessler, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":420,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/4NJWDZES"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/4NJWDZES"],"itemData":{"id":420,"type":"article-journal","title":"Age-Friendly Oxford Community Needs Assessment: Report to the Age-Friendly Oxford Leadership Advisory Group","author":[{"family":"Dhakal","given":"Usha"},{"family":"Kunkel","given":"Suzanne R."},{"family":"Young","given":"Meghan A."},{"family":"Kessler","given":"Valerie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dhakal, Kunkel, Young, & Kessler, 2019).

Conclusion

It should be made viable to ensure effective city planning along with the national and global awareness over the matter of providing safe and effective living conditions for the older adults as their number have significantly increased and continues to increase every year. The policy makers and the bureaucrats also need to provide sufficient time, funding and ordinances that ensures the housing and other living choices for the senior citizens. The private and public organizations with the help of social societies can bring about significant improvements in the implementation and propagation of age friendly communities.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY AARP. (2019). AARP Network of Age-Friendly States and Communities. AARP.org/Livable.

Dhakal, U., Kunkel, S. R., Young, M. A., & Kessler, V. (2019). Age-Friendly Oxford Community Needs Assessment: Report to the Age-Friendly Oxford Leadership Advisory Group.

Filinson, R., Raimondo, M., & Maigret, M. (2016). Building age-friendly community: Notes from the field.

Greenfield, E. A., Oberlink, M., Scharlach, A. E., Neal, M. B., & Stafford, P. B. (2015). Age-friendly community initiatives: Conceptual issues and key questions. The Gerontologist, 55(2), 191–198.

Kennedy, C. (2010). The City of 2050—An Age-Friendly, Vibrant, Intergenerational Community. Generations, 34(3), 70–75.

Roy, S., Baker, C., Hall, B., Pryor, T., Heath, S., Vaswani, S., … de Medeiros, K. (2019). Age-Friendly Oxford: A Qualitative Study Conducted by the Miami First Year Research Experience (FYRE) Class of 2017-2018.

The Media And Public Trust

Full Title of Your Paper Here

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

The Media and Public Trust

In the contemporary age, the evaluation of a news source has become a contentious and critical aspect. Not all the news sources are trustworthy or reliable. Moreover, the surge of fake news has further exacerbated the situation. A certain criteria ought to be established and applied to serve the purpose of following a credible source of news and information. It can be essentially based on the selection of questions while assessing the news and its source. With the availability, it becomes further challenging to believe and adhere to the news source in true letter and spirits. Internet platforms, advertisement, print media and news channels are the dominant sources that confuse the readers and often engage in the spread of fabricated news.

First, the key is evidence. Always seek the evidence offered that supplements the argument or theme of the news story ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Cim8hYIV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}What Makes Information Reliable? | Student Skills Workshops,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“What Makes Information Reliable? | Student Skills Workshops,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1941,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/Q87C5KSC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/Q87C5KSC"],"itemData":{"id":1941,"type":"webpage","title":"What Makes Information Reliable? | Student Skills Workshops","URL":"https://sites.austincc.edu/student-skills-workshops/critical-reading/what-makes-information-reliable/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“What Makes Information Reliable? | Student Skills Workshops,” n.d.). Merely ruminating upon the speculations or likelihoods are the prominent variables present in fake or exaggerated news. The other aspect to search for is the sentiment of biases. Political affiliation and the inclination towards maligning specific parties are pervasive practices in the contemporary trend of news and media ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"s2jM116z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brittany Rhea Deputy, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Brittany Rhea Deputy, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1939,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/HXMBX6BP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/HXMBX6BP"],"itemData":{"id":1939,"type":"webpage","title":"LibGuides: Finding News and News Evaluation: Evaluating News Sources","abstract":"LibGuides: Finding News and News Evaluation: Evaluating News Sources","URL":"//guides.lib.utexas.edu/news/evaluate","shortTitle":"LibGuides","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brittany Rhea Deputy","given":"MLIS"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brittany Rhea Deputy, n.d.). If the news only highlights the negative sides of a story, it is probably aiming at prejudice. Besides, the appealing or exaggerated depiction of visuals that evoke a radical response of reads is also an indication of the biases inculcated in the news. Last, the critical analysis of the headline and the content is imperative to distinguish between a fake and a credible source of information.

To conclude, the adherence to every other news source ought not to be observed. Evidence, biases and the appeal are the critical elements that must be examined before following a news source.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brittany Rhea Deputy, M. (n.d.). LibGuides: Finding News and News Evaluation: Evaluating News Sources. Retrieved February 2, 2019, from //guides.lib.utexas.edu/news/evaluate

What Makes Information Reliable? | Student Skills Workshops. (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2019, from https://sites.austincc.edu/student-skills-workshops/critical-reading/what-makes-information-reliable/

The Media And Race"

The Media and Race

Name

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

The Media and Race

Exponential penetration of media culture in our lives is playing the key role in shaping our perceptions. For many people, the primary way to learn about different people is to watch their media representation. The problem in this approach is that most of the representations either in news or entertainment media are influenced by cultural stereotypes. These cultural stereotypes create a marginalized and distorted representation of the non-dominant groups of the society. News and entertainment media are powerful forces in creating cultural stereotypes about racial groups in the society.

It can be observed in most of the mainstream media houses that the representation of the non-dominant racial groups of the society in both entertainment and news media follows characters leading to cliché narratives. The real problem is that the mainstream media of the country is so consistent in portraying the stereotypes that they are readily available in our minds all the time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a23ls59mi5f","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jiwani, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Jiwani, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1698,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/QZ6WUQ4A"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/QZ6WUQ4A"],"itemData":{"id":1698,"type":"article-journal","title":"Doubling discourses and the veiled Other: Mediations of race and gender in Canadian media","container-title":"Race and Racialization, 2E: Essential Readings","page":"485","author":[{"family":"Jiwani","given":"Yasmin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jiwani, 2018). For example, most of the time in films black men and boys are portrayed systematically negative — their images on posters and advertising materials often associated with criminality and poverty.

Most of them when in a news story a black person is associated with the crime the victim is always portrayed from the dominant white group. Many of such incidents are not based on facts but they are ignored, and no one ever tries to verify the authenticity of the event ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a14f0bh0h6o","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sarich, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Sarich, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1699,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/EXAYNLRK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/EXAYNLRK"],"itemData":{"id":1699,"type":"book","title":"Race: The reality of human differences","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"0-429-96645-8","author":[{"family":"Sarich","given":"Vincent"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sarich, 2018). It all happens because the representation of the non-dominant group of society is already in line with previously developed cultural stereotypes in the society. To transform stereotypes, we need to develop fair racial representations based on humanity rather than poor racial and cultural stereotypes.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Jiwani, Y. (2018). Doubling discourses and the veiled Other: Mediations of race and gender in Canadian media. Race and Racialization, 2E: Essential Readings, 485.

Sarich, V. (2018). Race: The reality of human differences. Routledge.

The Op-ed On The Issue Exists To Build An Aging Community

The op-ed on the issue exists to build an aging community

Author

Institutional Affiliations

Author Note

The op-ed on the issue exists to build an aging community

The old age population is growing rapidly in Untied States but little is being done to accept them or assign them a suitable role in this social order. The issue of aging is related with several social, political, economic and cultural values. The disparity in the provision of care and services also differs among gender, race and class.

The population of United States is aging at immense rate. By the year 2030, one out of every five individuals in the United States would be aged 65 or older. By the year 2035, the total number of individuals older than 65 will exceed than the number of children who would be under 18 years ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aV58EIXk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(AARP, 2019)","plainCitation":"(AARP, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":415,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/LHEPBF9D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/LHEPBF9D"],"itemData":{"id":415,"type":"report","title":"AARP Network of Age-Friendly States and Communities","publisher":"AARP.org/Livable","author":[{"family":"AARP","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (AARP, 2019).

The national and international concern to build age friendly communities has become a grave issue. Various programs and initiatives have been taken in the past to ensure a stable and refined system for the elderly in our society. However, there are many challenges associated with the formulation and implementation of the age friendly goals.

The public policy and several other initiatives for the older population have primarily focused on the delivery of safety, healthcare, financial assistance and other benefits. Over the past few decades, the age friendly community initiatives (AFCIs) have provided a significant importance to the matter

American society has long disregarded the concept of filial piety and the importance of having elders around. The public and social policies have been molded such that our culture has built a continuum of placing older people in institutional care. The recent challenge for the American policy makers is to establish age friendly communities.

The concept of ‘Great Society’ by President Lyndon Johnson in the 1960s laid the foundation of a federal program for providing health and other social services to the older community along with Medicaid, Medicare, and Older Americans Act (OAA). Many amendments have been made in this legislation to the date according to the changing needs of the citizens.

Age-friendly Community Initiatives (AFCIs) have an upstream goal to concentrate on the whole community. Its primary objective is to bring about change in the elderly people’s overall physical and social setting in order to improve their ability to function efficiently within their homes and communities. It also fulfils the requirements of White House Conference on aging 2015.

AFCIs involve the participation of municipal governments, local and private service providers, religious organizations, transportation and housing suppliers and citizens themselves. Their goal is to work for the health and wellbeing of older adults and their active engagement in the community by providing them with meaningful roles. The community planning, support focused and cross sector partnerships approaches of the AFCIs include the collaboration of community services, multiple organizations and stakeholders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BkIJjBFy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Greenfield, Oberlink, Scharlach, Neal, & Stafford, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Greenfield, Oberlink, Scharlach, Neal, & Stafford, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":416,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/QAJ4VW77"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/QAJ4VW77"],"itemData":{"id":416,"type":"article-journal","title":"Age-friendly community initiatives: Conceptual issues and key questions","container-title":"The Gerontologist","page":"191-198","volume":"55","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Greenfield","given":"Emily A."},{"family":"Oberlink","given":"Mia"},{"family":"Scharlach","given":"Andrew E."},{"family":"Neal","given":"Margaret B."},{"family":"Stafford","given":"Philip B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Greenfield, Oberlink, Scharlach, Neal, & Stafford, 2015).

American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) Network of Age Friendly States and Communities have been working to raise awareness among locals and elected officials. They encourage leaders of different local organizations for implementation of programs for making communities livable for older adults by providing resources and conducting research studies.

The programs that are needed to be considered for age friendly communities include outdoor spaces, community buildings, mobility, residence, social activation, civic engagement, respect and social values, and communication and information.

The age friendly cities project was launched by World Health organization in 2006 in order to provide safe and healthier environment for the elderly. By 2016, 332 cities and communities in 36 countries including 123 American communities had become the part of that network ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HRWCqZtG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Filinson, Raimondo, & Maigret, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Filinson, Raimondo, & Maigret, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":417,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/JJ4DLPXQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/JJ4DLPXQ"],"itemData":{"id":417,"type":"article-journal","title":"Building age-friendly community: notes from the field","author":[{"family":"Filinson","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Raimondo","given":"Marianne"},{"family":"Maigret","given":"Maureen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Filinson, Raimondo, & Maigret, 2016). A number of states in America have started using the model for providing old are care to its citizens by introducing new programs in response to increased urbanization and aging policies.

Baby boomers have reached to the old age and require adequate facilities thus, it is imperative to initiate programs to build cities for all ages. The livable cities where they can receive all the care and services can let them participate in the society like rest of the citizens.

A City for All project will attract people of all ages and it can be achieved by expanding the horizon of senior housing options. Such cities should be able to match the requirements of all stages of life. Many such initiatives have been taken by Human Investment Project, Senior Housing Solutions, Burbank Senior Artists Colony, Senior Co-Housing and Green House Homes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AqjzOJDe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kennedy, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Kennedy, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":418,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/QVB96MLU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/QVB96MLU"],"itemData":{"id":418,"type":"article-journal","title":"The City of 2050—An Age-Friendly, Vibrant, Intergenerational Community","container-title":"Generations","page":"70-75","volume":"34","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Christine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kennedy, 2010).

Age Friendly Oxford Initiative has also been working with the affiliation of World Health Organization and AARP. The combined efforts have led to the approval of the City of Oxford in Ohio to fulfil the commitment of the age friendly communities. It comprises of all the facilities to accommodate all kinds of age groups ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NIHja6qv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Roy et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":419,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/ZCP6BCBR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/ZCP6BCBR"],"itemData":{"id":419,"type":"article-journal","title":"Age-Friendly Oxford: A Qualitative Study Conducted by the Miami First Year Research Experience (FYRE) Class of 2017-2018","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Senjooti"},{"family":"Baker","given":"Cole"},{"family":"Hall","given":"Bobbie"},{"family":"Pryor","given":"Tone"},{"family":"Heath","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Vaswani","given":"Sundeep"},{"family":"Woodford","given":"Cassandra"},{"family":"Bennington","given":"Brooke"},{"family":"Arnell","given":"Blair"},{"family":"Medeiros","given":"Kate","non-dropping-particle":"de"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy et al., 2019).

Oxford City Project has primarily focused on the housing as the top priority followed by transportation, health, education, employment, volunteering and communication. Most of the individuals have reported that despite a few challenges, such cities provide a good housing place to grow old ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cxDS4MhP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dhakal, Kunkel, Young, & Kessler, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Dhakal, Kunkel, Young, & Kessler, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":420,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/4NJWDZES"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/4NJWDZES"],"itemData":{"id":420,"type":"article-journal","title":"Age-Friendly Oxford Community Needs Assessment: Report to the Age-Friendly Oxford Leadership Advisory Group","author":[{"family":"Dhakal","given":"Usha"},{"family":"Kunkel","given":"Suzanne R."},{"family":"Young","given":"Meghan A."},{"family":"Kessler","given":"Valerie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dhakal, Kunkel, Young, & Kessler, 2019).

Numerous qualitative, quantitative and literatures reviews have been published so far in order to analyze the progress of building such a healthy and friendly environment along with the response of the elderly people and their families. There is also a gap in delivering the right and adequate information to the general public about the focus of social workers and political policy makers towards the issue.

References

AARP. (2019). AARP Network of Age-Friendly States and Communities. AARP.org/Livable.

Dhakal, U., Kunkel, S. R., Young, M. A., & Kessler, V. (2019). Age-Friendly Oxford Community Needs Assessment: Report to the Age-Friendly Oxford Leadership Advisory Group.

Filinson, R., Raimondo, M., & Maigret, M. (2016). Building age-friendly community: Notes from the field.

Greenfield, E. A., Oberlink, M., Scharlach, A. E., Neal, M. B., & Stafford, P. B. (2015). Age-friendly community initiatives: Conceptual issues and key questions. The Gerontologist, 55(2), 191–198.

Kennedy, C. (2010). The City of 2050—An Age-Friendly, Vibrant, Intergenerational Community. Generations, 34(3), 70–75.

Roy, S., Baker, C., Hall, B., Pryor, T., Heath, S., Vaswani, S., … de Medeiros, K. (2019). Age-Friendly Oxford: A Qualitative Study Conducted by the Miami First Year Research Experience (FYRE) Class of 2017-2018.

The Pledge To Eliminate Poverty

The Pledge To Eliminate Poverty

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Eradication of the poverty

Among 17 of its millennium goals, poverty eradication is the top priority of the United Nation and is number 1 on its list. While rates of poverty are fairly reduced to half as compared to 2000, one-tenth people that are residents of developing regions still has less than the international line of poverty of US$ 1.9 a day, and few who are little above this poverty line. Much progress has been done on the countries related to the Southeast and West Asian countries but still, population comprising of 42% related to countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are as per now are living under poverty line described by UN.

Poverty has manifestation which includes hunger, education limited access, basic services, malnutrition, social status gaps and excluding people from decision making participation. Some of the achievement that has been seen in poverty eradication are as follows.

Poverty has reduced a tremendous amount from the previous 25 years. Nearly 50 % in 1990 the population of developing countries lived below 1.25$ day. In 2015, 14 percent proportion of this of 50% has been reduced

More than 50% of the people who were living in extreme poverty has reduced worldwide. 1.9 billion People were approximated to live under extreme poverty in 1990. In 2015 this number has reduced to 836 million. New Millennium has progressed with its coming era.

Middle-class people of working-class lives on $4 per day or slightly more than this figure. This figure gets tripled from 1991 to 2015. This middle working people in 1991 comprise 18 percent of the population which increases to 50 percent in 2015.

Malnutrition is another factor of poverty as stated above. In 1990 most of the developing countries are undernourished and comprise of 23.3 percent of the population which has decreased to 12.9 percent in 2015.

References

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere - United Nations Sustainable Development. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/

The Pledge To Eliminate Poverty

The Royal Tenenbaums

The Royal Tenenbaums

The Royal Tenenbaums exhibits disengagement from social norms and construction that affects the behavior and choices of the people. The father of the story, Royal fails to fulfil his expected parental role that leads to the destruction of the family. The themes of separation between Royal and Etheline depicts the absence of patriarchy. The family don't care about social values or restrictions. The absence of social norms provoke the parents to take a bold step.

The settings exhibit emotional trauma experienced by the children of separated parents. The living arrangements show salmon-pink walls following the staircase and a tent of yellow pitch in the living room. Royal Tenenbaum (Gene Hackman) transmits the themes of anti-patriarchy while the wife Etheline is estranged. Royal lives in the house with his three children Chas, Margot and Richie who are emotionally disturbed and dysfunctional CITATION Ant01 \l 1033 (Lane, 2001). Richie is the most well-adjusted and favourite child of Royal who plays the role of mediator between father and the family members. The living arrangements convey the themes of separation, disconnection and division.

The failure of the parents to take traditional role pose challenges for the kids. they face traumatic experience that undermines their emotional stability. children undergo insecurity due to the distance between them and their parents. The distance between the father and kids conveys that the father does not care about society’s values. the challenges faced by the children leads to failure and betrayal CITATION Ant01 \l 1033 (Lane, 2001). Children have to deal with the unkind and unloving attitude of father that causes further destruction. Cahs and Margot take the challenge for uniting the family. in their mission, they face fear and uncertainty. Refusal of the Chas to accept his father back in the family also reveals the absence of social norms.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY Lane, A. (2001). The Royal Tenenbaums and The Business of Strangers. Retrieved 03 31, 2019, from https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/12/17/bloody-relations

The Social Imagination

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The Social Imagination

Awareness of our self and understanding the society in which we are living is known as Social Imagination. Social Imagination is the critical thinking that helps us understand and identify the social situation of other people.

Having Lunch at a Fast-food Restaurant during Work Break

Everyday activities can be examined from different perspectives using the sociological imagination. Having lunch at fast-food restaurants during work breaks has become a new trend in the country nowadays. At my workplace, we get a break of one hour in the afternoon. Some time for relaxation and having a conversation with some tasty food are needed in between the long working hours. We visit a fast-food restaurant every day. Fast-food restaurants have become more popular among the Millennial because they are inexpensive and we can get several tastes and varieties.

Historical and Social Influence

Gathering around a table, enjoying food and having a chitchat with friends has been common throughout history. Only some advancements have taken place. In the past, people used to gather around a table in a civilized place, have meals, discussion on different topics. Nowadays we have restaurants that are a commonplace for such gatherings. Now they consume fast food along with socializing with their friends at the restaurants and across the globe through social media. People in other societies are also following this trend in the same way. A group of friends or colleagues visits a fast-food restaurant, spends time together, relaxes and socializes. Americans are famous for their individualism according to which this new trend of communalism may not be suitable for some of them, but with the changing time, the Americans are also trying to follow the trend of chilling out with friends and visiting fast-food restaurants. Fast food is not just food, but rather it has become a part of daily social rituals and customs. In every society, the trend of visiting fast-food restaurants, and engaging in a meeting to get a relaxing break from the tiring work has become common. Many barriers are broken down by globalization and people are introduced to new foods. In the US, people mostly eat three meals a day, which means that they decide what to eat, and where to eat from almost three times a day. Economically, fast food has a positive influence as it is affordable and a cheap means for the foodies to get a variety of tastes. The US racist society does not support meals and conversations with friends. According to the political views, gathering around a table and discussing different things can create racial justice in society. The US is trying to expand its food trends in many directions as it embraces its multi-cultural mixes. Socially, this trend is considered good as people get time to relax and socialize during their hectic work hours. It helps them recharge themselves for the rest of the day. It improves the quality of works relationships and boosts job satisfaction as well. According to the social structures, this trend is the best to meditate and relax, clear mind and recharge. It is also helpful in exchanging thoughts with each other. When we sit and discuss on something for some time, it makes us feel away from our work, brings new ideas in mind, and relaxes the mind.

Conclusion

Sociological imagination helps us relate our personal lives to societal issues. It gives us an understanding of our position in the world and how can we change that position through adjustment. Relating our daily lives to the affecting historical, economic, social, religious, and practical structures helps in solving many personal and public issues.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Gane, Nicholas and Les Black. "C. Wright Mills 50 Years On: The Promise and Craft of Sociology Revisited." Theory, Culture & Society 29.7 (2013): 399-421.

Giddens, Anthony, et al. Essentials of Sociology. 15 Septenber 2012. 4th edition. <https://www.amazon.com/Essentials-Sociology-Fourth-Anthony-Giddens/dp/0393918831>.

Mills, C. Wright. "The Promise." Mills, C. Wright. The Sociological Imagination. Oxford University Press, 1959. 1-5. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sociological_Imagination>.

Wiley, Jeanette. Sociological Imagination: A Critical Way to the World. 6 May 2015. 21 September 2019. <https://aese.psu.edu/students/research/ced-urj/news/2015/sociological-imagination-a-critical-way-to-the-world>.