Synthesis Paper

Synthesis Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Synthesis Paper

In the perusing of the book Methods in Behavioral Research, the writer obviously characterizes the contextual analysis as "an observational strategy that gives a portrayal of an individual" (Bates, 2012, pg. 121). The goals of this course fitting to our prospectus were to acquaint us to the acts of mental research, to propel our comprehension of how research is finished and the techniques used to do it and to give us the capacity to convey proficiently about the thoughts following the exploration system. This paper will utilize myself as a contextual analysis to assess what I have found out about research as it applies to the previously mentioned objectives. An assessment of those methods and the possibility of examination itself will at that point be laid against the Biblical rules that have been set before us Christians.

Now the question arises that “What I have learned about the research methodologies at an introductory level?” As expressed in our schedule, inquire about is fundamental to the study of brain science. This course was a prologue to the essential ideas and instruments expected to survey and lead inquire about. Through understanding the exploration procedure, just as the thoughts, for example, legitimacy and dependability, we become better intense purchasers and makers of research. I have likewise discovered that examination comes in a wide range of tests and perception, however, every strategy is similarly as significant as the last one.

Inside the two months of this course, we took in a great deal about mental research. This course has given a comprehension of how research is finished. This course likewise gave a comprehension of what techniques to use dependent on that specific research that is being led. In this paper, I will talk about precisely what I found out about research at a basic level as a contextual investigation. In the field of psychological well-being, experts must be always searching for approaches to support their patients (Cozby and Bates 2015).

Morals and Legal Issues in Research

I've discovered that it's not really what we discover from research however, where we accumulated the data. We ought to be cautious with how we discover data. With all data accumulated, we should likewise assemble members. It is basic that those who assume the job of logical analyst of brain research that the rules of the American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct be pursued (Cozby and Bates, 2015, p. 47). Secrecy and protection are significant inside research. Privacy is an issue when a specialist has guaranteed subjects that the gathered information is just available to individuals with authorization, by and large just the scientist (Cozby and Bates, 2015, p. 50). One significant advance to guarantee appropriate treatment is to assemble educated assents.

There is a wide range of approaches to assess or scrutinize explore through a scriptural, Christian viewpoint. In Proverbs 19:2 it states, "Additionally it isn't useful for a spirit to be without learning, and he sins who rushes with his feet" (Proverbs 19:2, NKJV). This sacred text hung out in a couple of various ways, however the primary concern that rung a bell was information. There is a wide range of things to wind up learned of rather it be sacred text information or research. Information, when all is said in done grows the brain, and by and large individuals do research to do what? Individuals by and large research to look into something they weren't certain about previously. Research can be helpful from numerous points of view with regards to extending our insight. For example, inquiring about a theme we definitely thought about, however we just needed to find out about the subject somewhat more top to bottom. In Proverbs 18:13 it states, "He who answers an issue before he hears it, It is imprudence and disgrace to him" (Proverbs 18:13, NKJV). In this sacred writing it expresses a magnificent truth, when we tune in to something however don't plainly have the majority of the realities about the circumstance can prompt no good thing. Not just in the issues of our everyday life, except this can be applied to explore also. When you're pondering about an inquiry it is smarter to get research included then simply accepting that your answers are right. Likewise, when doing research online it's constantly essential to ensure that your exploration is right, in light of the fact that not all that we read on the web is valid. Be that as it may, they're simple was to do this, for example, adhering to academic articles or you can ask you're straightforward inquiries. These inquiries can incorporate how later is the source you're seeing, who is the creator, or even what is the creators' motivation behind their examination. Those inquiries are only guides to check whether what you're perusing is something you can really accept.

"Logical research on conduct has four general objectives: (1) to portray conduct, (2) to foresee conduct, (3) to determine the reasons for conduct, and (4) to comprehend or clarify conduct" (Cozby and Bates, 2012, pp. 8). When discussing portrayal of conduct it starts with cautious perceptions on the grounds that the principal objective of science is to characterize conduct (Cozby and Bates, 2012). Predication of conduct is another objective of science. After it has been inspected with some consistency it winds up conceivable to make forecasts (Cozby and Bates, 2012). The third objective of science is to decide the explanations for conduct. Despite the fact that one may absolutely ascertain one's event for the conduct, we may not know precisely what's behind the reason for one's activities. (Cozby and Bates, 2012). The last objective of science is to explain the moves that have made spot. The researcher at that point seeks to grasp why the conduct happens (Cozby and Bates, 2012).

The product of a scientist’s meaning-generation process is science, a particular way of seeing the world that is ordered around proof and rationality. The scientific method is philosophical. Both concepts were invented by the Greeks, who were amazing enough to be able to tease out the principles of empiricism from the way everybody else used to do it at the time. Science bases its understanding of the world, its fabric of meaning, off of the principles of science. Similarly, there are principles of theology. They used to be more well-known but it’s possible to study them, and the best way I’ve found to do that is to look at ancient Egypt, which was long in the tooth at the time when the Greeks were just figuring out how to sail ships. The concepts revolve around the creation and maintenance of transcendent concepts. A transcendent context cuts across lots of different domains. While science is effective at understanding the outer world of atoms and photons and such, theology is well-suited to the creation of ideas for how you should deploy your technology.

The Bible was written by the Hebrews, who were quite aware of the Greeks, and undoubtedly took some inspiration from them, even if they didn’t mention that inspiration by name. The amount of that inspiration is uncertain, as only fragments of writings from that time period survive, other than the Bible of course. So when you ask about theory, which is a concept that the Greeks invented, well, if you just mean theory in the speculative sense, the sense in which I might say I have a theory that the sun orbits the Earth rather than the other way around, then the proper word for that is a suspicion. When you say something is theory in the scientific sense, you’re making a claim that whatever ideas you have might not just be true, but that they’re also scientific. The ancient theological process was highly speculative. Nobody really knew at the time whether God created Adam by sculpting him out of clay or just willing him into existence. I’m not saying they didn’t care about the truth either. What I’m saying is that they didn’t have the logical tools needed to separate out claims to reality into the scientific and the unscientific.

References

Balswick, J. O., King, P. E., & Reimer, K. S. (2016). The reciprocating self: Human development in theological perspective. InterVarsity Press.

Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. C. (2012). Methods in behavioral research (ed.). Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Company.

Rendtorff, R. (2019). The Canonical Hebrew Bible: A Theology of the Old Testament. Brill.

Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.

Technology

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Technology

Introduction Anti-Social Behavior in Teens and Adults

Anti-social behavior or solitary conduct may start amid youth and if it retains through puberty, it is probably going to proceed and stay till adulthood. During youth, specifically, it has been set up that reserved conduct might be strengthened and formed by trades between the young person and their parents and friends, despite the fact that the sub-atomic procedure of these relations is so far obscure (Haddon, 243-261). This behavior has been characterized as a sort of conduct that is coordinated against other individuals, their property or defies social guidelines.

The impact of the Internet on our daily life is significantly noteworthy and evident. Internet free existence is unquestionably upsetting and severely settled. The innovation of Internet is much the same as the exposure of nuclear energy—it is the aftereffect of the quick progression of novelty and science—it very well may be a fortunate or unfortunate thing for individuals, contingent upon how we use it. It very well may be good on the off chance that we use it prosaically or decidedly, and it tends to be terrible on the off coincidence that we use it corruptly or standoffishly (Haddon, 243-261) There is no straightforward method to stop science and innovation improvement, yet the instructing of a positive and good disposition in the utilization of the Internet is up and coming and vital in training these days.

A very vast study has been made in this regard as all over the globe, teenagers are relying on the internet and social media for most of their daily tasks and routines. From school work to daily social meetups, all things that matter are being held on the verge of the internet. Having good knowledge is very much important for modern days and to excel in this modern era, a person must know about the working of simple technology, but why is this not being regulated? This is the biggest question that parents fail to answer, and we all are aware of the fact that internet that we use and enjoy is just the tip of the iceberg (Shin, and Lwin, 1109-1126). It is not just the teenagers that are affected but adults are also relying on the ease and comforts being provided by social media platforms and the internet.

The following mentioned activities or behaviors are termed as anti-social:

Copying music, movies or video bits without consent is a distinctive illegal act that youths do on the Internet. In a study of 559 young people of age 10 to 24 on Internet exercises, 57.4% of the associates approved that they had downloaded movies or songs without obtaining authorization from the license holders

In an alike overview, 37.9% of the membership holders showed that they have obtained explicit or foul or potent content via the Internet

It is the utilization of the Internet to menace others or commonly known as cyberbullying. For instance, circulating offensive clarifications in contradiction of someone in specific; embarrassing, mortifying, or frustrating friends: About 40% of the adolescents showed that they have been tormented while they were using the internet.

It is the utilization of the Internet to swindle others. It is whatever but problematic to swindle other people online since one is secretive to other people and your character can be covered up effectively in the occasion that you demand.

Furthermore, a few teenagers may similarly use the Internet to do illegal acts, for instance, selling bogus items or aggressive indecent supplies or to complete morally or informally prohibited acts, for instance, remunerated dating.

Net Neutrality

On June eleventh, 2018, the Federal Communications Commission canceled rules securing net neutrality. These guidelines counteracted private web access suppliers from taking part in such practices as accelerating or hindering traffic to explicit sites, blocking access to decent sites, or offering quicker speeds to destinations or clients who pay them for the benefit (Kourandi, Krämer, and Valletti, 320-338). Less unmistakable, however considerably increasingly significant, is the securities on your information protection that were lost with unhindered internet. In 2017, the US government revoked rules built up by the FCC in 2016, which restricted what information ISPs could gather about clients perusing propensities. ISPs contended that those principles were pointlessly prohibitive and put them at a focused hindrance with information gathering organizations like Google and Facebook. Yet, that contention purposefully disregards the tremendous contrast between administrations like Facebook and web suppliers (Austin). You can decide not to utilize Facebook or quit Google's information accumulation. If you need to utilize the web by any means, you basically need to acknowledge that your ISP will collect information on how you peruse.

Teenagers and adults are using the internet for various reasons and using this much excessive internet also put a mark on the working of a brain. Progressively, individuals are depending on their electronic gadgets and online life destinations for an assortment of reasons, and this is making individuals against social. Kids are presently growing up with PDAs and online networking locales. Regardless of many advantages that internet technology provides, long range informal communication innovation has presented new issues on a remarkable scale. Each week-long range informal communication is in the media for all the off-base reasons. Individuals are being cheated through online fake accounts.

Youngsters/adolescents are being harassed online by companions, ending it all when online connections separate, and being goaded by pedophiles. Potential bosses are profiling work candidates dependent on their long-range informal communication locales profiles to decide reasonableness for work. Loathsome people are making counterfeit records to distort themselves as somebody they need to criticism or cause social mischief. All of this and many more, the internet has become the very reason that our youth is becoming anti-social and relying on the internet and social media platforms to make their livings. Having lost net neutrality, playing on the internet within legal bounds will be beneficial until and unless illegal activities are being carried out (Kourandi, Krämer, and Valletti, 320-338) Many illegal and dark websites will lose their access and can call for more secure browsing. This move will make many big players of social media, for example, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram to lose traffic but it should be noted that many illegal and antisocial activities are carried out by utilizing social media platforms (Austin). The youth as we speak is getting itself involved in many controversial talks and activities and we all are aware of them as the trends are set up. This needs to be regulated and if losing net neutrality provides such protection to the community than this move will be and should be welcomed by everyone who is a user as well as who is not a user of internet and social media.

Conclusion

The loss of unhindered internet will most likely upset genuinely necessary development, and it will presumably be terrible with the expectation of complimentary discourse. While none of the most noticeably terrible impacts of losing internet fairness will be felt quickly, it is not difficult to envision that this move in a key piece of our regular day to day existences could be the real move in the direction of a less free, less open and less focused society. A constantly growing amount of people use the Internet in their everyday life. Lamentably the grade of people who use the Internet too much additionally increases. The impression of Internet enslavement or neurotic utilization of Internet is examined in length, and the characteristics of Internet fanatics are moreover outlined. The solitary use of Internet is furthermore spoken about. It is struggled that the instructing of a good and positive disposition in the utilization of the Internet should turn into a vital piece of our training these days.

Work Cited

Kourandi, Frago, Jan Krämer, and Tommaso Valletti. "Net neutrality, exclusivity contracts, and internet fragmentation." Information Systems Research 26.2 (2015): 320-338.

Austin, Wendy Warren. "Net neutrality repeal creates a dark cloud over student and researcher internet access and equity." Publication of the Intellectual Property Standing Group of the Conference on College Composition and Communication. 2017.

Haddon, Leslie. "Children, online sociability and smartphones." (2017): 243-261.

Shin, Wonsun, and May O. Lwin. "How does “talking about the Internet with others” affect teenagers’ experience of online risks? The role of active mediation by parents, peers, and school teachers." New Media & Society 19.7 (2017): 1109-1126.

Technology Tracking

Technology tracking

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Technological Tracking

Introduction

In the contemporary era, technology dominates the executions of operations and modes of communication. Life of each person is primarily connected with technological innovation. In my life, technology plays an instrumental role. From surfing educational sources to meeting new friends, I am inclined towards using technological manifestation every day. The kinds of technologies I use incorporate various social networking platforms, emails, browsing, Whatsapp, internet and Skype. All of these kinds of technologies assist potentially to execute operations and offer flexibility to pass the leisure time. However, a critical appraisal on the impact of these technologies ought to be conducted on the social, cognitive and emotional traits.

Discussion

To begin, it is essential to highlight the amount of day devoted to technological use. It will be a challenging task to stipulate the exact number of hours. Technology is utilized in persistent and intermittent phases in a day. It ranges from waking up and scrolling on the mobile screen and using social networking applications throughout the day. On weekdays, I consume approximately 7 hours using Facebook, surfing on the internet and using it for educational purpose. Watching movies on Netflix is not added as I commonly watch movies on the weekend. If the weekend is assessed, the technological use extends beyond 10 hours as I am a technological freak if it is measured in the context of watching seasons on Netflix. The bottom line is technology has shaped a web which has become an essential part of my life. In its absence, I cannot think of a way to spend my leisure time. In fact, the significant time in my life is also devoted to technology. In college, technological manifestations as projectors and personal computers assist to expand the learning curve.

I am not reluctant to say that I have established an addictive relationship with technology in daily life. An overview of the routine will explicate the addictive relationship. The moment I get up I search for notifications on the social networking applications. It is a habit regardless of the place and circumstances. Afterward I listen to songs on my iPod on may towards college. After reaching college, technology dominates the learning process. The usage of emails and Whatsapp remains persistent throughout the day based on the need. In leisure time, I prefer to watch movies or browse the internet for specific things. To sum up, I have established a critical relationship with technology and the dependence on it is immense. It further raises contentious debate about how life will be in its absence. In addition, technology has primarily removed communication barriers. I have many friends in social skill which were first introduced by other friends on Facebook. We communicate potentially on chats and Skype while sitting far away from one other. It is imperative to underpin the changed social structure. Many of my friends and acquaintances get in touch on Whatsapp or Instagram instead of meeting persistently.

Besides, technology has nourished the emotional, social and cognitive development. It has cast both productive and adverse consequences. For instance, browsing on Google has enhanced my knowledge base and made me familiar with certain things which I had never known in the first place in its absence. Whenever I miss lecturers on a specific topic, I open Youtube and search for the topic to fill the lacuna. Such essential are the manifestations of technology to advance cognitive development in my life. Similarly, emotional assistance is another critical aspect. The emotional boost and breakdown both are vested in technological applications and utilization. A few days ago, I became friends with a person who later ditched me. I never expected it and the unfortunate instance took a severe emotional toll on me. Meanwhile, there were friends who assisted me during that I and that too was a perk of technology. It reveals that emotional assistance and breakdown both are the ramifications of technology. It may appear a petty matter to others but it has a significant place in my life. Furthermore, the enhancement of social skills is also vested in technology. As I described earlier, there are several friends with whom I met ion internet and social networking platforms. An intriguing aspect is that the bond of friendship is much stronger in comparison to that with friends I meet in daily life. The social, emotional and cognitive aspects are critically impacted by technology and thus they shape the state of affairs of daily life.

Conclusion

To sum up, I utilize various kinds of technology like Facebook, Youtube, Whatsapp, Skype, Internet and Netflix. Primarily, the internet is the main source enabling the utilization of these technological features. I use these features throughout my day for approximately 7 hours intermittently. On weekend, the usage extends beyond 9 hours as I prefer to stay at home and watch seasons on Netflix. A critical appraisal of the discourse highlights the immense dependence on technology. I nourish an addictive relationship with technology which casts a significant impact on my personality and character. Social, emotional and cognitive nourishment is associated with the aspects of technology. The exposure to widespread population and removal of communication barriers has enhanced my social development. The educational incentives and material offered has complemented my cognitive development and the emotional instances taking place on social networking platforms have also impacted emotional development. The bottom line is that technology has become a part and parcel of my daily life with its impact on social, emotional and cognitive development.

Tell A Reward That Is Not A Positive Reinforcement

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Tell a reward that is not positive reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement is the action which involves giving a reward or appraisal on doing a desirable act for further enhancing and strengthening that act. Whereas, a reward is just an item which is given to a person as a goodwill gesture or for accomplishing a task. It is given after the job or task is finished, and it is not merely given to strengthen the act but rather as gratitude to that act. Rewards provide motivation as just like positive reinforcement, but they are extrinsically motivational, whereas positive reinforcement is intrinsically motivational. They both have a key role in shaping the behavior of a person or animal, but positive reinforce gives the desired outcome to the acting person, unlike reward is based on the likeness of the giver. The reward is a material thing, whereas the positive reinforcement is like an act which can be felt.

The reward is used in relation to positive reinforcement, but there are ways in which it has no link to any type of reinforcement. There are two types of rewards; extrinsic and intrinsic. The extrinsic rewards are not the reinforcers, as they are monetary, or given as bonuses, awards, increments, and gifts. It is given in contribution to something or job, it shapes the behavior of an individual but does not empowers it. It is like a token of appreciation provided by someone in return to some task or job. It is motivational and enhances the performance, but the magnitude of behavior is not in the control of a reward. It provides with the recognition at the workplace or in school. Such that receiving certificate and trophy while being a student is very crucial in motivating them internally, though they might not like just a metal piece or paper as a token of appreciation.

Term Paper

Term paper

[Name]

[Institution]

[Date]

Outline

1-Introduction:

The five arguments predicted by St. Thomas Aquinas (1224/25–1274) demonstrate the existence of God.

2- First way-The Argument of the unmoved mover (the argument from motion)

Aquinas’s fist way to explain the nature of God is that he believes that at least something in the world are changing daily and whatever is changing is not changing on their own those must be moved or changed.

3- Second way-The Argument from Efficient causes

Aquinas says that we see things are caused by different means and it never happens that these are caused by themselves and it is impossible for something to be the cause of itself. If those things have caused then the cause should have a cause and it leads to the first “cause”. That first cause is God.

4) Third way – ARGUMENT FOR necessity and possibility:

This way says that there are possibilities of things to be and not to be and there is a necessary being that is that is Imperishable

5) Fifth way- The Argument from ends or Final cause

a) Aquinas says that that ultimate means of intelligence is what we consider as God

6) Discussion

a) The existence of God according to metaphysics

7) Conclusion

Term Paper

Aquinas concept of the existence of God

Abstract

Moral arguments regarding the existence of God are generated with the help of some features of morality and the existence of the moral life given by Him. The interpretation of moral arguments is interesting and the need soundness to interpret. These arguments are important because they reveal any popular religious beliefs and the facts might be supporting any religious beliefs as well. There are various arguments over the existence of God and according to the Catholic theologian and philosopher of the 13 the century St. Thomas Aquinas the existence of this world needs the existence of God. He has used five ways to prove the existence of God and concludes that the natural; world only exist if there is an existence of God.  Aquinas claims that the universe comes into being due to the fact that there is God who created it and without His existence, the universe would not come into being.

Introduction

The five arguments predicted by St. Thomas Aquinas (1224/25–1274) demonstrate the existence of God. These five arguments are called the Five Ways and the Latin word for that is Quinquae Viae. Aquinas has generated theses five arguments based on the theological assumptions of the Roman Catholic Christians and he has mixed that with the philosophical knowledge of Aristotle Islamic commentators (Te Velde, 2017).

First way-The Argument of the unmoved mover (the argument from motion)

Aquinas’s fist way to explain the nature of God is that he believes that at least something in the world is changing daily and whatever is changing is not changing on their own those must be moved or changed. Whatever is changing the changes then that is itself has changed by something else. This chain of changers cannot be infinite and there must be a primary changer who controls all the changes. According to Aquinas, this primary changer is God and he further says that the thing moved and the mover must exist simultaneously.  He generates an argument by saying that the changes in seasons prove things are in constant motion and the thing moves because their optional motion has changed into actual motion. He supports his argument by the fact that only an actual motion can convert a potential motion into an actual one. Nothing can be in both actual and potential motion at the same time and therefore nothing is able to move. Thus, everything that is moving around us is moved by something else and the first mover is the one who has put in motion bi no one else and that is who God is (Te Velde, 2017).

Second way-The Argument from Efficient causes:

 Aquinas says that we see things are caused by different means and it never happens that these are caused by themselves and it is impossible for something to be the cause of itself. If those things have caused then the cause should have a cause and it leads to the first “cause”.  That first cause is God according to the theory of Aquinas. He says that theses causes should be informed of sequential events and the first cause stood first in the hierarchy. The first cause is the principal one and that is God.

However, Aquinas says that nothing exists prior to it's one’s self and nothing could be the cure of itself. Therefore, of the first thing in the line does not exist then there would not be the existence of anything. That first thing in the series is GOD (Te Velde, 2017).

The third way – argument for necessity and possibility:

 This way says that there are possibilities of things to be and not to be and there is a necessary being that is Imperishable. As things exist now this shows the sign on an ultimate being who was there all the time and is the cause of the existence in the universe. This ultimate Being is called God by Aquinas. He has explained this concept by assuming that everything in the universe is contingent being and it is therefore impossible for them to always exists.  There would be a time when nothing would have been in existence and some being do not relate to another being for its existence and that ultimate being is GOD (Kenny, 2014).

 Fourth way- The Gradation of Being

 According to the fourth way, things in our universe vary in degree of truth, goodness, and nobility. There is healthy animal and there are sick animals. There are poorly drawn triangle and accurately drawn a triangle. Judging things as being more or less implies on some standard those are compared with. So, there must be something this is an example of goodness on itself and that standard is God. The prediction of the degree of goodness can be based on the uttermost cause and this example of perfection is God (Te Velde, 2017).

Fifth way- The Argument from ends or Final cause

Aquinas has generated the argument from the fact that there are a various number of non- intelligent objects that behave in regular ways. Their behavior cannot be due to chance as they would not have behaved that predictable if the behavior they have adopted is by chance. THE OBJECTS ARE NON-Intelligent and they are not aware of how to behave by themselves. Their behaviors must have been governed by something g else and that things must be intelligent enough to control the behavior of the whole universe. Aquinas says that that ultimate means of intelligence is what we consider as God (Kenny, 2014).

Discussion

However, there are various philosophers who do not want to discuss the existence of God as they think that this concept has very little contact to evaluate. These theologists argue on conventional grounds that GOD is a necessary being but it does not mean that the proposition that “God exists “is necessary. When Aquinas argued about the description of God he means that God is highly imperishable.

He is right about the nature of God because the history of philosophy always reveals the existence of the necessary being and the necessary being is the creator of everything in the universe. As Aquinas says that nothing can move without any mover so there is an ultimate creature that is responsible for the regular changes in the universe. As the sign of the universe shows that there is something who has maintained balance and that thing is no doubt more intellectual than the other beings in the universe (Everitt, 2004).

According to the argument generated by Aquinas, There is a creator who created the universe and that is called God. SO the existence of God cannot be denied because if there was no existence of God then there would be no one to falsify anything (Kenny, 2014).

There are various examples from the philosophy of mind, from the philosophy of science and from the philosophy of perception that justifies the existence of God. These examples include the problem of evil and the difficulty of resolving the freedom of human being with the divine omnipotent and Omniscience (Everitt, 2004).

However, some theologian considers religion as a way of life and thus the religious interpretation of God could not be justified to anyone who has neutral thoughts about religion. Such people need a philosophical proved of the existence of God as presented in the five-way arguments of Aquinas. Like everything in motion is a mover and this concept has no religious linkages thus can be accepted by neutral people and it also makes sense that an object cannot come into being without any creator and cannot move without any mover. So the argument of Aquinas presents the rational justification of the existence of an ultimate being that he considers as God (Te Velde, 2017).

 The arguments of Aquinas present the operations of Devine providence which he says compatible to give the permission of bad things to happen to nice people. According to him the present life of the human being does not contain the ultimate goal so good people are not rewarded in this life but they will be rewarded in the life thereafter (Everitt, 2004).

He is right in that regards because the ultimate happiness of people is the reunion with God and this will occur at the time when good people will be benefited for the good deeds and as a benefit, they will be given a chance to meet either the ultimate beings.  He supports his perception by the argument he generated about the various degree in the universe that can be analyzed by comparing with the best one. HE means that the ultimate being is the perfect being and He is the one who is the point of comparison for the good people. Thus good people will meet him at the end and those good features in human being reveal the character of the ultimate being thus every goodness belongs to him (Te Velde, 2017).

Conclusion

However, the arguments generated by Aquinas filled with the principle of metaphysics. Such as he talked about motion, materials potentiality, substance, energy, intelligence, actuality, accidents and essence and all these concepts are used by metaphysic defines the ultimate being.As metaphysics says that the corporal being is formed from the combination of matter and form and all creatures have the sign of essence and existence but the essence of the only first uncreated cause is existence. That uncreated cause is God and thus the arguments generated by Aquinas support the concept of metaphysics that is used to explain the existence of God (Stump, 2008).

Moreover, the philosophy of Aristotle considers metaphysics as the science of being and being in itself is firstly God and the rest of the being depend on himself and his intellect. Aquinas argues about the ultimate being as the hub of the intellect for the rest of the universe thus He is the creator of all universe. So his arguments about the existence of God are supported by the philosophy of science, mind, intellect, and perception thus his ways to define the nature of God are acceptable (Owens,1993).

References

Everitt, N. (2004). The non-existence of God. Routledge.

Kenny, A. (2014). Five Ways: St Thomas Aquinas Vo. Routledge.

Owens, J. (1993). Aristotle and Aquinas. The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas, 38–59.

Stump, E. (2008). Aquinas. Routledge.

Te Velde, R. (2017). Aquinas on God: The’divine science’of the Summa theologiae. Routledge.

Term Paper

Title page

Term paper

Summary of the article

The general topic of the article is of interest for the non-experts because it addresses the issue of false memories encountered by people in their everyday lives. The articles attempt to examine that old memory have significant impacts on the memories of individuals. It also discusses the role of memory tests for improving long-term memory. The topic is interesting for even the readers who are not familiar with psychology because it is linked to the topic of psychology. It holds interest for the common people because they are fascinated to study the relationship between memory tests and enhanced memory. The article provides knowledge about the subjective influence of old pictures on the memory of people. This allows them to find the role of false memory and how they are formed.

Theoretical issues

The article has highlighted two general theoretical issues such as memory decay and working memory. The working memory model in psychology states that the information is stored according to its importance. The working memory relies on the components of a visual-spatial sketchpad and the auditory phonological loop. These work in appropriate ways of storing information in the brain. The primary step involves storing information by processing it. The visual and auditory data is stored in different components. The visuospatial sketchpad stores the visual information in the memory. This exhibits the need for understanding the size of the object and its location in the environment. The visuospatial sketchpad allows subjects to retain visual information for in long-term memory. The phonological loops work to store auditory information. The information such as sounds and voices are stored in the memory of individuals. The information normally forgotten is also retrieved through the auditory phonological loop. This requires identification of inner voice and strengthening the memory of a particular sound.

Memory decay model suggests that information is forgotten after a certain period of time. This reflects the role of short-term memory. The use of different testing and learning techniques allow individuals to retain information for a long duration. If information is not recalled or revised the memory is more likely to delete it. The theory has relevance with the current article because it represents concerns on adopting techniques for retaining information. Short-term memories are not accurate because the individual managed to recall it for a short period of time. It is only through learning and immediate recalling that allow an individual to store information for a longer duration.

Hypothesis

The articles test the specific hypothesis; memory tests improve long-term memory of subjects. The hypothesis is tested by adopting experiments, conducted directly on a selected group of students.

Methods

The article conducted two experiments for determining the impact of memory tests on the memory of people. The first experiment targeted 120 subjects having ages between 18 to 24 years from Washington University. To examine the retention ability two proses are presented to the participants from the reading comprehension section of the test-preparation book. The passage is divided into thirty idea units having a length of 256 and 275. A mixed-factorial design of 2 x 3 is used with the learning condition restudy vs. test. The delay of the final test is between 5 days 2 minutes or a week. in phase one subjects are given 7-minutes period to study the phrase. They are then asked to restudy the passage and take a recall test. Manipulation problem is solved for the duration of 2 to 5 minutes. The test sheet is given to the subjects and the retention test lasts for 10 minutes.

The second experiment aimed at investigating impacts on repeated studying on retention and ability of subjects to replicate things. The focus is to assess the effects of repeated testing on the memory of the subjects. Two groups are compared in this experiment including the ones who have taken initial tests with the ones who are taking the test for the first time. The learning condition is compared with the retention interval interaction for examining the effects on memory. The experiment selected 180 undergraduate students from the university having ages between 18-24 years. Students were allowed to learn one prose passage and their ability to retain the information was assessed. The subjects were tested for two sessions. They were told to learn one passage during a consecutive period and SSSS condition caused them to read the passage for five minutes. The multi-test condition revealed that it was hard for the students to retain all information of the passage. They were allowed to study the passage for five minutes and the reading was recorded many times. A 7-point Likert scale was used in phase 1 that asked questions from the participants. The options of the Likert scale were; (1 = very boring, 7 = very interesting), how readable they thought it was (1 = very easy to read, 7 = very difficult to read), and how well they thought they would remember the passage in 1 week (1 = not very well, 7 = very well). Five retention interval conditions were set for determining the level of retention and effects on long-term memory.

Results

The results of the first experiment depict that the effects of restudying improve the retention capacity of subjects as they perform better in reading the passage. Findings of ANOVA reveals "post hoc analyses confirmed that on the 5-min retention tests, restudying produced better recall than testing (81% vs. 75%), t(39) 5 3.22, d 5 0.52”. This suggests that after the initial study episode the subjects managed to retain some information in their minds. Restudying further allows them to store information for a longer duration and subjects perform better. Retention tests enhanced the performance of subjects having different effects on delayed and immediate tests.

The results of both experiments were computed on ANOVA that depicts that no differences existed in the reading scores in 1-week retention when responses were recorded for two passages. During a 5-minutes study interval, the participants managed to read the entire passage for 3.5 times. The reading competency of the subjects increased with time. This suggests that repetition and restudying has a significant impact on memory. The students who read the passage for more times managed to recall most contents in the test. While the participants that were given limited studying time were unable to recall all information. This reflects the role of memory tests on the ability to retain information. After the initial three recall tests, the memory of the subjects improved because they managed to remember the sentences that they read in the passages. The results of the questionnaire also indicate that the respondents who restudied the passages exhibited better memory and recalling compared to other participants. No significant difference is noted in initial tests. The students in the final test are asked to recall idea units for at least five minutes. The retention level of the SSSS group was better because they managed to recall 83% of the content that they study in the material. Compared to them the retention level of STTT group was low because they retained 71% of the information. the results varied in the case of the 1-week test as the STTT group performed better than the SSSS group. The STTT group managed to recall 61% of the information compared to the 40% of information recalled by the SSSS group.

Conclusion

The conclusion of the study explains that old memories have significant impacts on the memories of individuals. It also discusses the role of memory tests for improving long-term memory. Memory tests have significant impacts on enhanced long-term memory. Two groups were compared in the experiments including the ones who have taken initial tests with the ones who are taking the test for the first time. The working memory model in psychology states that the information is stored according to its importance. The students who read the passage for more times managed to recall most contents in the test. The results of the questionnaire also indicate that the respondents who restudied the passages exhibited better memory and recalling compared to other participants. The results obtained from the experiment are adequate for providing the validity of the experiments. This suggests that taking repeated memory tests improves the retention rate of individuals. It also suggests that giving more time to restudying is a practical way of enhancing long-term memory.

Evaluation of the main ideas

The overall analysis of the results obtained from both tests indicate that the participants performed in a similar manner in both groups. Immediate testing involved prose reading that encouraged subjects to develop long-term retention and recalling ability. The outcome was obtained when feedbacks were not involved in the tests. Restudying is a practical tool used for enhancing long-term memory of the participants. This allowed students to re-experience 100% of the material and they managed to store information for a longer period of time. The outcomes occurred when the tests involved no feedbacks. The positive effects of testing had been significant. In repeated testing students managed to recall much information in a week compared to repeated study condition. They read former passage only 3.4 times and testing had profound impacts on long-term memory. The results changed in case of tests that were taken after learning. Both experiments thus confirm a significant correlation between testing and long-term retention. With repeated encounter with the tests or passage, the students manage to store information for a long duration. This is due to the fact that they re-experience the words and passage that improve their familiarity. Manipulating the passage had even strong effects on the memory. The outcomes of the immediate tests also reveal that implications of testing.

The inclusion of the key relevant theories such as working memory model and memory decay are useful for understanding the process of retaining long-term information. The theories have allowed the researchers to prove correlation between memory tests and long-term memory. The article has chosen appropriate techniques and methodology for studying the role of memory tests on retention of the subjects. This is due to the fact that both experiments included adequate sample size of 120 and 180 students. This depicts inclusion of appropriate sample size. However the study has focused only on a young group having ages of 18 to 24 years. The results are thus applicable only to a specific age group including youth. The results may not be valid or reliable in case of other age groups such as older adults or children. This reflects the limitation of the study and suggests need for future research to study long-term memory and tests relationship in case of other age groups also.

Reference

Lindsay, D. S., Hagen, L., Read, J. D., Wade, K. A., & Garry, M. (2004). True photographs and false memories. Psychological Science, 15, 149-154.

Terror Management Theory

Terror Management Theory

Institutional Affiliation

Student’s name

Course

Date

Psychology

Terror Management Theory

Terrorist attacks have become very common in many countries, which end up taking the lives of innocent people. This has created fear among people since such events can hardly be predicted and even avoided at the same time. The victims of such events especially the survivors, find it hard to cop up with life depending on what they saw at the crime scene. For instance when one sees the other person being killed, whether he/she is a relative or not, then it becomes difficult for such people to lead their normal lives. The psychological stability becomes disrupts and death anxiety also increase.

One of the latest terror attacks took place in the UK on 23rd May 2017, where there was a suicide bombing in the Manchester Arena. There was a deadly explosion in the concert hall in Manchester Arena in England which killed twenty-nine people and left fifty-nine injured. The explosion happened immediately after the Ariana Grand, the American singer had just finished performing. After using the improvised explosive device, the attacker died on the spot. According to the BBC news, it is not clear if the attacker was expecting to get assistance from the outside or if the attack happened as planned.

In this case, the Terror Management Theory (TMT) is important when it comes to helping people overcome fear. Regardless of what happens, however bad it may seem to be, life needs to go on. It is expected that following the attack, most people would fear to go to public places, with the fear of being killed through such occurrences. For this reason, TMT should be applied in order to encourage people the death is inevitable, and for that reason, all that needs to be done is being cautious rather than avoiding getting involved in different activities. TMT can also play a role in enhancing good relationship between people and reduce much unnecessary suspicion as well.

Following the Attack in the Manchester Arena, there are various ways in which TMT may be applied in enabling the survivors and other people coping with the situation. One of them is simply talking to the survivors. Through the talk then discussion of making them think about how they may succumb their death should be brought up. This should not be meant to scare them, but simply make them understand that each one of us at some point will die, therefore there is a need of accepting what has happened. It is a fact that most of them would have lost their loved ones, but then TMT will enable them to accept the situation. This is also one of the ways the survivors will be able to carry on with their lives. It will also be important in stabilizing their mental conditions.

Apart from that, TMT can be used in reminding the victims of their values. Probably losing people who meant a lot on one’s life might seem the end of the world to the victim. This is the reason why you will find people getting involved in dangerous acts like excessive drug abuse, suicidal events or even plan to revenge as a way of seeking justice. If at all these people are reminded of their roles, and also how special they are in society than they will be able to lead decent lives so that they can also achieve their goals. Having a problem no matter how great it might seem to be should not prevent others from achieving their goals, but rather challenge them on focusing on making the world a better place to stay. This will probably improve even their social lives, after having the ability to accept.

When it comes to culture, TMT can also be applied to encouraging people to participate in their roles as expected. Through educating the victims on the fear of death, then people would definitely consider leading a better kind of lifestyles and avoiding various acts that might lead to their death. As much as people lead to accepting death, fearing it is also another way of encouraging people to use the time they have in shaping their lives, and probably create a little heaven on earth. Culture demand that people should work, be productive and also give back to society. The concept of fearing death will not only enable people to lead careful lives but also a meaningful kind of lifestyle. This involves all cultural aspects like supporting others among other things.

In helping the victims cope with the situation, all the above factors (cultural, social, cognitive and intellectual) need to be put under consideration. This is because the lives of each individual are affected by all these factors. If for instance, the focus of TMT is on social factors only, then the victim might find it hard to deal with personal issues like self-esteem. The idea is that all these factors are depended, and failure to address issues related to one of them the outcomes will definitely be poor. For this reason, when dealing with the victims of any terror event than it is important to focus on all these things so that they can easily carry on with their lives well, especially after having a good understanding on death and other related issues.

As compared to other psychological theories like Subjective Well Being (SWB), TMT is very much appropriate in dealing with terror events. This is because the theory focuses much on enabling the victims to understand the situation, and also advise them on alternative measures that can be used in ensuring they lead normal likes. On the other hand, SWB focuses only on the self-happiness, which is attained through having the feeling of satisfaction. In the case of terror events it is more important to first encourage people to accept the situation the way it is, and then thereafter factors like happiness would follow. This makes TMT the most appropriate theory that can be used in enabling the victims of any terror even cop with the situation and later on lead common and better lives.

SWB theory is there for appropriate in cases where people tend to be hopeless in life. This might be caused by issues such as poverty, disabilities among other issues. Such people actually are the ones who really need psychological support, which would enable them to gain happiness despite their condition. Accepting their situation and believing in themselves is actually the key to happiness for such people. Life is not about where we come from, but how we deal with our situations and as well as the attitude we have towards ourselves. According to SWB theory, it is only through self-acceptance that happiness can be gained. Otherwise, if the same theory is applied to survivors of the terror attack, it won’t be sufficient since they will need more than just the concept of self-appreciation. The past also matters.

In general, TMT is one of the most appropriate theories that can be used for the victims or rather the survivors of any terror event. This is because it can be used in reducing fear and also creating a sense of appreciating what has happened among the survivors, giving them a good reason to carry on with life. Other psychological theories are also important but it also depends on the audience and also the situation being faced by the victims.

References

Juhl, J., & Routledge, C. (2016). Putting the terror in terror management theory: Evidence that the awareness of death does cause anxiety and undermine psychological well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(2), 99-103.

Lifshin, U., Greenberg, J., Zestcott, C. A., & Sullivan, D. (2017). The evil animal: A terror management theory perspective on the human tendency to kill animals. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 43(6), 743-757.

Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2015). Thirty years of terror management theory: From genesis to revelation. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 52, pp. 1-70). Academic Press.

Text 2

Theories of color vision

Trichromatic theory can explain the anomalies of color vision. So, people with normal color vision are called normal trichromats.

Monochromats are people who are generally devoid of functioning cones and see no color, but only light and shadow. They understand better in low light, and at medium and high light levels, they feel uncomfortable.

Opponent's theory of color vision: In the same period, Goering proposed the so-called. an opponent's theory of color vision based on a variety of subjective observations of color perception. These observations included the perception of color tone and simultaneous (simultaneous) contrast, the so-called post-images and color vision anomalies

At the end of the 19th century, the so-called trichromatic theory of color vision, based on the work of Maxwell, Jung and Helmholtz. They suspected the existence of three types of receptors that are sensitive to the rays of the approximately red, approximately green and nearly blue spectral regions. "Trichromatic theory suggested that three types of receptors form three images of the surrounding world, which are then transmitted to the brain, where the signal ratios of each image are compared, based on which a color sensation arises" (Niall, 2017). The trichromatic (three-receptor) nature of color vision was not in doubt, but the idea of ​​three images sent to the brain turned out to be untenable and could not explain several visual phenomena. If one group of cone receptors does not perform its functions, this is dichromatism. People with malfunctioning cones that are sensitive to red are called protanopes. Accordingly, deuteranopes are those whose receptors do not function.

There are three different types of receptors (cones) responsible for color vision. Each of these three types of receptors has sensitivity in a wide range of light wavelengths (the light wavelength is associated with the sensation of a particular color). At the same time, the different types of cones specialize in the perception of specific colors (green, red, blue). Some have the best sensitivity in one part of the wavelength range, others in its other region, and some in the third. Light of a specific wavelength stimulates each of the three groups of receptors to the same degree. The patterns of excitation of the picture, combination, the ratio of excitations give sensations of different colors and shades.

References

Niall, K. K. (2017). On the Relation of the Tetrachromatic Theory to the Trichromatic Theory. In

Erwin Schrödinger's Color Theory (pp. 167-185). Springer, Cham.

Pattern recognition theory

The methods of the theory of pattern recognition are widely used to solve problems such as recognition of alphanumeric information, weather forecasting, establishing medical diagnoses, analysis of sound recordings, etc. An essential property of pattern recognition methods is that a complete knowledge of the probability distribution of data is not required. Only a small number of measurements are available, and therefore it is impossible to determine significant statistical distributions, then nonparametric methods can be used. The theory of pattern recognition is a relatively new and not yet fully developed section of cybernetics. It is confirmed by the fact that currently, research in the field of pattern recognition is often heuristic in nature. (Devijver & Kittler, 2012

Historically, the theory of pattern recognition developed in two directions: deterministic and statistical, although most often, they cannot be strictly distinguished. The deterministic approach includes various methods: empirical, heuristic, which is based on common sense. It is more or less successful modelling of actions carried out by the human brain; mathematically formalized, for example, based on the model of generating objects (realizations) of one or another image. In this case, a different mathematical apparatus is used (mathematical logic, graph theory, topology, mathematical linguistics, mathematical programming, etc.).

In the process of developing recognition theory, various approaches and the applied mathematical apparatus are intertwined that the classification of multiple algorithms by the methods used is conditional and ambiguous. Nevertheless, in this course, two sections are distinguished: deterministic methods and statistical methods. It is done mainly for pedagogical reasons. Deterministic methods (primarily empirical) are quite obvious but easier to perceive. However, statistical methods is methodologically advisable to start presenting the material from them.

References

Devijver, P. A., & Kittler, J. (Eds.). (2012). Pattern recognition theory and applications (Vol.

30). Springer Science & Business Media.

Thanos Psychological Illness

Thanos Psychological Illness

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Abstract

The following paper focuses on the complete psychological assessment of the famous Marvel Comics, "Thanos." He is a villain in the series and has various psychological concerns. A recommended treatment plan is attached along with a detailed biological, psychological, and socio-cultural assessment.

Background

Thanos' first appearance was in The Invincible Iron Man #55, including a story by Jim Starlin. The storyline from that issue proceeded through Captain Marvel, Marvel Feature #12, Daredevil #107, Avengers #125, and many more. Finally, he appeared as one of the most powerful villains of all time in Avengers: Infinity War.

Considering the background, Thanos was born on Saturn's moon Titan as the child of Eternals A'lars and Sui-San; his sibling is Eros of Titan. Thanos conveys the Deviant's quality, and all things considered, shares the physical appearance of the Eternals' cousin race. Stunned by his appearance and the conviction that he would annihilate all life known to man, Sui-San endeavored to murder him; however, she was halted by A'lars. During his school years, Thanos was a conservative and would play with his sibling Eros and pets. By immaturity, Thanos had gotten captivated with skepticism and passing, loving, and in the long run, becoming hopelessly enamored with the physical epitome of death, Mistress Death. As a grown-up, Thanos increased his physical quality and powers through his predominant logical information. He likewise endeavored to make another life for himself by siring numerous kids just as turning into a privateer. He finds no satisfaction in either until he is visited again by Mistress Death, for whom he kills his posterity and his privateer skipper (Cowsill, 2015). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders expresses that a sociopath can be effectively recognized by their slanted goodness compass. With their feeling of good and bad so obscured, individuals with sociopathic propensities may show a specific earnestness forthright, yet their absence of sympathy brings about excessively forceful and unjustified conduct. In spite of that, these individuals feel defended in their activities.

With their feeling of good and bad being so obscured, individuals with sociopathic propensities may show a specific genuineness forthright; however, their absence of sympathy brings about excessively forceful and unjustified conduct. It is critical to recognize a sociopath from an insane person. However, Thanos isn't insane. Though a sociopath gets their personal conduct standards from past encounters, a harsh childhood, for instance, a maniac is just that path because of their hereditary qualities. Furthermore, an insane person is totally unequipped for shaping and keeping up social connections, rather than a sociopath, who might frame an association with a particular individual or gathering.

"They considered me a maniac" — Thanos (McEniry, Peaslee, & Weiner)

In Avengers: Infinity War, Thanos had one clear inspiration: to clear out a large portion of the universe's populace because of absence of assets. His inspiration ties again into his life on Titan. Confronting annihilation, because of their own absence of assets, the individuals of Titan required an answer however avoided Thanos' thought that decimation at arbitrary would fathom everything. Without an approach to battle the issues, Titan died. Thanos watched his reality bite the dust and was resolved not to witness it once more, to anybody. His past encounters shape his conduct all through the comic series. In any case, that by itself isn't sufficient to recognize him as a sociopath. Thanos watched his reality kick the bucket, and was resolved not to witness it once more, to anybody. His past encounters shape his conduct all through the film.

All through the comic series, Thanos can be seen participating in numerous demonstrations that a crowd of people may discover deplorable (and possibly sociopathic). He stoically organizes the homicide of half of Gamora's kin. He even forfeits the one individual he has shaped any association with, his "girl," in administration of his definitive triumph. In any case, it's his discussion with Doctor Strange on the remaining parts of Titan that obviously exhibits a sociopathic belief system. He really accepts that the world will express gratitude toward him for what he's doing, implying that to him, the Avengers are the antagonist of the story, his story. He totally neglects to identify or comprehend the feelings of the individuals who will lose the ones they love. Sufficiently sure, one snap later, a large portion of the populace is tidied, and Thanos sanctions his retirement plan in "The Garden," grinning as he plunks down. Presently, that is the place Infinity War closes, and with what we've seen up until this point, there's insufficient proof to call Thanos a sociopath. He had extremely simple beginning, yet that is the place Endgame comes in.

Considering the way that Thor chooses to take Thanos' "go for the head" exhortation to heart inside the initial 20 minutes of Avengers: Endgame, Thanos being referred to never again the 2018 variant, yet the 2014 rendition that assaults the Avengers in 2023. What makes Endgame's Thanos such a great amount of not quite the same as the one in Infinity War is the way he totally loses his hold on profound quality. 2014 Thanos doesn't have the inspiration of sparing a perishing world, but instead he wants to get vengeance. He makes it a point to specify this new universe will have no information on the previous one in light of the fact that there will be nobody alive to tell the story. Thanos' goal is never again one of respectability, but instead one that plans to shroud his sociopathic nature.

Moreover, during his little monologue, Thanos insults the Avengers, saying that not exclusively will he decimate their whole universe, he'll likewise appreciate doing it. This is the nail in the pine box. He never again genuinely thinks about building a superior world. He's in any event, inclining towards some psychopathic attributes, in spite of the fact that he needs more screen time to get right there. Thanos' activities have gotten fierce, presently without the defense that enabled watchers to see and comprehend his point of view in Infinity War. Thanos is a shrewd, savvy, and wild titan. He was brought into the world with the aberrance quality, which gave him his purple skin alongside quality and other physical capacities outperforming every other Titan. The merciless warlord will remain determined to gather the six infinity stones to delete every single living animal to protect the universe Avengers: Infinity War.

When Thanos was brought into the world, the very sight of him led his mother to become insane and she snatched a blade close by to slaughter him. His father prevented her from doing so; however, Thanos later proceeds to have reoccurring dreams about somebody attempting to execute him, and he creates evil ethics and has no value throughout everyday life (Lam). Following quite a while of probing live animals, Thanos had made next to no pick up on his understanding into knowing who he truly was and why he was so unique in relation to every other person. His solitary companion that had never walked out on him persuaded him he needed to consider a human, so he slaughtered a couple to think about and dismember them alive. This makes him start desensitizing him to death and murdering

Thanos' OCD had driven him to murder individuals after first slaughtering his first unfortunate casualties in quite a while research center for the sake of science. Thanos was additionally always intrigued by the sign of death and ultimately began to worship ‘Death’ – the character. His obsession increased to the extent that he felt sorry for his mother for not being able to slaughter him while he was a child. Eventually Thanos grew up to murder his own mother. He then began developing other obsessions as his objectives, ultimately to benefit the universe. He gives suffering to his love and murders one so as to get the spirit stone, and he turns into an amazing warlord and slaughters half of the population on the planets.

Biological & Psycho-Social Assessment

Presenting Concerns:

Antisocial characteristics

Disregard for others

Obsessed with Death

No regret for killing people

No remorse for even killing his own daughter

Strengths:

He has a strong sense of self

Client has a strong will

Client has good leadership skills

Client has strong, convincing powers

Client can absorb vast quantities of cosmic energy

Client has excellent telepathy skills

Client is invulnerable

Client has great intellectual powers.

Needs: (safety, housing, emotional, management of mental health issues, etc…)

Infinity Stones

Unlimited Power

Ego Boost

Mental Status:

Strongly Obsessed with killing people

Strong planning skills

No regret or remorse

Cruel

Savage

Community Support:

No or minimal community support

34226520828000Motivation for Change:

1 ------------- 2 ------------- 3 ------------- 4 ------------- 5 ------------- 6 ------------- 7

No Motivation Highly Motivated

Developmental Age: Proper

Family/Relationships: Gamora, Nebula

Suicide Risk/Safety Plan: No suicide risk

Self-harm risk/risk-taking behaviors: Various criminal and risk-taking behaviors

Level of Depression: Moderate Depression (monitor)

Sudden Termination Concerns: Escape from custody, breakout, and organization of a riot.

INITIAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLAN

Client name: “Thanos” Date: __/__/19

Plan for: X Individual therapy __ Couple therapy __ Family therapy X__Group Therapy

Other participants (name and relationship): Gamora (daughter)

Diagnosis:

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Megalomania

Hero complex

Munchausen Syndrome

Depression, Moderate

Schizophrenia

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Anticipated treatment frequency:

X Weekly__ Bi-weekly__ Monthly __ Other: ________________

Anticipated duration of treatment: Indefinitely

1. Diagnosis: Antisocial Personality Disorder

Long Term Goals/Discharge Criteria: Use appropriate coping skills to deal with anger management, peer pressure, and impulse control.

Short Term Goals/Objectives:Date Established

Client will not use verbal threats/physical aggression.__/__/19

Client will not destroy property or attempt to destroy property.__/__/19

Will utilize the following coping skills:__/__/19

Thinking before acting

Mindfulness & Relaxation

Weighing Pros & Cons

Interventions/Actions: Staff will utilize verbal cues, consistent behavioral modeling, and proper reinforcement. Client’s actions will be tracked through daily narratives, daily logs, and event records.

2. Diagnosis: Depression - Moderate

Long Term Goals/Discharge Criteria: Client will be able to recognize depressive behaviors, implement coping skills, and take medications when prescribed.

Short Term Goals/Objectives:Date Established

Client will journal moods.__/__/19

Client will have 100% medication use on time.__/__/19

Client will learn coping mechanisms for dealing with depression.__/__/19

Interventions/Actions: Client will be given a strict schedule. Staff will utilize consistent reinforcement and punishment when necessary. Client will be encouraged to journal, and the therapist will give proper feedback. Staff will maintain a regular medication schedule.

3. Diagnosis: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Long Term Goals/Discharge Criteria: Client will be able to recognize triggering events and use other outlets for angry outbursts.

Short Term Goals/Objectives:Date Established

Client will stay away from death.__/__/19

Client will properly interact with peers.__/__/19

Client will be kept away from even the sight of infinity stones.__/__/19

Interventions/Actions: Client will be given Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Client will be challenged to think other perspectives in group situations. Exposure and Response Prevention techniques will be used in the client.

4. Diagnosis: Hero Complex (Munchausen Syndrome)

Long Term Goals/Discharge Criteria: Use appropriate coping skills to deal with the syndrome. Talk therapy will be most helpful in this case.

Short Term Goals/Objectives:Date Established

Client will not indulge in self-diagnosis.__/__/19

Client will not invent unnecessary or dangerous self-medications.__/__/19

Will utilize the following coping skills:__/__/19

Thinking before acting

Mindfulness & Relaxation

Weighing Pros & Cons

Interventions/Actions: Talk therapy and psychotherapy will be conducted. Family Therapy will also be helpful in this regard. Medication will also be used and closely monitored as the client may use the medication in a harmful manner.

Obstacles to treatment:

Client has a disturbed childhood

Client is obsessed with death

Client struggles with identity

Client is not ready to accept his short comings

Developmental considerations/demands of the diagnosis (for child/adolescent): NA

Other treatments/services client is receiving: Group Therapy

Additional services recommended: Life Skills Classes – Anger Management Training

I understand and agree to the goals and services outlined in this treatment plan and I have been given the opportunity to give my input into developing this plan. We have discussed the potential risks and benefits of the recommended treatments, as well as treatment alternatives.

Client Signature ______________________________________________ Date____________

Signature of Guardian (if necessary) ______________________________ Date____________

Clinician Signature ___________________________________________ Date ____________

References

Cowsill, A. (2015). Marvel Avengers: The Ultimate Character Guide. Dorling Kindersley.

Howe, S. (2013). Marvel comics: The untold story. New York: Harper Perennial.

Lam, B. The Thanos Problem: Was he right?.

McEniry, M. J., Peaslee, R. M., & Weiner, R. G. (Eds.). (2016). Marvel Comics into film: essays on adaptations since the 1940s. McFarland.

The Best Evidence

The Best Evidence

[Author’s name]

[Institute’s name]

The Best Evidence

Introduction

           The field of psychology is greatly associated with different and diverse concepts and arguments presented by different theorists and psychologists. It is interesting to explore and analyze different arguments to figure out various practical forms of psychology. Evolutionary psychology is defined as a theoretical approach in the context of social and natural sciences. The main focus of this approach is to critically explore significant psychological frameworks from the perspective of the modern evolutionary paradigm. David Buss is recognized as one well-known representative of evolutionary psychology. He presented his modern arguments about psychology in his book, “evolutionary psychology: the new science of the mind.” It is vital to examine different ideas or claims developed by the author to ensure their correctness and reliability. In this paper, my main focus is to select and critically analyze one valid and one invalid claims developed by Buss according to my judgments. 

Discussion

           David Buss, as an evolutionary psychologist, presented different contemporary claims about different domains of life. It is interesting for me to explore two specific claims of my choice and critically analyze their appropriateness in the context of psychology. The main idea of this assessment is to identify one claim from the book that I believe correct but it generally not accepted by people. This form of analysis can never be established as complete approach without examining another claim of David Buss which is greatly believed by other people but I perceive it wrong due to specific claims. 

           Psychological adaptation is one major claim of evolutionary psychology developed by David Buss in his book. This specific approach of the theoretical idea is rejected by many critics but I believe that this concept has some sense in case of a reliable judgment. It is stated by the author of the book that all our emotions and behaviors can be successfully explained through the domain of evolution. The phenomenon of evolution plays a critical role when people started exploring their specific feelings and behavioral paradigms. According to natural selection, the perspective of natural selection as an adaptive tool plays a critical role to explore our feelings. This specific claim of David Buss is usually rejected by people but I explore some great sense of this specific idea. Psychological adaptation is a reality that intimates about the humans’ approach when it comes to explore and express their feelings and behavioral domains to others (Buss, 2008). 

           I strongly believe that this belief is tightly developed by Buss that the feeling of love is one crucial form of psychological adaptation. Our mechanism is greatly developed to identify and resolve different psychological and behavioral complications and confusions. The claim of natural adaptation is immensely criticized and rejected by the majority of people. It is rightly claimed by the author of the book that humans have a natural mechanism to register different problems and act significantly to find out necessary solutions to different behavioral complications and confusions. Identification of psychological classification of different human beings is a necessary practical measure to make inferences about their perspective of different behavioral domains. When it comes to the argument of psychological adaptation then it can be rightly said feelings and behavioral perspectives can never be established through the implication of developmental input. Undoubtedly, the behavioral domains in case of human beings must exist at birth developed in individuals identically. It is noteworthy to indicate that the facet of descriptions is closely linked with the claim of psychological adaptations. A critical examination of age trajectories is also vital to understand the actual functioning of the system. 

           The phenomenon of critical analysis can never be achieved until the identification of one claim which is mainly accepted by different people but I believe that it was wrongly presented by Buss in the book. It is argued by Buss in the book that males and females greatly differ from each other when it comes to mate choices. This specific argument or claim by David Buss is greatly accepted by many people but I believe this approach requires more clarification. It is argued that males and females react differently when it comes to their perspective of selecting a mate and the approach of jealously (Buss, 2008). I believe that although these perspectives exist that there can be any other reason for the prevailing difference between the mate choices of males and females. Gender recognition should not be the only indicator to consider the reason for the difference of choices of males and females. This specific perspective is also existing in case of approach of jealously adopted by both the genders of males and females. I believe that difference of personality is also one valid reason to justify different choices of mate set by males and females. This argument is further explained by the researcher to identify different aspects that should be considered by males and females during the relationship. It is established by my observation that sometimes people have their distinctive choices in case of selecting a mate and develop a relationship of intimacy and physical connection. The difference in consideration based on different personalities is also a critical approach when it comes to observing the relationship between men and women. 

Conclusion

           To conclude the discussion about the critical argument of Bass presented in the book, it is critically to illustrate that critical analysis of both sides of the argument is essential to identify the actual perspective. This form of consideration is further useful to explore different dimensions of the broad idea of evolutionary psychology. Identification of different claims ultimately helps to find out the necessary level of consensus. 

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Buss, D. M. (2008). Evolutionary Psychology. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=NRHiH1lR_ksC

The Dark Night

The Dark Night of the Soul

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

The Dark Night of the Soul

When I look back and think of the life that I have lived, I believe there hasn’t been an instant where I was hopeless enough, in enough pain, angry or even racked with guilt to such an extent that I would contemplate taking my own life. I have also been lucky to never have anyone in my life feel this way, or take their own life. Thus, the only exposure I have to suicide is through books alone.

As someone on the precipice of teenagerhood, in an effort to seem mature beyond my age, I believe, I read Veronika decides to die by Paulo Coelho. As the title puts, Veronika does decide to die, but she fails to do so. However, she gets a chance to live anew and whatever reason she had for wanting to die no longer seemed valid by the time the books come to a close.

Then came Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher. By the time this book fell into my hands, I had begun avoiding books associated with the subject of death. I am a hopeless romantic and the idea of a pair of lovers spending the rest of their lives alone, following the death of their soulmate was unbearable to me. However, Hannah was already dead, and I wanted to know why. Its been a good 7 years since I first read the book, and to this day I contemplate what is that one thing that could change the equation, and be the thing that saved Hannah. The four apocalyptic horsemen of self-destruction came for Hannah and drew her under the surface. She couldn’t draw one last breath. She couldn’t rethink the way her life could change. She was going under and only 13 people in the world knew why.

People tell me I have the Hero Complex. I like to save people. I like bringing something meaningful to their lives and change their perspective one tiny bit, just enough that their world seems a little brighter. The fact that I couldn’t save Hannah, a fictional character that was already dead when I got to know her, weighs heavily on my mind.

The Effectiveness Of Emotional Freedom Techniques And Cognitive Behavior Therapy For The Patients Of PTSD

The Effectiveness of Emotional Freedom Techniques and Cognitive Behavior Therapy for the patients of PTSD

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

The Effectiveness of Emotional Freedom Techniques and Cognitive Behavior Therapy for the patients of PTSD

Background of the Problem

           Posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) is potentially deliberating condition that can occur when a person experiences a life-threatening event such as sudden death of a loved one, terrorist incident, serious accident, natural disaster, war, or other violent personal assault. It is observed that about 3 percent of the total adult population usually experience PTSD in their lifetime (Bisson, Cosgrove, Lewis, & Roberts, 2015). The prevalence of PTSD in a population that is affected by conflict usually ranges between 1.9 percent and 8.8 percent; however, this rate can reach up to 50 percent in survivors of rape (Bisson et al., 2015). It is noteworthy to mention that PTSD can trigger various psychological and physical complications in individuals. PTSD can contribute to poor physical health including immunological disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiorespiratory disorders, somatoform, and gastrointestinal disorders (Iribarren, Prolo, Neagos, & Chiappelli, 2005). High prevalence of PTSD is also associated with increased risk of suicide, substantial psychiatric comorbidity, and significant economic burden. A critical examination of PTSD is highly necessary in order to determine various symptoms related to that disorder. To be diagnosed with PTSD, a person must experience avoidance symptom, cognition and mood symptoms, re-experiencing symptoms, and arousal and reactivity symptoms. Reexperiencing symptoms often include frightening thoughts, bad dreams, and flashbacks (recalling a trauma frequently) (Bisson et al., 2015). The occurrence of PTSD in a person can also be justified when a person begins to show avoidance symptoms such as avoiding a specific memory or staying away from certain attached places.

PTSD is becoming more common in American adults due to multiple war fronts and natural disorders. High prevalence of PTSD is allowing the general population to get familiarized with its effects on a person (Iribarren, Prolo, Neagos, & Chiappelli, 2005). Thorough knowledge of this trauma is highly necessary in order to determine various strategies to overcome its symptoms. It is essential to understand the symptoms and risk factors of PSTD to get a better insight into this potential issue. Excessive physical and emotional arousal along with essentially worrisome thoughts can give rise to PTSD in an individual (Iribarren, Prolo, Neagos, & Chiappelli, 2005). A major wave of PTSD was experienced in the US following the return of veterans from the Vietnam War. It is notable to mention that certain mental and physical symptoms of PTSD were experienced by the Veterans upon their returning and integrating into society (Bisson et al., 2015). A critical examination of the condition of these veterans indicated that repeatedly experiencing emotional and mental turmoil broke down their coping mechanism (Kang et al., 2003). The National Center for PTSD made public estimates that the prevalence of PTSD among veterans are higher as compared to the general population of the US. According to the US Department of Veterans Affairs, men and women who spend more time in war zones are more likely to experience PTSD (Kang et al., 2003). The lifetime prevalence of PTSD in veterans is 15.2 percent, while the prevalence of PTSD in the general population lies between 1.9 to 8.8 percent (Bisson et al., 2015).

There is an immense need to indicate potential strategies to overcome the serious issue of PTSD in an individual. There are various strategies and therapies that are being used by professionals to minimize the prevalence of PTSD in individuals. Alignment of coping strategies with the actual prospect of PTSD is crucial to ensure proper treatment facilities for the victims of PTSD. To that particular purpose, there are two potential techniques including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) that can minimize the symptoms of PTSD.

Statement of the Problem

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a serious psychiatric disorder that can alter the mental and physical health of an individual. A critical examination of the symptoms of PTSD is highly necessary to get a better understanding of the entire issue. People experiencing PTSD often feel demotivated and face difficulties in maintaining close relationships (Dunn, Nishimi, Powers, & Bradley, 2017). PTSD significantly alter the psychological wellbeing of an individual by frequently bringing back negative thoughts. Feeling detached, emotionally numb, difficulty experiencing positive feelings, and lack of interest in certain activities are some of the most significant issues related to PTSD (Church et al., 2018). It is notable to mention that PTSD can induce certain physical and emotional reactions in a person. These reactions may include trouble sleeping, difficulty in maintaining concentration, overwhelming guilt, self-destructive behavior and aggressive behavior (Bisson et al., 2015). The inability of individuals to successfully handle fear and anxiety ultimately cause the psychological problem of PTSD. Excessive terror negatively impacts the everyday functioning of the sufferers of PTSD. Exploration of various symptoms of fear demands the adoption of suitable treatment to the problem of PTSD (Dunn, Nishimi, Powers, & Bradley, 2017). Timely treatment of this issue is important because the calamity of PTSD greatly affects the social and psychological functioning of victims in a great manner (Church, Sparks, & Clond, 2016). triggering of unpleasant social events results in the generation of fear for an individual. Frequently experiencing these emotions of anxiety, fear, and stress can be turned into the issue of PTSD (Dunn, Nishimi, Powers, & Bradley, 2017). Exploration of symptoms of PTSD revealed that this issue is actively connected with other psychological problems that require a timely solution. The indications of PTSD start appearing within 3 months of the fearful or stressful event.

It is necessary to adopt evidence-based research in this regard in order to overcome the issue of PTSD. A critical examination of appropriate complementary medical intervention is a vital practical step to propose better treatment of the growing concern of PTSD. Application of appropriate theoretical models in the form of treatment strategies is a critical step to offer better healthcare treatment to the patients of PTSD (Dunn, Nishimi, Powers, & Bradley, 2017). Use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Emotional Freedom Technique are practical strategies that can reduce the symptoms of PTSD in an individual. Detail examination of these two strategies is essential to facilitate individuals with PTSD. High prevalence of PTSD can establish various physical and psychological issues in an individual (Dunn, Nishimi, Powers, & Bradley, 2017). PTSD has the potential to increase the likelihood of certain health complications such as cardiovascular, digestive, musculoskeletal, and respiratory disorders. In addition to these, a person suffering from PTSD can also experience various psychological issues such as difficulty concentrating, irritability, sleeping disability, and hypervigilance that are catastrophic for mental wellbeing (Najavits, Weiss, & Liese, 1996). In order to combat these concerns, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be used to overcome the symptoms of PTSD. It is recognized as a well-known goal-oriented psychotherapy therapy that is widely used by different counselors and therapists. It is characterized as a practical domain to achieve the main objectives of the problem-solving perspective (McHugh, Hearon, & Otto, 2010).

It is notable to mention that CBT is used to modify the behavioral and thinking patterns of individuals in order to cope with various traumatic feelings. This technique is highly effective to minimize certain aspects of memory that contribute towards the establishment of PTSD. Dealing with complex negative emotions is one of the major aspects that is catered with the help of cognitive-behavioural therapy. It is essential to mention that CBT is a coping strategy for the patients to successfully aligned their emotions according to the circumstances (McHugh, Hearon, & Otto, 2010). Furthermore, it is used as a clinical technique for people to modify their way of thinking and feelings about different traumatic situations (Najavits, Weiss, & Liese, 1996). Changing people’s attitudes and behaviors helps them to successfully deal with different difficulties in their lives. Counselors and therapists widely used the mechanism of CBT for improving the behavior of an individual who diagnosed with PTSD (McHugh, Hearon, & Otto, 2010). The implication of CBT on an individual with PTSD will improve their coping mechanism to deal with various perspectives of life. Aaron Beck presented the idea of CBT in the mid-twentieth century. According to Aaron Beck, internal dialogue is an essential stimulator that contributes to the success of this approach. The application of this therapy during a counseling session encouraged individuals to think about their feelings and actions relevant to their life (McHugh, Hearon, & Otto, 2010). In other words, it is the process of self-realization for the clients to regulate their feelings to get solutions to their problems. Creating a proper link between thoughts and feelings of the individuals is the basic aspect of this form of therapy (Hofmann, Asmundson, & Beck, 2013). I

t is argued that exploration of positive or negative thoughts in case of a particular situation is the first step to initiate any action (McHugh, Hearon, & Otto, 2010). The theoretical model of cognitive behavior greatly focusses the perspective of negative thoughts. It is revealed that timely identification of negative emotions is essential for people to determine their behavior in case of specific difficult situations. The extensive research work on this therapy indicates that negativity of thoughts and emotions ultimately makes it impossible for human beings to properly judge and react to different circumstances (Najavits, Weiss, & Liese, 1996). Adoption of negative thoughts of the past affects the thought process of individuals in case of recent situations. The basic principle of CBT is that the proper alignment of thoughts and emotions is essential to obtain the desired form of behavior in different complex situations (McHugh, Hearon, & Otto, 2010). The aim of the counselor in case of practical implications of CBT is to assist patients to control their prospects of interpreting and dealing with different conditions (Najavits, Weiss, & Liese, 1996). It is important to mention that CBT is a potential therapy can be used to treat individuals with PTSD in an effective manner. Previous researches have indicated that the successful implication of this technique can improve the outcome of a patient. Behavior of an individual is influenced by the existing association between thoughts, emotions, and actions (Najavits, Weiss, & Liese, 1996). There are certain techniques of CBT that can be used to modify the thinking process of people who are suffering from PTSD. Reassessment of previous disturbing events helps an individual to enhance their thinking pattern in order to increase the prevalence of positive thoughts (Horsch, McManus, & Kennedy, 2012). Therefore, it will be effective to analyze the practical implication of this approach to improve the psychological wellbeing of individuals who are suffering from PTSD.

Emotional freedom techniques (EFT) is an effective strategy that provides emotional, psychological, and physical support for an individual. Researchers have investigated the significance of this treatment in order to treat an individual with various physical and emotional needs (Church et al., 2018). This technique is recognized as one revolutionary form of clinical treatment to address the concerns regarding mental and physical disorder in an individual. The overall energy system of the body is a broad domain of EFT concerning the practical implications of this method of treatment. The basic principle of this approach is that any form of disruption in the energy system of the body eventually causes the development of negative emotions (Church et al., 2018). It is notable to mention that the EFT has the potential to completely heal emotional and psychological issues in an individual. Through this technique, calming signals are directed towards the amygdala in order to rewire the brain from various emotional issues (Church et al., 2018). PTSD can be catastrophic for the emotional wellbeing of an individual as it damages the coping and fighting mechanism of the brain. The use of EFT can improve self-esteem and self-confidence in an individual. A critical examination of the EFT indicates that it has the potential to overcome procrastination, avoidance of conflict, and fear from an individual’s mind (Church et al., 2018). Furthermore, it encourages an individual to exert his/her energies in fulfilling his/her dream by overcome negative and violent emotions.

It is essential to consider that the approach of fingertips is adopted to stimulate specific energy points to heal different physical and emotional diseases. This specific technique was established to emphasize on the functioning of the energy system of the body (Church et al., 2018). The actual implication of EFT can be determined by properly evaluating each aspect of this technique. The phenomenon of EFT works by tapping on critical forms of acupressure apexes to remove any form of blockage (Church et al., 2018). Clear release of blockages from the energy system helps the body to release all the problematic feelings and actively move through the body. It is notable to mention that EFT is a potential technique to minimize the prevalence and symptoms of PTSD in an individual.

The procedure of EFT is highly effective to handle issue regarding PTSD by offering various healing strategies in order to clear out disturbing feelings. It is necessary for a client to develop positive emotions through effective reinforcement of energy stimulation. Positive energy stimulation helps an individual to reduce his/her focus on negative feelings (Church et al., 2018). The growing trend of EFT in a clinical setting enhances its application specifically in case of PTSD. It is vital to determine how EFT can play its role as a coping mechanism to successfully address the issue of immense fear and stress for the individual. Currently, many therapists are focusing to utilize the approach of EFT to minimize the severity of possible risks and symptoms of PTSD (Church et al., 2018). It is important to mention that researchers are emphasizing on the significance of EFT in order to cater to the concerns of PTSD in an individual. It has been analyzed that the use of EFT can minimize the prevalence of PTSD in adults. Negative symptoms of PTSD can be reduced with the help of EFT in an effective manner. This technique can allow healthcare practitioners to overcome the increasing prevalence of veterans (Kang et al., 2003). It is observed that the practical strategy of EFT particularly addresses the fear concerning the physical symptoms of patients. This research study will provide theoretical information on the effectiveness of EFT in order to combat the serious issue of PTSD in individuals.

Research Objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in order to modify the psychological wellbeing of individuals who are suffering from PTSD.

To determine the effectiveness of the Emotional Freedom Technique to address the prevalence of PTSD in the society.

Purpose of the Study

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevailing issue in society that needs serious attention. The purpose of this study to evaluate the prevalence of PTSD in American community by identifying various factors that contribute towards poor physical and psychological wellbeing in a vulnerable population. This research study is intended to determine the effectiveness of various techniques including cognitive behavioral therapy and emotional freedom technique to overcome the symptoms of PTSD. This research study will utilize qualitative phenomenological research method in order to determine the effectiveness of CBT and EFT. Existing literature on PTSD, CBT, and EFT will be used analyzed in order to establish a clear understanding of the entire phenomenon. The qualitative data for this study will be collected through different and appropriate published articles, textbooks, and journals. Sub-structure interviews will be conducted with individuals who are suffering from PTSD for a substantial amount of time. Interviews with an individual will provide sufficient data to determine to check the suitability of EFT and CBT in case of PTSD. Specific interview questions will be established before the interviewing process and the response of each individual will be noted. Use of qualitative phenomenological research method will help to determine the significance of both CBT and EFT. Responses of participants will be corelated with existing literature to find certain patterns and trends. This research method will enable the investigator to inspect a broad range of research questions effectively and efficiently. Critical consideration of both CBT and EFT techniques will effective to address the issue of PTSD. A critical examination of these techniques in terms of their suitability will provide a better understanding of how to manage the high prevalence of PTSD in an effective manner.

Research Questions

How the practical approach of CBT plays its significant role to address the psychological issue of PTSD?

How the evidence-based practice of EFT can be useful to reduce symptom severity in case of PTSD patients?

3. How the management plans of EFT and CBT associated with the overall approach of the management of PTSD symptoms?

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework and its elaboration for the study is an important step to be taken especially for the purpose of to better explain the existence of the research problem at hand. For an appropriate theoretical framework, the issue of PTSD, the original theory of cognitive model have been selected. The main concern of this is to gather u=individuals views and illustrate their perception about the matter. This is important to explain the cognitive theory in PTSD’c context because it would assist to identify the practicality of stress and fear in ones’ life. In the case of PTSD, one of the specific version of the theory has been used to examine the effect of CBT and EFT. Here the version proposed by Ehlers and Clark (2000) has been used. The core of this is to get an assessment of the cognitive adductors and their effectiveness in terms of reducing the severity of symptoms of PTSD.

This model theory clearly defines that the immense form of stress is the result of a looming threat. Hence, the PTSD and its problem present as a memory for an unusual event which has already occurred. The theoretical model of the theory cover two main processes are recognized as individual's difference in the particular case of trauma and individual differences associated with the actual nature of memory for a specific incident. The controlling techniques and of PTSD symptoms and their identification is also very crucial in the paradigm of the theory at hand. Here the three main instruments are direct development of PTSD symptoms, change in overall nature if disturbing memory, and controlling change in case of negative consequences. Beyond that, characteristics and their identification is also a crucial step to be taken. Furthermore, the theoretical approach of the cognitive models also elaborates some changes which need in the part of treatment implications. \

Significance of the study

The main goals of this study are to compare and contrast two main approaches and their suitability, which are CBT and EFT in case of adults' patients of PTSD. Exploration of the importance of the results of the study is crucial to put in place practical implications in the hospital setting. Beyond that, the stakeholders and their identification is also an important thing to do where the main stakeholders are; patients, healthcare professionals, family and friends etc. who are highly related to this study. These stakeholders would also have several benefits from the results of this study in many ways. The outcomes would be beneficial for healthcare professionals in the way that it would bring in several techniques for them to implement for treatment of patients of PTSD. Beyond that, it also provides crucial benefits to the patients by helping them to self asses their issues of fear and stress.

Appropriate and enough analysis of the involved things in their contribution to the research work done in past is also a critical part. The significant of the research work has also be identified through the analysis of work done reading this matter in past times. In this paper, the literature review section provides such information and insights. In context PTSD, a number of researchers have worked on the investigation of both of the strategies of CBT and EFT separately. Further, the study also contributes to the current research work through the comparison of the effectiveness of both the coping strategies of CBT and EFT. Hence, the comparison can be found beneficial because it would enable the stakeholders to choose one based on the situation they have at hand.

Limitations and Delimitations for the Study

The actual reliability and accuracy of this study can be captured only by demonstrating the limitations and delimitations of this study. The limitation has been considered as the weaknesses the study where on the major limitation of the study is the selection of participants for the study because of it limiters the general ability of the study. While another limitation is the inefficient size of the sample interviewed which may have inverse impacts on the study. It is a huge one because it directly connects with the ultimate results of the study. Random sampling cannot be considered as the strength as well as because the risk of sampling error is also there.

Furthermore, the delimitations and their identification are also crucial in their study because it would let us know the factors that limit the significance of the study. Hence, the population is one of the major delimitations of this study because the entire population cannot be studied due to several reasons exist like the age limitation and analyzing the selected group only which is adults. Despite that, another major delimitation is the selection of variables. It is a delimitation because the researcher has selected and worked on only two coping strategies discussed above to access their impacts n the patients PTSD. While more than only these two coping strategies can be used.

Key terms and definitions

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition which was triggered by a terrifying event or situation in case of experiencing the event or witnessing it. The main and common symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) include severe anxiety, nightmares, flashbacks, and/or uncontrollable thinking or thought regarding the event. A large number of individuals who pass through the traumatic events might face temporary troubles when adjusting coping but with efficient care and self-management, they get better most of the time. The function can be improved if an effective treatment after the symptoms of PTSD has been done.

Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT)

Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) is a revolutionary treatment method which provides the opportunity of healing form both physical and emotional pain and distress. This types of acupuncture use fingerprints for the purpose to stimulate energy on the human body.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy which is an important part of psychology. This is known and common type of therapy which assist the patient to be aware of every negative thought or inaccurate thinking so that a challenging situation can be seen in a more clear way while the patient would be able to respond to them more effectively.

Project organization

There are the main 5 categories in which the work of this research work have been categorized. The main purpose is to articulate the various research aspects and core problem in detail. The entire organization of the project have been done in a way that includes parts such as overview, literature review, methodology, results, and discussion of findings. This systematic technique has been sued for the purpose to develop a clearer understanding of the main goal.

The central point of the very first phase (chapter) is the provision of a project overview. The main parts of this chapter include an introduction, the background of the problem, statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, theoretical or conceptual framework, the significance of the study, limitations, and delimitations of the study, definitions, and key terms, and illustrating the overall structure of the project.

The proceeding part or chapter of the projects is concerned with the review of the literature of past research work.

Further, methodology targeted population and its description, and analysis is the main concerns of the second part. Where qualitative analysis and methodology have been utilized.

The next chapter (forth) is concerned about the work results. Each of the results is elaborated in this phase while considering every aspect of the research question at hand as well results documentation have been finalized as well.

Discussion of actual findings of the research work is the last chapter of this work. The main goal of this chapter or part is to discuss and elaborate on the dominant connection between the problem under analysis (PTSD) and the coping strategies and tactics.

References

Bisson, J. I., Cosgrove, S., Lewis, C., & Roberts, N. P. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Bmj, 351, h6161.

Church, D., Sparks, T., & Clond, M. (2016). EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) and resiliency in veterans at risk for PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. EXPLORE, 12(5), 355–365.

Church, D., Yount, G., Rachlin, K., Fox, L., & Nelms, J. (2018). Epigenetic effects of PTSD remediation in veterans using clinical emotional freedom techniques: A randomized controlled pilot study. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(1), 112–122.

Dunn, E. C., Nishimi, K., Powers, A., & Bradley, B. (2017). Is developmental timing of trauma exposure associated with depressive and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adulthood? Journal of psychiatric research, 84, 119-127.

Hofmann, S. G., Asmundson, G. J., & Beck, A. T. (2013). The science of cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 199–212.

Horsch, A., McManus, F., & Kennedy, P. (2012). Cognitive and non-cognitive factors associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms in mothers of children with type 1 diabetes. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 40(4), 400–411.

Iribarren, J., Prolo, P., Neagos, N., & Chiappelli, F. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence-based research for the third millennium. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2(4), 503-512.

Kang, H. K., Natelson, B. H., Mahan, C. M., Lee, K. Y., & Murphy, F. M. (2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. American journal of epidemiology, 157(2), 141-148.

McHugh, R. K., Hearon, B. A., & Otto, M. W. (2010). Cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders. Psychiatric Clinics, 33(3), 511-525.

Najavits, L. M., Weiss, R. D., & Liese, B. S. (1996). Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for women with PTSD and substance use disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 13(1), 13-22.

The History Of Special Education

The History of Special Education

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

The History of Special Education

Introduction

Every human being has been blessed with something special; some people have physical strength, while others have intellectual intelligence. Some individuals have a really good sense of smell while others can listen to things very sharply. Where these people are blessed with special abilities, there are some individuals who are not that much lucky. They are known as Specially-Abled People or people with Special Needs. These individuals especially are also provided with special education, which is different from the educational programs of other children. This kind of education is known as Special Needs Education and refers to the education of the children with disabilities, in consideration of their individual educational needs, which is aimed at the development of their capabilities and their independence. These educational programs are also intended to allow special children to participate in social activities.

A teacher or the educator should provide a special education according to the needs of the child. He or she should focus on the disability that the child is facing and then design a program according to that would suit that special need of the child. Most of the times, children are suffering from four basic types of needs, which have been elaborated below (Schalock, et. al., 2010):

Physical – This kind of special need or disability is caused due to some physical disability or ailment like muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, chronic asthma, epilepsy, etc.

Developmental – This kind of special need is caused due to some deficiency in the developmental process in the fetus, even before the birth of the child. These include Down syndrome, Dyslexia, Autism, and Processing Disorders.

Behavioural Emotional – This kind of special need arouses due to some emotional or behavioural deficiency like Bi-polar Disorder, Oppositional Defiance Disorder, ADD, etc.

Sensory Impaired – These children suffer from special needs due to some clear physical disabilities like vision impairment, being deaf, limited hearing, etc.

The history of special education in the world, especially Australia is not much old but very interesting and worth knowing.

Discussion

The history of Special Education or Special Needs Education dos not stretch to much far back but it comprises an interesting span of time. There are some much meaningful techniques that have been devised and developed to educate children with special needs. Even the Australian Government takes much interest in the educating the specially-abled kids and youth and keeps introducing such laws and regulation that can be helpful for the children with special needs, their parents and the teachers working in this field as well.

History of Special Education All Over the World

One of the initial projects in the form of a special school for children with extraordinary needs was Institute National des Jeunes Aveugles, which was established in 1784 in Paris. It was established for imparting education to the blind. Moreover, the first special education school in the United Kingdom was established in 1760, which was initially started to teach deaf children but then moved on to educating visually impaired children as well in 1965 (Winzer, 1993).

History of Special Education in Australia

The history of special education in Australia dates back to when the first school for children with special needs was opened. This school especially provided education and training skills to the children who were deaf or blind. In the decade of 1920s schools were started for children with other disabilities as well. In the start of the 20th century, these schools were mostly run by volunteer organizations and charity but with the advent of 1970, the state government also started taking interest in the special education of children and even setup special education units in the regular schools. (Campbell, & Proctor, 2014).

Legal implications related to Special Education in Australia

Just like the United States of America, Australia does not have ant distinct rules and regulations like Idea to support the special education plans for specially-abled children. One of the most meaningful acts or laws established by the Australian Government to protect the rights of special children and educate them is the Commonwealth Disability Discriminatory Act (DDA) of 1992 (Osborne Jr, & Russo, 2014). In addition, there are specific anti-discriminatory laws and equal opportunity legislation for each state and territory.

Process of Enrollment of Children for Special Education in AustraliaThe enrollment process of a special needs child in a special school is done with the coordination between both the management of the school and the parents of the kid. The principal or management of the school first meets the child and makes an assessment that what kind of disability he or she is suffering from. The parents should provide the complete medical records to the school about the disability of the child and the school also has therapist present who examines the child for these disabilities and confirms that the kid really needs such kind of education.

Least Restrictive Environment

Least Restrictive Environment or LRE is a part of the federal law or more specifically IDEA. This concept lays the foundation for the providence of special education to the disabled people in unique ways. The law states that the special child, to the maximum possible extent, should receive the education in the company of their non-disable peers. They should be educated in a normal classroom set up and not in separate units specially designed for them.

Assessment

There are various sorts of assessment methods that are used by the teachers and instructors in the fields of special education to check and analyze the needs and abilities of the students with special needs. All these assessment methods involve collecting data and then analyzing them with the help of various tests and analysis methods for the purpose of making decisions.

Internal Assessment

Internal assessment is one of the most crucial elements of not only the special education but also every kind of education where the teacher or instructor is intending to check the progress of the student other than the conventional means of examination or assignments. This is a very effective method used by both teachers and parents to evaluate the progress of a special child with comparison to the benchmarks set for him or her.

Education of Children with Intellectual disabilities

A teacher or instructor has to be extra careful while handling a student with special needs, as such a student require more attention and extra care. Children with special needs or physical or intellectual disabilities may become cranky or stubborn at times, and it may become difficult for a teacher to handle them, but with the right kind of strategies and skills, it can be done in a perfect manner.

Education of Children with Autism

Educating a child with special needs like Autism also requires special training and experience. A teacher dealing with a child with Autism should have enough training, experience, and exposure to handle the situations that could arise while teaching such a child (Matson, & Shoemaker, 2009). Moreover, he or she should have enough implicit and explicit support from the side of the institution.

Conclusion

Hence, in short, it can be clearly understood that the special education or special needs education is the education program specifically designed for people with certain physical or mental disabilities. These programs are specifically designed in order to help students with disabilities in coping up with the challenges of life and making them independent so that they can participate in the race of life. The special education in Australia started in 1920 with many reforms and the end result is the current special educational system.

References

Campbell, C., & Proctor, H. (2014). A history of Australian schooling. Allen & Unwin.

Matson, J. L., & Shoemaker, M. (2009). Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders. Research in developmental disabilities, 30(6), 1107-1114.

Osborne Jr, A. G., & Russo, C. J. (2014). Special education and the law: A guide for practitioners. Corwin Press.

Schalock, R. L., Borthwick-Duffy, S. A., Bradley, V. J., Buntinx, W. H., Coulter, D. L., Craig, E. M., ... & Shogren, K. A. (2010). Intellectual disability: Definition, classification, and systems of supports. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 444 North Capitol Street NW Suite 846, Washington, DC 20001.

Winzer, M. A. (1993). The history of special education: From isolation to integration. Gallaudet University Press.

The Methods Of Psychology And The Biology Of Behavior

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Summary

Student name

University name

Summary of chapter 2 Origins and methods of psychology

In this chapter, the focus will be on research methods that are used for analyzing the test theories and hypotheses. Different methods and theories have been mentioned in this chapter i.e. Darwins theory of evolution, among many others. It has also been claimed that research methods are used for solving problems, as exposure to low levels of mercury is neurotoxic for workers. Research methods also help in confirming the previous findings. In psychology, the goal of the research is to understand behavior as well as its causes so that the circumstances under which this behavior occurs can be controlled. Surveys are also conducted as they allow researchers for obtaining information from other people, in which a group of people represents the whole population and their response, interviews, or written answers reflect the behaviors and attitudes of the group they represent. Case studies also help in gathering the required information, involving in-depth exploration of the case(s) along with the limitations (it covers a small size sample in most situations). Statistics are also used in psychological researches as they answer about the relationship that other methods fail to explain. A relationship could be witnessed between the variables of interest. The observational method has also been mentioned in this chapter, in which the researcher observes his or her participants, and how they go about in their daily life in a natural setting (naturalistic observation). One of the major limitations highlighted in this method is the biased attitude of observers such as they may appear more than the actual. I questions are not answered by the above-mentioned methods, then the best possible results are derived by finding the correlation between variables, and this process is known as the correlation method. The experimental method is also highlighted in this chapter, in which participants under certain (controlled) conditions, confront specific stimuli and their reactions are measured. Ethics are given more consideration when experiments are being performed on humans and animals. For example, prisoners are treated with great care, following ethical behavior.

Summary of chapter 3 The biology of behavior

In chapter 3, different activities have been highlighted that reflect the biology of the behavior. i.e. feeling, moving, remembering and sensing, etc. All these activities are controlled by the central nervous system. This system consists of certain parts involving the brain and spinal cord that also helps in coordinating body functions. Biological structures such as neurons, endocrine system, etc. regulate and influence behavior. Neural transmission is one of the main processes that help in studying the behavior of humans (Flayer Sokol, 2020). Different substances are used in neurotransmission and are generally chemicals. Some of the famous neurotransmitter substances include acetylcholine (ACh), Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Gamma-Amino-Butyric Acid (GABA), Endorphins and Glutamate. Neurotransmitters are the main elements that influence the behavior and different psychological disorders that might occur because of the use of certain drugs. For example, one of the most striking disorders people are facing is depression that involves the interference of two main substances i.e. norepinephrine and serotonin, but relieving depression, other drugs are also prescribed as well.

The peripheral nervous system is also involved in controlling human behavior. The limbic system is an important portion of the brain that is linked with emotional expressions. It plays a significant role in memory, motivation, and learning and any damage to this system would affect expression i.e. excessive reactions or sudden reduction in the emotional responses. Magnetic Resonance Imaging uses radio waves that create a magnetic field change as compared to a CAT scan. It is used for pinpointing tumors and this technique could detect a reduction in blood flow in a vein or artery. This technique is mainly used for distinguishing cancerous and non-cancerous cells by collecting biochemical information.

Reference

Flayer, C. H., Sokol, C. L. (2020). Nerves of Steel How the Gut Nervous System Promotes a Strong Barrier.Cell,180(1), 15-17.

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The Origins Of Psychology

The Origins of Psychology

Name

Affiliations with Institutes

The Origins of Psychology

During the 1800s, A German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt,  used scientific methods of research to study reaction times. His book “Principle of physiological psychology” was published in 1874. In this book, he outlined many links between physiology science and human study behavior and thoughts. In 1879, he opened the first psychology laboratory at Leipzig University. From here, psychology started as one of the separate scientific discipline. Wundt uses a process of introspection that is seen as unscientific and unreliable today.

Structuralism

Edward B. Titchener, who was one of the most renowned students of Wundt, considers psychology as one of the main schools of thought. In the point of view of structuralists, the consciousness of humans can be divided into smaller parts. By using an introspection process, subjects who are trained can attempt to breakdown their reaction and responses to the most basic perceptions and sensation. Although structuralism is known for its main emphasis on scientific research, its method was subjective, limiting and unreliable. Structuralism died with the death of Titchener.

William James Functionalism

In the United States, during the late 1800s, psychology flourished. During this period, William James appeared as one of the most famous psychologists of America and known as the father of American psychology. The book written by him becomes a standard text in psychology and his ideas served as a basis of functionalism. The main focus of this was on the behavior that worked to support people in their lives and environment. Functionalists use different methods to study human behavior and mind. The main emphasis of both school of thoughts was on the human consciousness but conceptions were different significantly.

Psychoanalysis Emergence

Early psychologists stressed on the conscious experience of humans. Sigmund Freud has dramatically changed the psychology face and proposed a personality theory that emphasizes on the importance of the unconscious mind. The clinical work of Freud with hysteria and other patients, made him consider that early childhood experiences and unconsciousness impulses enhances the adult behavior and personality development. Sigmund Freud in his book ‘Psychotherapy of Everyday life” stated how unconscious impulses and thoughts are conveyed. According to him, the psychological disorder occurs when unconscious conflicts become unbalanced and extreme. The psychoanalytical theory that is proposed by Sigmund Freud had a great impact on thoughts of the 20th century, influencing a field of mental health and other areas such as literature, art and popular culture.

The Rise of Behaviorism

During the early 20th century, another school of thought known as behaviorism arises. Behaviorism was changed from a previous theoretical perspective. This theory rejected the importance of both the unconscious and conscious mind. Behaviorism focuses mainly on the behavior, thus making the psychology a more focused discipline. The early start of behaviorism comes with the work of Ivan Pavlov who was a Russian physiologist. The research of Pavlov on the dog's digestive system led to the invention of the classical conditioning process. In this, he stated that behavior can be learned through conditioned association. John B. Watson, an American psychologist became one of the strongest behaviorism advocates. The behaviorism impact was huge and this school of thought dominates for more than fifty years. BF. Skinner further elaborated the behaviorism perspective in which he demonstrated the effect of reinforcement on behavior ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>King</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>394</RecNum><DisplayText>(King, Woody, &amp; Viney, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>394</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1579174388">394</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>King, D Brett</author><author>Woody, William Douglas</author><author>Viney, Wayne</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>History of Psychology: Ideas and Context</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>131735060X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(King, Woody, & Viney, 2015).

During the second half, humanistic psychology emerged as a new school of thought. It emphasized mainly on conscious experiences. Carl Rogers is known as a founder of this school of thought. Abraham Maslow developed the famous theory known as the hierarchy of need. According to this theory, people are motivated by their complex needs. Once the basic needs are fulfilled, then the people were motivated to get high-level needs. By the end of 1960, the cognitive theory replaced the behaviorism and psychoanalysis theory. Today cognitive theory is one the dominant areas in psychology and linked to memory, perception, problem solving, decision making, language and intelligence.

References

ADDIN EN.REFLIST King, D. B., Woody, W. D., & Viney, W. (2015). History of Psychology: Ideas and Context: Routledge.

The Prevalence Of Low Self-esteem In An Intellectually Disabled Forensic Population Journal Of Intellectual Disability Research

Final Article Review

Johnson, P. (2012). The prevalence of low self-esteem in an intellectually disabled forensic population Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(3), 317–325. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01447.x

SYNPOSIS

What is the article specifically addressing?

This article is a study that is quantitative to measure low self-esteem as it relates to individuals who have intellectual disabilities and as a part of the forensic population. The target of this article is to measure low self esteem and for that it explains what they are measuring under low self-esteem. Self-esteem is an assessment by a person of himself, his abilities, qualities and place among other people. More than just self-confidence. It is related to how much we value ourselves, and self-confidence relates to our actions and behavior.

How does this article relate to your selected topic?

The topic, I have selected for the final project is a personal topic to me because I have Cerebral Palsy. I decided to research more about individuals who have disabilities that are involved in being part of being incarcerated because of the crimes those individuals with disabilities specifically how individuals who have disabilities struggle with having self-esteem is low. I struggle personally with low self-esteem. I choose this topic because I want to help others who also struggle with low self-esteem and discovering effective ways in managing these challenges. Ever since, I was teen, I had a low self-esteem . I am considering doing an internship in my local county jail with incrassated youth as well as individuals who have intellectual disabilities. I believe in the importance of discovering effective coping skills early in life is essential for individuals who struggle with low self-esteem. I also believe that the basis of self-confidence lies in adequate self-esteem, which allows you to be confident in your ability to do something, behave appropriately in a specific situation, and cope with the task. With adequate self-esteem, the level of a person’s claims (desires, goals, requirements for oneself and others, etc.) corresponds to the level of his abilities (inclinations, talents, intelligence, education, position, upbringing, volitional qualities, physical abilities, etc.) .

Did the article contain research?

This article contains a research and for research interview technique is used to get data based on two instrument the adapted Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the adapted Evaluative Beliefs Scale during interviews. For more data lie age of interviewee , gender, placement, index offence etc. taken from the hospital data.

The sample consist of 44 men having mild intellectual disabilities. Interviewed method is used in this study. The two structured instruments were used to assess the low self-esteem among interviewed clients and routinely recorded clinical data used by computer system of hospital.

What data was used? What instruments, if any, were used to collect data?

The sample consist of 44 men having mild intellectual disabilitiesto get data on the basis of two structured instruments will gathered. Two self-rating measures used in this study to get data from participants related for self-esteem. The first one is the adapted six-item scale known as Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the other one is adapted Evaluative Beliefs Scale.

The questionnaire was created and used as one-dimensional, although, conducted later, factor analysis revealed two independent factors: self - esteem and self-esteem : the higher one, the lower the other. Self-esteem assessment may be the result of depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic symptoms; self-esteem is the cause and effect of active communication, leadership, a sense of interpersonal security. Both factors directly depend on the attitude to the test of his parents in childhood. The Rosenzweig questionnaire consists of 10 judgments, for each of which four gradations of answers are proposed, encoded in points according to the proposed scheme.

There are 3 hypotheses used in this study. The hypothesis 1 states that self-esteem need to be considered as low among intellectually disabled forensic population. But both scale assessment show high or moderate scores so this hypothesis cannot be predicable.

The second hypothesis states that IDFP engage in sexual or fire setting offense and high prevalence can be predicted among low self-esteem individuals. However the result of this study shows that the 64% participants were engage in either one or both offenses, but the second part of this hypothesis was not proved as the score stays high or moderate, so it is as well not proved.

The hypothesis 3 proposed that individual with IDFP and who suffered from interrupted attachments would have lower self-esteem. It is not supported as scores were high.

What were some of the conclusions, if any, to the research in this article?

In the result , the analysis of three hypothesis used to get the assessment of self-esteem of each participant on the basis of prevalence rate, type of participant offending behavior ( from hospital data) and the result of data provided by two instruments.

Self Esteem is extremely complex personal struggle for several individuals who have lower self-esteem with an intellectual There are several factors that play a critical part in the self-esteem of individuals with lower self-esteem. CBT or cognitive behavioral therapy greatly affected how individuals who struggled with lower self-esteem by challenging negative thoughts and beliefs by challenging individuals to change their negative thoughts and about themselves as well as their beliefs around them.

REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF ARTICLE

What references did the author use in this article?

The author P. J Johnson employed several references that supported the subject of lower self-esteem with individuals with intellectual disabilities in the population of individuals who are incarcerated. Academic journal, peer reviewed journals utilized a total of 25 cited references from different time period including 1996-2006. All the references are in APA format.

The author utilized several books, journals, article reviews that were utilized to compose my final article review. The authors chose to focus on their resources that the author cited their references utilizing both in-text and stated on their references page were utilized effectively and correctly. This article demonstrates the author have a clear knowledge of what categorizes their work as scholarly.

Was the article reliable and valid? Explain.

The article is reliable. The author completed a second experiment with the same procedures, and data as well as utilized the same participants as the first experiment. Some of the previous studies show low self esteem among intellectually disabled community population (Dagnan & Waring 2004) and also in the prison population (Jacques & Chason 1977).

It is also found that there is no evidence of previous studies related to intellectually disabled forensic population, so the significance of this study increase as it is done first times. There is a research gap in previous studies and in this study, so researcher handle it very carefully to make it a valid study .

Was this article well written? Thoughtful and reflective?

This article was insightful and adequately written. The author provided previous research regarding their topic, which gave the reader a much-needed background despite if they have any knowledge of forensic identification and expert testimony. The authors clearly stated their hypothesis, method, and procedures taken within their two experiments. Mrs. Johnson writing, and her use of terminology were easy to comprehend with important information around the forensic population who has intellectual disabilities. I believe this article was very thought out and provided solid facts backed up by solid references and statistical data .           

What were the limitations in this article? Any variables?

There were four limitations addressed throughout the study.

The first limitation of this study had only personally met roughly 70 percent of participates were not met before the study began.

The researcher made no effort to control the participates ages in numerous areas of services.

The researcher could not compare between ages of clients.

Data was regularly utilized regarding various subjects being not accurate regarding care at a boarding school because of these adults have disruptive attachment disorder. .

The dependent variable throughout this article highlighted is the Rosenberg Self Esteem scale. This scale was adapted from Evaluative Belief Scale. Additional data was followed and presented that demonstrated repeated design that had variables that were independent variables incorporating innumerable reflections between medium and low parts of service that were protected. The offenses have greatly affected attachments in children not forming attachments that were not secure.

I believe that the sample size is a limitation of this study because of the sample size being small. I would be interested to know if this study was repeated if the same conclusions would be reached with a sample size that are larger. What other thoughts or comments do you have related to this article?

The. section that I enjoyed learning more about is Bowlby attachment theory. He elaborated on various types of attachment theory. Secure attachment is when a child has a higher sense of self-esteem than children who grow up in a anxious resistant or anxious avoidance are further likely to experience depression or anxiety,) Bowlby J. (1988) A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory.

I also would like to see more scholarly articles on individuals with disabilities, especially children and adolescence to see how professionals can effectively support the younger generations from committing a crime later on in their lives. I also wonder how much is this is a lack of education around individuals who have intellectual disabilities as it relates to self-esteem and the forensic population?

.

References

Costanzo, M., & Krauss, D. (2018). Forensic and legal psychology: Psychological science applied to law (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.

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The Psychological Advantage Of Christian Counseling

The Psychological Advantages of Christian Counselling

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Acknowledgement

I am thankful to the lord Jesus Christ for all that he has done for me. I would like to thank my lovely wife for her support, this would not be possible without her. I would also like to thank my mother. Her encouraging words and tremendous faith helped me accomplish this goal. A big thanks to Gleen Mottlett, his wife Karen, and all of the counselors at Senior Bible College for their ongoing support. In addition, I will also like to thank the forerunners of Biblical Counselors and Secular authors who put in great effort for this accomplishment.

Abstract

Within this thesis the Psychological Advantages of Christian Counselling are being discussed in detail. Counseling is the statement of Psychological orders and disorders, forms and union to assessment procedures. The benefits of various test, strategies, and purposes and evaluation will play a big part in the part. This paper also talks about the psychological connection with Biblical counseling. Mental health can be improved and healed with the help of a mix of various treatments. Furthermore, understanding the behavior of the client is a unique advantage for a Counselor in all aspect of dimensions. Be it, brother hood, fall, redemption, sanctification, and restoration. Assessment testiest has helped the counselors in better understanding of the characteristics of various people. Tests have given the counselors an advantage in terms of the client’s characteristics. Secular clinic treatments intertwined with Christian counseling have enormous benefits.

Table of Contents

TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u PART 1: INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc437445796 \h 6

1. Background of Research PAGEREF _Toc437445797 \h 6

2. Overview of Christian Counseling PAGEREF _Toc437445798 \h 7

3. Advantageous use of the Scripture in Therapeutic Settings PAGEREF _Toc437445799 \h 8

3.1. Competency PAGEREF _Toc437445800 \h 9

3.2. Avoiding Biases PAGEREF _Toc437445801 \h 9

3.3. Assessment PAGEREF _Toc437445802 \h 10

3.4. The Contextualized Message PAGEREF _Toc437445803 \h 10

3.5. Flexibility in the Delivery Form PAGEREF _Toc437445804 \h 11

3.6. Follow-up PAGEREF _Toc437445805 \h 11

3.7. Informed Consent PAGEREF _Toc437445806 \h 12

4. Problem Statement PAGEREF _Toc437445807 \h 12

5. Research Aim and Objectives PAGEREF _Toc437445808 \h 13

6. Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc437445809 \h 13

7. Rationale for the Study PAGEREF _Toc437445810 \h 13

8. Benefits Psychology Offers a Christian Counselor PAGEREF _Toc437445811 \h 15

9. Counseling and Clinical Psychology PAGEREF _Toc437445812 \h 16

PART 2: LITERATURE REVIEW PAGEREF _Toc437445813 \h 19

1. Christian Counseling PAGEREF _Toc437445814 \h 20

2. Biblical Teachings PAGEREF _Toc437445815 \h 25

3. Christian Counselors PAGEREF _Toc437445816 \h 28

4. The Psychological Advantages of Christian Counseling PAGEREF _Toc437445817 \h 29

5. Diversity among Pastoral Counseling (RPA) and Psychological Counseling PAGEREF _Toc437445818 \h 32

6. Importance of Anthropology for Christian Counseling PAGEREF _Toc437445819 \h 34

PART 3: METHODOLOGY PAGEREF _Toc437445820 \h 36

1. Research Methodology PAGEREF _Toc437445821 \h 38

2. Data Collection Method PAGEREF _Toc437445822 \h 39

2.1. Secondary Data PAGEREF _Toc437445823 \h 39

2.2. Data Analysis Technique PAGEREF _Toc437445824 \h 40

2.3. Sampling Method PAGEREF _Toc437445825 \h 40

2.4. Research Approach PAGEREF _Toc437445827 \h 41

2.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary Data PAGEREF _Toc437445828 \h 41

3. Limitations PAGEREF _Toc437445829 \h 42

4. Validity PAGEREF _Toc437445830 \h 42

5. Reliability PAGEREF _Toc437445831 \h 44

6. Ethical Considerations PAGEREF _Toc437445832 \h 44

PART 4: DISSCUSION AND RECOMMENDATION PAGEREF _Toc437445833 \h 47

1. Christian Psychology PAGEREF _Toc437445834 \h 47

2. Counselling Techniques PAGEREF _Toc437445835 \h 50

2.1. Starting Points Singular PAGEREF _Toc437445836 \h 50

2.2. Unique Goals PAGEREF _Toc437445837 \h 50

2.3. Unique Methods PAGEREF _Toc437445838 \h 51

2.4. Unique Features Director PAGEREF _Toc437445839 \h 52

3. Church as a Healing Community PAGEREF _Toc437445840 \h 52

4. An Integration of the Biblical Principles in Counseling PAGEREF _Toc437445841 \h 54

4.1. Psychology Filtered Through the Scripture PAGEREF _Toc437445842 \h 54

5. The Counselors’ Use of the Scripture PAGEREF _Toc437445843 \h 56

PART 5: CONCLUSION PAGEREF _Toc437445844 \h 59

1. Counseling Theories PAGEREF _Toc437445845 \h 61

References PAGEREF _Toc437445846 \h 66

Appendix PAGEREF _Toc437445847 \h 71

The Psychological Advantages of Christian Counselling

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Background of Research

Christian counselors are in a much better position of enjoying the unique advantage of taking a holistic approach to various issues. That is, especially when it is evident that such dimensions have bodily and cognitive needs. The word "advantage" in this case considering the majority of other disciplines will not be able to put into deliberation such spiritual dimension as per Clinton and George, 36-68. To put it into perspective, a thorough understanding of humanity based on Christianity helps in protecting us from the simplistic nature of such reductions. It is a fact, God created humans to be physical, psychological, social, and spiritual beings. Counseling behavior and understanding, represent some of these dimensions and are into consideration as per Greggo and Sisemore. Unlike other counseling disciplines, these Christian counselors do not handle people like impersonal chance products.

To consider the existence of a personal creator is well known, Christian counselors consider people to be more of humans while putting them into perspective about life. One mistake that Christians do is often to make people over-enthusiastic when giving them answers to the problems that trouble them. People assume that Christian counselors find a verse from the Scripture, share it with the people and call it a day as per Chernenko and Sunderam. The approach may be typically established on poor listening. The paper will offer an overview of an individual's approach to a model based on Biblical modeling. The entirety of concepts based on the counseling model has been in light with the general conservative understanding of the Bible. The paper will also provide a clear overview of basic counseling skills. Areas of grief and sorrow will be examined. Additionally, the paper will provide scripture situations in areas related to Biblical insights highlighted in those situations. Christian counseling is a ministry of ridding people of the emotional bonds that prevents them from happiness and a victorious life like Christ. At the time of receiving salvation, Jesus forgives our sins and casts us into the seabed. However, in many individuals, emotional injuries that need to be healed remain. This is also part of the process of spiritual growth and a big step toward sainthood.

The Christian counselor is God's instrument for emotional release and to direct the faithful to a full life where they can be a blessing to others. In short, you can explain the need for counseling in this way as per Chernenko and Sunderam. The human beings are established of the trinity; spirit, soul and body. The spirit is the part that needs Jesus Christ as savior, the body is the physical part that can get sick, and the soul is the emotional part. In the spirit, we feel guilt and seek God's forgiveness. If a person feels physical pain, they go to the doctor to be treated. However, pity the soul also emotionally, but not always so obvious. Rarely a solution is sought, but the damage stays. When something hurts us emotionally, we say that it hurts to the core. However, it is important to seek help for this part of our life that does not only harm us but also to the people around us. Someone with emotional damage cannot be effective in his or her daily lives as a father or husband, nor at work, let alone in the labor of God. One may love God or received Christ’s teachings, but the emotional problems stay unresolved. In such condition one cannot give a good witness. Do not forget the real desire of God in our lives, that we stay fully happy.

Overview of Christian Counseling

The view on Christian counseling has become popular today, more so under the leadership of Christian counselors. The overview of Biblical counseling, for instance, as it arrives from David Powlison's "Psychology and Christianity: View Views", will be presented. The overview represents an evidence that starts with God and ends with humanity. The view was summed up in one sentence: "The Maker, Savior, and Judge oriented us to seek what makes sense of psychological functioning of the creatures, created, judged, and redeemed.” The overview makes a lot of sense in response to the scripture. Where an individual would find creation, with the promise and fall of redemption are all displayed in the first book; Genesis.

The ultimate question asked by a Christian counselor could not be more on questioning the facts, as it would understand those facts. The position taken by Powlison, for instance, is that an individual's entirety in life along with a collection of data must first be understood in a manner that is, "explanatory with an interpretive model that weighs and organizes" certain information. The foundation of the Bible would remain to be interpretive in an approach that views the scriptures in certain instances whereby the gospel is well interpreted. When the gospel is preached, some believe in it, and others do not. The two types of individuals, the believers and the nonbelievers, interpret the gospel in a very different way. One person would understand the gospel based on God's perspective, and another would deny it, viewing it as an insult. This according to Christian counselors, is how the nonbelievers view the world and understand it.

Advantageous use of the Scripture in Therapeutic Settings

The use of Scripture in Christian counseling ensures human beings become more thoughtful. The advantageous use of the scripture does not act as guidelines, which should not be seen as rules nor do they possess power themselves. Almy cautions one to be wary of those that attempt to turn the guidelines into methods that never fail. The advantage is that when trying to consider the use of a particular technique, the clinicians perform well. Especially when considering instances of assessment, competency, and well-informed consent.

The use of the Scripture during counseling on a similar occasion requires well-crafted consideration of human competency to do so. This includes potential personal bias, client and understanding of the purposes, consideration, and contextual concerns as per Adams. These considerations and concerns can improve and advance on the therapeutic relationships while achieving the purpose for its original intended purpose as per Joe, Simpson, Dansereau and Rowan-Szal.

Competency

Competent care dictates the hallmark of the entire therapeutic code of ethics. The codes, call for the clinicians to acquire training and expertise for the employed interventions. He further repeated that "in those emergency parts in which acceptable recognized preparatory standards of training are not in existence, and the psychologist takes reasonable steps in ensuring the work's competence".

Considering the lack of literature body and training in clinical therapy for the majority of spiritual interventions. The Christian counselors may demand to seek out discipleship experts and pastoral care that possess their own ability to use the Bible well. Such kind of training would include the principles of hermeneutics and knowledge of numerous literary genres. However, it will necessarily include the training in the Scripture's art of incorporating the Bible and opening it to individuals to ways of experiencing the growth of self-awareness and God.

Avoiding Biases

The section of competent Christian counselors is a part of the ongoing personal bias evaluation. The biases are likely to be present; however, they ought to understand and reduce their impact on other people. Christian counselors use the Bible and its scriptures to do well in reviewing and comparing personal experiences from the Bible, more so from other’s hands.

The Message has to go through one first: Just the way the counselors should not rely much on superficial knowledge with intervening treatment and neither would they use the Bible and its Scriptures without substantial practice and familiarity. MacDonald advices that when Christian counselors use the Scripture without having to wrestle personality with its message and meaning, they tend to do it in a more superficial manner. If one has to do total justice to the word of God, then one must go through them. However, it should be on our need to kneel and pray to avoid the counsel that we as human beings do not have to follow.

Assessment

Competency in clinical intervention is included through the assessment of humans that is before the initiation of intervention strategy. When using Biblical Scriptures in counseling, wise Christian counselors put into consideration matters of contextualizing goals, people, and contextualized message of delivery. Just like the Gospel of Mathew, Paul, at the Areopagus, addresses value interest in Hebraic Bible readers, Athenian culture. Similarly, human beings consider the best helpful ways to communicate with each other through the use of explicit and implicit messages used in Christian counseling. Though Christian counseling is not regarded to be evangelism in the real sense, individuals attempt to pass across the message that is likely to be received and internalized in the manner that is intended.

The Contextualized Message

Every clinical care occurs within and runs across relational and cultural contexts. The counselors consider matters of current events, culture, relational attachments, history, and transference when determining the most efficient and effective interventions, which is advantageous when compared to other forms of counseling. The Christian counselor in question uses the Scripture whenever he or she wants to determine how these factors influence the kind of passage considered the most effective.

Flexibility in the Delivery Form

The work undergone in the contextualization of biblical messages to the patient begins the moment that the meeting between the counselors and the counselees starts. They encounter to collect personal data and background, and the meeting is continued until termination. In such a scenario, the spirit leading the counselor humbly recognizes the need to pray and process over how they bring forth the counselee to the text level and ultimately near God. Additionally, whether we seek answers to read them aloud, act out, read silently, meditate upon words, image, or phrase; whether we assign or paraphrase or read it like homework. It is thus imperative that we put into consideration why we tend to choose this kind of form to avoid falling into unhelpful prejudice.

Follow-up

Wise Christian counselors' interventions and statements ought to elicit and stir counselees to continue with the reflection and dialogue. When Christian counselors fall into the temptation of making a speech, whether in favor of it or against the counselees, or intervention without reflection, it less likely leads into the counselees' activity. For example, attempting on, fighting with it, and the similar things. All the same, the effective use of the Bible and its Scriptures is required to promote the ongoing dialogue between the counselee and the counselor. While certain questions asked during the therapy may appear obvious, the spirit, shape, and rapport created behind them are very important as per Greggo and Sisemore. Awkward attempts and missteps that try out the passage during a session do not necessarily mean or announce failure, especially when follow-up questions reveal that the counselor only cares about honest response and the client’s questions.

The advantages of follow-up are even more important, especially when using the Bible and Scriptures to teach, correct, and confront. To consider Paul's letters in the Bible that talked about headship and submissive marriage, both the victims and abusers have used the Scripture as per Ephesians. It is to excuse oneself in all kinds of evil behavior. MacDonald observed that it would be done unless the biblical Scripture is not a mere repository of the truth but is a connective tissue that connects people with Christ. It is thus unlikely that the most pursuant arguments will have a lot of impacts.

Informed Consent

The counselees are more likely to improve and flourish when they possess a clear sense of direction, agreement, purpose, and methods of intervening therapy. If at all the purpose of applying biblical text is not stated clearly, then the clients are more likely to consider their own to be possible, but with inaccurate conclusions. Christian counselors will more likely demand every opportunity to discuss the value, reason, and possible impact it will have on the client. The discussions have a higher possibility of assisting the clients to avoid misconstruing and misunderstanding the purpose of the Bible in the protocol of treatment.

Problem Statement

The problem statement that this thesis will be evolving around is the psychological counseling of Christian counselling and its advantages. Counseling is the statements of Psychological orders and disorders, forms and association to assessment procedures. The benefits of the test, strategies, and purposes of an evaluation, to a psychological connection with Biblical counseling.

Research Aim and Objectives

The primary aim of the research study is to highlight the benefits of Christian Counseling and its psychological advantages. The research can achieve this aim from the following objectives:

To understand the concept of Christian Counseling.

To understand the importance of the Psychological Advantage of Christian Counseling.

To explore the effects of Christian Counseling

To identify the significance of the Psychological Advantage of Christian Counseling.

To identify the factors which are responsible for Christian Counseling?

Research Questions

What is the need for Counselling?

Why is Counseling an important aspect for Christians?

How Psychological Advantage of Christian Counseling can be affected?

What is the significance of Christian Counseling?

Which factors are responsible for creating a strong Counseling for Christians?

What are the psychological advantages of Christian Counselling?

Rationale for the Study

Psychology defines human emotions behaviorally as part of complex patterns of reactions in which individuals try to deal with significant psychological events. Christian counseling, according to Clinton and George, involves behavioral, experimental, and physiological dimensions. In Christian philosophy, emotions are defined to be a psychic activity at a person's sensory part. This happens when the creatures can walk away or forward towards objects, that have a sensible interest. Counselors warned that emotions enable people to surge forward, take an interest, and interact with what surrounds them.

During counseling, moral reasoning depends on Kohlberg's theory on how they are generated, and on the amount of what is dominating the field. The theory, according to MacDonald, focused primarily on the improvement and development of moral understanding and reasoning during counseling sessions. Even with its advantages, the philosophical shortcomings for this theory have since been widely criticized from all directions, including religious and secular realms. MacDonald advised that if we can get across and past the philosophy and definition of justice to be the overarching moral principles and pay more attention to the developmental stages of thinking during counseling sessions, it would have a lot of advantages.

Additionally, moral development literature offers detailed information about how individuals who are counseled are in a better position to develop morally and are not present to grow ethically. A better explanation of dealings from God throughout the Bible's history can shed light on the importance of staging moral development, as proposed by Kohlberg's theory. From the Bible, the ideals of God's dealings have always been love. God wanted to use Christian counselors to help internalize better relationships based on love from within and among individuals. When people fail to understand this kind of thinking, God tries to reach out in ways that accelerates and improves the love between Him and His people through counseling sessions and the Scripture.

Benefits Psychology Offers a Christian Counselor

It is an important issue to have a look at the consideration that Christians could be better equipped to serve the needs of other people and even handle their problems. This would easily be done when they embrace the actual truth that is found in psychology. The founder of counseling, Jay Adams, admitted that he believed that every other Christian is able and is expected by the lord to offer to counsel a few times within him or her schedule. If people run away from psychology, we stand the risk of chasing away those people at the time of need. We would eventually lose the benefits that we would have gained all through the years of research and what the study of psychology has to offer.

Counseling is very important and plays a huge role, more so in life and the ministry of Christianity. The book of Proverbs says, "Hear the counsel and receive instructions, that thou may be wise until the end" (19:20). Many years of psychological study enables counselors to be very effective in assisting people with relational and personal difficulties. Psychology aids in the documentation, assessment, diagnosis, behavior modification, treatment planning, and even rearranging the furniture in the office, all in the best interest of the client.

According to Clinton and George, psychology offers a better and deeper understanding of the patterns of individuals' thoughts so that the counselor in question can equip them with life challenges. Consequently, there are probable resources, which can be used to offer treatment to heal an individual's relationship standards and goals. If at all we are going to assume responsibility as Christian counselors, we should thus take advantage of whatever the psychology has to offer.

Theories Held up to Scripture: To hold up the Scripture to secular theories of psychology and throwing up concepts that match with what the word of God teaches, is integral in theology and psychology. Practically speaking, all this is accomplished through an exploration of how the widely accepted theories of psychology today is viewed, or aspects of those psychology theories could be used in conjunction with the biblical Scripture used for counseling as per Davies. This type of thorough research study provides additional benefits since it helps in achieving a better understanding of the problem and its possible solution. Psychological theories have to be better filtered through the Scripture from the bible for two intended purposes: To preserve what is considered the truth in them and false in those psychology theories.

Basing it on person-centered therapy, the therapist tends to extract the goodness that comes from the client, which was originally. Rodger's person-centered therapy is based on the "belief that a person seeking assistance is well-judged towards the direction that results in growth". The book of Obadiah in the Bible disagrees with the theory. The Scripture puts a sense of responsibility for every person for his theory. It puts a certain level of responsibility, while the Lord Himself is in a bid to establish righteousness and execute justice.

Additionally, we can assume certain things from the Rodgers theories; however, we must also always hold onto the man's ideas that are up against the Scripture. This is because it is an example of how unique and different thoughts from God are about his things. Since we have offered protection to ourselves from the basis of danger from Rodger’s theory, it is thus fair to also acknowledge whatever he said that was genuine, true, and useful in therapy.

Counseling and Clinical Psychology

Clinical and counseling psychologists have talked a lot about the integration of practice and faith. One advantage the Christian psychologists have is acquiring a Biblical view of human beings' nature and how God intervenes to assist people in trouble. After doing this, a Christian psychologist then examines every proposed psychotherapy model. To compare its philosophical assumptions with its personality models, abnormality, health, and psychotherapy, God's total view, and Christian presuppositions are then presented in the human beings as per Joe, Simpson, Dansereau and Rowan-Szal.

Although the philosophical and theological domains have to necessarily stick together for the entire anthropological picture. Having said that, philosophic domains need to be better assented and understood too. Christian counselors can prevail on their own and still be normative working in organizations and interpretations of empirical findings. About this, the most controversial implicating scenarios are all obvious enough. Christian counselors are to give and receive self-sacrificing love to be the center of love and flourish within human relational. Davediuk noted that it would conflict with the selfish tendencies of the majority of modern systems of beliefs. Christian counselors emphasize to their clients the need and importance of knowing God.

Christian counselors emphasize on the importance of getting to know God and having the goodwill conflict with the beliefs of those in denial. The objectivity and superiority of the good and going for true nuptial signifies people's sexual matches that conflicts with people defined by gender. In every case, the belief that opposes in just that, is not a concluding necessity to an empirical fact. It is therefore not a concluding belief to proceed from some of the clearly defined and least manifested implicit normative to the anthropological framework. This serves in organizing, interpreting, and an existent situation to the empirical findings. Furthermore, the psychological advantage of Christian counseling makes it easier for Christians to employ psychology; that is then supplemented by the scriptures of the Bible. Also, due to its constituents, individuals gain more insight from Christian counseling. However, counselors are trained not to impose their beliefs on clients forcefully; as each person is entitled to their opinion.

Christian counseling is also important as it gives individuals practical solutions to various contemporary issues in society. Concerning matters of morality, Biblical counseling dictates that individuals should pray, and shun the practice. However, in the real sense that is not necessarily a solution. On the other hand, the psychological advantage of Christian counseling often equips individuals with actual and practical solutions to overcome the issue. Christian counseling provides individuals with deeper insight regarding how they may avoid temptations. Again, Christian Counseling equips individuals with knowledge concerning the reasons that tempt individuals to engage in sinful acts. Christian counseling offers practical solutions such as the ones prior mentioned. It is through the realization of the causes of sin that individuals can shy away from the sinful acts as per Chernenko and Sunderam. Consequently, it is a fact that the psychological advantage of Christian counseling renders a better form as compared to secular counseling.

PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW

The paper claims to provide the pastor with contributions that psychology offers pastoral counseling. First, we board the theological and historical context of the Pastoral Council, where we describe the basis that offer us the Old and New Testaments for counseling work. We finish with an overview of its historical progress. We propose to the church as a backdrop and framework for the work of pastoral counseling. Below we present the relationship between psychology and pastoral counseling, with an integration proposal between the two disciplines. We try to establish the anthropological basis that support and justify the need for Pastoral Counseling. Also, we will discuss the necessary elements for the process of counseling, and finally present some requirements for people who want to work in the discipline. We finish the job with some conclusions about the reality of many pastors and some proposals for the Pastoral Ministry from the contributions of psychology. In addition to some aspects consider establishing a counseling program in the church. Hoping that this piece of work can serve to interest in pastoral counseling, and be an invitation to expand dialogue, to deepen the reflection. At the same time, I will continue working and developing a pastoral and contextualized practical theology relevant to our country. Biblical Christian counseling tries to bring people and their problems to God. Base on the following convictions:

The World of God must be our authority to advise;

Counseling is a part of basic discipleship ministry of the local church; and

God's people can and should be able to counsel effectively. 

Christian Counseling

Christian counseling is for the whole people of God - for all workers who love and serve God and are involved in ministry. It is not easy for the advice of a skilled and disciplined individual to impact in the time we live in, where the problems are so diverse. The issues are so big and counseling techniques available are often confusing and contradictory. Today thousands of counseling methods are used as per Chernenko. There are books and articles published on therapy that disturb the regularity. There seem to be many theories and counseling approaches as directors. One thing we know is that there is no consensus about the right or wrong way to advice, so find a dissonance of sounds from the community directors. With so much activity and numerous criteria’s, including professional time, things can feel overwhelming. It would be great if all these publications, theories and training resources help directors to be more effective, but some of the books and seminars have proposed simplistic "new methods." These methods originally claim to be following Christian counselling, but they fail to be effective. There is nothing more meaningful in life than to work with God in rebuilding a shattered life. They call this counseling, but he called it ministry. Also, we do not remember when we lose sight that always is a joint effort between the three people involved - God, the counselee and counselor as per Joe, Simpson, Dansereau and Rowan-Szal. In counseling, or ministering to the needs of those who suffer problems, we must understand we cannot always manage a solution to the problems of the people. This is mainly because some people are looking for answers and solutions that are extensions of desires.

Christian counseling is a ministry of ridding people of the emotional bonds that prevents them from happiness and victorious life like Christ’s lifespan. The Christian counselor is God's instrument for emotional release and to direct the faithful to a full life where they can be a blessing to others. The counselors reckon that psychology is a tool that brings them closer to God; who is the final authority, and the giver of life. It is a proven fact that individuals realize that the psychological advantage requires the presence of God for human beings to be fully satisfied. Christian counseling plays the role of assisting individuals in becoming aware of their emotions. The psychological advantage also allows them to share their emotions and feelings with God. Unlike Biblical counseling, Christian counseling creates the possibility of individuals getting in touch with their personal needs, and desires as per Foster and Foster. As mentioned before, psychology is not the ultimate end concerning Christian counseling.

When it comes to Christian counseling, there are numerous numbers of people who have shared their testimonies to give an overview of the form of counseling. Additionally, it is important to note that some Christian counselors employ Biblical teachings in a larger scope of their teachings. However, they also incorporate psychological approaches while still focusing more on Biblical teachings. For this reason, counselors must be well versed in their field for the execution of commendable results. It is noted that most of those who have benefited from Christian counseling are married couples. Most of the couples have stayed together for a long time and undergone Christian counseling to improve their marriages. Through the psychological advantage of Christian counseling, these couples believe that their marriage lives instantly improve after the therapy sessions. Also, the counseling sessions serve in assisting the married couples in facing the various challenges and troubles encountered in life. Christian counseling has played a great role in improving and enhancing several marriages.

According to research, incompetent counselors often give false information to clients hence rendering the sessions futile. A well-trained Christian counselor is useful and assists individuals in achieving the psychological advantages of Christian counseling. Moreover, for the Christian counseling psychological advantages to become fruitful; individuals ought to settle for competent counselors. According to Thomas & Sosin, clients must observe certain credentials such as the presence of licenses, the level of faith, and possession of a university degree, among others. The type of counselor, an individual is affiliated to, plays a significant role in the achieved results.

The minister counsels many types of people with different problems. Many believers who would never go to a psychologist, ask for help from the Christian counselor. Many unbelievers, who never would come to an evangelical pastor, talk about their problems with the Christian counselor. Similarly, many brothers in Christianity share their life experiences with the Christian counselor, to give them grief they confess to their minister. Do not just work with people of one sex or one religion. As seen, the Christian counselor is in a unique position to help and minister. People come to the Christian counselor commonly with marital problems, problems in the parent-child relationship because they are suffering from anxiety or depression. People go many times than we want to recognize, because they have been victims of sexual abuse or incest in adolescence and they cannot overcome the emotional consequences in adulthood. Some counselors specialize in helping people recover from alcoholism and drug addiction.

Honestly, to be a good counselor one needs to "understand life" and "not get surprised at anything." You need to understand the lives of young people, married life and talk freely about sex. I am not saying you have to have lived to see the problems and solution, but age is in your favor. It helps to have lived some experiences in life. In this paper, the experience of people matters. After all, the work of the Christian counselor is to teach people how to live, so they can make decisions according to the will of God. People are educated and matured with the help of your counselling.

Christian counseling ought to become a vivid encounter between the counselor and the patient. Also, through the counselor, the encounter would be between the patient and God. The task of a Christian counselor is to enhance the encounter while assisting the client to understand better that one must carry the response and responsibility of oneself. According to Almay, at absolutely no separate way is Christian philosophy different from Christian counseling. One way or the other the belief instilled is the work of the Holy Spirit. Awareness is manifesting in Christian believes to be able to tap into the supernatural and spiritual areas. These beliefs are also a source of Divine power that works for both the client and the counselor.

A well-trained Christian counselor is useful and assists individuals in achieving the psychological advantages of Christian Counseling. Christian counseling incorporates all the tenets of psychology and Biblical counseling. Also, the parties need to realize that the final authority is God. Whether through psychology or biblical scriptures, the result emanates from the Supreme Being. According to Greggo and Sisemore, different Christian counselors employ different approaches to Bible scriptures. They borrow very heavily from the Bible teachings, while others employ a snippet of the Bible scriptures into their counseling sessions. Moreover, Christian counselors are seen to completely forsake some aspects emanating from the Word of God.

It should be observed that scientists and psychologists have proved the existence of the relationship between psychology, and the World of God. The psychologists reckon that the lives of human beings are not only controlled by the scriptures but also, by the mind. Consequently, integration of the scriptures and the mind result in Christian counseling which incorporates both worlds. Human beings cannot operate based on one end hence they require both secular psychology, and biblical scriptures to lead satisfactory, and fulfilling lives. Moreover, psychologists outline that human beings are a complicated species thus the need for psychology which assists counselors in understanding this complicated nature is essential.

Biblical Teachings

The Holy Spirit, Biblical teachings, and scriptures are not sufficient in delineating the complicated nature of man. The psychological advantages of Christian counseling also outline that Christian counselors are at the upper hand of changing society as compared to Biblical counselors. Due to their teachings, the clients are assessed without any form of limitations. It is also necessary to remember that Christian counselors uphold the Bible and view it as a source of inspiration during the assessment of their clients. Also, these counselors incorporate secular psychology, and they often settle for techniques, and theories that are best suited to their individualistic preferences. Through taking the approach of secular psychology, it is evident that there are a good number of psychological advantages about Christian counseling.

We can understand the importance of why the individuals visit and the way to be close to sick people, to offer them a 'presence' of love. Here we look at what aspects are important to recognize, what are the reasons for our actions as we go in a visit, which is a real 'ministry therapeutic'. In other words, the patient does not go to spend some time because they do not know what to do; let alone to vent on their problems and concerns. A person, in fact, has enough for himself. They must not weigh it down with other comfort and consolation. Then attention is brought to the whole person as a patient, in their global reality, not realizing just about all of their physical needs. Having said that, the psychological, relational, social and spiritual also need to be kept in perspective. The example of Christ can be taken in this regard.

For the effectiveness of any counseling model, the Christian counselor should have basic skills for him or her to work from within a particular framework. Skills in Christian counseling are very important and are obligatory. The patient and the counselor must be able to function together despite the approach used. A Christian counselor should be able to learn and emphasizes authenticity and empathy during the sessions. Greggo and Sisemore observe that there has to be a certain level of truth and care. If the counselor, for instance, does not have such skills, there will be difficulty in nurturing a productive relationship.

Some skills are not required for it to work with a caring attitude. Authenticity and empathy alone are not enough. Clinton and George offered some of the basic techniques which a Christian counselor ought to apply in his or her tasks. These are; attending, responding, listening, filtering, and teaching. There are lists of categories under which the counselor will be acknowledged, and in different ways that respond to the patients' situation. All five skills assess what seems to compliment a Christian counselor. What would allow a patient to listen is discernment attended and probed well.

According to Sanders, an individual can be too discerning and over analyze the situation shown by the patient. What would benefit a Christian counselor is having knowledge and wisdom that will ensure having a better understanding of the Biblical scripture and its function in different situations that may arise during the sessions. Cautions that may arise from the gifts are a tendency to speak the truth, and that empathy is not applied. Whatever comes accompanied by the last two essences of shepherding and evangelism is empathy. These are characteristics that best fit a Christian counselor. Discernment would also work perfectly with them as far as shepherding and evangelism are concerned.

Grief, loss, and bereavement may be regarded as the most difficult emotions, which an individual may go through in his or her lifetime. Understand how to handle these issues can be essential for Christian counselors, because the patient may be touched directly or indirectly following personal relationships developed between the two. Bereavement is a result of grieve, which takes place following the death of a person. Instances of grief would also be experienced after a "divorce, disaster, life transition, or misfortune.” These are emotions that are normal following human reactions. Christianity, according to Davediuk, does not offer an escape route from grieving, but it gives away to grief while having hope. In both the Old and the New Testament, grieving is found. It could be argued that Christian hope in Biblical scriptures points to the cross while grieving.

Christian Counselors

The Christian counselor would be able to connect well with the patients by using examples of Jesus Christ himself. To use examples from the Bible to show Jesus's experiences is a way of showing empathy from God to the patient. It helps to show that God is concerned and engaged in every person and their struggles of fighting grief through the installation of hope via the act of bereavement. The Christian counselors offer ultimate hope by using the Bible. Additionally, Christian counselors provide comfort, especially in an earthly realm, but the hope in Christianity is in waiting. When one passes from this world, emotions and grief will be experienced firsthand. However, Christian counseling cautions that the scripture should not be applied in a manner that provides a passage for an answer to the ones grieving.

Christian counselors have a responsibility with acceptance of the current psychological practices into the counseling practices with the lack of critical assessment. Others, however, have a firm attempt to reject offers from social science. The responsibility of a Christian counselor consists of the identification of the specific problems in the patient's case presented; identify principles from the Bible that are in line with the case. Further, apply these Biblical principles to the case for a better understanding of the case and solve it. Christian counselors, however, should not take everything that God has presented, but to also apply to the truths from social sciences, which is derived from the insights after studying the behavior of man.

The difference in views of a patient is implied and applied in different models of Christian counseling. There is the case of a client-centered therapy, which assumes that everyone and thing has the potential for healing, growth, and change and that it resides within an individual. Directive counseling is used to reflect on the total helplessness of a person, his or her sinful nature, and the lack of strength to assist them. Help is believed to originate from God and the therapist. The former helps in heightening the patient’s dependency, but further weakens the therapist’s responsibility.

The Psychological Advantages of Christian Counseling

Christian counseling is advantageous since an individual is more interested in the answers than the better understanding of the actual problem, through this learning patience becomes easier. The patient would thus be able to experience patience and be more compassionate, especially when listening to the counselors. However, there are a few instances that Christian counselors ought to put into consideration. For example, when the counselors are attending to the people, it would be complicated to minimize or overlook certain effects that resulted in the troublesome upbringing of a patient. For example, when children are brought up with the expectations of becoming loving and mature, and responsible members of the community, they feel neglected, abused, or poorly guided. The outcome would have profound effects on their relationships and personal lives. Christian counseling thus can look back for a better understanding of the influences that helped structure an individual while growing up and what shapes their current approach to life.

Christian counseling is advantageous over other forms of counseling since it is not created in isolation, but in a nurtured social context. For better or worse, MacDonald noted that each personal story in one way or the other, has been significant in shaping a person. Christian counseling is advantageous because wisdom considers a wider perspective in what life holds while aiming at helping individuals in their deeper spiritual needs. When it involves a deeper life issue, which individuals hold in patterns not flourishing based on God's will. Then it is more often that a person's spiritual and social context can be explored in a section of the diagnosis. Christian counseling is thus validated because the one fact of the key components of flourishing is the association of that one in conjunction. However, Davediuk observed that some Christian counselors react with suspicion towards what is of medical aid. The reaction is often accompanied by negative posture, which is present in bio-psychiatry and secular-psychiatry. Christian counseling, however, does not allow misguided or superficial assumptions, no matter how condescending, to cause reactions among the Christian counselors. It should be known, therefore, that a biblically-based approach to Christian counseling respects all dimensional forms of a person. These Christian counselors use a wider possible lens for better understanding while addressing human behavior. All this offers the counselors with a holistic and unique advantage of being honest in handling human problems.

To be good, Christian counseling well-informs the ability to change their status quo. In a scenario where an individual commits heinous acts, Christian counseling gives hope of a better tomorrow. With such an assessment, individuals are motivated to do good things and become better people. For this reason, Christian counseling is observed to have a psychological advantage over Biblical counseling. Also, Christian counseling seeks to obtain answers from within an individual's mind. As mentioned before, according to Christian counseling, solutions are not obtained from the Word of God rather; they are the spill from one's mind. Consequently, it is inevitable to note the relationship between psychology and Christian counseling. According to Davediuk, some Christians consider psychology as a rival of Christianity but, Christian counseling aims to give the correct notion about the role of psychology in Christian counseling. It is through the field of psychology that individuals gain a deeper comprehension of the nature of humankind. Also, psychology attempts to give more insight into human beings concerning God, as the Supreme Being. Additionally, as mentioned before, Christian counseling is important because it does not fully forfeit Biblical tenets.

As a psychological advantage; Christian Counseling equips individuals with the knowledge that it incorporates psychology but, does not render psychology as the absolute inference. It is important to note that Christian counseling revolves around different aspects of psychology. Irrespective of the fact that psychology began with Sigmund Freud, and Carl Jung; there are other branches of the field that necessarily concerns Christian counseling. Consequently, Christian counselors employ different approaches depending on the problem at hand. Furthermore, Christian counseling not only equips individuals with the knowledge that God is the highest being but, also informs them that individuals are capable of repairing the problems that are within themselves. Moreover, it is important to focus widely on Biblical counseling to fully understand the psychological advantage of Christian counseling.

According to Greggo and Sisemore, there are aspects of humanity that are fixed by Biblical doctrines while there are those areas that are improved through secular teaching. Consequently, the employment of Christian counseling is at the upper hand as it houses both Biblical and secular teachings. As is opposed to Christian counseling, this form only incorporates matters of the Holy Spirit to assess clients. According to Biblical counselors, it is solely the scripture of God that provides solutions to the problems of human beings. For this reason, these counselors do not believe in the need for psychology and psychological approaches. However, taking this approach would prove futile; as both Biblical and secular approaches are important in the aspects of human life. Even though the counselors are more experienced in the field, they are expected to allow the clients to stick to their views and opinions. Christian counseling works within the individual’s mind hence the psychological advantage dictates that the final opinion should emanate from the individual's point of view.

Diversity among Pastoral Counseling (RPA) and Psychological Counseling

These and other questions have accompanied the development of the RPA from the 40 of 1900 until today. Very schematically, we can see the singularity of the RPA. It is a pastoral ministry which is so typical of the believer and the Community by means of which one is driven to a concrete subject's redemptive love and healing power of the Lord. It exceeds the varied problematic forms of life difficulties, in order to integrate its growth; so we can say that the RPA makes a 'pastoral', without psychology, although it uses data. As regards to the function of psychology in the RPA, it is twofold. The first is offering a more realistic policy, in particular, the rationale for the basis of their behavior. Despite the necessary distinction of tasks, the psychology provides valuable data, even indispensable, warning against moralism abstract and remembering that there is deep human labor that may be suffered. Otherwise, with ease not warned and not sufficiently considered. Also, the counselor's pastoral study of psychology is that this risk can be exchanged for authentic spirituality events that have the disease. At the same time, it stresses the importance of making truth on them to avoid undue projections on people encountered. The other function of psychology is to propose major innovations in the methodology of the report and dialogue. Empirical research, for example, has shown that how the confessor relates to the penitent special importance to the result that the penitent can be drawn from the confession. This can even happen when it always leaves a space of unlimited intervention.

The psychology and the various systems offered a psychotherapeutic important lesson to pastoral counselors, inviting them to overcome moralistic attitudes. Such a lesson was necessary if you think that the pastoral relationship of aid has often been, over the centuries, paternalistic, hierarchical and authoritarian. The importance of the resources offered by the psychology of the RPA must not give the impression that the latter is to be understood as any therapeutic process. Since its tendency is to help people grow and find their exact relationship with God, the RPA is a process religious, through which the person experiences the Lord that redeems, heals, reconciles. It also promotes growth towards the fullness of life. This act of redemption shows, the pastoral counselor is not the mediator.

The RPA formal means, however, a certain awareness of the problem by the person in need of help and the willingness to engage in a process of helping the relationship. It is structured according to standards and methodologies particularly shared by both partners of the report. Therefore, by observing the behavior of people, greeting them, visiting them in families, in the hospital, in the workplace, etc. you can seize the moment more propitious for help that can succeed crucial to their well-being and their salvation. The empathic counselor, however, includes the experience of the patient as his own. Keeping then a sufficient effective distance, which is necessary to ensure objectivity to its assessment of the situation. The practice of empathy, finally, is possible only if the director pastoral agrees to be vulnerable. That is likely to 'get hurt' by the experiences of the patient. The step is advantageous considering it requires clear thoughts and evaluations of every therapy aspect model. This evaluative process ideally, would occur frequently at a higher level. Unfortunately, most Christian psychologists are not necessarily in programs with the Christian world view. Those with it have a very distinct advantage in the process, even though some Christian institutions are to a larger extent intentional than others that are about assisting students to go through the evaluative process. The majority of psychologists come to terms with their psychotherapy model, but after confronting the practical realities. What would be very advantageous at this point in the previous experiences of evaluation models?

Davediuk has come up with appraisal psychotherapy models. Every major model is thoroughly and carefully compared with most of the Christian presuppositions. They concluded in the end that, "no theory of the theories could be rejected out of the hand; however, none could also be wholeheartedly endorsed by Christian counseling.” Every single theory is lacking, especially when it is compared with God's view; however, some drags closer than others based on the Worldview of the Bible. While God's word presents a great deal in terms of personhood, it, however, fails to propose the exact psychology until today.

Importance of Anthropology for Christian Counseling

First, it offers a narrative optic, more so with organizing the empirical information. Most of the domains and in particular the most important ones provide anthropological dominant categories. They do so for organizing information that pertains to human personality, future flourishing, and pathology. To organize information in this manner helps Christian counselors in viewing deep into people's aspects. McMinn observed how this optic can represent a predictive role in the investigation while coming to understand the disorder's origins. For example, an adult client is faced with problems with issues of intimacy or always feeling uncomfortable with the interpersonal setting, it would force one to refuse to be in a relationship. It is fair, but by no means infallible, the presumptions for the therapists to guide the direction of psychological therapy. Secondly, these domains can offer a normative hermeneutic of the interpretive lens for the interpretation of clinical information. Every domain presents normative truths that concern people with implications for people flourishing spousal complementary, engendered embodiment, and the need for selfless love. This is advantageous as it presents centrality to the family, responsible freedom; knowability of the truth, and nature's perfectibility. Additionally, these are useful because of the interpretive principles for the empirical data.

Christian counseling steers one away from having false concluding statements, in which the data may be interpreted in response to erroneous principles that may justify. Thirdly, McMinn noted that they provide a more cosmological, eschatological, and ontological backdrop for placing human existence in a more disordered world. Christian counseling provides answers that weigh transcendent questions. For example, the origin, nature, and human destiny. Also, it questions the evils of a person, profession's relevancy, and the gravest human soul disorders. Again, it provides the epistemological foundation for underlying assumptions of the psychology of the basic goodness of a person and grounds of hope across the universe.

PART III: METHODOLOGY

The methodology applied in Christian counseling revolves around pragmatism. For one to be pragmatic, this section focuses on leaders as learners. Christian counseling focuses more on leadership despite the practical approach, which nonetheless is a representation of a standard of maintaining a sense of excellence in counseling. To achieve a standard of excellence, a counselor will have to work towards two movements; divergence and convergence. The first is about "internal alignment of beliefs, values, behaviors, and attitudes". The second is about "stretching towards current beliefs, values, habits, and preferences in a more desired state." Instances of convergence would call for more consistency in terms of philosophy, theology, and methodology. Christian counseling should ensure that deed and word are inconsistent with each other. Divergence, on the other hand, presents a component of ceaseless dialectic.

Christian counselors that are internally committed to the excellence of the practice ask questions that are in alignment with him or her and his or her learners. MacDonald observed that front-runners as learners will turn out to be leaders who do not focus on providing answers, but rather prefer to ask questions. The beneficiaries of continued and education of leadership tend to benefit from the strategic planning of concepts. An outline on how to handle pragmatism in methodology is the main domain in responding to implementation and curriculum design. Furthermore, Christian counseling not only equips individuals with the knowledge that God is the highest being but, also informs them that individuals are capable of repairing the problems that are within themselves. Also, it is important to note that Christian counseling revolves around different aspects of psychology. Irrespective of the fact that psychology began with Sigmund Freud, and Carl Jung; there are other branches that are necessary about Christian counseling. Consequently, Christian counselors employ different approaches depending on the problem at hand. For example; when a client has issues leaning towards grief, they are not given the same treatment that is given to a client struggling with addictions.

Christian counseling is also important as it gives individuals practical solutions to various contemporary issues in society. When it comes to matters of morality, Biblical counseling dictates that individuals should pray, and shun the practice but, in the real sense; that is not necessarily a solution. On the other hand, the psychological advantage of Christian counseling often equips individuals with actual and practical solutions to overcome the issue. Christian counseling gives individuals deeper insight into how they may avoid temptations. Also, Christian counseling equips individuals with knowledge concerning the reasons that tempt individuals to engage in sinful acts. Christian counseling offers practical solutions such as the ones prior mentioned. It is through the realization of the causes of sin that individuals can shy away from the sinful acts. Consequently, it is important to note that the psychological advantage of Christian counseling makes it a better form as compared to Biblical counseling.

Christian counseling plays the role of assisting individuals in becoming aware of their emotions. The psychological advantage also allows them to identify with God about their emotions and feelings. Unlike Biblical counseling, Christian counseling creates the possibility of individuals getting in touch with their personal needs and desires. As mentioned above, psychology is not the ultimate end of Christian counseling. The counselors reckon that psychology is a tool that connects them to God; who is the final authority, and the giver of life. It is also important for individuals to realize that the psychological advantage requires the presence of God for human beings to be fully satisfied.

Research Methodology

This research study will use qualitative research methods for conducting research which involves a secondary approach for the research. The research will encompass publications, articles and similar studies accessible on the Internet. Keeping in view the approach taken in earlier studies, the research began with a broad analysis of the existing literature. The findings and conclusions will be based on the secondary data. Christian counseling informs individuals of their goodness; and their ability to change their status quo. In the event where an individual commits heinous acts, Christian counseling gives hope of a better tomorrow. With such an assessment, individuals are motivated to do good things and become better people. For this reason, Christian counseling is observed to have a psychological advantage over biblical counseling. Additionally, Christian counseling seeks to obtain answers from within an individual’s mind. As mentioned before, according to Christian counseling, solutions are not obtained from the Word of God rather; they are sought from one’s mind. Consequently, it is inevitable to note the relationship between psychology and Christian counseling.

Also, it is important to note that some Christian counselors employ Biblical teachings in a larger scope of their teachings. However, they also incorporate psychological approaches while still focusing more on Biblical teachings. For this reason, counselors must be well versed in their field for the execution of commendable results. In regard to Christian counseling, there are a good number of people who have shared their testimonies to give an overview of the form of counseling. It is noted that most of those who have benefited from Christian counseling are married couples. The majority of the couples have stayed together for a long time, underwent Christian counseling to improve their marriages. Through the psychological advantage of Christian counseling, these couples believe that their marriage lives instantly improved after the counseling sessions. Also, the counseling sessions serve in assisting the married couples in facing the various challenges and troubles encountered in life.

Data Collection Method

Many researchers have stated that the most critical part of the study is the collection of the right data from the right sources. For this particular study, secondary data will be collected by the researcher.

Secondary Data

Using the internet as a source of searching, the researcher will also collect secondary data for this particular study. Various public, as well as private libraries, will be accessed by the researcher using the internet. The purpose of collecting secondary data from various reliable and authentic sources is to acquire previously conducted similar studies and researches. This step is for enhancing the understandings to acquire better outcomes. However, most of the collected secondary data will be included in the literature and all the data will be acquired from reliable sources relevant to the study.

Data Analysis Technique

The researcher in this particular study intended to select a qualitative research method to ascertain different perspectives related to the psychological advantage of Christian counseling.

Sampling Method

Researchers have stated that there are two types of sampling methods that are widely adopted across various studies. For instance, random sampling and purposive or non-probability sampling methods. In random sampling, all elements of the population have an equal probability of getting selected for contribution to the study. However, in the case of a purposive or non-probability sampling method, only certain elements of the population have the probability of getting selected for participation in the study. For this particular study, the researcher will select a purposive or non-probability sampling method.

Research Approach

The research study has used qualitative approaches for the research. The researcher will adopt an interview method for understanding the perception of consumers regarding the importance of branding and brand image. Qualitative research is explained as a subjective and scientific approach as it seeks to find answers in a systematic manner using a predefined set of procedures. Qualitative research focuses on sharing characteristics. In addition to this, it seeks to find the answer to a given topic or problem. Qualitative research was helpful in effectively obtaining information in qualitative form and wordings. The qualitative research is capable of providing an in-depth analysis of complex textual description about the way people think and experience a particular issue given in research. Qualitative research approach helps in analyzing the humanistic approach of an issue. It involves, contradictory and similar behaviors, opinions, relationships, beliefs, and emotions of people.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary Data

The main advantage of collecting secondary data is saving in resources. The researcher collected the data from the current market statistics, conferences, journals, books, thesis, essay, organization's databases, organization websites, organization communication, journals, newspaper, articles, diaries, reports and minutes of committees, TV interviews and many other sources. In comparative research, it is easy to collect secondary data. Disadvantages of collecting secondary data is not being able to get access to some data. Further, it can be expensive to get access and data may contain error.

Limitations

Several limitations of our study must be mentioned. These limitations also provide avenues for further research. It was assumed that the data sources used within the studies were reliable and had valid data. As in any other dissertation or research project, this dissertation will also carry its limitations or scope. Lack of comprehensive information may be another limitation.

Accessing the information is the biggest limitation of qualitative research methodology. Secondly, identifying and accessing various relevant resources is also difficult for researchers. Thirdly, managing time becomes an essential limitation. The researcher needs to take and understand where he or she wants to spend more time and on which part it is more important to focus. The research needs to understand the importance of time so that it is easier to assign it to every part of the research.

Then there come some limitations for acquiring the right kind of guidance and material for editing. The researchers then also require proofreading the material and get the peer reviews on it.

Validity

Validity is considered to the ability of a research instrument to represent the characteristics accurately and appropriately for particular phenomena. Validity can be conducted keeping three perspectives in mind: criterion-related validity, construct validity and content validity. The content validity is majorly concerned with the instruments and samples used in specific research. It also addresses the degree to which it assures that the entire phenomenon is explored in adequate detail. Criterion validity is referred to the comparison between findings, analysis, and method that has been used for the research against the standard that has been established. Construct validity is a process of the relation between the instrument chosen for the research and the construct that has been studied.

Validity is also presented from the perspective of external and internal validity. The researcher will observe that internal validity is a product based on the quality of the original research and to some extent, it could be assessed depending upon the quality of the methodology that has been employed. The external validity is said to be assessed through a hard description related to the field, the impressiveness of the data collected and complete coverage of the care that has been used in the data collected. Creswell also cited Goetz and LeCompte, who have argued that the reports must be provided an extensive detailed description related to who are the informants, the social setting of the collected data. Further, how the information or the data has been collected, the impact or role played by the status of the researcher in the method and the original academic orientation of the person conducting the research.

Keeping a reflective journal and self-description, validation of respondents, long-lasting involvement and continual observation, triangulation and peer-debriefing are some of the methods used for the establishment of validation of a study.

Reliability

Kumar has provided several definitions for the reliability, which has been considered similar to the definitions of dependability, in his article related to the requirements for the rigidity if qualitative research. He has also cited Hungler and Polit in explaining reliability as the ability of an instrument to determine various aspects. Haber and LoBiond-Wood, whose explanation was the constancy or consistency of a measuring instrument. As has been observed previously, the researcher herself or himself is the actual study instrument for the research. All these explanations and definitions restate the need of the researcher to keep out the judgmental attitude, preconceptions, preconceiving attitude and should remain as detached to the results as possible.

Davies has demonstrated a definition from Hammersley which explains that reliability in secondary research. It points towards the extent of consistency with which the examples are classified in analogous groups by an analogous observer or by various observes on different occasions. This particular definition presented last has distinguished playing an active role in the study, for the person conducting the research. Although all of the definitions relate to the confidence in the collection of the information.

Ethical Considerations

The researcher is fully aware of the ethical issues involved in this work. The responsibility for all methods and ethical issues associated with the task of the principal investigators. The research was conducted so that the integrity of the research company will remain. Further, the contradictory effects that could undermine the promise for future research were avoided. The choice of study subjects based on the best technical approach and an evaluation of the advantage of the promise of the participants and humanity about the risk to be conveyed by the participants. This study is associated with an issue considered important.

Several ethical issues are involved during the conduction of research. Ethics involved in the research demand that some of the considerations which are usually regarded as norms of the research, stick for the formation of the process, the analysis, and probable implications. If the research findings have a strong backing, then the norms act as a guiding light. The status should be identified clearly while reporting the data, procedures, methods and publication status. The information collected for the research should be from authentic agencies or the general public. The report should contain objectivity, which means the researcher must not be biased while interpreting the data. Truthfulness must be highly considered. Caution, means to take care and avoid making mistakes which could result in blunders and disasters. Moreover, there should be respect for confidentiality and intellectual property. Providing respect to peers, being responsible for teaching and mentoring, legal aspects of the research are among some of the ethical problems that should also be considered.

Furthermore, another aspect which is a very important ethical issues is while conducting research or survey and acquiring others' perceptions of certain things, the researcher should not force or influence the participants of the research. One more very essential aspect is when the data that has been collecting is prohibited for publishing according to the law or if the company does not allow dispersing its information. Then the researcher should respect the laws and avoid asking for the information. Things that are also considered unethical include wrong techniques used for the data analysis, spying to get more information, asking an organization about its internal matters when they are avoiding it, and so on.

PART IV: DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Christian Psychology

To increase its effectiveness in counseling, many leaders' church has turned to the expertise of psychologists and other health professionals. Psychology is a highly complex field of study that deals with both human and animal behavior. The university students who take a course of general introductory psychology would know that they are often a cluster of statistics, technical terms and "scientific information" about a lot of seemingly irrelevant topics. Pastoral counseling seminars tend to be more relevant and focused on people, yet the student (and sometimes Professor) can get lost in a maze of theories and techniques that are not very useful when one is facing a people who are confused and hurt. This squabbles some authors to reject psychology, including the field of counseling, and conclude that the Bible is all that a Christians need to help others.

Jay Adams argues that psychiatrists (and presumably psychologists) have appropriated the work of preachers and have dedicated themselves to the dangerous occupation of trying to change the behavior and values of the people in an ungodly way. Addressing pastors, Adam argues that "through careful study of the Word of God, watching biblical principles describes people you advise.” They can get all the information and experience they need to become a competent and reliable Christian counselor. The word psychology is the study of the soul; rather it describes a grouping of various therapies and theories that are fundamentally humanistic.

As mentioned above, the danger in the field of counseling is that it can instead become a Christian humanist. Dr. MacArthur says that the urgency to embrace psychology within the church is puzzling since they have been enemies from the beginning. In the 1950s, they believed psychotherapists possess superior knowledge and more effective therapies that counseling traditional spiritual could offer. Everyone directly claimed that directors' spiritual and clergy should stay out of their territory. While it is true that it has been a reunion between some pastors and psychologists over the last forty years. Many individuals have given way to the belief that pastors are not "qualified" to advice. At present, the "Christian" psychology has left the church to establish clinics and is a multibillion-dollar business.

Thus, Dr. MacArthur, Jay Adams, and other conservative Christian counselors urge to renew our emphasis on biblical counseling psychology. They no longer use terms tinged with biblical words and phrases, but rather make a diligent effort to help people solve their problems by guiding objective truth and transforming the Scriptures’. Collins emphasized that in studying the techniques and strategies of counseling Christians must be aware that all truth comes from God, including the truth about the people he has created. He has revealed this truth through the Bible, God's written Word to humans, and has also allowed us to discover the truth through experience and scientific research methods. The truth discovered by these means must always be consistent and corroborated by the standard of biblical truth revealed.

While we accept the fact that Psychology can be a great help for the Christian counselor, but he must also find truly helpful contributions. The guides who followed people who are committed followers of Jesus Christ, they are familiar with the literature on psychology and counseling, and training in counseling and research methods, and are effective as directors. These very guides understand the importance to recognize the inspiration and authority of the Bible, both as the standard by which all psychology must be tested, and the written Godly word with which all must agree that counseling is valid. The church must recover its reliance on spiritual resources God provides. We must return to the conviction that only Scripture is "inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness "(2 Timothy 3:16).” Evangelicals should rediscover Biblical counseling and reintroduce the Word of God in its proper place. They should tell that it corresponds as the supreme authority and discerning the thoughts and correct intents of the heart. There, is something attractive about being a counselor.

Many people see counseling as a glamorous activity that consists of giving advice, healing broken relationships and helping people solve their problems. Counseling can be a ery rewarding labor. However, it does not take long to discover that it can also be a difficult and emotionally draining task. Moses discovered this when the children of Israel camped at the foot of Mount Hereby, on their journey from Egypt to the Promised Land. There, Moses received a visit from his father, Jethro (Exodus 18: 1-7). He was glad to hear details about the exit and the journey from Egypt, but also, he felt distressed to learn that Moses spent whole days listening to complaints and “Judging" the people. Then, as sometimes the in-laws often do, Jethro he decided to offer his advice to Moses. He told Moses that was wearing out, and He suggested that he chose "able men" to address less serious matters. These men should be honest and God-fearing (Exodus 18:21), be available "At all times" (Exodus 18:22) and Moses willing to refer more problems complex (Exodus 18:26).

Counseling can be defined as a relationship between two or more people in which one person (the counselor) seeks to advise, encourage and/or assist another person or people (recommended) to deal more effectively with the problems of the way life. Counseling may have several objectives, including achieving changes in behavior, attitudes or values. It also prevents problems from becoming more serious; teach social skills; promote the expression of emotions; provide support in times of need; providing insight and guidance in making; teach responsibility; encourage spiritual growth; and help advise to put to work the internal resources in times of crisis.

Unlike psychotherapy, counseling rarely aims to radically alter or change personality. Christian counseling differs from other types of counseling a fundamental aspect, which is the inclusion of the religious dimension. The purpose of spiritual counseling is to lead men and women to a right relationship with God and take them to experience abundant life. "In Greek, the word save means to heal or bring healing; therefore, salvation is wholeness, healing, and deliverance from all and perverts that destroys human personality and prevents fellowship with God". The Christian counselor seeks to be an expert on spiritual growth, to be especially helpful to people who are interested in God and areas such as values, sin, forgiveness, guilt, and other religious themes.

Counseling Techniques

Christian counselor uses many techniques that have been developed and used by nonbelievers, but Christian counseling has at least four Distinctive features.

Starting Points Singular

No director is completely objective or neutral in terms of budgets. Each director brings their point of view of the counseling situation and these influence their judgments and opinions, whether it is recognized or not. Despite theological differences, most counselors who call themselves Christians have (or should have) beliefs about the attributes of God, the nature of human beings, the authority of Scripture, the reality of sin, God's forgiveness and future hope. Our life and our caretaker will be different if we believe that God has spoken to mankind, who created the universe through His Son, which made provision for the forgiveness of sins and upholding all things by the awesome power of its mandate.

Unique Goals

Like our secular colleagues, counselors advised Christians to seek help to change their behavior, attitudes, values, and/or perceptions. They seek to teach skills, including social skills; stimulate recognition and expression of emotions; provide support in times of need; teach responsibility; offer insight; guide decision-making; help advise to mobilize domestic resources and the environment in times of crisis; teach skills for conflict resolution; and increased competition and "self-update "the advised. However, the Christian counselor goes further. He seeks to stimulate growth spiritual advised; stimulate confession of sin and experience forgiveness divine; modeling standards, attitudes, values and styles of Christian life; submit gospel message, urging advised to give their lives to Jesus Christ; and stimulate advised to develop values and live a life based on biblical teachings, according to the standard’s relativistic humanism.

Unique Methods

All counseling techniques have at least four characters. They seek to awaken the belief that help is possible, correct mistaken beliefs about the world, develop skills for social life, and it is helping the advised to accept you as a person of value. To achieve these objectives, counselors consistently used certain basic techniques; listen, show interest, try to understand and, at least occasionally, provide the address. Too often Christian counselors and non-Christians use the same methods of help. However, the Christian counselor does not use techniques of counseling that are considered immoral or inconsistent with biblical teaching. All anti-biblical values should be avoided, whether secular therapists dousing them. The Christian counselor uses techniques that are distinctively Christian. Some common examples of these techniques are prayers during the session counseling, reading Scripture, friendly confrontation with the true Christian, and motivated and advised individual getting involved in a local church.

Unique Features Director

In any situation of counseling, counselor should ask at least four questions. It is important that the Christian counselor understands the problems (how they arise and how they can be solved), a knowledge of biblical teaching about the problems, and be familiar with the techniques of counseling. At the heart of every true Christian aid, whether private or public, is the influence of the Holy Spirit. Their presence and influence make Christian counseling something truly unique. He is the counselor who teaches more effective characteristics: love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faith, gentleness and temperance. He is the Comforter or Helper teaches us "all things ", we remember the words of Christ, that he convicts people of sin and leads us all to all truth.

Through prayer, scripture study, growth in grace and spiritual maturity, the counselor-teacher becomes an instrument through which the Holy Spirit can work for comfort, help, teach, persuade or lead another human being. This should be the goal of every believer - be used by the Holy Spirit to touch lives, transform, and lead others to spiritual maturity and psychological wellbeing.

The church as a Healing Community

As we know, Jesus repeatedly spoke to individuals about your personal needs and met with small groups. Mainly He shared with the small group of disciples who were prepared to continue his work after his ascension into heaven. In the years after his ascension, the body of the believers continued the teaching, evangelism, ministry, and counseling. These activities were not considered as the special responsibility of leaders "Superstar" of the church but were carried out by ordinary believers. They worked, shared and cared for each other and nonbelievers outside the body. Reading the book of Acts and the Epistles it is seen that the church not only was an evangelizing community educator and discipline - it was also a healing community.

A healing community is an assembly of people characterized by a deep commitment to the group and a common interest in helping psychological, behavioral and spiritual people. The church was created to fulfill the Great Commission to make disciples (this includes evangelism) and teach. The early believers were united in the fellowship which included a community relationship with each other, a society that actively promotes the gospel and edified believers, and mutual sharing of experiences, learning, worship, needs, and material possessions. Christ summarized his teachings in two laws: love God and love others. This should be placed within the confines of a group of believers, each of which has received gifts and abilities necessary for the edification of the church.

As a group, workers direct their attention and activities to God through worship, to those outside the group through evangelism, and into the group through education, companionship and bear the burdens of one another. When any of these elements are missing, the group loses balance and believers are incomplete. As Christians we share the burdens, we realize some problems interfere with worship, evangelism, teaching, fellowship, growth, meaningful relationships, and individual maturity and personal joy. It is important to consider what causes the problems, how people are affected by them, how problems can be reduced or eliminated through the counseling especially, how we can prevent them from becoming recurrent and where can we get more information. While we consider research psychological and recent findings are relevant today, we must learn what the Bible teaching about the situations we face in life.

An Integration of the Biblical Principles in Counseling

Psychology Filtered Through the Scripture

Secular psychologists work well on the biopsychosocial model of behavior and human development. This biopsychosocial model proposes that humans operate and develop according to psychological, biological, and social influences. According to Clinton and George, we are all products of our environment and biology, which both bear equal importance. In recent times, psychologists have realized that individuals' spirituality has an impact on lives; however, they are yet to term it as imperative for life. Considering some traditional psychological models and theories based upon a sense of naturalism, they are still insufficient when viewed from a Christian counseling perspective. There are, however, a lot of positive and helpful aspects of Christian psychology to be considered, and thus there is an increasing need for integration.

Greggo and Sisemore believe that successful integration between Christianity and psychology was a passion of them. They however tried to tread carefully on the subject. Being a trained secular doctor, they identified their shortcomings while relating it to psychology and theological integration. In recent times, they noted that the nuances of Integrationist, Christian Psychology, and Biblical counseling models have since been evaluated with more notable brains. When integrating Christianity with psychology, there are important points to consider and are believed to fall under the continuum between the two.

Prominence in the Scripture and the Gospel

The use and belief of the Gospel and the Scripture are regarded as the most relevant differences between the Christian psychology and secular world. Christian psychologists, for instance, consider their worldview to be determined by the Scripture. Not only do they see their clients as people in need of God, but their understanding of disorders and mental illness also based on the Gospel worldview. Their therapeutic practices, as a result, tend to utilize the Scripture to heal the needy while glorifying Jesus.

Operating on the Middle Ground

As a trained secular psychologist, he or she appreciates the human nature’s biopsychosocial model. To learn more about human complexities provides them with notable frameworks to understand and help their clients. The environmental influence of people’s personality, the human brain intricacies, and the culture and social impact on people’s lives, according to Sanders, reminds people of their lives and that of pathology. It would not simply be reduced to such issues as sin and morality. A Christian, on the other hand, acknowledges that all human beings are separated inherently from God. The separation, according to Sanders, causes sin, disorder, and every kind of disease. However, Christian counselors are satisfied because they serve as just and loving God who provides a solution and a way out of people’s depraved state through his son, Jesus Christ.

Secular techniques would be helpful

It is not wrong to use certain interventions of secular therapy; however, the overdependence and over-reliant use of such techniques are not suggested. Personal testimonies and research conducted reveal that most secular interventions have been successful in their abatement of the symptoms. The independent integration of such techniques, however, falls short since they create individuals that are symptoms-free. The result cannot offer total dependence on salvation, sanctification, or on the Lord. The eventual result is nothing other than the freedom achieved from the current symptoms. Adams wrote that the underlying pathological causes (separation from God), has since not been solved. It is therefore hard to eliminate or remove the Gospel from therapy, and also hard to throw away all instances of secular techniques.

To get rid of research-based therapeutic practice, interventions would be considered a disservice to counselors' clients. Failure to provide clients with the skills that would help alleviate their level of psychological torture is again not preferable stewardship of our knowledge. Adams observed that to help a child with hyperactivity or attention-deficit disorder, supply their schools with necessary materials, modeling, and explain the use of appropriate time-out to the parents. Teaching them diaphragmatic breathing, and challenging with negative thoughts, are some of the examples of psychology secular techniques, which do not challenge psychology based on the scripture.

The Counselors’ Use of the Scripture

When Christian counselors do not pay attention to interpersonal processes to assist in relationships, there would be a high chance they would use some techniques that selfishly assist to serve their own needs, desires, and purposes without much consideration to the client's needs. Whether it is intentional or not, when these counselors attend to their own needs, the interventions put into place and desire to heal relationships, loses value, just like the sunset picture, which does not capture the experienced vibrancy when viewing it with the naked eye. Despite all this, the potential for much harm increases. This happens when the genuine use of the Scripture is handled and used in a manner that is un-thoughtful.

Scriptures

For all persuasions in theology, Christians believe passionately that the Scriptures from the Bible contain the actual words and God's presence. Not only are they the words of God, but are His actual words to humanity, according to MacDonald et al. Thus, we as human beings turn to God, especially when we are hurting, rejoicing, confused, or as the book of Isaiah in the Bible puts it – yearning and waiting for God and his renown to power be made known to everyone – (26:8-9). Put into consideration the following beneficial effects the Bible provides to clinical work.

Secondary reasons: Teaching and training. The book of 2nd Timothy 3:16 tells us that God's Scripture is important in training, teaching, and correcting its people so that we can serve God. When Christians study the Bible and absorb it, these Christians have a chance to gain in discernment and understanding regarding the world we live in. The Bible is different from the novel. The novel that we tend to read once in a while and talk it over with other people. Rather, the Bible is a continuous meditation on it that enables Christians to identify the good and stay away from the evil (Hebrews 5:14).

The book of Psalms tells us that the law of God is a source of sense and comfort (119:52). Apostle Paul encourages the Corinthians that prophecy, which is also the word of God, has an intended purpose. The purpose is to comfort, encourage, and strengthen the believers (1 Corinthians 14:3). The Bible acts as a comfort tool, but it is also the builder of hope. I hope that God will eventually deliver and keep the promises he had made. Apostle Paul in the book of Romans 15 educates the reader that, "everything that had been written in the past, was meant to teach us so that our endurance and encouragement of the Bible, would result in Hope.” The Psalms 119 expresses how the Psalmist finds a sense of hope in the word of God that Isaiah suggests that even the mountains and islands find hope in His laws (42:4).

The Primary Reason: Connection with God. It is easy, to sum up, the Scriptures' value as something that can provoke and comfort the counselee, which is also at the heart of most counseling strategies. These counselors aim at comforting and encouraging those people who are hurting. Yet, humans are also interested in urging them to grow in areas that they may have been stuck in. As much as it is not on the encyclopedia for every single problem, the Scripture is rich in guiding and counseling for God's people considering they live in a "broken world.” Christian counseling is a salve for wounds, discipline for the wayward offers hope for the hopeless, comfort for the depressed, and the addicts find assistance for living with distorted desire. The listed are the resources and riches the Bible offers, and it would be foolish for the Christian counselors to assume and neglect such resources.

PART V: CONCLUSION

Christian counselors and individuals with more insight greatly impact the lives of others. Christian counselors not only create a great difference in the psychological lives of individuals but, also in the general aspects of their lives. Most individuals often testify that Christian counseling is far better than Biblical counseling. According to Clinton and George, for this reason, Christian counselors are often urged to lengthen their teachings in parts of the communities other than their therapeutic offices.

Also, as mentioned before; Christian counseling is beneficial because it does not fully forfeit Biblical tenets. As a psychological advantage; Christian counseling equips individuals with the knowledge that incorporates psychology but, does not render psychology as the absolute inference. According to Davediuk, some Christians consider psychology as a rival of Christianity but, Christian counseling aims to give the correct notion about the role of psychology in Christian counseling. It is through the field of psychology that individuals gain a deeper comprehension of the nature of humankind. Also, psychology attempts to give more insight to human beings about God, as the Supreme Being.

Moreover, it is important to widely focus on Biblical counseling to fully understand the psychological advantage of Christian counseling. Biblical counseling may also be referred to as Nouthetic counseling; that revolves around therapy based on the teachings of Christ, and the Holy Bible. As opposed to Christian counseling, this form only incorporates matters of the Holy Spirit to assess clients. According to Biblical counselors, it is solely the Word of God that provides solutions to the problems of human beings. For this reason, these counselors do not believe in the need for psychology and psychological approaches. However, taking this approach would prove futile; as both Biblical and secular approaches are important in the aspects of human life. According to Greggo and Sisemore, there are aspects of humanity that are fixed by Biblical teachings while there are those areas that are improved by secular teaching. Consequently, the employment of Christian counseling is at the upper hand as it houses both Biblical and secular teachings.

Furthermore, the psychological advantage of Christian counseling makes it easier for Christians to employ psychology; which is then supplemented by the scriptures of the Bible. Also, due to its constituents, individuals gain more insight from Christian counseling. However, counselors are trained not to forcefully impose their beliefs on clients; as everyone is entitled to their opinion. Even though the counselors are more experienced in the field, they are expected to allow the clients to stick to their views and opinions. Christian counseling works within the individual's mind hence the psychological advantage dictates that the final opinion should emanate from the individual's point of view.

Concerning Jesus Christ, counselors reckon that He died for the sins of all, and for this reason; Christian counselors have the role of dispensing their teachings to as many people as possible. It is for this, and many other clear reasons that the psychological advantages of Christian counseling are noted by human beings. With knowledge, individuals can understand the phenomena that cannot be solely deciphered by Biblical teachings. As a result, most individuals resort to emulating tenets of Christianity rather than those of psychology. Nonetheless, it is also important to realize that there are instances where psychology and Christianity clash. The counseling should not be prolonged indefinitely. With the time, both the counselor and the counseled put an end to this focused relationship intensely on solving problems.

Counseling Theories

It is impossible to give a precise estimate of the number of counseling theories that exist today. Among the most popular theories is Adler’s theory, analysis of Carl Jung, existential therapy, therapy customer-centric Carl Rogers, Gestalt therapy, transactional analysis, Glaser's reality therapy, rational-emotive therapy Albert Ellis, the various behavioral therapies, social learning theory, and family systems therapy. Also, several Christian authors have proposed biblical approaches to counseling, including counseling nouthetic Jay Adams, Lawrence biblical counseling Crabb, and spiritual therapy and counseling Charles Solomon growth Howard Clinebell. You may wonder why to bother to consider the theory.

The Theories are as systems of theology - summarize what we know and believe, what we seek to achieve and how to attain our goals. Theories help us incorporate all the facts of behavior and human problems in any kind of integrated, comprehensive, and useful framework. Theoretical approaches provide us guidance when we seek to help people who are dealing with their problems. We cannot say any of the Christian theorists are right. Many continue with one or another of current theoretical knowledge and many Christians are defining as eclectic. This word describes those who prefer to extract concepts and techniques of a variety of approaches rather than be restricted to a single theory. Eclecticism is to collect ideas in an intellectually lazy way by accident. Furthermore, it is an approach that takes various sources conscientiously and allows, in time to get to develop your style of counseling. There is no single way to do this, and there is no single right way to advice. Jesus used a variety of approaches, depending on the needs of people who came to him.

Christian counselors, including those, more diligently strive to be Biblical; they use a variety of approaches and sometimes disagree with the theoretical views of their Christian colleagues. It is important to understand the different theories, but ultimately each of us must depend on the Holy Spirit to work through our personality and our prospects and enable us to help others more effectively.

Christian counseling incorporates all Biblical counseling and the tenets of psychology. Also, the parties need to realize that the final authority is God. According to Greggo and Sisemore, different Christian counselors employ diverse approaches to Biblical scriptures. They borrow very heavily from the Bible teachings, while others employ a snippet of the Bible scriptures into their counseling sessions. Moreover, Christian counselors are seen to forsake completely some aspects emanating from the Word of God.

It is through Biblical counseling that Christian counselors understand the real problem within their clients during the assessment. As prior mentioned, the integration of psychology and Christianity has assisted some individuals concerning Christian counseling. These counselors more often ignore matters to do with the reality and power of God thus depicting psychology to be more important than Bible scriptures. It is for this reason that some Christians believe that psychology is the religion taking the place of Christianity. Also, it is salient to note that counseling is powerful concerning the comprehension of oneself, and that of the concept of Christ's actions in one's life. It is also necessary to incorporate Biblical counseling in the understanding of the psychological advantages of Christian counseling. Through Biblical counseling, individuals obtain insight concerning the form of counseling hence easily distinguishing it from Christian counseling. Most counselors outline that the two forms of counseling are interdependent because they borrow some teachings from one another.

According to Adams, human beings cannot operate based on one end hence they require both secular psychologies, and biblical scriptures to lead satisfactory, and fulfilling lives. It should be noticed that scientists and psychologists have proved the existence of the relationship between psychology, and the Word of God. The psychologists reckon that the scriptures do not only control the lives of human beings but also, by the mind. Consequently, integration of the scriptures and the mind result in Christian counseling that incorporates both worlds. Moreover, psychologists outline that human beings are a complicated species thus we need psychology that assists counselors in understanding this complicated nature.

These Christian counselors incorporate secular psychology, often settle for techniques, and theories that, are the best design to their individualistic preferences. Biblical doctrines, the Holy Spirit, and the scriptures are not sufficient in defining the complicated nature of man. The psychological advantages of Christian counseling also outline that Christian counselors are at the upper hand of changing society as compared to Biblical counselors. Due to their teachings, their clients are assessed without any form of limitations. It is also necessary to remember that Christian counselors uphold the Bible and view it as a source of inspiration during the assessment of their clients. Through taking the approach of secular psychology, it is evident that there are a good number of psychological advantages concerning Christian counseling.

Regardless of the understandable psychological advantages of Christian counseling, some Christians do not endorse the integration of psychology and Christianity. Also, it is salient that scientists have proved psychological methods of Christian counseling and compared with God's Holy Scripture. Psychology plays a key role in getting a clear picture and understanding Christianity and Christian counseling. According to psychologists, spirituality and spiritual acts directly affect the lives of an individual. Christianity and psychology are often led to be assumed to have different views. Hence, they are not be classified together. However, depicting the views it has been discovering that psychology has appositive aspects. For this reason, they are classified together with the tenets of Christianity in a bid to produce better results.

Biblical counseling is often referred to as pastoral endeavors because these counselors aim to cleanse wholly and assess their clients with the Holy Blood of Jesus Christ. Therefore, the necessity as mentioned above of psychology in Christian counseling is valid because this form of counseling incorporates secular psychology. According to research, Christian counseling is important in the mending of an individual's spiritual life through non-spiritual ways. Christian counseling revolves around the art of assessing clients concerning secular psychology and Bible scriptures. It is important to note that biblical counseling forfeits all matters to do with secular psychology hence it wholly derives its approaches from the Bible. Christian counselors assess both spiritual and normal spiritual ways and that has played a great roll in producing desired results. On the other hand, Biblical counseling wholly refers to the bible hence it does not yield substantial results.

Additionally, a more responsible way of an individual is to nurture a relationship that must recognize the sinful way of a person. To encourage him or her and assume responsibility for his or her behavior and feelings, and together with the counselor, rely on the power the Holy Spirit intends to subject on the client. Consequently, the reliance is not an avoidance of a technique considering God is not overwhelmed by us and thus forces us into His wishes.

Psychology plays a key role in getting a clear picture and understanding Christianity and Christian counseling. According to psychologist's spirituality, directly affect the lives of an individual. It is often thought that psychology and Christianity both lean toward different views that are not stated facts together. However, depicted research shows that other aspects of psychology are productive. For this reason, they are classified together with the tenets of Christianity in a bid to produce better results. Regardless of the comprehensible psychological advantages of Christian counseling, some Christians do not endorse the integration of psychology and Christianity. Also, psychological methods and Christian counseling are salient compared with God's Holy Scripture.

Christian counseling revolves around the art of assessing clients about secular psychology, and bible scriptures. It is important to note that biblical counseling forfeits all matters to do with secular psychology hence it wholly derives its approaches from the Bible. Christian counseling and pastoral counsel's endeavors their aim of success wholly to cleanse and assess their clients with the Holy Blood of Jesus Christ. Therefore, the necessity of psychology in Christian counseling is valid because this form of counseling incorporates secular psychology. According to research, Christian counseling is important in the mending of an individual's spiritual life through non-spiritual ways. Christian counsel ring regard that spiritual or none spiritual plays a great role in producing desirable results. Counselors assess individual’s regard of spiritual or none spiritual ways thus, have proven to play a great part of results. Through Christian counseling, individuals are assessed about both spiritual and non-spiritual ways, and that plays a great role in producing desired results. On the other hand, biblical counseling wholly refers to the bible hence it does not yield substantial results.

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Appendix

The Psychology In My Life

The Psychology In My Life

Psychology can be defined as “the scientific study of the human mind and its functions,

especially those affecting behaviour in a given context."

Given its definition, psychology has a parameter for relying more on results instead of personal experience or individual narratives. This is a real theory on which all areas of science are based upon, i.e., reasonable evidence that signifies reality. Hence the science of psychology employs gathering of all the facts and appraising them according to defined rules that can assure their relevance to reality. On the contrary, a personal anecdote may be compromised due to personal affiliations of feelings for a particular theory causing tampering with the evidence.

Hence evidence constructed on personal involvement may prove to be erroneous or misleading. So, in psychology, a greater inclination is based on the results from scientific studies since they have objective evidence in association with the respective theory. Hence, this report will view several primary and secondary reviews is revolving around various psychological methods that might prove to be helpful for me when it comes to career choices.

Discussion

The first concept that might have had a crucial role while choosing a career, in my opinion, is of overconfidence. Overconfidence can be explained as the origin of all psychological biases. Overconfidence in one's abilities, when it might be an asset and a necessitation to succeed; it may also be a source of a disadvantage since it hinders one's ability to accurately assess his strengths and weaknesses and identify which opportunities might be the best for him. Overconfidence can henceforth be regarded as one of the most significant and ubiquitous sources behind numerous predispositions rendering accurate judgment inaccurate. I have found that when pursuing my career, it has always been a source of vulnerability. Research has shown that a person can make better decisions and judgment calls in the absence of this trait since its lack allow one to critically reflect and carefully assess what strategy might prove to be the best under the current circumstances. The second factor is alcoholism which can be rendered as an essential factor behind each decision making. Alcohol consumption targets the part of each character that is focused on the gratification of immediate needs. The needs can be crucial or not; however, the reliance on alcohol affects our decisions drastically. Research has shown that in its absences a person can become queasy or restless. However, when it comes to making a career choice, one needs to deal with reality in a socially responsible manner. A perfect career choice is an actual responsibility which involves making decisions and behavioural choices that are acceptable in society. It concentrates on right and wrong and what is morally apt. Hence, the need is to rely more on our intuition and focus on the moral element in every decision instead of building on a bottle of liquor to make sound verdicts for us. Another prominent component of creating a sound career choice might be a memory. In my personal experience memories play a vital role in making or breaking a career choice. For instance, Being a child of merely 12 years, I was devastated to be a part of a car crash which killed my uncle and aunt. The accident while it took away two of my family members, also left me with a physical incapacity to move my legs. I wanted to be one of the prominent football players at my school, but the issue threatened my dream. No matter how hard I tried, I could never forget the night of that accident and the trauma it left me with. I was treated by an adolescent psychologist named Fred William and got well eventually.

However, the tragic incident made me realise the pain of all the victims that suffered through the turmoil of psychological distress every day where they have to relive the terrible memories they want to let go off and henceforth; I chose my career as an adolescent psychologist. This was a 360 degree flip in a career choice which I had always dreamt of, but after this incident, other jobs started making less sense in comparison to doing something to help people. The very evident role of memories in making a career decision is very apparent here. Research has also shown that “decisions are chosen based on the retrieval of relevant knowledge from memory." Which can be verified in each circumstance. I realise that my childhood might have had an impact resulting in a direct bias in the assessment of my abilities for the profession but the feeling that I have associated o the job and to serve the humanity can't be misjudged. I might not remember the incident clearly since the accident is only an episodic buffer in the subcomponents of my working memory now. Since I was a child at the moment, many important characteristics regarding the crash might not be an explicit part of the mind related cognitive functions such as memory, attention and verbal fluency but the flashbacks have shaped my decision as who I aim to become in future. Moreover, my parents and family members also wanted me to have a career which aided me to serve humanity.

Next comes the role of intelligence. Intelligence caters to a cognitive element of each decision making helping people choose between what is morally and ethically right or wrong. It takes into account a portion of self-evaluation. Emphasising upon self-evaluation, I was able to figure out how I had always been concerned about people's well-being, and it was a part of my nature as a child, but the way adolescent psychology helped people relieve all the burden of their incapacities and helped them gain peace, I knew adolescent psychologist was a career that was made for me. I was always amazed to see how a human body and mind synchronise mentally as well as physically which provided many new insights and aided to my personality's nurture.

Conclusion

The sheer privilege of being a part of any career according to me is to gain not only financial but emotional satisfaction. A job where people learn to reconnect to their older selves and never feel incompetent has always been a source of motivation for me which is why I want to be remembered for my work in the adolescent psychology field. All of the concepts discussed above have helped me shape up my personality in a better way since I chose to invest my abilities for people in need. I believe all these values will help me be a people's person and shape up my personality to adapt to every business situation for the better, deterring me as a good worker and the right person.

References

Emmerling, R. J., & Cherniss, C. (2003). Emotional intelligence and the career choice process.

Journal of Career Assessment, 11(2), 153-167. (primary)

Camerer, C., & Lovallo, D. (1999). Overconfidence and excess entry: An experimental

approach. American economic review, 89(1), 306-318. (primary)

Di Fabio, A., & Palazzeschi, L. (2009). Emotional intelligence, personality traits, and career

decision difficulties. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 9(2),

135-146. (primary)

Schein, E. H. (2006). Career anchors. Pfeiffer. (secondary)

Young, R. A., Valach, L., & Collin, A. (2002). A contextualist explanation of career. Career

choice and development, 4, 206-252. (secondary) (memory)

The Six Hour D

Six-Hour D

Author Note

Six-Hour D

Students spending time in reviewing, reading and highlighting the answers usually get poorer grades at schools. These students say stuff like "I studied six hours however, I still got a D ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RdEpBn1u","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":171,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"itemData":{"id":171,"type":"webpage","title":"The Six Hour D... And How to Avoid It","container-title":"Improve with Metacognition","abstract":"This great essay by Russ Dewey (1997) evolved from a handout he used to give his students. He shares some common examples of poor study strategies and explains why they are unlikely to lead to deep learning (even if they are used for 6 hours…). He then shares a simple metacognitive self-testing strategy that could be tailored for courses across the disciplines. http://www.psywww.com/discuss/chap00/6hourd.htm... Read more »","URL":"https://www.improvewithmetacognition.com/the-six-hour-d-and-how-to-avoid-it/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Scharff","given":"Lauren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",10,13]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Scharff, 2014).

Response 2

The students spending six hours to study a chapter and still received D do extra efforts to understand the text without reading that text properly. It would be easy to get a D while u spending six hours on a study. For example, study the chapter without understanding it and without reading it gradually ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MhobBtB8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The Six Hour D\" by Russ Dewey\\uc0\\u8212{}Google Search,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The Six Hour D\" by Russ Dewey—Google Search,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/6AFJWBY9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/6AFJWBY9"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"webpage","title":"The Six Hour D\" by Russ Dewey - Google Search","URL":"https://www.google.com/search?q=The+Six+Hour+D%22+by+Russ+Dewey","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Six Hour D" by Russ Dewey—Google Search,” n.d.). Spend time to read the text and write it and review it and you will get “six-hour D”, spend time to match the question with the answer and highlight the answer would be a strategy to get a six-hour D. These students are deceiving themselves that they have understood the required chapter.

Response 3

The students spending time understanding the main theme and idea of the chapter, observe the question to check if it is matching with the answer, then recalling from the memory to retrieve it would be able to avoid six-hour D ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PmYP67oB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":171,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"itemData":{"id":171,"type":"webpage","title":"The Six Hour D... And How to Avoid It","container-title":"Improve with Metacognition","abstract":"This great essay by Russ Dewey (1997) evolved from a handout he used to give his students. He shares some common examples of poor study strategies and explains why they are unlikely to lead to deep learning (even if they are used for 6 hours…). He then shares a simple metacognitive self-testing strategy that could be tailored for courses across the disciplines. http://www.psywww.com/discuss/chap00/6hourd.htm... Read more »","URL":"https://www.improvewithmetacognition.com/the-six-hour-d-and-how-to-avoid-it/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Scharff","given":"Lauren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",10,13]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Scharff, 2014). the retrieving from the memory after recalling and reading the answer is an effective strategy to get A in the class. This idea can help students to avoid six-hour D in the classes because this would effectively transfer the required information to the student. In this way, students would be able to grasp the main idea of the concerned chapter and can write and answer according to the understanding.

Response 4

Engaging ourselves to self-evaluate and self-examine can effectively deliver the required understanding to the students. This is an easy and effective way of getting rid of six-hour D ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8JpiK4dG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":171,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"itemData":{"id":171,"type":"webpage","title":"The Six Hour D... And How to Avoid It","container-title":"Improve with Metacognition","abstract":"This great essay by Russ Dewey (1997) evolved from a handout he used to give his students. He shares some common examples of poor study strategies and explains why they are unlikely to lead to deep learning (even if they are used for 6 hours…). He then shares a simple metacognitive self-testing strategy that could be tailored for courses across the disciplines. http://www.psywww.com/discuss/chap00/6hourd.htm... Read more »","URL":"https://www.improvewithmetacognition.com/the-six-hour-d-and-how-to-avoid-it/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Scharff","given":"Lauren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",10,13]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Scharff, 2014). the method of self-examination is not difficult to evaluate and test ourselves. The students need to read the information, then answer it according to the understanding. After answering re-write the answer in your own words to see whether the information is correct or not. Effectively answering a question would help to test themselves and will ultimately, prepare for the actual exam. This technique is observed in the students getting As. Read the chapter and understand the main idea of the chapter then answer it to yourself would help them avoid six-hour D ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"S3mlyJNn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":171,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"itemData":{"id":171,"type":"webpage","title":"The Six Hour D... And How to Avoid It","container-title":"Improve with Metacognition","abstract":"This great essay by Russ Dewey (1997) evolved from a handout he used to give his students. He shares some common examples of poor study strategies and explains why they are unlikely to lead to deep learning (even if they are used for 6 hours…). He then shares a simple metacognitive self-testing strategy that could be tailored for courses across the disciplines. http://www.psywww.com/discuss/chap00/6hourd.htm... Read more »","URL":"https://www.improvewithmetacognition.com/the-six-hour-d-and-how-to-avoid-it/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Scharff","given":"Lauren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",10,13]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Scharff, 2014). for testing themselves by retrieving the knowledge from memory is an effective technique for the students.

Response 5

The technique to grasp the knowledge by reading the chapter or information, moving the page back and forth and highlighting the answers is a bad method to answer a particular question. By this method, students usually skip time and waste their time. They generally think that they know the answer and do not self-evaluate themselves ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aR5Py2kZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The Six Hour D\" by Russ Dewey\\uc0\\u8212{}Google Search,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The Six Hour D\" by Russ Dewey—Google Search,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/6AFJWBY9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/6AFJWBY9"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"webpage","title":"The Six Hour D\" by Russ Dewey - Google Search","URL":"https://www.google.com/search?q=The+Six+Hour+D%22+by+Russ+Dewey","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Six Hour D" by Russ Dewey—Google Search,” n.d.). They used to answer the question while looking at the book open in front of them would not allow them to grasp the required information. These students are deceiving themselves by moving pages back and forth and answering a question by looking at the open book.

Response 6

The students getting six-hour D usually spend more hours in the reading and with an open book they used to deceive themselves that the answers are now prepared. The process of metacognition is a way to get rid of six-hour D ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fmvPC9AV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":171,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"itemData":{"id":171,"type":"webpage","title":"The Six Hour D... And How to Avoid It","container-title":"Improve with Metacognition","abstract":"This great essay by Russ Dewey (1997) evolved from a handout he used to give his students. He shares some common examples of poor study strategies and explains why they are unlikely to lead to deep learning (even if they are used for 6 hours…). He then shares a simple metacognitive self-testing strategy that could be tailored for courses across the disciplines. http://www.psywww.com/discuss/chap00/6hourd.htm... Read more »","URL":"https://www.improvewithmetacognition.com/the-six-hour-d-and-how-to-avoid-it/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Scharff","given":"Lauren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",10,13]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Scharff, 2014). according to psychologists, it is an effective way for students of getting high scores in the examination. Memorizing a bad technique or approach at the college-level learning. It is a superficial way of understanding chapters or answers which will fade away in minutes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zuSpQW5D","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Scharff, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":171,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/MJBSPM4E"],"itemData":{"id":171,"type":"webpage","title":"The Six Hour D... And How to Avoid It","container-title":"Improve with Metacognition","abstract":"This great essay by Russ Dewey (1997) evolved from a handout he used to give his students. He shares some common examples of poor study strategies and explains why they are unlikely to lead to deep learning (even if they are used for 6 hours…). He then shares a simple metacognitive self-testing strategy that could be tailored for courses across the disciplines. http://www.psywww.com/discuss/chap00/6hourd.htm... Read more »","URL":"https://www.improvewithmetacognition.com/the-six-hour-d-and-how-to-avoid-it/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Scharff","given":"Lauren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",10,13]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Scharff, 2014). Constructing an idea would help students to generate their cues for the questions.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Scharff, L. (2014, October 13). The Six Hour D... And How to Avoid It. Retrieved November 6, 2019, from Improve with Metacognition website: https://www.improvewithmetacognition.com/the-six-hour-d-and-how-to-avoid-it/

The Six Hour D" by Russ Dewey—Google Search. (n.d.). Retrieved November 6, 2019, from https://www.google.com/search?q=The+Six+Hour+D%22+by+Russ+Dewey