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Societal Effects of Individual Discipline
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Societal Effects of Individual Discipline
Introduction
The basic purpose that sociology has been serving since its identification as a discipline is a broad study of the various aspects of an individual's social life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IJT9Z0D0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sklair, 1995)","plainCitation":"(Sklair, 1995)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":53,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/96CLYCJ3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/96CLYCJ3"],"itemData":{"id":53,"type":"book","title":"Sociology of the global system","publisher":"Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, MD","volume":"230","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sklair","given":"Leslie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sklair, 1995). These aspects of human life mainly include values, beliefs, thoughts, and behavior of individuals which are either influenced by the societal principles or govern the formation of societal principles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YS7bTzA8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sklair, 1995)","plainCitation":"(Sklair, 1995)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":53,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/96CLYCJ3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/96CLYCJ3"],"itemData":{"id":53,"type":"book","title":"Sociology of the global system","publisher":"Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, MD","volume":"230","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sklair","given":"Leslie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sklair, 1995). This indicates the strong correlation between society and individuals according to which both are dependent on each other. However, sociology presents lots of behavioral conditions that influence the society either directly or indirectly; one phenomenon which is rarely discussed is known as Anomie ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4N6ieXIQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Merton, 1938)","plainCitation":"(Merton, 1938)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":44,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/ZM96U8S2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/ZM96U8S2"],"itemData":{"id":44,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social structure and anomie","container-title":"American sociological review","page":"672–682","volume":"3","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Merton","given":"Robert K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1938"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Merton, 1938). It is mainly perceived as a large-scale breakdown of individual discipline due to the multiple factors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"R0I5Giam","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","plainCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":42,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"itemData":{"id":42,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice: A replication","container-title":"American Journal of Sociology","page":"355–358","volume":"61","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice","author":[{"family":"Roberts","given":"Alan H."},{"family":"Rokeach","given":"Milton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1956"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roberts & Rokeach, 1956). It is a social condition that is characterized by the disintegration of moral values and norms that once held huge importance. This concept was initially identified by a well-known sociologist named Emile Durkheim who did extensive research on the concept and stated that it takes place during the times of radical and quick transformations in the various aspects of society i.e. social, economic and political, and persists for a long time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Vk8dZjN7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bell, 1957)","plainCitation":"(Bell, 1957)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":46,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/L7WDCG9Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/L7WDCG9Q"],"itemData":{"id":46,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, social isolation, and the class structure","container-title":"Sociometry","page":"105–116","volume":"20","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Bell","given":"Wendell"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1957"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bell, 1957). From his perspective, it is mainly an evolution stage where the norms and beliefs that were prominent in one era are no longer recognized authentic before new beliefs and norms are in action. The condition of anomie is not formulated fictionally. History gives many shreds of evidence that such a condition is experienced by various states in a different frame of time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5DF34t6D","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Merton, 1938)","plainCitation":"(Merton, 1938)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":44,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/ZM96U8S2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/ZM96U8S2"],"itemData":{"id":44,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social structure and anomie","container-title":"American sociological review","page":"672–682","volume":"3","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Merton","given":"Robert K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1938"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Merton, 1938). It was during that time of the Soviet Union fall when numerous Eastern European states became victims of political and social instability. In these instances, the anomie has either been used to elaborate the social state emerged as a result of extreme economic crisis such as Bulgaria, social state emerged as a result of extreme structural change such as Iran, as a result of war such as Iraq and Afghanistan, or a social state emerged as a result of civil turbulence such as South Africa. From the above examples, it is quite clear that the anomie has been conceptualized in various ways but to define it as a state of society according to the Durkheim’s Point of view is prominent among all ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rW0J1Wd2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","plainCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"article-journal","title":"Alienation and anomie","container-title":"Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes","page":"291–371","volume":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Seeman","given":"Melvin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Seeman, 1991). As already established, he identified it as a failure of social rule and the upsurge of ethical disturbance. This paper will reflect on the societal effects of anomie resulting from the large breakdown of individual discipline.
Discussion
Although the idea of anomy is strongly aligned with Durkheim's suicide research, he originally wrote about it for the first time in his book, The Labor Division in Society, in the year 1893 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"17kYh1Ku","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dann, 1977)","plainCitation":"(Dann, 1977)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":55,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3AKSBKWH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3AKSBKWH"],"itemData":{"id":55,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism","container-title":"Annals of tourism research","page":"184–194","volume":"4","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dann","given":"Graham MS"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1977"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dann, 1977). Durkheim argued throughout this book about an anomalous division of labor, a term he used to characterize a chaotic division of labor in which certain classes don't function, although they did decades ago. Durkheim had seen this happening as developed European societies as well as the structure of society altered, including the growth of a more complicated division of labor. He portrayed it as a conflict between the technical harmony of monocultural, primitive societies as well as the natural cohesion that tries to keep social structures around each other ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uLM0CIh0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","plainCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":42,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"itemData":{"id":42,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice: A replication","container-title":"American Journal of Sociology","page":"355–358","volume":"61","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice","author":[{"family":"Roberts","given":"Alan H."},{"family":"Rokeach","given":"Milton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1956"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roberts & Rokeach, 1956). Anomie cannot arise in the framework of natural cooperation, as per Durkheim, since this diverse type of cooperation enables the division of labor to adapt as required so that none is left out and everyone plays a significant role.
A Sentiment of Withdrawal
Various studies have reported that during the times of anomie, the feeling of disconnection between the masses was greatly observed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DnceDY5C","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","plainCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"article-journal","title":"Alienation and anomie","container-title":"Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes","page":"291–371","volume":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Seeman","given":"Melvin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Seeman, 1991). Individuals lacked social connection due to the absence of norms and values that were once highly practiced and appreciated. It gives rise to feelings of alienation among the masses. People most likely believe that their thoughts are no longer acknowledged and their beliefs have no meaning. Their identity and role in society are not acknowledged. All of these further contribute to the feelings of hopelessness, depression, and upsurge of unwanted practices such as violence, deviance, and crime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3z0R8XGv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cloward, 1959)","plainCitation":"(Cloward, 1959)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":47,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3GXP9V7Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3GXP9V7Y"],"itemData":{"id":47,"type":"article-journal","title":"Illegitimate means, anomie, and deviant behavior","container-title":"American sociological review","page":"164–176","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cloward","given":"Richard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1959"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cloward, 1959). According to the studies, individuals of a society were observed to be experiencing loneliness, “I feel all alone these days”( frustration), “I often feel awkward and out of place”, and most importantly hopelessness and lack of motivation in thriving for future, “I have no control over my destiny” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6vv0MMgC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","plainCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"article-journal","title":"Alienation and anomie","container-title":"Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes","page":"291–371","volume":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Seeman","given":"Melvin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Seeman, 1991). As a state of mind, anomie has resulted in developing feelings of hopelessness, alienation, frustration, and depression in society as they believe that whatever they do is meaningless and has no positive influence on society.
Depression and Suicide
Several years down the line, through his 1897 book, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, Durkheim further expanded his idea of anomy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZG1oErra","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dann, 1977)","plainCitation":"(Dann, 1977)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":55,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3AKSBKWH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3AKSBKWH"],"itemData":{"id":55,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism","container-title":"Annals of tourism research","page":"184–194","volume":"4","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dann","given":"Graham MS"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1977"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dann, 1977). He described anomic suicide as a way to take an individual's life, inspired by anomy encounter. Durkheim observed that somehow the rate of suicide between Protestants was higher via an analysis of suicide rates between Catholics and Protestants in nineteenth-century Europe ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nf9JTaDB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bell, 1957)","plainCitation":"(Bell, 1957)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":46,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/L7WDCG9Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/L7WDCG9Q"],"itemData":{"id":46,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, social isolation, and the class structure","container-title":"Sociometry","page":"105–116","volume":"20","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Bell","given":"Wendell"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1957"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bell, 1957). Considering the different beliefs of the dual types of Christianity, Durkheim speculated that it was because of the higher importance of individualism in Protestant society. The latter rendered Protestants less likely to experience tight community relations that could support them in periods of mental anguish, which makes them more vulnerable to suicide ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WVBO87tZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","plainCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":42,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"itemData":{"id":42,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice: A replication","container-title":"American Journal of Sociology","page":"355–358","volume":"61","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice","author":[{"family":"Roberts","given":"Alan H."},{"family":"Rokeach","given":"Milton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1956"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roberts & Rokeach, 1956). Instead, he argued that conforming to the Catholic religion offered a society with higher social power and unity, thus minimizing the risk of anomy and anomic suicidal ideation. Robust social connections assist individuals and groups to sustain phases of transition and turmoil in the social order.
Deviance and Crime
Social scientists identify deviance as a behavior that violates intended norms and rules ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"u3Lxx1PL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":50,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/MCIYYPIY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/MCIYYPIY"],"itemData":{"id":50,"type":"book","title":"Understanding deviance: a guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Understanding deviance","author":[{"family":"Downes","given":"David"},{"family":"Rock","given":"Paul Elliott"},{"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Eugene"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016). Nevertheless, it is more than non-conformity; it is conduct that breaks social expectations drastically. There seems to be a nuance that separates it all from our rational interpretation of the same behavior throughout the societal perspective of deviance. Sociologists emphasize the nuance of society, not only the individual conduct. Therefore, in the context of community methods, meanings, and decisions, deviance is perceived, and not as the abnormal actions of individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HbNY243g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":49,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"itemData":{"id":49,"type":"article-journal","title":"A social behaviorist’s perspective on integration of theories of crime and deviance","container-title":"Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime: Problems and prospects","page":"23–36","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Akers","given":"Ronald L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Akers, 1989). Social scientists as well acknowledge that certain communities do not evaluate all behavior patterns in the same way. It might not be regarded what deviates from one class to another. Social scientists accept the collective development of defined rules and standards, not just objectively determined or enforced arbitrarily ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ejxe0q2w","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Downes et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Downes et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":50,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/MCIYYPIY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/MCIYYPIY"],"itemData":{"id":50,"type":"book","title":"Understanding deviance: a guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Understanding deviance","author":[{"family":"Downes","given":"David"},{"family":"Rock","given":"Paul Elliott"},{"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Eugene"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Downes et al., 2016). Therefore, deviance is not only about to conduct alone but also about the collective reactions of communities to many other people's behavior.
Durkheim's concept of anomy proved persuasive to United States social scientist Robert K. Merton, who revolutionized deviance sociology and is deemed as one of the most impactful researchers in the U.S ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WfDPHkMm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":49,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"itemData":{"id":49,"type":"article-journal","title":"A social behaviorist’s perspective on integration of theories of crime and deviance","container-title":"Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime: Problems and prospects","page":"23–36","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Akers","given":"Ronald L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Akers, 1989).Merton developed a concept of structural strain explaining how anomy contributes to deviance and crime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3k2j58yn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Akers, 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":49,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/VKGA8L5L"],"itemData":{"id":49,"type":"article-journal","title":"A social behaviorist’s perspective on integration of theories of crime and deviance","container-title":"Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime: Problems and prospects","page":"23–36","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Akers","given":"Ronald L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Akers, 1989). The model suggests that only when society does not have the legal and legitimate ways required to enable people to pursue socially respected objectives, people look for alternative methods that can change the standard or breach conventions and regulations. For instance, unless society does not provide sufficient employment opportunities to pay a fair wage for employees to work for survival, everyone will switch to delinquent ways to obtain a living. For Merton, therefore, deviance and crime are largely caused as a result of anomie, a social disorder ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"80XAjqTT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cloward, 1959)","plainCitation":"(Cloward, 1959)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":47,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3GXP9V7Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/3GXP9V7Y"],"itemData":{"id":47,"type":"article-journal","title":"Illegitimate means, anomie, and deviant behavior","container-title":"American sociological review","page":"164–176","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cloward","given":"Richard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1959"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cloward, 1959).
As per another scholarly report, inferential statistics indicated a connection among anomy and educational deception between students at the university, indicating that institutions have to enforce ethical guidelines amongst students to prevent it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dZ7uWYzZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Caruana, Ramaseshan, & Ewing, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Caruana, Ramaseshan, & Ewing, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":41,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/QZZTISFG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/QZZTISFG"],"itemData":{"id":41,"type":"article-journal","title":"The effect of anomie on academic dishonesty among university students","container-title":"International Journal of Educational Management","page":"23-30","volume":"14","issue":"1","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","abstract":"Anomie describes the individual's lack of integration in social life. The construct has been linked to various types of activities and concepts but no research appears to have been undertaken linking it to academic dishonesty. The literatures on anomie and academic dishonesty are examined, measurement instruments are identified and a survey is carried out among undergraduate students of a business school. The psychometric properties of the instruments are confirmed and correlates are investigated. The point is made that besides seeking ways to curb academic dishonesty, universities need to foster the development of an internalized code of ethics among students. Limitations are noted and directions for future research are indicated.","DOI":"10.1108/09513540010310378","ISSN":"0951-354X","journalAbbreviation":"Intl Jnl of Educational Mgt","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Caruana","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Ramaseshan","given":"B."},{"family":"Ewing","given":"Michael T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Caruana, Ramaseshan, & Ewing, 2000). The 1913 Webster Thesaurus claims using the term anomie inferring "contempt or breach of the law" but anomie as a social dysfunction should not be baffled with totalitarianism ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WFdzFRtB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","plainCitation":"(Roberts & Rokeach, 1956)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":42,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/YEAEZGYX"],"itemData":{"id":42,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice: A replication","container-title":"American Journal of Sociology","page":"355–358","volume":"61","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Anomie, authoritarianism, and prejudice","author":[{"family":"Roberts","given":"Alan H."},{"family":"Rokeach","given":"Milton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1956"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roberts & Rokeach, 1956). Anarchic capitalism's supporters claim that totalitarianism may not inevitably lead to anomy, and therefore, that patriarchal order significantly increases criminality. Several anarchistic-primitivisms claim that advanced societies, especially industrialized and sub-industrial societies, necessarily cause problems like anomy by stripping the entity of ego-determination as well as a comparatively small support group including the team, family, or community to refer to ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UJ8wGEvH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","plainCitation":"(Seeman, 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/647WU2Z7"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"article-journal","title":"Alienation and anomie","container-title":"Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes","page":"291–371","volume":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Seeman","given":"Melvin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Seeman, 1991).
Conclusion
In conclusion, many studies have depicted the societal effects of large scale breakdown of an individual's discipline. Durkheim pointed out that the guidelines about how entities connect were crumbling, so individuals were unable to decide how to behave with each other. As a result, Durkheim claimed that anomie was a state in which behavior pattern perceptions are ambiguous and the system breaks down. This is termed as normlessness. Durkheim declared that such a normlessness caused aberrant behaviors and subsequently, suicidal behavior, depression, and anxiety, as he asserted in his work of 1897. The principle of Durkheim is based on the notion that perhaps the lack of structure and clarification culminated in a mental designation of insignificance, disappointment, lack of motivation and hopelessness. Moreover, since there is no concept of what is deemed acceptable, it would also be pointless to aim for something. In criminology, the notion of anomy was that the person gets involved in illegal activity since the individual considers there is no logical explanation not to adopt that path. In certain sayings, the individual is antagonized, starts to feel useless, and seems to be counterproductive in trying to accomplish anything.
References
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