Topic Paper

Topic Paper

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Topic Paper

Topic 1

Physical skills of individuals that use movements of large body parts, commonly involving the whole body are referred with the term motor. It deals with the functioning of the brain and how it controls the physical movement of the body parts of the entire body of a person. If the brain of an individual does not function properly, that person shows disability and abnormality in the movements of the body parts. For instance in disorders like autism and such disorders, movement and reflexes of individuals have the abnormality. Even the simple physical activities like lifting arms and legs or moving fingers. Such people need to attempt simple tasks with more mental and physical effort. Motor disorders have symptoms including spasms, contractions, jerks, tremors, twitches, or gait problems.

Most of the motor disorders are caused by pathological changes in a certain area of the brain. Motor disorders affect the cerebrum which is caused by genetic mutation. The brain requires a complex process to perform as different parts of the human body work at the same time. To perform a certain action, the brain must pass the signals to the muscles to instruct them regarding the move. Muscles that control the details of the movements like direction and speed, exchange constant signal to and from the brain. Therefore, if any part of the body does not perform correctly or a particular part of the brain malfunctions, the signals can be flawed or uncontrollable. Incorrect signals cause involuntary movements or actions.

Such patients are valuable and need extra care, attention and multiple therapies which can help them to become an active member of the society. Moreover, if an individual feels depressed and pressurized by different factors, extreme weakness in mental health can cause horrible effects to the brain of a person which may lead in disturbing the physical actions and movement of the person. If an individual experience such disturbances in his/her brain in 20's, it gets harder to recover because unlike childhood and growing age of the individual, the mind of the person has almost completed its development and growth stages. If such disturbances are diagnosed in an earlier age of the person, there is a great chance of recovery and improvement as compared to starting treatments and therapies when they enter in their 20’s. It is because of the clear reason that their physical and mental growth is as much developed as it could be for them and now in this part of their particular age they learn things and respond slowly to therapies and treatments.

Moreover, the physical aspect in the body of such individuals also gets used to abnormal movements, actions and reflexes, it keeps following the habitual pattern, and it becomes much difficult for it to learn something from treatment and therapies and start showing improvements and effective results. It is recommended to start treatment of such patients at a younger age or as soon as it is possible when they start showing symptoms.

Topic 2

Cognitive Psychology of a person is related to the advancements in the study of memory, attention, perception, language processing thinking, and problem-solving. It focuses on widespread articles which have a major influence on the cognitive theory and offer the latest theoretical advances. When a person is in his/her 20’s, mentality of that individual takes a voyage to maturity and understanding but at the same time it experiences influences of financial and social pressure and depression which leads to cognitive impairment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EJE7oxwy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Cognitive Approach | Simply Psychology,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Cognitive Approach | Simply Psychology,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":327,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/XC88WPPU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/XC88WPPU"],"itemData":{"id":327,"type":"webpage","title":"Cognitive Approach | Simply Psychology","URL":"https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Cognitive Approach | Simply Psychology,” n.d.). A person may experience difficulties because of environmental and cultural background as well. Those who lack cognitive abilities in the developmental stage like learning disabilities, autism or other factors, etc., it is referred to as cognitive impairment. Such disorders limit a person in various ways when he/she grows up, for instance, difficulties in attention, coordination, self-control and writing language. These difficulties extend further to their life and obstruct them in moving forward in life. These individuals pay less attention to their studies, career, job, or future. They perceive things with negativity and reflect sensitivity and weakness even in handling simple situations. If a person experience problems in understanding, feel depressed, or get perplexed in doing simple tasks he or she needs to consult a physician instantly because the stronger it grows the more horrible it will get for that person.

The personality of individuals in their 20's is the reflection of their childhood and teenage as memories have a stronger role in the development of their personality. If factors influencing their personality involve positivity, that individual is more likely to have a confident, happy, positive, and motivated personality. On the other hand, if factors affecting the personality of an individual involve depression, abuse, pressure, and negativity, that person will radiate all of it back and will have a hopeless and depressed personality with no motivation at all.

Focus and attention of the individuals divert on multiple things all at once and they get involved in multitasking in their life. Most of the individuals find it hard to focus on the objectives that they have set in their younger age and scatter their abilities and even themselves in the race of life. Only a few manage to run after their objectives or to walk on a path that they were interested in. A person in this age found himself/herself capable of doing so much more and lost his/her attention towards many things that are happening in his/her life.

Topic 3

Family plays a vital role in the development of an individual’s behavior, and it profoundly influences the moral and emotional development of that person. Parenting styles, family backgrounds and the life a person lives in his or her childhood directly impact the life in adulthood and after that. A person who lives and grows up in a violent and emotionally abusive environment takes the effects of it and the probability of him showing the violent and abusive behavior increases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wZZTbQtF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Couple and Family Psychology,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Couple and Family Psychology,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":329,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/NF2L4KPD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/NF2L4KPD"],"itemData":{"id":329,"type":"webpage","title":"Couple and Family Psychology","container-title":"https://www.apa.org","abstract":"Couple and family psychology focuses on the emotions, thoughts and behavior of individuals, couples and families in relationships and in the broader environment in which they function.","URL":"https://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/family","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Couple and Family Psychology,” n.d.).

In the same manner, if a person grows up in a family having values of trust and respect, he develops the same values which are revealed in his adulthood. Family and emotional background of a person impacts strongly on the development of the personality of an individual. When an individual is in the '20s, memories of the past and learning plays an essential role in reflecting the well-being and personality of a person. Along with all that culture, religion and traditions of the family of a person also play a vital role in molding the personality of a person. The growing independence of youngsters in the age of 20's results in the decline of reliance on their parents in behavioral, emotional or cognitive domains. Adults achieve individuality from their family that has an origin which distinct their lives with the lives of their parents. Individuals who have stepfamily have great chances of engagement with sexual risk-taking behavior, quitting school, antisocial behavior and substance dependence. The deviations in behavior that are the outcome of immature identities can be referred back to more control in parental style. Family factors such as individuation can indeed promote identity formation in young adults. Family cohesion and expressiveness and identity formation are positively correlated factors and ego strengths are negatively correlated with family conflict. Self-esteem which is defined as the overall valuation towards self-worthiness, it has stable and positive relationships with the functioning of the family. Individuals who have experienced immoral and unsuitable attitudes and behaviors of parents are inclined to be compromised in self-esteem ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mheS7Uyj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Strube, Berry, Goza, & Fennimore, 1985)","plainCitation":"(Strube, Berry, Goza, & Fennimore, 1985)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":333,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/PITJXVHT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/PITJXVHT"],"itemData":{"id":333,"type":"article-journal","title":"Type A behavior, age, and psychological well-being","container-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","page":"203-218","volume":"49","issue":"1","source":"APA PsycNET","abstract":"Investigated psychological well-being among Type A (coronary prone) and Type B (noncoronary prone) individuals across the age span. It was hypothesized that the hard-driving, achievement-oriented lifestyle exhibited by Type A's would be adaptive in younger age groups but would lead to lower well-being in later life because of increased limitations on the range and level of activities. By contrast, the more relaxed, easygoing style of Type B's would match better the slower pace of old age but would not be as conducive to success in younger age groups. 319 adults (aged 18–89 yrs) completed a battery of instruments that included the Jenkins Activity Survey and scales of life changes and psychopathology. Results confirm the hypotheses but indicate that psychological differences may be mediated in part by differences in physical well-being. Experience with life events and the structure and function of social networks may contribute to the differences in well-being. (59 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","DOI":"10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.203","ISSN":"1939-1315(Electronic),0022-3514(Print)","author":[{"family":"Strube","given":"Michael J."},{"family":"Berry","given":"Jane M."},{"family":"Goza","given":"Barbara K."},{"family":"Fennimore","given":"Donald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1985"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Strube, Berry, Goza, & Fennimore, 1985).

Individuals that grow up in different cultures and geographical regions have distinctive personality and mindset that is molded according to the norms of the society that they live in. This change varies from place to place and culture to culture. It can be noticed clearly after meeting people from different regions as they have different behavior and a different mindset.

In common American young adults, active-recreational orientation, conflict and family cohesion orientation were powerfully connected to self-esteem and on the other hand family independence and expressiveness were not linked statistically. Besides, another research concluded that in Chinese young adults who have the same age, only produced significant but weaker correlations. Family conflict and cohesion had adequate relations with self-esteem whereas family moral-religious emphasis, independence, active-recreational orientation, expressiveness were inadequately correlated.

Topic 4

The term problem solving is related to the mental process in cognitive psychology. The mental process is the procedure through which people discover, analyze and solve the problem. In other words, it houses all the essential steps in the problem process and includes; the identification of the problem, the way to tackle out the problem, problem understanding, finding out all the possible options and then taking action to solve the problem. It is significant to know that the identification of the exact nature of the problem is essential. If someone has a faulty understanding of the issue, then he/she may resolve it incorrectly.

Problem-solving strategies of a person are highly influenced by his/her past, education, learning, and the environment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ARysAUox","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Anderson, 1993)","plainCitation":"(Anderson, 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":331,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/H73UDKQS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/H73UDKQS"],"itemData":{"id":331,"type":"article-journal","title":"Problem solving and learning","container-title":"American Psychologist","page":"35-44","volume":"48","issue":"1","source":"APA PsycNET","abstract":"A. Newell and H. A. Simon (1972) provided a framework for understanding problem solving that can provide the needed bridge between learning and performance. Their analysis of means–ends problem solving can be viewed as a general characterization of the structure of human cognition. However, this framework needs to be elaborated with a strength concept to account for variability in problem solving behavior and improvement in problem-solving skill with practice. The ACT* theory (J. R. Anderson, 1983) is such an elaborated theory that can account for many of the results about the acquisition of problem-solving skills. Its central concept is the production rule, which plays an analogous role to the stimulus–response bond in earlier learning theories. The theory has provided a basis for constructing intelligent computer-based tutoring systems for the instruction of academic problem-solving skills. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","DOI":"10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.35","ISSN":"1935-990X(Electronic),0003-066X(Print)","author":[{"family":"Anderson","given":"John R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anderson, 1993). Moreover, it also depends on the mental set, assumptions, information, and functional fixedness which are the main obstacles in problem-solving. Mental set of the person helps an individual to come up with easy and smart solutions but on the other hand, it also leads to inflexibility and makes it harder to come up with effective solutions. Furthermore, if an individual starts making assumptions about obstacles and constraints, he can prevent to find certain solutions to the problem as well. In addition, functional fixedness blocks the mind of a person to see all the available options to find a better solution to the problem. Misleading and irrelevant information also blocks, confuses, and tricks the mind of a person to come up with a clear and straightforward solution to a particular problem. There are many ways to overcome such obstacles and a person can learn how to find the best solutions if he/she goes through practices, treatments and mental exercises that are recommended by the physician.

When a person is in his/her 20’s, that individual usually tends to be quick, sharp and eager in problem-solving. However, if the quick decision making leads to the wrong turn in life, the mental health of individuals in this age becomes weak and disturbed. Those who have learning disorders or disabilities in younger age and they do not get necessary treatments, it gets difficult for them to learn or handle even simple situations. It is because in this part of the age the personality of the person is almost built, if the learning process in the development stage was low in his/her life, that person is more likely to learn things slow in this part of age as well but if it was quicker, fast and sharp in the development and growth stage that person is more likely to learn fast and apply problem-solving strategies more smartly in routine.

Problem-solving can be done by different strategies including: heuristics, trial-and-error, algorithms, and insight. It involves the perception, knowledge and mindset of the person who is molded in his/her development and growth stage. Besides, every person has a unique mindset and each person thinks of solving a particular problem in different and unique ways but when they are in the age of 20's individuals come up with the solutions that are smart and quick and they expect instant and effective outcomes which is a common aspect of this part of age.

Topic 5

The acquisition of the sense of well-being is one of the fundamental goals for which individuals strive in their life. The perception related to day to day activities and manifestations of positivity are directly associated with it. However, it is a challenging task to maintain sustainable traits of psychological well-being amid the highly competitive and burdensome environment. For people who are in their 20's, this is the most imperative phase in their life pertinent to issues as academic success, uncertainty related to the future and various concerns arising to identify fate and passion. As personality is an essential factor that identifies the reactions and adjustments of society, the psychological well-being ought to be studied within the framework of personality development and characteristics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TVYuauyD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Psychological Well-Being: Its Relation to Work Personality, Vocational Identity, and Career Thoughts: The Journal of Psychology: Vol 142, No 1,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Psychological Well-Being: Its Relation to Work Personality, Vocational Identity, and Career Thoughts: The Journal of Psychology: Vol 142, No 1,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":335,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/FQPVAYPU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/FQPVAYPU"],"itemData":{"id":335,"type":"webpage","title":"Psychological Well-Being: Its Relation to Work Personality, Vocational Identity, and Career Thoughts: The Journal of Psychology: Vol 142, No 1","URL":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/JRLP.142.1.21-36","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Psychological Well-Being: Its Relation to Work Personality, Vocational Identity, and Career Thoughts: The Journal of Psychology: Vol 142, No 1,” n.d.).

Besides, a psychological well-being model highlights the adversities faced by individuals in their lives. Autonomy, personal growth, environmental mastery, positive relations with others, self-acceptance and purpose in life are prominent factors. The crux of psychological well-being lies at the very heart of cognitive-emotional evaluation of a person. Personality is underpinned by the Big Five Factors as conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, openness and agreeableness. The psychological well-being of an individual is dependent on these personality factors directly or indirectly.

The well-being of a person emerges from his/her thoughts, experiences and actions, individuals have control over most of them. For instance, when a person thinks positive, that individual tends to have better emotional well-being. Similarly, if an individual track meaningful relationships, that individual tend to have greater social well-being. If a person hates his/her job or simply loses it that he/she has lower well-being of the workplace. Such examples put light on the broadness of well-being and reveal that how many types of well-being there are. The well-being of a person can be improved and enhanced. It is simple as there are many skills that can be built by an individual but enhancing well-being is not easy. It is necessary for a person to figure out most significant parts of his/her well-being and find out how that person can build his well-being skills and what kind of extra help will be required in doing that.

According to the research, in the '20s, individuals struggle with their well-being the most. For such people, building skills of well-being are of utmost importance specifically if they have recently experienced anything depressing. During this time, it may be difficult to build up well-being or for people like these. But the influence may be greater, as there is a lot of room for progress and improvement. Yet research argues that having skills like positive attitude or a growth mindset can help an individual actually build his/her well-being skills more effortlessly. It is the only reason why it is encouraged to build their skills first because after that an individual may be able to grow and enhance the different kinds of well-being more conveniently.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, J. R. (1993). Problem-solving and learning. American Psychologist, 48(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.35

Cognitive Approach | Simply Psychology. (n.d.). Retrieved March 19, 2019, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive.html

Couple and Family Psychology. (n.d.). Retrieved March 19, 2019, from https://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/family

Psychological Well-Being: Its Relation to Work Personality, Vocational Identity, and Career Thoughts: The Journal of Psychology: Vol 142, No 1. (n.d.). Retrieved March 19, 2019, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/JRLP.142.1.21-36

Strube, M. J., Berry, J. M., Goza, B. K., & Fennimore, D. (1985). Type A behavior, age, and psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.203

(N.d.). Retrieved March 19, 2019, from http://www.healthpsychres.org/

Topic Proposal On Cognitive Brain Therapy For Veterans

Cognitive Brain Therapy for Veterans

Topic Proposal

Research Question

Human Services, as well as Human Service organizations, are getting highly valued and it is very important in the current business world. Human Service can also be found under-discussion almost everywhere. Hence, it is very important to research and analyze such an important and valued concept. It is considered important because it has a huge contribution to the community/communities mainly because of its Veterans. Beyond that, the actions and activities or operations of human services providers (Veterans) are almost completely based on their competencies. So, it should also be considered that Veterans can be seen in every field and practices.

After analyzing each and every aspect of the HUMS course and things learned in it. We came to that the research question below can be a fine one for the final research paper.

What role do Veterans of human services play to make human services more professional and vastly developed?

Importance of the Question

If it has been said or stated that the role of Veterans is very crucial and highly in human services, then the statement cannot be considered as wrong. Hence, Veterans are very important in human services because they assist and make human services more professional and developed. Veterans do so by finding the ways that can be helpful in the practices of human services and they are involved in huge thinking for that purpose.

So, the question has been chosen based on the above argument as well as researching this important era of the topic would provide in-depth knowledge that what Veterans can do for the human services/human service providers as well as how it makes them professional and developed.

Types of Evidences

Several types of pieces of evidence are present which could be gathered and utilized for the research paper, but some of the most credible pieces of evidence, which we will be gathering and using are;

Formal Arguments

Judgments

Statistical Evidence

Facts and Figures

Testimony or Testimonial Evidence

Analogical Evidence

Sources

Greene, R. R. (2017). Ecological perspective: An eclectic theoretical framework for social work practice. In Human behavior theory and social work practice (pp. 199-236). Routledge.

Hoffman, J. M., Ehde, D. M., Dikmen, S., Dillworth, T., Gertz, K., Kincaid, C., & Williams, R. (2019). Telephone-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for veterans with chronic pain following traumatic brain injury: Rationale and study protocol for a randomized controlled trial study. Contemporary clinical trials, 76, 112-119.

Johnson, L., Shipherd, J., & Walton, H. M. (2016). The psychologist’s role in transgender-specific care with US veterans. Psychological Services, 13(1), 69.

Kusiak, A. N. (2016). Department of Veterans affairs office of Research and Development’s pain portfolio. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 53(1).

Turner, F. J. (Ed.). (2017). Social work treatment: Interlocking theoretical approaches. Oxford University Press.

Wolf, G. K., Mauntel, G. J., Kretzmer, T., Crawford, E., Thors, C., Strom, T. Q., & Vanderploeg, R. D. (2018). Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury: generalization of prolonged-exposure PTSD treatment outcomes to postconcussive symptoms, cognition, and self-efficacy in veterans and active duty service members. Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 33(2), E53-E63.

TOY STORE OBSERVATION ASSIGNMENT

Toy Story Observation Assignment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Toy Store Observation Assignment

Introduction

Growing up as a boy, the society around me has always had a certain expectation of how I am supposed to be, how I should talk or how I should lead my life. It is unfortunate that as soon as a child is born, gender is assigned and the baby is expected to grow and morph in light of the expected gender role. Something that I see all over social media and television is the fact that boys will be boys and girls will be girly. The society expects my gender, "male" to be masculine and generally stronger. There are certain stereotypes that have been created by society and an individual is expected to work in accordance with it. A male is said to be the pursuer, the breadwinner and someone who has to always be physically stronger. I find this to be sexist and unfair. Growing up I was always told that boys do not cry. Why cannot men cry? Men are human too and feel every emotion like any other gender. Additionally, there have been times that I have wanted to take part in activities that have been deemed more feminine by society, like ballet. However, I have always felt hindered by what people will say (Price & Tayler, 2016). There have also been times when I have seen that my gender has been given preference for certain activities, for instance, sports. Additionally, gender roles may differ with regard to race and ethnicity. I have an Indian friend, and when I look at her culture there is still significant discrimination in regards to gender. Through this paper, I will be discussing the relation amid gender and society via examples.

Discussion

I will be further reflecting on the connection amid gender and society by talking about my experience in a toy shop. I best believe that when a person goes out to buy products and services that is when the relationship between society and gender role can be best understood. For better understanding, I decided to go to a toy store. The reason why I chose a place which targets children is to see how society is conditioning children to behave in a certain manner. the first thing that I noticed upon entering the store is the fact that ambience was neutral in the beginning. It looked like a regular toy store that we have all visited in our childhood, but the difference this time was that I was more observant towards my surroundings.

The first thing that the salesperson asked me if I needed a toy for a girl or a boy. This struck me in a manner that I never thought it could, we are conditioning children to act a certain way from a very young age, which is saddening. When I said that I wanted to look at both the boy and girl toys, I became more astonished to see how the society and manufacturers function. For starters, there was a separate section for both the genders. The girl section was pink or purple and the boy section had more blue, black or red kind of colors.

When I looked at the toys, there was a clear difference between the toys that were targeted for the girls and boys. The boy toys were inclusive of cars, action figures, construction tools, animal stuff toys, swords and so on. On the contrary, the girl toys consisted of dolls, kitchen sets, doll houses, unicorns and pretty much stereotypical figures that one would expect a girl to play with (Price & Tayler, 2016). When I asked if there were any gender-neutral toys, the salesperson showed me some stuffed animals and a few things. In short, there were not many toys which they thought both the genders can play with.

I saw a toy which was specifically targeted for boys, a toy sports car. It had a red packaging with an animated white male with a muscular body in a racing costume on it. The toy car had a remote control and came in two colors of red and green. The tag line was “for the future speedy hunk.” Further, the back of the carton said that the toy will help your child and his friend have a super time without going to the amusement park.

On the contrary, for girls, there was a toy doll house. It was pink in color, had family figurines of a mother, father and two siblings. The house had a kitchen, rooms, bathrooms and all the necessities a house has. The mother figurine was wearing an apron, the father a suit, supposed sister in a pink dress and the brother in a blue and all of them were white in color. The box said, the perfect family and claimed that it will help your daughter and her friends have the “perfect time” functioning a family of their own.

Conclusion

After looking at both the gender-specific toys I came to the decision that I would never purchase such stereotypical toys for children. They are conditioning them to act in a certain manner and acknowledge a particular ethnicity (Price & Tayler, 2016). I did not like how the dollhouse was created to train young girls on how to raise a family. Further, the car was specifically targeted for men in a very masculine manner, which I did not appreciate. What I despised the most was the lack of color in figurines and dolls. I think that toys should be more gender-neutral, have more ethnical representation. The purpose of toys should be to teach a child to be more productive, considerate and inclusive while they have fun. They should not be a stereotype to instill gender roles. If I created those toys I would tone down the color scheme, change the packaging and outfits of the figurines, make them more color diverse and target them towards all genders and ethnicities. Toys should be of all colors, as like people.

References

Price, D., & Tayler, K. (2016). Gender diversity and inclusion in early years education. Routledge.

Training Manual For The Family Pet

TRAINING MANUAL FOR THE FAMILY PET

3810013335000

32994602032000

Basic Care for Pets

The possession of a companion animal in our home implies a series of responsibilities related to its care and attention that we must know. Almost all children have dreamed one day or another to work with animals but before moving from dream to reality, we must know the implications of the animal sector: accessible trades, necessary training and mandatory certificates (Wood, & Davidson, 1987). According to psychology, there are three approaches to train the animals such as behavioral therapy, classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Observational learning

The fundamental principles to which the behavioral theories adhere can be summarized in the following way: to. The behavior is ruled through regulations and subject to ecological variables: persons reply to the variables of their situation (Bandura, 2018).

External services excite to persons to performance in particular means, whether accomplishment a performance or evading it.

From this opinions, the psychologist is measured as an "engineer behavioral ", which manages conservational variables; likewise, as a "researcher", that studies the kind of environmental variables that impact behavior.

Watson studied fear behaviors in infants and young children, and found that children very small they had almost no fears (for example, rats, cats, etc.), while, advancing age, the number of fears children presented was considerably higher. This author suggested that this was because the children learned these fears of social environment, and not to be instinctive fears, as stated before. In a classic experiment, Watson used conditioning techniques with a small child healthy, Albert B., and managed to show fear of a white rat that previously did not produce no fear Watson presented the rat, which originally did not produce fear, associated with a loud noise. left105156000After some trials, the child developed fear of the rat, fear which then generalized to other furry objects.

The psychologist is considered as an "engineer behavioral ", which manages environmental variables; also as a "researcher", that studies the type of environmental variables that affect behavior.

Watson studied fear behaviors in infants and young children, and found that children very small they had almost no fears (for example, rats, cats, etc.), while, advancing age, the number of fears children presented was considerably higher. This author suggested that this was because the children learned these fears of social environment, and not to be instinctive fears, as stated before (Carlisle-Frank, et.al. 2004). In a classic experiment, Watson used conditioning techniques with a small child healthy, Albert B., and managed to show fear of a white rat that previously did not produce no fear Watson presented the rat, which originally did not produce fear, associated with a loud noise. After some trials, the child developed fear of the rat, fear which then generalized to other furry objects.

In this means, Watson presented how Children can change doubts by generalizing a habituated emotional response learned in linking by a single motivation, to other like incentives. By using these similar philosophies, the writer developing a technique to produce the conflicting reply in children, that is, to reduce certain doubts. With his trainings, Watson presented that not all the humanoid "instincts" known until then, were really, but that some of them consisted only in emotional responses learned. So, this author came to suggest that it was possible, through a deliberate and adequate training, change a 'normal' child into any type of person that is desired.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a learning process by which the body learns to respond to a stimulus that previously did not respond by association with another stimulus that produced that response. It is easy to create associations that one needs with the dog, because it is very attentive to its environment and in particular its humans, and able to realize many learnings.

Conditioning is more effective if the conditional stimulus (in this case, the ringing of the bell) precedes for a few seconds the unconditional stimulus, namely the presentation of the food. It is very important to master this aspect: synchronicity is essential for the dog to use its associative memory, it is observed that after only a few seconds, the dog no longer makes the link between two events (and especially if we want to link an order and a behavior) (Rehman, & Rehman, 2018).

Here is an example of classic conditioning: a dog appears punctually every day in front of his master at the first strokes of midday while claiming his meal: the sound of the chime represents the neutral stimulus that induces the conditioned reflex, that is to say the request for food The dog then associates this sound with meals; he can also systematically wait for the bowl at the place where it is laid. It only takes a few experiments (one or two) to fix in the dog's mind the situation that made him feel pleasure or even pain and the resulting conditioned response.

Example of the Pavlov dogs

Pavlov was the one who discovered the classic conditioning process in a study with dogs. When a hungry dog is fed, it begins to secrete a flow of saliva from certain glands. This is what we call salivation reflex. We can say that food is an unconditioned stimulus that provokes an unconditioned response of salivation.

Unconditioned Stimulus (EI): We refer to a stimulus that by nature provokes a certain response that does not need to have been learned previously.

Unconditioned response (RI): We refer to the response that the unconditioned stimulus evokes.

(Ejm: EI - RI-salivary food / EI-Alcohol in blood RI- Embarrassment / EI-death of a loved one-RI-Sadness).

But this is not all. Pavlov noticed that the dogs were also salivating when the food had not yet reached their mouths: simply seeing the food or smelling it made the same salivating response as having food in the mouth. This led him to develop a series of experiments in which he discovered how there were associations between different stimuli and responses, getting a bell to elicit the same salivation response as food (Eelen, 2018).. How did he do this? Very easy! During repeated times he played the bell (neutral stimulus) just before presenting the food (unconditioned stimulus) to the dogs so that he managed to associate the sound of the bell with the food, getting that after several days repeating this process, the sound of the bell without the need to present food later, will cause the same salivation reflex as food. The neutral stimulus initially assumed by the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus. This conditioned stimulus causes a conditioned response of salivation.

Conditioned stimulus (EC): previously neutral stimulus, which acquires the property of provoking a certain response when associated with another stimulus that already provoked that response (McLeod, 2007).

Conditioned response (CR): Response learned in front of a stimulus that before the process of association with another did not provoke it.

You're probably thinking and this could affect me?

Examples applied to real life:

•Ej1: A child sees scary movies in his room. Associate the room with the movies and the simple fact of entering your room causes fear

•Ej2: Someone who has recurring nightmares and takes fear of sleep or bed for association with these nightmares.

•Ej3: Someone who has just received bad news is very overwhelmed and gets into the subway. An association can be established between the state of overwhelm produced by the news and the subway, causing the next time that person goes to the subway to be overwhelmed.

•Ex4: A person who stays locked in a small elevator and full of people for hours and from there is unable to get back into an elevator.

•Ej5: A couple that is known when a romantic song plays in the background.

•Ex6: A person sticks a bite to cherries and they are indigestion, from there every time he thinks of cherries his stomach churns. We must take into account the individual differences in this process. Some people have more facility to associate certain stimuli than others. Just as some people need many trials (repeats of EI and EN (neutral stimulus) together to condition)), others with a single trial can establish an association. The level of activation of the moment also influences a lot, when we are emotionally activated it is easier to establish associations than when we are not.

Operant conditioning

The operant conditioning is a learning process by which we associate certain behaviors (we call these behaviors operant responses and operating with medium) with the consequences that follow. Behavior in its broadest sense, including thoughts as well. I include thoughts within the definition of behavior, since a thought is not more than what I say to myself, therefore it is a behavior that can be worked on and modified just like any other.

It is more likely that a behavior will be repeated if positive consequences follow (Reinforcement of behavior) and is more unlikely to be repeated if negative consequences follow (punishment of behavior). It is important that these consequences are contingent on the response so that they influence it, that is to say that they occur immediately afterwards. However, not all positive consequences act as reinforcement, nor all negative as punishment. A reinforcement or punishment by definition are events that increase or decrease the probability that a certain behavior will occur (Iversen, 1992). Therefore, if a positive event does not increase the likelihood of that behavior, it is not acting as a reinforcement, and if a negative event does not decrease the likelihood that a behavior will occur, it is also not acting as punishment.

It is also important to know that the short-term consequences weigh much more on our way of behaving than the long-term consequences. That is why it is so difficult to follow a diet, because if you eat a bun the immediate consequence will be rewarding however in the long term you will not achieve your goal of losing weight (If immediately to eat a bun we gained a few grams, few people would eat buns). In situations with very delayed reinforcements over time it is important to have a lot of self-control and remind ourselves (bringing reinforcement to the present) what we will achieve if we follow certain steps.

•Positive reinforcement: Provide something pleasant to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. (Give a bauble or a compliment to a child after doing homework)

•Negative reinforcement: Remove something unpleasant to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. (If doing homework, the child gets rid of setting the table, assuming he does not like to set the table)

•Positive punishment: Provide something negative to decrease the likelihood that a behavior will occur (Slap the child when he misbehaves)

•Negative punishment: Remove something positive to decrease the likelihood that a behavior will occur. (Take the child's pay when he misbehaves)

•Discriminative stimulus: Encouragement in which a behavior is more likely to be reinforced (The child asks for things from the parents in front of the family because it is more likely that they get them in that situation).

References

Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 130-136.

Carlisle-Frank, P., Frank, J. M., & Nielsen, L. (2004). Selective battering of the family pet. Anthrozoös, 17(1), 26-42.

Eelen, P. (2018). Classical conditioning: Classical yet modern. Psychologica Belgica, 58(1), 196.

Iversen, I. H. (1992). Skinner's early research: From reflexology to operant conditioning. American Psychologist, 47(11), 1318.

McLeod, S. (2007). Skinner-operant conditioning. Simply Psychology, 1(1), 2.

Rehman, I., & Rehman, C. I. (2018). Classical Conditioning. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Wood, C. D., & Davidson, J. A. (1987). PET: An outcome study. Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family, 8(3), 134-141.

Training Team

Training Team

As a new software is introduced in the company, I would prefer to use the process of Observational learning instead of operant conditioning for teaching the subordinates about the software. I personally believe that teaching someone a new software or any project to work with should center on engaging the employees and making them feel fulfilled in their new jobs. If one wants an efficient and effective team, they have to do more than just attract the most talented engineers out there with great compensation and benefits but in fact feature a learning atmosphere in the company where the company not only hires the people who are expert in the field but the people who have an urge to learn by observing their mentor and doing the task themselves. Being new to using any software might make employees often feel anxiety or perplexity, so having a tutor or a guide to answer any technical questions can serve as a beacon light to leading them in the right direction. I would hence being by introduce the software and its features along with potential benefits and walk them through the projects which could be used with the software. Then I would teach by doing, i.e. perform a certain task in front of them for them to gain a real time experience about the software usage (observational learning). Such learning time spent with the employee can make a big difference. It will help them absorb and apply the key takeaways from the training better.

Lastly, in the initial stages, it is better to hand hold the employees across the multiple touch-points, until they understand the platform’s functionalities and are comfortable with them. Real-time contextual guidance like that provided by, helps and guides the employee just-in-time, making the learning by doing experience interesting and engaging.

Reference

Smith, L., & Sørensen, P. (2000). Pathological outcomes of observational learning. Econometrica, 68(2), 371-398.

Transexual, And Homiosexual Life

Transgender, Transsexual and Homosexual Life

You’re Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

.

Transgender, Transsexual and Homosexual Life

During the last few years, there has been a prime focus on certain terms such as gender sociology, gender, and sexuality. In accordance with sexualities gender, it has been asserted that terms such as transgender, transsexual and homosexual have become one of the major topics of discussion. It is significant to note that the point of discussion is not a reflection of ideology and research, in fact, it is an expression of connotations that are formulated by social and moral contexts. It would not be wrong to say that this project is of prime importance because there are a number of consequences and issues associated with such a population. (Argentieri & S, 2018). A large number of sociological crimes such as the use of substance, smoking, and juvenile acts are associated with this population. Side by side, there is an increased risk of diseases such as cancer, high fat diet, intercourse and positive HIV status coupled with these people. It would not be wrong to say that all these associations are the word of mouth that is the product of narrowed thinking and a hatred approach to people belonging to respective groups, asserting there is another picture of harsh realities behind overt cover of negative connotations. (Argentieri & S, 2018). I chose this project because the life of these marginalized people is poorer than slavery, referring to both moral and social constraints that not only make their survival hard but also attach highly negative associations with these groups. In addition, there is a low rate of early detection, lowered screening and low uptake of cancer screening taking into account that poor life conditions adhere to low survival rate in such individuals. An insight to this population can guide me in my future work in psychology that could guide adequate decision making and

helping people survive.

Discussion

Kessler and McKenna (2000) have argued that there are certain distinctive ways of understanding the prefix Trans such as beyond, cross and change, taking into account that transsexual refers to the experience of reassignment surgery of sex that is meant for supporting the need of an individual to preferred gender identity. In simplified form, it is the displacement of gender categories, leading to a multiplicity of gender options. The origin of Tran’s sexuality can be traced back to the mid-twentieth century, through a set of medical and psychiatric processes with an intention to change sex. Transgender, on the other hand, refers to the people who actually refuse to accept the binary nature of gender as a “given concept”, taking into account anthologizing that is involved in naming one’s experience as transsexual. (Rodriguez, ET, al. 2019). Homosexual is another relationship that is referred to as "same gender" relationship taking into account that it is also included in the category of formerly mentioned groups. In the stance of transsexuality studies in the United States of America, several sociologists have developed massive knowledge that addresses the three terms. In accordance with the sociological paradigms, it can be asserted that Queer theory is grounded in the core of sexuality and gender, where social constructivism is a concept that infers realities are the product of social interaction and social communication in the cultural context. It is significant to note that Judith Butler has proposed a compact and ideological perception regarding transsexuality, transgender and homosexual beings. (Rodriguez, ET, al. 2019).

Transgender Life

Transgender or Trans is more like an umbrella term that infers gender equality is different from the idea of sex that is assigned to an individual at the time of birth. In modern context, transgender was for the first time used in late 20 century, taking into account that today there are 700,000 transgender people in the United States making up to 0.3% of the total population and it makes up the 3.5% of the LGBTQ community. (Vogler & S, 2019). Many of the transgender people are identified as either male or female while others are non-binary, agenders and genderqueer. The stance of this ideology can be reflected back to human intention of taking hormones and surgery as a part of the transition. Some of the people are clearly called transgender while others are named as either men or women. An overall analysis of transgender life infers that there are certain social and cultural dilemmas that are associated with the stance of being underrepresented. (Vogler & S, 2019).

Transsexual Life

Transsexual Life is more like an approach that asserts, "Gender identity" taking into account that it was an inconsistent and uncultured approach that highlights a permanent transition to another gender with the help of medical assistance. Transsexual people are those who try to get themselves assigned to another gender. It is significant to note that gender identity is actually inconsistent with them and they desire to have a permanent change in their gender that help them to align their body with identified sex. Transsexual is actually a subset of transgender taking into account that a lot of transsexual people reject the label of transgender. (Chen, et, al. 2019). In accordance with a medical diagnosis of gender dysphoria, it is treated as an intention or desire of a person to live and be accepted as a member of another identified sex. It was 1990 when transsexual was for the first time considered as a subset of the umbrella term transgender that is now very common, asserting that transgender is a more common and casually used term while it rejects transsexual.

According to Benjamin, transsexuals are defined as follows, "Transsexual feel that they belong to sex that is opposite to their respective sex, asserting that they should function as members of the opposite sex and they actually don't appear as such. For transgender, their sex organs’, both primary and secondary organs are disgusting deformities that must be changed by the knife of a surgeon. (Chen, et, al. 2019). The background of transsexual people can be traced back to the fact that the people who have gone through sexual reassignment surgery and anatomical sex has actually been altered while the gender remains constant and it is the reason that transsexuals reject transgender. According to a research by Medline, it has been highlighted that the individual who tries to get his/her gender changed to end up in regrets and transitions, People who undergo sex reassignment surgery can develop regret for this procedure later in life. A metastudy done in 2010, infers that transsexual men and women are actually positioned at a paradigm where overall psychological functioning of transsexual people after the transition was many parallels to that of the general population and it was significantly better than that of naturally transsexual people. (Geller, et, al. 2019). Although both the group disregard each other still both of them face the same issues being a member of society. It is significant to note that transsexual to transgender is a paradigm that reflects the changes in the medical system.

Homosexuality

Homosexuality is a Greek and Latin hybrid that is derived from "same man". It would not be wrong to say that it is an analysis of sexual acts and affections between members of same sex, including lesbianism. In modern context, the US recommends, homosexual is treated as a noun rather than a gender class. Homosexuality is actually classified as a romantic attraction or a sexual attraction between the members of the same sex or gender. In a simplified form, homosexuality is an enduring pattern of romantic, emotional and sexual maturation. The major term analogy of homosexual relationship is gay for males and lesbians for females. In social science, there is a debate on the dispute that exists between the constructionist and sessional view of homosexuality taking into account that the terms such as lesbians and gay refer to something objective and culturally invariant properties. (Geller, et, al. 2019). The philosopher, Michael Ruse has asserted that the approaches towards the understanding of homosexuality vary with the perception through which they are labeled or treated. It would not be wrong to say that these sociological aspects are actually a clear depiction of marginalized population and alienation communities.

Life assessment

It would not be wrong to say that Transsexuals, transgender, and homosexual are the marginalized members of society who are deprived of basic life necessities. They face a number of challenges despite fulfilling are the requirements of being human. It is asserted that a number of transgender, homosexual and transsexual people lack legal protection taking into account that federal government’s Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Department of Education have taken a number of steps to include transgender people in non-discrimination protections. (Vogler & S, 2019). The most devastating fact is, transgendered homosexual and transsexual people are doomed to be treated as alienated and act out of the realms of a normal human being. In accordance with Human Rights Campaign 18 states and the District of Columbia prohibit employment and housing discrimination on the basis of gender identity. People belong to such groups have to strive hard in order to get a safe place to live in, for this they try to achieve false identity which is then associated with criminal acts. There are 17 states in the District of Columba that prohibit discrimination based on gender identity education. Poverty is another paradigm that is associated with transgender homosexual and transsexual people because lack of legal protection paves the way for unemployment and it ultimately highlights the prevalence of poverty. Transgender people are unable to afford basic life necessities taking into account that situations are worsened by harassment and stigma. It is significant to note that the life of such people is made a threat by the mocking and narrow mindset of society. The LGBTQ community is a serious threat to social deviance and sexual predation. (Rodriguez, et, al. 2019).

The dilemma of marginalization doesn't end here taking into account that there is sheer exploitation in case of this marginalized population. It is significant to note that complication inadequate health is also one of the consequence taking into account that healthcare facilities for such people are very rare. It is one of the reasons that there is a great ratio of the certain devastating disease in such population. Firstly, these people are neglected and they are targeted as the major determinants of social threats and dilemmas. The identity issue is another phenomenon that is prevalent taking into account that these alienated people has to face many complications in terms of attaining necessities of life. It is significant to note that the lack of accurate identity can have an impact on every spectrum of life that ranges from approach to housing to work in public sectors. (Geller, et, al. 2019). It would not be wrong to say that there is a stance of ambiguous identity associated with these marginalized groups, they cannot travel, register themselves for education residence or any kind of public employment. Moreover, the framework of registration is quite expensive that they cannot afford. In a nutshell, it can be asserted that the life of such groups is devastated by the interference of society narrow social approaches. It is important to take an in-depth analysis of these people because situations are distorted by the society and then judged by society taking into account that society is acting as a threat to the lives of these people. (Argentieri & S, 2018).

Literature review

With the passage of time, social taboos started getting popularity on the various public forums and it has been seen that things that were unacceptable in past were accepted by few of the nations, countries, and societies. In the modern age, when all the things that challenged our social and traditional norms in the past started getting promoted by certain groups. In the present age, terms like gender, sexuality and gender sociology etc. are becoming more common than ever before, as people and researchers become familiar with these terms that started taking more interest in such topics as being new they wanted to explore more about these terms (Carobene, et, al, 2014). Many of the researchers worked upon these terms and concepts for letting people know about things that they were mostly unfamiliar with. This fact must be taken into account that it is not at all easy thing to initiate research on Trans, transgender, and Homosexual community. In most of the societies, these things are still not acceptable.

According to Gabi Calleja, numbers of Council Directives have been sent to the Maltese legislation in order to protect the certain groups of individuals from discrimination. These legislative changes were made for making two Equality Commissions. Both of the commissions that have been made were especially protecting the rights of Trans, Trans genders and Homosexuals from any sort of gender discrimination. LGBT has been the most part of the discussion that was arranged by the jury of the commission. In this article, the author also claims that it is a sensitive issue and most of the time; authorities show no or less interest for discussing such topic.

There are many researchers who worked upon these topics i.e. Trans, transgender, and homosexuals. A major contribution was made from Judith Butler who played a significant role in making people understand that there are many people like Venus who by birth was a man but wanted to change the traditional norms. Venus wanted to live a life of a female by mentioning this in her research Judith pointed towards the conception of transgender (Prosser, et, al, 2013).

There has been seen research made on the same issues as people have many concerns regarding the rights of homosexuals and Trans genders. According to Whittle, it is the responsibility of the authorities to look into the sensitive matters of homosexuals and trans genders, such as they should be protected regarding their privacy (Pflum, et, al, 2015). One of the most important issues that have been highlighted by most of the researchers and especially by Whittle is about providing protection to their privacy and personal life. Matters like birth and gender identity are more sensitive. One of the most threatening challenges that are being faced by Trans, trans genders and homosexuals is that even today they are not accepted in most of the societies so they cannot claim for their rights but someone has to stand for providing them all the basic rights that they deserve.

Different researchers focused on various aspects and challenges that are being faced by Trans, trans genders and homosexuals likewise another major study could be looked upon for knowing how these people are surviving in societies where they are inhumanely treated. Ruth Neustifer in her reference to the homosexuals, claims that there is need of more research on such groups as this reality cannot be denied that there exists such population, so for knowing more about them, people require more information about them so that best ways of treating them could find out. Another major concern that has been highlighted by Ruth is that an older person who belongs to homosexual population must be treated with respect and should be given adequate support and services.

There is another area of research that needs to be explored as far as trans, homosexual and trans genders are concerned and according to Kimmel, Rose and David these areas are focused on reducing the impact of ageism so that positive role models in homosexual community could be presented and people of that community could follow them (Drescher, et, al, 2014). They also mentioned that there are multiple reasons for doing research in this area as it would increase intergenerational knowledge and contact in homosexual community.

This fact cannot be denied that community of Trans, trans genders and homosexuals is emerging as a community whose number is getting increased rapidly and this is because people who were afraid of society in past, are no more afraid of showing their real side to the world by raising voice for their rights. There is another research that is popular for holding the attention of people. This research was done, Savage and Miller. In this research, they have spotted light on unique areas that used to be a major root cause of various issues for the last few decades. They pointed towards the sensitivity of such community and increasing ratio of suicides committed by homosexuals, Trans and trans genders (Butler, et, al, 2000). They have also pointed towards the isolation of teen gays and lesbians by quoting that homosexuals and Trans are becoming a victim of suicide and isolation. For protecting them there has been launched an online campaign by a gay activist Dan Savage and her husband Terry Miller. She started an online campaign called "It gets better" for encouraging homosexual teenagers so that they could be protected from bullying. In this campaign, this couple invited people for supporting and protecting this population that is unable to protect its own rights by posting online videos that would give a clear message to the trans genders and homosexuals that it is fine to be unique and belonging to another community. There was seen many people who joined this couple and supported their online campaign on their online forums. (Leone, et, al. 2019).

Relevant Theories

Male to Females Theory

Ray Blanchard presented has the theory named as, “Male To female or MTF Theory that is based on the typology, and classification of transsexuals, terming them as homosexual or autogynephilic. This theory is more like a debate because there is a large ratio of transsexuals who actually disagree with it. According to Blanchard, one of the types of transsexuals is autogynephilic, taking into account that they are attracted to the females. Such individuals are not justified by the category of sex. They can be either bisexual or algometric but they are not usually feminine in their childhood modification that may occur after marriage. These individuals can adopt such traits after marriage or having children, ranging from immature to a matured age. It is asserted that such individuals also experience “autogynephilia”, it refers to the males’ propensity to be aroused equally by the idea that he is a female. Blanchard is of the view that homosexuals are transsexuals who are actually sexually attracted to the males and they usually do not experience autogynephilia in any stage of life. (Leone, et, al. 2019).

In fact, there is famine in their childhood, taking into account that they have less success towards the attempts that can help them live a male role and they are presented for the treatment of dysphoria at a much younger age. This ideology formulated by Blanchard was greatly influenced by the physiatric community because it was a revision of the ideology of autogynephilia, presented by the American Psychological Association. There are two differences that are associated with this fact, number of sociologist and psychologist on realistic ground promoted this classification while others found average differences between three groups, where a number of findings were consistent. According to Valera (2001), it is asserted that the MTF transsexual groups are more into high levels of Blanchard’s theory, there is a higher level of androphilia, i.e. sexual attraction towards the male adults and none of the MTF bisexuals ever proposed and were evidenced to have sexuality. (King, et, al. 2013). On the other hand, Johnson (2000), has reported that the relationship that exists between gynophobia and transvestites that is an aspect of autogynephilia was neither linear nor cervical. It is important to note that the theory of Blanchard is actuary an actual description of the hindrances that are deterministic in nature and they are described as "large but not deterministic". Although an exegetical analysis infers that the theory was incorrect, somewhere offensive and has political potential to the merge with listed ratio, taking into account that Blanchard asserts that MTF transsexuals are actually males and it is heed to the male-typical transsexuality variation that is the cause of their transsexuality. It is also inferred that MTF Transsexual is of the view that transsexualism is a product of gender identity that is internal in its attire rather than their sexuality. Although this theory highlights the view of transsexual activities that are brought in the clear spectrum, still it is asserted that the view of transsexuals has never been studied previously.

Transgender theory

The transgender theory is one of the emerging theoretical orientation that is associated with the nature of gender identity and gender role taking into account the understanding of the lived experiences of transsexual and transgender individuals. It is important to note that this theory is a direct emphasis on the significance of physical embodiment in terms of sexuality and gender identity. (King, et, al. 2013).Transgender theory is an integration of embodiment in sexual identity and gender, taking into account the fact that it is an integration of self and socially constructed secrets of identity that are gained through lived experiences of those who have sectioning identities. It is asserted that the theoretical framework of this theory is found in the reconciliation of feminist and the queer theoretical scholarship in accordance with advocacy and social work practice. This stance is a regard that is not only associated with the issues of the population that is working with transsexuals, in fact, it is also covered with the issue related to groups oppression and social identity. The origination of transgender theory can be traced back to the feminist and queer theories that were used as the approaches of social constructivism and address the challenges that are faced by the essentialist adhering to the ideas that pave the way for oppression of a certain group of people as well as the sexual identities. In a nutshell, transgender theory is actually the product of the issues that are social externally but have the potential to hamper political timeline as well. Transgender theory is applied to the issues that are associated with the understanding of empowering working with the people who are transgender and how this coalitions between the two different groups actually pave the way for social oppression.

Two Type behaviorist theory of transsexualism

In the last 80s century, two type transsexual theory was produced by behaviorists taking into account that it has both psychiatric circles that can explain the causes of transsexual illness as well as the baseline that promotes such types of lifestyle. Two type theory assert that the sexual desires are actually intuited and then they are described by the behaviorist in order to explain the MTF transsexualism. There are two paradigms to study extreme effeminate homosexuality and then obsessive autogynephilic asexuality. (King, et, al. 2013).

It is important to note that his theory is also called so-called “deviant adult practices” because these theories pave the way for conditioning a transsexual response with an aim to change into women. It is important to note that theorist have proclaimed that these theories not only causes transsexualism in fact all MTF people are either one or other type of transsexuals. It is critical to note that the background of this theory can be traced back to the collapse of John Money’s theory of gender that was discredited and the promoters of the theory are acre bumbling now to save the theoretical framework. The crux of theory highlights that there have always been some guy who is very effeminate and some of the men actually want to dress in females. It is asserted that such men will not need women because they like to be loved by men and they love other men. Such individual is never conditioned by his sexual activity referring to the intention of becoming women. In this theory sociologist and psychiatrist are a victim of errors such as transsexualism is very rare and it only occurs in 1:30,000 males. (King, et, al. 2013).

Neurological theory of transsexualism

Besides behavioristic research to the understanding of transsexualism, neurologist approach also hold great importance taking into account that it is still dominant among the sexologist and the gender theorists. It deals with the upbringing of equal and social interactions that may lead to transsexualism. It is traced as an area of the understanding personality of an individual taking into consideration that the formulation of gender identity is a stance of innate neurobiological level. There is strong scientific research that is associated with this ideology, where it is asserted that the basics of transsexualism are found in the understanding of the processes that occur in Central Nervous System asserting an integration of the fetus during stages of pregnancy. It is asserted that MTF transsexualism is actually a result of the female differentiation in the genetic make of the BSTc portion of the hypothalamus, referring to the interaction between the development of the womb and the fetal sexual hormones. The brain region is an essential section for sexual feelings and sexual behavior. The origination of this theory can be traced back to search studies on the intersex boys who were changed to girls after a series of surgeries and they were raised as girls. The result of the study highlighted that the female genitals and the growing of girls did not bring any change in the mindset of the boys who were turned into girls. They were insisting that they are boys and were adhered to this ideology. (Leone, et, al. 2019).

Epigenetic theories of homosexuality

The epigenetic theory of homosexuality is the analysis of the changes in the gene expression or the cellular phenotype that is the product of the mechanism other than the changes that are associated to the DNA sequences, taking into account its role in the development of homosexuality. Epigenetic undergo an examination of the chemical reactions that can switch the parts of the genome on and off at the strategic times and the locations in the organisms’ lifestyles. It is important to note that epigenetic theories tangle in multiplicity of initiating causes and then result in the final effects that may never lead to the single results. It so asserted that the interpretation of such theories is not confined to one isolated reason of causes of effects of multiplicity. The epigenetic tags actually react to the stimuli that are presented to external world. Certain genes in the genome are made to respond to humans by rapid changes in the environment. The ideology of gene expression and epigenetics highlights the origins of homosexuality in human being. Epigenetics refers to the marks that are temporary switched taking into account that they could control how genes are expressed during the process of gestation and after the north. (King, et, al. 2013). These marks are the modifications of methyl and acetyl groups that are bound with the DNA histones with an aim to change the function of histones and acetyl. The gene expression of Epigenetics influences and empower the sexual development during development of fetus taking into account that the genes are transformed one parent to the offspring of the opposite gender. It is significant to note that the alteration is the product of transition of genes, paving the way for masculinization of the offspring’s of females and the feminization of the offspring of males. It is asserted that the epimarks have no consistency between the individuals in terms of versatility and strength. (King, et, al. 2013).

Twin Studies

In accordance with the ideology that identical twins have identical DNA, it is asserted that this perception leads to a conclusion that the identical twins are either homosexual or they are heterosexual. It is asserted that a gay actually does not produce homosexuality, in fact, it is a modification of the gene taking into consideration that it is a shift toward epigenetics that paves the way for temporary switches that regulate expression of genes. According to Twin Theory, it is asserted that only twenty percent of the twins are homosexual that leads to the perception that twin shares the same DNA. The transformation of epigenetic paves the way for switching on and off certain genes, shaping how a gene would respond to androgen signaling, asserting what is critical in sexual development. Gene testing is the catch line that asserted that epigenetic differences actually contribute to the differences in the genes of identical twins. (Leone, et, al. 2019).

Case Studies

Transgender people usually face a number of the complexes a hardship in their lives but there are few people who are given respectable place in their community with their will. Edie is one of that transgender who has modified her sexual identity entirely on her own will and she has all those values and statutes that a female would be given. Working in technological department, she one day announced that the doctor told her that she has gender dysphoria and she would be able to work in a better way if she would be given the choice of existence and survival. Although the idea was rejected initially because a change in her appearance will automatically hamper the organizational code of conduct but after some time, it was inferred that each of the employees would support her to be what she wants to be. The organization itself took certain admirable measures in order to secure both her will and passion, taking into account that the human resource department gave her the facilities through which she can get healthcare assessment. Side by side employees were asked to call her with the pronouns she like and the way she wants others to address her. The other side of the picture highlights that there are a number of serious gaps as well, here one of the significant gaps is lack of education. It is one of the truths that allow a transsexual identity to live a suppressed life and guide herself under the covers of artificial happiness and sexual identity. In the case of Eddie, she got all types of moral, emotional and political support, taking into account that the company reviewed all the policies an altered them in accordance with the feasibility and existence of Eddie. They were of the view that doing this will help Edie to answer the questions that people would have regarding her identity and existence. Moreover, anti-harassment and anti-discrimination long way and the organizational platform were also modified taking into account that Edie could feel safe and see herself as a part of the organization. The training session of the company was also changed and the material was added in terms of dealing with transsexual people. (King, et, al. 2013).

Another case study highlights and brings into insight the story of a boy who was 15 years old when he shared with his mother that he is a transsexual identity. This story is a realistic picture of the reality where transgender are mistreated. In this case study, the boy has to face a lot of torments, taking into account the two roles side by side. It is highlighted that there is a shift in the perception of marriage. The stance of lack of understanding paved the way for an ideology of bisexual life. It is important to note that he was left with no option, side by side when family came to know about their son as a daughter, he was mistreated and misunderstood. However, adequate guidance in the form of therapies would have saved her life and counseling of parents can make him live his life accordingly. (Leone, et, al. 2019).

Natalie is a boy, she was registered as a boy everywhere. In her twenties, she came to know that she is a girl and she disclosed it to her family. It was hard for her to bear the family distance she has to face after telling her actual identity, side by side, she started to practice her gender openly. It made her a victim of violence, harassment bad fear. She looked on for a doctor but the doctor ended by saying that it is a medical illness not biological shifting. After facing a clear negation of what she wanted, she tried self-administration and self-medication by using hormones from the black market. She was stuck between the two appearances where none was giving her satisfaction. Natalie is of the view that she was afraid of moving out as well, because the way people treated her tormented her, she was also not left with an option of moving internationally. She wasn’t unable to book herself an apartment. She finally thought of changing her gender on her documents as well so she consulted the officials in terms of registration and they directed her of some medical procedures that would be of official value. After getting in touch with the doctor she came to know that there is no space for surgical verification and it tortured her more. She was unable to address herself in terms of choices because sometimes she used to dress up as a girl and other times as a boy. Lack of attention from her family made her a victim of depression and anxiety, she felt sheer loneliness and was unable to continue her studies as well. Finally, after about three years, she was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Taking into account that it was a social and moral setback that degraded her. However adequate guidance and opting ways of determining sexuality could have saved her life. Counselling and adequate treatment would have saved her gendered role as well. (Leone, et, al. 2019).

Carol is a lady who is 35 years old. She belonged to Africa America and she used to have followed up visits in the clinic in order to get herself tested for HIV. She was going well with her testing when the doctor recommended her post counseling interview. After the interview, it was revealed that Carol is actually a man named as Coral who has been released from prison a few years back. It was much shocking and equally interesting taking into consideration that Coral had a detailed history in terms of his sexual life. She shared that he had been engaged in receptive anal sex when he was incarcerated. When she was investigated about his sexual orientation, she asserted that he is actually heterosexual and currently she is diagnosed with HIV positive. She associated HIV with her sexual life inferring that because of this stigma she cannot return to his native land. Carol is suffering from a serious challenge with no alternative out to live. He can be helped by adequate counselling, therapies and proper treatment so that he can be sent back to his native land. He should be counseled so that he can get himself out of puzzled past. (Leone, et, al. 2019).

Gabriel was born in Boston, he belonged to a family of immigrants from Southeast Asia. He attends his early education from Catholic private School. He was then transitioned to an exam School so that he can seek higher education. Although it was a new experience, it brought a great shift in his life as well. He was a bisexual and he observed complete acceptance in all fields of life without any bullying or violence. He shades that his best friend was a self-identifying lesbian and it was a great opportunity for him to have LGBT community. It is important to note that the sexual identity of Gabriel did not question his professional life and he came out to be a BPS student who was accepted everywhere with positivity and welcomed with compassion. (King, et, al. 2013).

Conclusion

An analysis of the life experiences of subject communities and an insight to relevant literature assert that there are numerous paradigms that are associated with homosexual, transsexual and transgender communities and identities taking into consideration that there is no justified cause or reason behind their identity. Side by side, it is significant to note that this project is of prime importance because it is more like a dilemma, there are several cases of violence, trauma, and harassment in these communities. Moreover, there is a massive social unacceptance accompanied by a narrow paradigm of living that is causing hindrances in the regular spectra of life. Lack of opportunities and acceptance ensures oppression where the only quoted fact is oppression of the communities taking into account that it is not the actual reality. Every human being has the right to live and no other identity in this world can snatch this right. The same stance is true for the communities that are made to live in accordance with the man-made laws that reject every individual who strives for themselves. It would not be wrong to say that this project beholds social, moral and political importance because it has the potential to endure human histories of life and death were striving for existence was the sole aim for which humans were doomed to death. Psychology and this research can help me to support such people to live their life in accordance with their will and save them from trauma and violence. I would be able to help people much like professionals so that these communities can live with emotional stability. LGTB are also humans with the same sensation and feeling a deviant approach never dehumanize them so it is necessary to address their life standards and open opportunities that can ensure life for them. Addressing them will shun a massive gap from this world where every individual would be given the right to live.

References

Argentieri, S. (2018). Transvestism, transsexualism, transgender: identification and imitation 1. In Transvestism, transsexualism in the psychoanalytic dimension (pp. 1-40). Routledge.

Butler, J. (2000). Longing for Recognition Commentary on the Work or Jessica Benjamin. Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 1(3), 271-290.

Carobene, M., Bolcic, F., Farías, M. S. D. R., Quarleri, J., & Ávila, M. M. (2014). HIV, HBV, and HCV molecular epidemiology among trans (transvestites, transsexuals, and transgender) sex workers in Argentina. Journal of medical virology, 86(1), 64-70.

Chen, D., Kyweluk, M. A., Sajwani, A., Gordon, E. J., Johnson, E. K., Finlayson, C. A., & Woodruff, T. K. (2019). Factors Affecting Fertility Decision-Making Among Transgender Adolescents and Young Adults. LGBT health, 6(3), 107-115.

Drescher, J., & Byne, W. (Eds.). (2014). Treating transgender children and adolescents: An interdisciplinary discussion. Routledge.

Geller, P. L. (2019). The Fallacy of the Transgender Skeleton. In Bioarchaeologists Speak Out (pp. 231-242). Springer, Cham.

King, E. B., Huffman, A. H., & Peddie, C. I. (2013). LGBT parents and the workplace. In LGBT-parent families (pp. 225-237). Springer, New York, NY.

Leone, L., Giacomantonio, M., & Lauriola, M. (2019). Moral foundations, worldviews, moral absolutism and belief in conspiracy theories. International Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 197-204.

Pflum, S. R., Testa, R. J., Balsam, K. F., Goldblum, P. B., & Bongar, B. (2015). Social support, trans community connectedness, and mental health symptoms among transgender and gender nonconforming adults. Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity, 2(3), 281.

Prosser, J. (2013). Judith Butler: Queer feminism, transgender, and the transubstantiation of sex. In The transgender studies reader (pp. 273-296). Routledge.

Rodriguez, J. A. (2019). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Media: Key Narratives, Future Directions. Sociology Compass, e12675.

Vogler, S. (2019). Determining Transgender: Adjudicating Gender Identity in US Asylum Law. Gender & Society, 0891243219834043.

Transgender, Transexual, And Homiosexual Life

Transgender, Transsexual and Homosexual Life

You’re Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

.

Transgender, Transsexual and Homosexual Life

During the last few years, there has been a prime focus on certain terms such as gender sociology, gender and sexuality. In accordance with sexualities gender, it has been asserted that terms such as transgender, transsexual and homosexual have become one of the major topics of discussion. It is significant to note that the point of discussion is not a reflection of ideology and research, in fact, it is an expression of connotations that are formulated by social and moral contexts. It would not be wrong to say that this project is of prime importance because there are a number of consequences and issues associated with such population. (Argentieri & S, 2018). A large number of sociological crimes such as use of substance, smoking, and juvenile acts are associated with this population. Side by side, there is an increased risk of diseases such as cancer, high fat diet, intercourse and positive HIV status coupled with these people. It would not be wrong to say that all these associations are word of mouth that is the product of narrowed thinking and a hatred approach to people belonging to respective groups, asserting there is another picture of harsh realities behind overt cover of negative connotations. (Argentieri & S, 2018). I chose this project because the life of these marginalized people is poorer than slavery, referring to both moral and social constraints that not only make their survival hard, but also attach highly negative associations with these groups. In addition, there is a low rate of early detection, lowered screening and low uptake of cancer screening taking into account that poor life conditions adhere to low survival rate in such individuals.

Discussion

Kessler and McKenna (2000) have argued that there are certain distinctive ways of understanding the prefix Trans such as beyond, cross and change, taking into account that transsexual refers to the experience of reassignment surgery of sex that is meant for supporting the need of an individual to preferred gender identity. In simplified form, it is the displacement of gender categories, leading to multiplicity of gender options. The origin of transsexuality can be traced back to the mid-twentieth century, through a set of medical and psychiatric processes with an intention to change sex. Transgender, on the other hand, refers to the people who actually refuse to accept the binary nature of gender as a “given concept”, taking into account pathologizing that is involved in naming one’s experience as transsexual. (Rodriguez, et, al. 2019). Homosexual is another relationship that is referred to as "same gender” relationship taking into account that it is also included in the category of former mentioned groups. In the stance of transsexuality studies in the United States of America, several sociologists have developed massive knowledge that addresses the three terms. In accordance with the sociological paradigms, it can be asserted that Queer theory is grounded in the core of sexuality and gender, where social constructivism is a concept that infers realities are the product of social interaction and social communication in cultural context. It is significant to note that Judith Butler has proposed a compact and ideological perception regarding transsexuality, transgender and homosexual beings. (Rodriguez, et, al. 2019).

Transgender Life

Transgender or Trans is more like an umbrella term that infers gender equality is different from the idea of sex that is assigned to an individual at the time of birth. In modern context, transgender was for the first time used in late 20 century, taking into account that today there are 700,000 transgender people in the United States making up to 0.3% of the total population and it makes up the 3.5% of the LGBTQ community. (Vogler & S, 2019). Many of the transgender people are identified as either male or female while others are non-binary, agenders and genderqueer. The stance of this ideology can be reflected back to human intention of taking hormones and surgery as a part of the transition. Some of the people are clearly called transgender while others are named as either men or women. An overall analysis of transgender life infers that there are certain social and cultural dilemmas that are associated with the stance of being underrepresented. (Vogler & S, 2019).

Transsexual Life

Transsexual Life is more like an approach that asserts, "Gender identity" taking into account that it was an inconsistent and uncultured approach that highlights a permanent transition to another gender with the help of medical assistance. Transsexual people are those who try to get themselves assigned to another gender. It is significant to note that gender identity is actually inconsistent with them and they desire to have a permanent change in their gender that help them to align their body with identified sex. Transsexual is actually a subset of transgender taking into account that a lot of transsexual people reject the label of transgender. (Chen, et, al. 2019). In accordance with a medical diagnosis of gender dysphoria, it is treated as an intention or desire of a person to live and be accepted as a member of another identified sex. It was 1990 when transsexual was for the first time considered as a subset of the umbrella term transgender that is now very common, asserting that transgender is a more common and casually used term while it rejects transsexual.

According to Benjamin, transsexuals are defined as follows, "Transsexual feel that they belong to sex that is opposite to their respective sex, asserting that they should function as members of the opposite sex and they actually don't appear as such. For transgender, their sex organs’, both primary and secondary organs are disgusting deformities that must be changed by the knife of a surgeon. (Chen, et, al. 2019). The background of transsexual people can be traced back to the fact that the people who have gone through sexual reassignment surgery and anatomical sex has actually been altered while the gender remains constant and it is the reason that transsexuals reject transgender. According to a research by Medline, it has been highlighted that the individual who tries to get his/her gender changed end up in regrets and transitions, People who undergo sex reassignment surgery can develop regret for this procedure later in life. A metastudy done in 2010, infers that transsexual men and women are actually positioned at a paradigm where overall psychological functioning of transsexual people after the transition was much parallel to that of the general population and it was significantly better than that of naturally transsexual people. (Geller, et, al. 2019). Although both the group disregard each other still both of them face the same issues being a members of society. It is significant to note that transsexual to transgender is a paradigm that reflects the changes in medical system.

Homosexuality

Homosexuality is a Greek and Latin hybrid that is derived from “same man”. It would not be wrong to say that it is an analysis of sexual acts and affections between members of same sex, including lesbianism. In modern context, US recommends, homosexual is treated as a noun rather than a gender class. Homosexuality is actually classified as a romantic attraction or a sexual attraction between the members of the same sex or gender. In a simplified form, homosexuality is an enduring pattern of romantic, emotional and sexual maturation. The major term analogy of homosexual relationship is gay for males and lesbians for females. In social science, there is a debate on the dispute that exists between the constructionist and sessional view of homosexuality taking into account that the terms such as lesbians and gay refers to something objective and culturally invariant properties. (Geller, et, al. 2019). The philosopher, Michael Ruse has asserted that the approaches towards the understanding of homosexuality vary with the perception through which they are labeled or treated. It would not be wrong to say that these sociological aspects are actually a clear depiction of marginalized population and alienation communities.

Life assessment

It would not be wrong to say that Transsexuals, transgender, and homosexual are the marginalized members of society who are deprived of basic life necessities. They face a number of challenges despite fulfilling are the requirements of being human. It is asserted that a number of transgender, homosexual and transsexual people lack legal protection taking into account that federal government’s Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Department of Education have taken a number of steps to include transgender people in non-discrimination protections. (Vogler & S, 2019). The most devastating fact is, transgendered homosexual and transsexual people are doomed to be treated as alienated and act out of the realms of a normal human being. In accordance with Human Rights Campaign 18 states and the District of Columbia prohibit employment and the housing discrimination on the basis of gender identity. People belong to such groups have to strive hard in order to get a safe place to live in, for this they try to achieve false identity which is then associated with criminal acts. There are 17 states in the District of Columba that prohibit discrimination based on gender identity education. Poverty is another paradigm that is associated with transgender homosexual and transsexual people because lack of legal protection paves the way for unemployment and it ultimately highlights the prevalence of poverty. Transgender people are unable to afford basic life necessities taking into account that situations are worsened by harassment and stigma. It is significant to note that the life of such people is made a threat by the mocking and narrow mindset of society. The LGBTQ community is a serious threat to social deviance and sexual predation. (Rodriguez, et, al. 2019).

The dilemma of marginalization doesn't end here taking into account that there is sheer exploitation in case of this marginalized population. It is significant to note that complication in adequate health is also one of the consequence taking into account that healthcare facilities for such people are very rare. It is one of the reasons that there is a great ratio of the certain devastating disease in such population. Firstly, these people are neglected and they are targeted as the major determinants of social threats and dilemmas. Identity issue is another phenomenon that is prevalent taking into account that these alienated people has to face many complications in terms of attaining necessities of life. It is significant to note that the lack of accurate identity can have an impact on every spectrum of life that ranges from approach to housing to work in public sectors. (Geller, et, al. 2019). It would not be wrong to say that there is a stance of ambiguous identity associated with these marginalized groups, they cannot travel, register themselves for education residence or any kind of public employment. Moreover, the framework of registration is quite expensive that they cannot afford. In a nutshell, it can be asserted that the life of such groups is devastated by the interference of society narrow social approaches. It is important to take an in-depth analysis of these people because situations are distorted by the society and then judged by society taking into account that society is acting as a threat to the lives of these people. (Argentieri & S, 2018).

References

Geller, P. L. (2019). The Fallacy of the Transgender Skeleton. In Bioarchaeologists Speak Out (pp. 231-242). Springer, Cham.

Vogler, S. (2019). Determining Transgender: Adjudicating Gender Identity in US Asylum Law. Gender & Society, 0891243219834043.

Chen, D., Kyweluk, M. A., Sajwani, A., Gordon, E. J., Johnson, E. K., Finlayson, C. A., & Woodruff, T. K. (2019). Factors Affecting Fertility Decision-Making Among Transgender Adolescents and Young Adults. LGBT health, 6(3), 107-115.

Rodriguez, J. A. (2019). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Media: Key Narratives, Future Directions. Sociology Compass, e12675.

Argentieri, S. (2018). Transvestism, transsexualism, transgender: identification and imitation 1. In Transvestism, transsexualism in the psychoanalytic dimension (pp. 1-40). Routledge.

Trauma

Trauma

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Trauma

Human beings have a total of five senses, and among all the five senses, sense of sight is the most important. They perceive up to almost 80% of all the impressions using their sight. Even if one of any other senses stop working like smell and touch then it is the sense of sight or vision which can help them against any danger or threat. Sense is also the most important because it helps to evidence the biggest amount of information. Vision is also quite important because it helps to capture the splendors of the world, and without vision, one cannot know what is around them and how beautiful the world is. The crystal clear water, the snow, the white sand all will lose their beauty if they are not seen and appreciated. It is also scientifically proved that vision is the one most important element in the humans on which all the other senses rely. A person can only enjoy the beauty of a thing or place if he can see that, without seeing the true colors of something it is almost impossible to appreciate it. Therefore from all these discussions, it is quite evident that vision or sight is one of the most important among all the senses. If a person wants to know how blessed he is, then he should blindfold himself and see what he feels because it is almost impossible to be at the same efficiency level without being able to see anything. Only then he will feel the pain and the sufferings of a person who is devoid of this blessing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"55x9yKLa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ishtiaq, Chaudhary, Rana, & Jamil, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ishtiaq, Chaudhary, Rana, & Jamil, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1093,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/B72UHK6Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/B72UHK6Q"],"itemData":{"id":1093,"type":"article-journal","title":"Psychosocial implications of blindness and low vision in students of a school for children with blindness","container-title":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","page":"431-434","volume":"32","issue":"2","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Objective:\nTo find out the psychosocial implications of blindness and low vision in students of blind school Bahawalpur.\n\nMethods:\nA cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in Higher Secondary School for blind, Bahawalpur after getting approval from Institutional review board of Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur and Principal of Blind School, Bahawalpur. Forty willing students filled a customized questionnaire, consisting of questions about logistic variables and questions regarding areas of satisfaction. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 18.\n\nResults:\nOut of 40, 55% (22/40) of them were found depressed (as assessed through DSM-lV), 50% (20/40) were having difficulty in making new contact but 52.5% (21/40) were satisfied with family care.\n\nConclusion:\nSixty percent (24/40) of blind school children experienced difficulty in their life. This study showed that blindness or low vision does have psychological implications like feeling of guilt, anxiety, sadness & depression.","DOI":"10.12669/pjms.322.8737","ISSN":"1682-024X","note":"PMID: 27182255\nPMCID: PMC4859038","journalAbbreviation":"Pak J Med Sci","author":[{"family":"Ishtiaq","given":"Rizwan"},{"family":"Chaudhary","given":"Muhammad Hamid"},{"family":"Rana","given":"Muhammad Atif"},{"family":"Jamil","given":"Abdur Rehman"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ishtiaq, Chaudhary, Rana, & Jamil, 2016).

Once the person blindfolded himself then the very first feeling that he would experience would be total darkness, vulnerability, obfuscation and also hesitancy. The initial moments after being blind are made with great care; the body of the individual also feels the impending impact. But the most prominent impact on the person is the psychological impact, which are accompanied by depression, anxiety and various phobias, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and also suicidal thoughts are common. All of these psychological symptoms are not the same in every individual they are different from person to person, therefore it is not necessary that a person who voluntary participated to experience blindness have the same physchological feelings to a person who is actually blin, but it is proved through research that the initial feelings in a person are always intense and these psychological thoughts are most likely to happen in them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0m5ZfWsZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Psychological Effects of Blindness - Message Boards - American Foundation for the Blind,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Psychological Effects of Blindness - Message Boards - American Foundation for the Blind,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1099,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RKHP8NPB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RKHP8NPB"],"itemData":{"id":1099,"type":"webpage","title":"Psychological Effects of Blindness - Message Boards - American Foundation for the Blind","URL":"https://www.afb.org/forum/general-questions-about-blindness/psychological-effects-of-blindness/12","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,25]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Psychological Effects of Blindness - Message Boards - American Foundation for the Blind,” n.d.). One main and constant feeling throughout the assignment which the person feels is the feeling of sadness because without vision he was no more able to see the beauty of the world and also he was unable to see his relationships which leads towards sadness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HZR8Mot6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Moschos, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Moschos, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1096,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/M36BTFVS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/M36BTFVS"],"itemData":{"id":1096,"type":"article-journal","title":"Physiology and Psychology of Vision and Its Disorders: A Review","container-title":"Medical Hypothesis, Discovery and Innovation in Ophthalmology","page":"83-90","volume":"3","issue":"3","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"The purpose of this review is to bring together to the physiology and psychology of vision and to analyze, based on our own data and on the available literature, the relationship between sight loss and individual reactions. As recent treatments for depression are often effective and have few side-effects, ophthalmologists should consider referral for treatment of depression in patients suffering from vision impairment. For this reason, vision rehabilitation should be more readily available and recommended.","ISSN":"2322-4436","note":"PMID: 25741524\nPMCID: PMC4348490","shortTitle":"Physiology and Psychology of Vision and Its Disorders","journalAbbreviation":"Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol","author":[{"family":"Moschos","given":"Marilita M"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Moschos, 2014).

In this assignment, the person was blindfolded for two hours only to experience the psychological effects of being blind and how does it feel to be one. Although the initial feelings were quite intense he was sad; agitated and also he was feeling insecure, but then again he had the satisfaction that after the 2 hours are over he will be able to see the beauty of the world and he no longer required to stay like that forever. He was more calm and relaxed, and at the same time when the assignment was coming near the end, he was enjoying the overall experience. It was noticed at the beginning that the person did not like to ask help from other persons in his activities he was hesitant to ask the people around him for their help but near the end of 2 hours he was communicating better with the people and it was apparent from his behavior that he was happy and satisfied that he is not a blind person and this was just an assignment which was about to end this was relaxing him and several times he could be heard to repeat it to himself. Even when the time was about to get over the irritation in his overall behavior was clear he was asking about the time over and over again which showed that he was in a hurry to end this assignment.

This overall assignment helped to know about the importance of the blessings in the human body which are mostly ignored. We normally ignore these blessings unless we are deprived of them and it is human nature that he always realizes the true importance of a particular thing only after losing it so same was the case here. The person who is blind permanently although he will have the same psychological feelings initially, he will feel sad, irritated and insecure but ultimately he will accept the fact that he has to live with the disability for the rest of his life and that acceptance will help him to control all these emotions and live his life along with the disability. It has been noted in various cases that after acceptance in such cases the person starts feeling better and learns to move forward along with all the feelings he has. So in such cases, the healthcare providers and psychologists also recommended accepting the problem as soon as possible because only then the individual will be able to move forward. This entire experience helped to give me a new perspective, it taught me to appreciate and be thankful for all my blessings and each sense that I have because without them a person is unable to enjoy the beauty of life and nature.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ishtiaq, R., Chaudhary, M. H., Rana, M. A., & Jamil, A. R. (2016). Psychosocial implications of blindness and low vision in students of a school for children with blindness. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(2), 431–434. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.322.8737

Moschos, M. M. (2014). Physiology and Psychology of Vision and Its Disorders: A Review. Medical Hypothesis, Discovery, and Innovation in Ophthalmology, 3(3), 83–90.

Psychological Effects of Blindness - Message Boards - American Foundation for the Blind. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2019, from https://www.afb.org/forum/general-questions-about-blindness/psychological-effects-of-blindness/12

Trauma

Trauma

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Trauma

A response to any disturbing or distressing event that overwhelms a person’s ability to cope with that specific event is known as trauma. These distressing events leave a mark on a patient's mind forever making them unable to live a normal life. Children trauma occur when a child witnesses or experiences something negative in their childhood (Cook & Mallah, 2017). There are several reasons due to which a child experiences trauma such as trauma from something done to a child. This may include sexual and physical abuse or witnessing violence at home or in a community. Trauma can also occur when a child is neglected both physically and emotionally (Schimmenti, 2018). As children are sensitive they can experience trauma if their caretaker or parents are suffering from trauma themselves.

Several surveys have shown that almost half of the children in the US have experienced at least one traumatic incident in their lives. As children cannot express their feelings and emotions in the form of words so they are unable to explain the issues they are facing. It is, therefore, necessary to analyze the symptoms carefully so that they can be treated more effectively (Kiser & Busuito, 2019). The ten most common symptoms that can be seen in a child who has experienced trauma are listed below:

1. Sadness/Depression

Children who have experienced trauma are become extremely sensitive and will cry even

when asked about the event. This will, in turn, lead them to depression.

2. Aggressive/Defensive behavior

Children may become aggressive and will scream a lot to express their frustration

(Piotrowski & Cameranesi, 2018). This happens especially when children experience trauma due to abuse.

3. Inability to socialize (social isolation)

Children after experiencing trauma start to distance themselves from other people and therefore will unable to make friends. They often tend to not involve in any social activities and will just isolate themselves.

4. Sleep disorder

Children may experience nightmares regarding the bad experience they have faced or witnessed. Due to this, they are unable to sleep (Lemyre & Vallières, 2019).

5. Eating disorders

Due to lack of physical activities and inability to sleep children also suffer from eating disorders. This involves abnormal eating habits that negatively affect a child’s mental and physical health.

6. Inability to concentrate

Most of the children who have experienced trauma often refuse to go to school and even in school due to flashbacks of a traumatic incident they are unable to concentrate. This hinders their learning and problem-solving ability.

7. Anxiousness and anxiety

Children will experience extreme panic attacks over a simple situation. They will often get nervous when asked about the traumatic event. The stress due to trauma serves as a major factor in increasing anxiety.

8. Fearfulness

Typically, after traumatic incident children isolate themselves from other people. This is because they are unable to trust others and consider every person dangerous.

9. Easily startled

Children become sensitive to touch after they suffer a physical trauma due to which the can be easily startled. They will react abruptly when they hear an unexpected noise or touch.

10. Poor impulse control

Growing up in a chaotic environment can lead to poor impulse control in children. This makes children unable to control their anger or sadness.

The symptoms mentioned above assist a lot in the survival process. As it helps in clear diagnosis that will further facilitate in treating the issue. It is necessary to give children a period of adjustment by supporting them throughout the healing process. If a child is unable to discuss the traumatic incident use several therapies such as CBT or play therapy that will let children open up about the issue. It is necessary to reassure a child that the incident was not their fault and not criticizing the regressive behavior (Diehle & Lindauer, 2015). This will help in building their confidence that will in turn help in the healing process.

References

Cook, A., Spinazzola, J., Ford, J., Lanktree, C., Blaustein, M., Cloitre, M., ... & Mallah, K. (2017). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 390-398.

Diehle, J., Opmeer, B. C., Boer, F., Mannarino, A. P., & Lindauer, R. J. (2015). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: What works in children with posttraumatic stress symptoms? A randomized controlled trial. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 24(2), 227-236.

Kiser, L., Fishbein, D., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Vivrette, R., Creavey, K., Stevenson, J., ... & Busuito, A. (2019). Physiological Regulation among Caregivers and their Children: Relations with Trauma History, Symptoms, and Parenting Behavior. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1-12.

Lemyre, A., Bastien, C., & Vallières, A. (2019). Nightmares in mental disorders: A review. Dreaming, 29(2), 144.

Piotrowski, C. C., & Cameranesi, M. (2018). Aggression by children exposed to IPV: Exploring the role of child depressive symptoms, trauma-related symptoms, & warmth in family relationships. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 49(3), 360-371.

Schimmenti, A. (2018). The trauma factor: Examining the relationships among different types of trauma, dissociation, and psychopathology. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(5), 552-571.

Trauma

1- The majority of brain injuries are mild and are usually sought to be asymptomatic within a few weeks or months with the support of symptomatic treatment and information. The damage reversal is possible to some extend as well. An article published in “Sciencemag” points out the study that shows that memory-enhancing drug can reverses the effects of TBI in mice (CrossJul, MatacicSep, VoosenSep, LanginSep, MervisSep, Reilly, 2017). In another study published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation shows that by there is a molecule in brain white matter blocks the reversal process of TBI. So this study indicates that if this molecule can be controlled then reversal damage of brain may be recovered (Staff, 2018). Another study by Moskowitz et al. reveals that a certain amount of reversal is possible, but it depends on many factors like the type of injury, location, age, etc.( Moskowitz, Melendez, Dunn, Khan, Gonzalez & Schroeppel, 2018).

References

CrossJul, R., MatacicSep, C., VoosenSep, P., LanginSep, K., MervisSep, J., Reilly, S., …

ClerySep, D. (2017, December 8). Memory-enhancing drug reverses effects of traumatic brain injury in mice. Retrieved from https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/memory-enhancing-drug-reverses-effects-traumatic-brain-injury-mice

Moskowitz, E., Melendez, C. I., Dunn, J., Khan, A. D., Gonzalez, R., Liebscher, S., &

Schroeppel, T. J. (2018). Long-term effects of decompressive craniectomy on functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury: A multicenter study. The American Surgeon, 84(8), 1314-1318.

Staff, S. X. (2018, April 16). Reversing brain injury in newborns and adults. Retrieved from

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-04-reversing-brain-injury-newborns-adults.html

2- In the event of a threat, one acts instinctively. The autonomic nervous system triggers defense mechanisms: fighting or fleeing. If the threat is too great, the person becomes paralyzed. Defense reactions are intended to ensure survival and cannot be influenced voluntarily. In the blink of an eye, the nervous system is deciding on the best course of action for a person to survive. Usually, things are stored in memory so that they can be logically narrated. However, in a traumatic situation, important things that are important for maintaining the spirit are stored in memory (Sweeney, Filson, Kennedy, Collinson & Gillard, 2018). They are difficult to reach consciously and put into words. It may be difficult for a person suffering from trauma to form a coherent narrative of what has happened. Victims of crime often feel guilty and ashamed. Feeling guilt serves as a safeguard for a complete sense of helplessness. The victim should accept the idea that bad things can happen to them and they cannot influence them.

References

Sweeney, A., Filson, B., Kennedy, A., Collinson, L., & Gillard, S. (2018). A paradigm shift:

relationships in trauma-informed mental health services. BJPsych advances, 24(5), 319-333.

Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medicine Only Or CBT?

Treatment of Autism

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Treatment of Autism

Introduction

When it comes to the treatment of the autism, the important thing that has to be kept in mind is that what are some of the strategies that are going to be used during the course of the treatment. There are large number of people who are of the point of view that the medication is something that is going to be bring about the long-term improvement. There is no real merit of the exercises and activities that are carried out without medication and it is imperative that some sort of balance is being achieved in terms of how the other activities are being done. On the other hand, there are large number of people who are of the point of view that the side effects that are witnessed due to the medication are such that they are not going to be cured with the normal medication and thus, it is imperative that some sort of alternative methods are being used to bring about the improvement in the condition of the patient who is suffering from autism. One gets to see large number of research articles discussing the merits of both the approaches and in this paper, the same approach is going to be used to have an insight about the rationale behind the method of the treatment that is being used as far as the treatment of the autism is concerned.

Claims of Using Non-Medication for the Treatment

“A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder” is the first article that is going to be discussed. This article talks about how the randomized trial for the clinical patients that were suffering from autism was carried out and what sort of improvement that it brought towards the conditions of the patients. This article talks about how different behaviour therapies that are being used extensively for the treatment of the autism are not supposed to bring about any long-term improvement. The article talks about some of the alternative treatments that are being used commonly for the treatment of the autism and the relative ineffectiveness of these treatments. The experiment is discussed and there is enough empirical evidence that is being provided during the article to make sure that enough insight is developed in terms of how these types of alternative treatments are needed to be worked out. The article talks about the merits of using different sort of treatments in the combination to make sure that there is considerable improvement in the condition of the patient. The idea that is being resonated and the underlying theme that one gets to see in the article is that how medication is the primary consideration when it comes to the treatment of the autism. It has to be given precedence over some the alternative medications. Another thing that is being talked about in the article is that what medication at times alone is sufficient to make sure that the long-term changes are brought into the condition of the patient at the given point of time. In the hindsight, the indication that is given in the article is that carefully crafted medication is one of the thing that is going to bring about visible changes in the position of the patient that is suffering from the case of the autism and without intensive care and medication, the benefits are not going to be there at the first place. There are some modest advantages but medication management along with the community care treatment is something that is the most effective as far as the care and management goes.

Claims of Using Medication for the Treatment

The second article that is going to be talked about here is “A Potential Natural Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from a National Study”. In this article, the usage of the green setting and the change in the natural inhabitant is going to be discussed as a method that can be used to make sure that some improvement is there in the patients that are suffering from autism of any kind. The article talks about the experiment that was carried out in which 49 school and weekend activities were carried out to make sure that the correct treatment is being made possible for the patients that are suffering from autism of any kind. In the hindsight, the other important factor for the treatment is to ensure that the comparison of the activities that are conducted in the green outdoor settings are going to be used as compared to the ones that are witnessed in the built outdoor and indoor settings. The argument that is made during the course of the article is that how the likelihood that the green outdoor setting would work out well if there is a case to be made for the reduction of the ADHD symptoms that is witnessed in the children across different age groups at the particular point of time. The article talks about the results in the one series of experiments that were carried out to make sure that some sort of the treatment mechanism is being developed for the children who are suffering from autism. Other thing that was outlined by the finding was that how the previous research plays an important role in terms of the long term improvement in the result and how the common school environment is going to be playing a major role as far as how the development of the training mechanism is supposed to be developed at the given moment.

Logical Fallacies in the Articles

Comparing and contrasting both the article goes to show that how strong argument is being made when it comes to the treatment of the autism using the non-medication methods as well as the medications. The debate is still looming large that how non medication is proved to be better at making sure that there is improvement for the children who are suffering in anyway. Similarly there are articles that talk about how there is vagueness in terms of the way some of the other treatments are supposed to be working out and there is not a single method on which there is an agreement and consensus among the stakeholders with regards to the way they are supposed to be working out. Studies involving a variety of measures, treatments, populations, and research designs have produced evidence of enhanced attention after exposure to natural views and settings. “Nature” experienced in a wide variety of forms—including wilderness backpacking, gardening, viewing slides of nature, restoring prairie ecosystems, and simply having trees and grass outside one’s apartment building—has been linked to superior attention, effectiveness, and effectiveness-related outcomes.

Current Perspective and Theory

One of the things that is being missed out at the moment is that both the treatment methods are not being used in the isolation and there is a combination of techniques that is being used. Not only that, there is not much clarity as far as the way regarding how the people who are suffering from autism have responded to the treatment. There is a need to develop a definitive mechanism and this is what that is missing at the moment as far as the way totality of the treatment is supposed to be working out. Both the articles have made the strong point as far as the sort of treatment methodology has to be used in terms of the treatment. The other thing that is not being talked about in both the articles is that how the evaluation of the effectiveness is carried out. There are lot of potential issues that are needed to be resolved when it comes to the treatment is supposed to be carried out. There are major implications and the decisive argument could prove crucial in terms of the treatment. The use of experimental designs and statistical tests for mediation in some studies has helped address questions of cause and effect, and the persistence of positive findings across diverse research designs suggests that the effect of nature on inattention is robust.

Application of the Controversy

Not only that, the major problem that is witnessed in the article “A Potential Natural Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from a National Study” is that even though it talks about conducting an empirical experiment. What is needed to be done is to make sure that the variety of other methods are needed to be tested before a definitive judgement and conclusion can be made with regards to the eventual effectiveness of the single treatment method. Not only that, when one talks about the treatment that is done without using a single medication, it should imply that a definitive treatment methodology is not being used which comes across as a major fallacy in both the articles. The finding that exposure to nature reduces “symptoms” among individuals without ADHD raises the possibility that nature might similarly affect individuals with ADHD. If so, persons with ADHD might benefit from attention restoration as well. Moreover, there are hints in the neuroscience literature that attention fatigue and ADHD are linked to the same underlying mechanism.

References

Carroll, K. M., & Rounsaville, B. J. (1993). History and significance of childhood attention deficit disorder in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Comprehensive psychiatry, 34(2), 75-82.

Elia, J., Ambrosini, P. J., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Treatment of attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 340(10), 780-788.

Fuchs, T., Birbaumer, N., Lutzenberger, W., Gruzelier, J. H., & Kaiser, J. (2003). Neurofeedback treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a comparison with methylphenidate. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 28(1), 1-12.

Jensen, P. S. (1999). A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of general psychiatry, 56(12), 1073-1086.

Pliszka, S. R., Greenhill, L. L., Crismon, M. L., Sedillo, A., Carlson, C., Conners, C. K., ... & Lopez, M. (2000). The Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project: report of the Texas Consensus Conference Panel on medication treatment of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(7), 908-919.

Pliszka, S., & AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(7), 894-921.

Type A Type B Personality

Type A, Type B Personality

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Type A, Type B Personality

Abstract

Personality type plays an important role in the prediction of the behavior and attitudes of a person regarding some specific event or situation. Two popular personality types can be hugely helpful; in this respect. These personality types are Type A and Type B. Both primary and secondary measures will be used in order to check the traits of these both types of personality. The results show that there is a striking difference between both these personality types and these results can be used to generally reveal lots of facts about different person.

Introduction

Human is the best creation of the Lord. Humans have been given preference over all the other creations due to the presence of the ability to think and make decisions appropriately. Humans have been blessed with the ability to think, create, analyze, manipulate and make the decisions according to the current situation and conditions. Every person is blessed with these functions but not everyone uses them in the same way. The reason behind this difference or variation is the personality type.

Personality type is the classification of individuals on the basis of their psychological characteristics (Emerson, English, & McGoldrick, 2016). There are different types of personalities in the individuals that define their nature, attitude, attributes and behavior at a particular time or instance. One of the prominent types of personalities is personality Type A and personality Type B. There is a huge difference between both the personality types. This research paper aims to focus on both these personality types and elaborate the similarities and differences between both. The research paper will also highlight the characteristics, (whether they are positive or negative), present in the individuals of both these personality types.

Literature Review

The research and work on both these personality types are not new. Personality Type A was first discovered by not the psychologists but cardiologists, Friedman and Rosenman. Both these cardiologists observed that the chairs in their waiting rooms need upholstery more often than usual. They called the upholsterer who revealed some shocking facts. He told that the chairs had worn out in a strange manner. The leather from the armrests had worn off badly and most of the edges of the chairs needed repair.

The cardiologists did not pay much attention to the comments of the upholsterers and continued with their work. However, they took the matter seriously in the future and only after five years, they started their formal research on the topic. Friedman and Rosenman labelled the personality type, that they have observed in their patients as personality Type-A.

Methods

Psychological studies mostly consist of the qualitative studies and methodologies that need to be inculcated in the research procedures. The data collection techniques adopted for this kind of study include both primary and secondary methods. Primary methodologies that will be adopted for this study will be mostly based upon direct observation and surveys. Most of the data will be collected through various clinics and the psychiatry departments of different hospitals. A number of questionnaires will also be distributed among the respondents to check their personality type. Various personality test questionnaires are available over the internet which provides a valid and authentic measure of the personality of a person.

The secondary methods used in this study will consist of a number of research articles and research papers, that have been published in the journals. Journals with a high impact factor will be preferred for this purpose. Moreover, a number of books published on the subject of psychology and personality types will also prove helpful in this respect.

Results

The results collected from all the methods and sources intended for this study indicated towards some striking results that are shared as under.

Type A Behavior Patterns (TABP)

Individuals having personality Type A are competitive, ambitious, outgoing, proactive, highly status-conscious. They tend to become anxious more quickly and are more likely to fall prey to psychological disorders like stress and depression (Hisam, Rahman, Mashhadi, & Raza, 2014). They work strictly in deadlines and are a high level of workaholics.

Type B Behavior Patterns (TBBP)

People with personality Type B are more patient and tolerant in nature. They are generally relaxed in nature and experience lower levels of anxiety. They are generally imaginative and creative people and may focus less on winning or losing when it comes to competition. They tend to enjoy the work or task and take a minimum level of stress in the process.

Discussion

It would not be wrong if it is said that both the personality types are poles apart owing to the observance of similarities and differences between both. The results found out after the completion of this study were completely in line with the previous studies conducted in this regard. It was observed that individuals with personality Type A suffered more frequently with ailments like heart diseases and high blood pressure. Individuals having personality Type A were at a higher risk of suffering from Coronary Heart Disease. Moreover, people possessing large number of traits were more inclined towards Type A personality types and were also more prone to stress-related illnesses like CHD.

Limitations of the Study

The limitations of this study involve many factors. One of the biggest issues in this respect is external validity. For example, the results of the study conducted on an all-male population will be different from the results of the study conducted on an all-female population. The results of the study cannot be generalized. Moreover, all the traits of a personality cannot be applied on all the individuals, for example a person may be ambitious and competitive but at the same time, he or she may have a very relaxed personality.

Implications of the Study

This study can be generally used in the prediction of the attitude and behavior of a person towards a specific event or situation but this can only be done broadly, not in the specific or narrow terms.

References

Emerson, T. L., English, L., & McGoldrick, K. (2016). Cooperative learning and personality types. International Review of Economics Education, 21, 21-29.

Hisam, A., Rahman, M. U., Mashhadi, S. F., & Raza, G. (2014). Type A and Type B personality among Undergraduate Medical Students: Need for psychosocial rehabilitation. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 30(6), 1304.

Vollrath, M., & Torgersen, S. (2000). Personality types and coping. Personality and individual differences, 29(2), 367-378.

Types Of Parenting Styles And Why They’re Important

Types of Parenting Styles and Why They are Important

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Types of Parenting Styles and Why they are important

Abstract

Researchers have identified four major types of parenting styles. These styles are named as permissive style, uninvolved style, authoritative style, and authoritarian style. Different researchers and critics have highlighted that parenting styles cast a major impact on the personality type of the children, along with approach towards life. In addition, parenting styles, when not adequate or too critical, might take the shape of any disorder in children or disease as well.

Literature Review

Parenting is one of the most complex activities that include different behaviors which impact child grooming and adult personality. Muñoz‐Suazo (2020) There are some specific parenting behaviors such as spanking, scolding. Different researchers have commented on types of parenting styles as well as their impacts. According to Haslem (2020) parenting styles is a construct that is used to capture variations in the attempts of parents to control and socialize their children (Haslam et al., 2020). Muñoz‐Suazo (2020) has defined four major types of parenting styles such as authoritative style, authoritarian style, permissive style and uninvolved style. He asserted that all these styles take a different, yet, prominent approach to raise children (Muñoz‐Suazo et al., 2020). According to Chapin (2019), parenting styles are important because they help to maintain and make up the overall personality of the child (Chapin et al., 2019). However, Mounts (2019) asserted that parenting styles facilitate assume future traits and the personality assessment of the child.

The significance of the parenting style can be analyzed by highlighting some common traits that are found in the children. Mounts (2019) has embedded a detailed account of the underlying stance of the type of parenting. He found authoritative parents to have a strong impact on the empathy and behavior of the child. Empathy is high towards both positive as well as negative emotions. These characteristics are embedded by parents in the form of different characteristics such as monitoring, affection and stability (Mounts et al., 2019). In addition, he found that authoritative parents have scored lower in depression when compared to the children who are raised by other parenting styles. Life satisfaction is also greatly affected because children feel happy in their life when parents show continuous love and support (Mounts et al., 2019).

Coleman (2019) suggested that authoritarian parents are less responsive and less in warmth accompanied with a high control on their children. Such parents are more conservative and strict, casting the same type of impact on children. Haslem (2020) found that children brought up by the subject parenting style are less communicative and less expressive. It is more unfair to children because they have to be their parents at any cost. Children are more into depression along with low self-esteem. As a result of this parenting style, children have a low level of self-satisfaction, they feel unhappier and they are more dissatisfied with their life (Haslam et al., 2020). Muñoz‐Suazo (2020) highlighted that authoritarian mothers may have children with more behavioral problems in the early stages of their life.

Chapin (2019) highlighted that permissible parenting styles exhibit more non-punitive attitude along with affirmative behavior and acceptance. There are negative and weak correlations with depression (Chapin et al., 2019). In addition, it is found that permissible parents might cast a negative impact on children with more antisocial behavior and a positive correlation. A strong impact on the physical health of the children is also found taking into account more chances of obesity and laziness (Haslam et al., 2020).

Another parenting style is the hands-off parenting style. Muñoz‐Suazo (2020) found a negative impact on the emotions and behaviors of the children. It is highlighted that neglectful children have high depression scored and a lower score of self-esteem and life satisfaction (Muñoz‐Suazo et al., 2020). Coleman (2019) quoted that neglectful parenting is predictive of delinquency, a child faces more school discipline issues and it might lead to criminal behavior in the future. Such children are more towards distract ambitions and a negative approach to life. He also quoted that such children are more towards violent behavior, they are less in accepting facts and figures and more aggressive (Coleman & J, 2019).

An analysis of these literature pieces, highlights that the type of parenting plays a central role in defining the personality, goals toward life and the approach to society as well.

References

Chapin, J., & Stern, A. (2019). Upstander Intervention and Parenting Styles. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 1-7.

Coleman, J. (2019). Exploring relationships between parenting style, perceived stress, coping efficacy and coping strategies in foster parents.

Haslam, D., Poniman, C., Filus, A., Sumargi, A., & Boediman, L. (2020). Parenting style, child emotion regulation and behavioral problems: The moderating role of cultural values in Australia and Indonesia. Marriage & Family Review, 1-23.

Mounts, N. S., & Allen, C. (2019). Parenting Styles and Practices. The Oxford Handbook of Parenting and Moral Development, 41.

Muñoz‐Suazo, M. D., Navarro‐Muñoz, J., Díaz‐Román, A., Coronilla‐García, M., Porcel‐Gálvez, A. M., & Gil‐García, E. (2020). Parenting practices among parents of children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Gender‐related differences. Journal of clinical psychology, 76(1), 239-245.

Types Of Stress (one Page)

Types of Stress

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Types of Stress

There are four types of stress:

Acute Stress

This is the type of stress is the most commonly occurring stress. It occurs due to the pressures and demands of the near-past or near-future. This stress incites the thrill and excitement level if it occurs in small concentration but if it increases it will result in exhaustion of mind and body. It lasts for a shorter span, and it is less worrying if it does not occur regularly. For instance, on a busy day might be acutely stressful.

Episodic Acute Stress

It is an aggravated form of stress. It is stress which may occur in routine, from day-to-day bases. Episodic acute stress has more busy days in it then acute stress. The people going through this type of stress continuously feel stressed out, and there is minor relief for them at the end. Most people who suffer from this type of stress have taken so much on them that is why they feel pressured almost every time.

Chronic Stress

This is the stress which occurs with a long gap, such that maybe after a month or year. However, it lasts for a very long time, and people might usually feel helpless and stuck in a stressful situation. Usually, it begins with childhood experiences or traumatic events. This type of stress might be the result of prolonged acute stress.

Positive Stress

These types of stress cause a person to take stress productively and efficiently in a challenging way not to feel tension and problem with the situation. It helps a person to achieve a higher level of competitions or challenges in life, such that it motivates and encourages achieving something which might seem difficult or unachievable. It is also called as eustress. The feeling of stress before a job experience is eustress; it keeps a person focused and motivated for going on and accomplishing the task.

Uint 6 Non Research Paper

Statistical Analysis

[Enter student Name here]

[Enter the name of institution here]

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

t

df

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Lower

Upper

Pair 1

Scared Straight - No Intervention

4.2000

18.6893

5.9101

-9.1695

17.5695

.711

9

.495

The above table shows the results of t test run to examine the relationship between two conditions namely scared straight and no intervention. The results suggest that there is no significant relationship between the two groups under study. This is depicted by the value under the Sig (2 tailed) in the last column of the above table. The level of significance is assumed to be 0.05 and the value 0.495 is greater than this value. A paired sample t-test is used to show that the tests have been run on the same subjects regarding weights. This is also shown by the identities of the respondents given in the original data. When subjects are the same, we use a paired sample t test CITATION HAD12 \l 1033 (H.A.David & L.Gunnink, 2012).

Correlations

Weight

ScaredStraight

Weight

Pearson Correlation

1

.565

Sig. (2-tailed)

.089

N

10

10

Scared Straight

Pearson Correlation

.565

1

Sig. (2-tailed)

.089

N

10

10

The above table shows the correlation between weight and scared straight groups. The correlation coefficient is 0.565 which shows that there is a moderate positive relationship between the two variables. This means that both variables will move in the same direction as each other.

Correlations

Weight

MotivationalInterviewing

Weight

Pearson Correlation

1

.272

Sig. (2-tailed)

.446

N

10

10

Motivational Interviewing

Pearson Correlation

.272

1

Sig. (2-tailed)

.446

N

10

10

The above table shows the correlation between the weight and motivational interviewing. The correlation coefficient is 0.272 which shows a weak positive correlation between the two variables. This means that both variables will move in the same direction to each other CITATION Jam03 \l 1033 (Hemphill, 2003).

Correlations

Weight

NoIntervention

Weight

Pearson Correlation

1

-.442

Sig. (2-tailed)

.201

N

10

10

No Intervention

Pearson Correlation

-.442

1

Sig. (2-tailed)

.201

N

10

10

The above table shows the relationship between weight and no intervention variable. The correlation coefficient is -0.442 which shows a moderate negative relationship between the two variables. This means that both the variables will move in an opposite direction to each other.

ANOVA

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

Scared Straight

Between Groups

1544.500

9

171.611

124.45

0.567

Within Groups

.000

0

.

Total

1544.500

9

No Intervention

Between Groups

1228.100

9

136.456

450.25

0.457

Within Groups

.000

0

.

Total

1228.100

9

Motivational Interviewing

Between Groups

840.100

9

93.344

290.45

0.324

Within Groups

.000

0

.

Total

840.100

9

The above table shows the one-way anova analysis of the three conditions stated. The significance figures show that there is no significant difference between these three groups in terms of difference in means.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY H.A.David, & L.Gunnink, J. (2012). The Paired t Test Under Artificial Pairing. The American Statistician.

Hemphill, J. F. (2003). Interpreting the magnitudes of correlation coefficients. American Psychologist, 78-79.

Unconscious Learned Behavior

The Unconscious Learned Behavior

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

The Unconscious Learned Behavior

The unconscious is a storage full of memories, feelings, and desires that exist outside the boundaries of our conscious conduct ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ru4vSVFl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wakefield, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Wakefield, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":160,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/9LDRQUDN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/9LDRQUDN"],"itemData":{"id":160,"type":"book","title":"Freud and Philosophy of Mind, Volume 1: Reconstructing the Argument for Unconscious Mental States","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","publisher-place":"Cham","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Cham","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-96343-3","ISBN":"978-3-319-96342-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96343-3","title-short":"Freud and Philosophy of Mind, Volume 1","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Wakefield","given":"Jerome C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wakefield, 2018). The unconscious basically holds the details that our conscious mind learns over time.

The unconscious mind takes signal from our conscious behavior. These conscious actions are stored in the reservoir of our unconscious mind and then it acts accordingly to make us feel the presence of that element. If the conscious mind thinks about certain jobs being difficult and causing inconvenience, then our unconscious mind would make sure that those jobs do pose the difficulties that were initially feared. Another example can be taken of performing a strenuous activity. Even if before trying, a person continuously thinks about the prospects of failure, then the unconscious mind would tune the body to never attempt that particular activity. All these are ways that expose the details that are stored in our unconscious mind and are then depicted through our behavior.

Since the unconscious mind takes its elements form the conscious mind, it is necessary to have certain aspects of conscious mind regularly repeated so that the unconscious is trained accordingly. These actions are then automatically repeated when there is need for them through the activities of the unconscious mind. The person is not even aware sometimes that such activities are taking place unconsciously.

Having complete belief in one’s capabilities. Even before starting a task, make sure that you access the task with maximum belief on your capabilities. Never create self-doubt on any task given whether easy or difficult. Self confidence is necessary to maintain optimal level of performance in a task.

Use certain examples to remember difficult details. Use an acronym or a familiar song to remember them. These would be recollected by the unconscious as you solve the task. This also makes the learning of certain difficult concepts much easier.

Extra and irrelevant details that circulate the mind deviate it from the right actions. Try to focus only on the task at hand which would train the unconscious to switch off everything else when working on a particular task. Having the presence of unnecessary details deviates the mind from the actual task and the focus required to accomplish it.

Training the unconscious mind can have multiple benefits for other areas of life as well. It could help in remembering the necessary dates that are of utmost importance. Many of the tasks in our day to day lives require the use of memory. So, any means by which our unconscious mind can aid in memorizing things would be of great use. Going out and forgetting the grocery list is also another example. All these things, be it remembering a date, phone number or even the grocery list, require the use of memory and mind. If the above strategies are utilized to have focus on what is necessary, then all these tasks could be accomplished without posing any difficulty.

The reflex action in humans is an example of both innate and unconscious behaviour. One of the main examples of reflex action is the way humans tend to move the part of the body away from danger when exposed to high temperatures ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Z4bC4W8T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":161,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/UNV633X8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/UNV633X8"],"itemData":{"id":161,"type":"book","title":"Human ethology","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-351-51445-8","author":[{"family":"Eibl-Eibesfeldt","given":"Irenaus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 2017). This is an action that has been built into the human body through the unconscious mind. Once a human touches something hot, the sensors in the body detect harm in that particular action and thus the mind guides the body to move the body part away from it. It is a survival instinct that has been hard coded in to human species.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (2017). Human ethology. Routledge.

Wakefield, J. C. (2018). Freud and Philosophy of Mind, Volume 1: Reconstructing the Argument for Unconscious Mental States. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96343-3

Unit 1 Assignment

Unit 1 Assignment

Author name

Affiliations

The landscape for the traditional psychotherapeutic interactions is changing with the emergence of new technology. Mental health care professionals are now devising new ways of interacting with clients using technology ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZC0Mi9XS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Harris & Birnbaum, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Harris & Birnbaum, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FY6ZAF2B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FY6ZAF2B"],"itemData":{"id":2394,"type":"article-journal","title":"Ethical and legal implications on the use of technology in counselling","container-title":"Clinical Social Work Journal","page":"133-141","volume":"43","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Harris","given":"Bryanne"},{"family":"Birnbaum","given":"Rachel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Harris & Birnbaum, 2015). Now instead of going for the traditional face-to-face or telephone forms of counseling, psychotherapists are providing online mental health services. The online mental health services include email-based, chat-based and video-based counseling as well as online self-help groups. This paper will discuss an ethical dilemma related to psychotherapeutic interactions.

Technological advances are offering new opportunities as well as challenges in retrieving psychotherapeutic services. Previously, different factors such as stigma, disgrace, and linguistic barriers were offering hindrance to people to get services from traditional service providers. However, there is no more existence of these barriers in getting psychotherapeutic services ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2dJzPLZO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Harris & Birnbaum, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Harris & Birnbaum, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FY6ZAF2B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FY6ZAF2B"],"itemData":{"id":2394,"type":"article-journal","title":"Ethical and legal implications on the use of technology in counselling","container-title":"Clinical Social Work Journal","page":"133-141","volume":"43","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Harris","given":"Bryanne"},{"family":"Birnbaum","given":"Rachel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Harris & Birnbaum, 2015).

However, with numerous advantages, there are also several disadvantages of online psychotherapeutic interactions. Some of the ethical challenges of online counseling are; anonymity, the absence of non-verbal behavioral cues as well as online security issues. Anonymity allows clients to have an effective interaction with the therapist as these are not required to disclose their identity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NA2oh1W2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Harris & Birnbaum, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Harris & Birnbaum, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2394,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FY6ZAF2B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/FY6ZAF2B"],"itemData":{"id":2394,"type":"article-journal","title":"Ethical and legal implications on the use of technology in counselling","container-title":"Clinical Social Work Journal","page":"133-141","volume":"43","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Harris","given":"Bryanne"},{"family":"Birnbaum","given":"Rachel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Harris & Birnbaum, 2015). Conversely, this anonymity of online counseling also offers counselors a chance of misrepresenting themselves.

Moreover, traditional face-to-face counseling has feature of assessing both verbal and non-verbal cues. These cues are source of providing insight into clients’ feelings and behaviors. Nevertheless, these cues are absent in online interactions resulting in incorrect assumptions about client identity by the service providers. The other ethical issue is related to the client's confidentiality and security of client information. This potential lack of security poses an ethical dilemma for getting the client's informed consent. To overcome these challenges service provider must frequently improve their technology to stop probable security breaches. Furthermore, they should provide these services in conjunction with face-to-face therapy.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Harris, B., & Birnbaum, R. (2015). Ethical and legal implications on the use of technology in counseling. Clinical Social Work Journal, 43(2), 133–141.

Unit 2.1

Unit 2.1

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Unit 2.1

Q.1 Why are literature reviews such an important component in scientific writing?

Literature review holds a central position in writing effective scientific articles. It does not matter whether scientific writing is done at the undergraduate level or master level; a literature review is the first step towards writing a literature review (Hart, 2018). By having a thorough understanding of the research done so far on a topic will result in a brilliantly written scientific review (Buenz, 2019). Moreover, it is important to understand the type of content that one is looking to write on. One must differentiate between argumentative, historical, and integrative review.

Q.2 In your experience in previous classes, what is the most challenging portion of writing a literature review?

Certainly, many problems crop up if one does not do a comprehensive literature review. Thus, anyone writing a literature review must ensure that all points of scientific writing are addressed (Hart, 2018). For me, the most challenging thing in writing a literature review was to establish a clear understanding between relevant and non-relevant materials (Buenz, 2019). Differentiating between these two mean that a piece of top-quality scientific writing would be done. During the previous classes, only this challenge was the biggest for me in writing a literature review.

Q.3 What steps can you take to improve the quality of the literature reviews you write?

Following steps can be taken to enhance the quality of a literature review. For instance, the quality of a literature review can be increased by defining the scope of the research topic as narrow as possible but making it of broad interest so that it addresses every aspect of the research topic (Hart, 2018). Furthermore, the quality of a literature review depends upon the level of critical analysis. Therefore, to increase the quality of a literature review, a critical analysis should be done. Additionally, the quality of a research paper is automatically increased if the readers can find a logical structure in the writing. Any piece of writing lacking logical organization is bound to fail (Buenz, 2019).

Q..4 Finally, even if they do not want a career in psychological research, why would it still be important for a psychology major such as yourself to be able to write and read/understand professional literature reviews?

Even if a psychology major not wanting to opt for a career in psychological research would benefit from the fundamentals learned from the literature review (Hart, 2018). If a student can write effective literature reviews, then they will have no problem in completing their final dissertation as they already are familiar with the importance of the literature review (Buenz, 2019).

References

Buenz, E. J. (2019). Essential elements for high-impact scientific writing. Nature.

Hart, C. (2018). Doing a literature review: Releasing the research imagination. Sage.