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300 Word Essay On Paul Zak: Trust, Morality Or Oxytocin

Paul Zak: Trust, Morality or Oxytocin

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Paul Zak: Trust, Morality or Oxytocin

Morality has always been a cause of initiating great things in the world. Morality instigates happiness and positivity around the world. People become more motivated to good and spread happiness around them. Studies show that morality is never alone; it always comes along or brings along with it various other positive aspects like empathy, growth, motivation, power and helping others. But the question arises here that what causes the feelings of morality in an individual. Where does this morality come from and how these feeling can be transferred to other people?

Experts and scientists have been working on this and found the answer to this question. They have got the reason or cause of this positivity in a simple hormone present in our body: oxytocin. Oxytocin is present in our body both in the brain and the blood. Oxytocin is also known as the “happy hormone”. This concept has been significantly refined and elaborated in a speech by Dr. Paul Zak, who has been working extensively in the area of neurology and the science of connecting its various aspects to the human sentiments CITATION Zak11 \l 1033 (Zak, 2011).

Not only Dr. Zak but many scientists have shown deep interest in the area of the connection between different sentiments and the release of oxytocin in the blood. Many scientists argue that the concept has been exaggerated and oxytocin is not a moral molecule. One of the theory states that people who take oxytocin before gambling become more dishonest in the game and tend to lie more. The same results have been found to be in the case of the relationships. Scientists have found out that partners who take regular intakes of oxytocin tend to lie more in their relationships as compared to those people who do not take regular or nil oxytocin.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Zak, P. (Performer). (2011). Trust, Morality — and Oxytocin? TEDGlobal.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

3rd Assignment

Moral Domain

Differences Between Justice, Care, And Virtue

Justice, as an idea, covers several features of human life. This is a ethical group, a category of politics and law. Like good and evil, justice appeared in the early stages of the birth of human society. Justice, as a public concept, provides for a certain freedom for any person, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech and association, freedom to achieve public success, despite the difference in starting opportunities. Aristotle, who first outlined what justice is, singled out 2 of his views. Aristotelian types of justice remain unchanged to this day. The first type is equalization justice in society. It operates in the sphere of material goods produced by people and implies equal remuneration for equally invested labor, compliance with the price and value of a thing, compensation in the equivalent in which it was caused (Slote, 2010).

The selection of care as an independent moral phenomenon occurred in ethical thought rather late. If the antithesis "love and justice" permeates Western European ethics from the time of the clash and union of ancient and Judeo-Christian moral traditions, then the antithesis "justice and care" became the focus of moral philosophy only in the second half of the 20th century. and in connection with attempts to comprehend the results of psychological studies concerning the age dynamics of moral consciousness (Baier, 1987).

The theoretical understanding of morality through the prism of the concept of "virtue" and the organization of moral life around this concept give rise to a number of serious problems. Among them, above all, the problem of universality. Appealing to the nature of a being that is infinitely plastic means being under the power of a destructive illusion. The ethics of virtue can defend against this accusation either by accepting the historicity of human nature.

Moral judgments usually take the form of justification. We should honor our father and mother, be committed to the interests of our country, tell the truth, not kill, etc. In what sense can such moral judgments contain logical judgments that can be true or false, so that logical logic can be applied to them principles? The difference between what is and what should be. Without a doubt, these maxims are part of our social heritage, and this is a historical fact. They serve as prescriptions for behavior, occur from time immemorial, rooted in tradition and preached by religious preachers and wise men (Slote, 2007).

Most of these maxims express what we seek to put into practice, and, in general, they are used. People honor their parents, speak the truth, refrain from murder, not by virtue of coercion, but by their own preference, which seems natural. However, natural propensity alone, even if it is supported by public pressure and imposed sanctions, is not enough to eliminate all discrepancies between moral maxims and actual behavior. If in any community, no matter how big, no one has violated these rules for a long period of time, and at the same time there is no corresponding general teaching in it that is considered necessary for all, then we can begin to consider these maxims as representing natural laws, i.e., as constant relations or uniformity in actual behavior. However, it will still be logically possible to ask why one should respect other people's property, honor parents, etc (Steiner, & Okrusch, 2006). The very form of these questions demonstrates the difference between maxims, which are often called “moral laws”, and laws of natural science.

To conclude, the distinction between justification and judgement can be viewed from a position of coherence, and not from a position of absolute nature. The various practical goals we pursue and the practical rules corresponding to them sometimes do not agree with each other, and in order to obtain a consistent and consistent set of judgments, for example, about the right way of life, one should look for such general axioms or postulates that would allow to make correct judgments regarding all life situations.

References

Baier, A. C. (1987). The need for more than justice. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 17(sup1), 41-56.

Steiner, L., & Okrusch, C. M. (2006). Care as a virtue for journalists. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 21(2-3), 102-122.

Slote, M. (2010). Virtue ethics. In The Routledge companion to ethics (pp. 504-515). Routledge.

Slote, M. (2007). The ethics of care and empathy. Routledge.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

4MAT Review (Entwistle)

4MAT Review (Entwistle)

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

4MAT Review (Entwistle)

Summary

Entwistle (2010) investigates into the multidimensional provocative discussion that has kept the scientists and theologians, busy for eras. Oddly, this discussion associates with each other in that both have comparable searches for information and both pursue to get comparatively the same results. Spirituality is being considered as a noteworthy subject in the field of mental health counselling. It has been observed that the prayers and spirituality are linked with the patient's beliefs and faith. The population of the United States strongly believes in God and they have faith that the prayers can assist in fast recovery. The novel Christian therapists have introduced fresh biblical and transformational methods to treat the patients integrating with Christian counselling ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a9us58o9v4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawkins & Clinton, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Hawkins & Clinton, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":356,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZWVF2XFZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZWVF2XFZ"],"itemData":{"id":356,"type":"book","title":"The New Christian Counselor: A Fresh Biblical and Transformational Approach","publisher":"Harvest House Publishers","number-of-pages":"364","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Seasoned counselors and professors Ron Hawkins and Tim Clinton offer a comprehensive guide that empowers Christian counselors by clarifying their task: to help people take possession of their souls...through the power of the Spirit; under the authority of the Word; in a supportive community of accountability...that they may be like Christ. The authors address head-on today's enticing new imitations of true peace and tantalizing opportunities for people in pain to anesthetize themselves. But they also highlight the foundation of hope: God loves, he empowers, and he refuses to abandon his passion for connection with his children. Case studies illustrate how to help people take possession of the thinking self, the feeling self, the decision-making self, the physical self, and the relational self. This comprehensive plan for effective intervention is perfect for lay counselors, students, and professionals looking for ways to integrate their faith and practice.","ISBN":"978-0-7369-4355-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: rOOICgAAQBAJ","shortTitle":"The New Christian Counselor","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Hawkins","given":"Ron"},{"family":"Clinton","given":"Tim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",10,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawkins & Clinton, 2015). The settings are evolving, and mystical themes have now more importance in the research and the studies related to mental health counselling. According to Entwistle (2010), the concept of faith and mental health is directly related to the patient’s mental and psychological health. Entwistle (2010) has revealed an association between psychology and theology which states that faith and spirituality influence the patient's recovery and well-being.

Adapting spirituality and psychology is predominant among Christian psychoanalysts, between whom, the plea is usually the castoff spiritual intervention. Since mystical and spiritual morals can produce a major change in human life, mystical morals should be observed as a latent resource in treatment rather than as something to be overlooked. Entwistle (2010) used a various model of spirituality including Kelsey and Ward's model, movement model, and the most significant wounded healer model of Nouwen. The book warns the readers that no one has an inexpert viewpoint and it is because humans are unable to make decisions without error despite our struggles. The book describes models such as Enemies, Spies, Colonialist, Neutral parties and Allies (Entwistle, 2010). Each model has clearly defined the relationship of knowledge and clarification of reasoning procedures and explores the awareness of Christianity and psychology. The model of Colonialists sustenance fortifies the Christians faiths in the counselling. Similarly, Brewer's relational model supports spiritual counsellor and teachings. The Henri Nouwen model entails the solution of depression that needs counselling can be healed by prayers. Through the assessment procedure, it can be determined how definite beliefs and faiths of the customer can be a beneficial principal point for examination.

Concrete Responses

One of my neighbors with whom I have not much interaction before but I considered her my Christian friend. I shared my salvation knowledge with her. I noticed how he used to dress and walk around in the society. We did not have much interaction before but later one day he approached me and greeted me. He was leaving to drop his daughter to his school and he approached me to talk to me about the usual routine. He said that his daughter was thinking that I am a man as I had pants on. He said that I explained to my daughter that she is a new Christian and need to know about Christian dressings and other related information. She asked me a few questions regarding dressings of the Christians and I explained to her that as a Christian woman, we should represent our faith and religion in our representations such as physical appearance, eating and other related usual patterns. I initiated to inquire my thoughts and religion, whether I am a Christian or not? Whether I believe Christianity or not? The communication with my neighbor and the discussion we had in the morning made me realize that I should use to wear according to my Christianity to represent myself as a strong believer. From one of chapter in the Entwistle (2010) fork in the road, is philosophical of my neighbor’s opinion. His viewpoint was tainted his worldview of Christianity. The interaction with the neighbor and the discussion regarding Christianity was very useful in refreshing beliefs and faith. He was right about the representation of our faith in the outer world as a sign of Christianity.

Content Reflection

The book Entwistle (2010) was very thoughtful and reflective of believers in Christianity. It links the spirituality and prayers with the individual’s psychology. The methods, theories and ideas were integrated in a way that was helpful for the readers to understand the concepts. This study and information were new for me and it was appealing for me and I gained informative knowledge from the review. It describes the ideas of holiness established through the 19th and 20th period, collaborating Christian philosophies with Western mysterious civilizations and fundamentals of Asian, particularly Indian, faiths insightfully. It was entailed that the religiousness developed progressively in current years from customary religious administrations and organizations (Ufer et al., 2018).

It is occasionally related nowadays with metaphysical, communal, or dogmatic activities such as moderation, activist theology, and green politics. I have realized that spirituality has been expanding and developing in the recent eras among therapists and the communities. The role of spirituality and prayers have shown that there is a significant connection between the prayer and the patient's recovery. I came to know the meaning of spirituality which refers to the form and shape to regain the original state. This represents faith and hope among individuals that the prayer and spirituality can heal or have the strength to help in healing and it has been proved from these studies. The book review was perceptive and understanding. The approaches were relative to the ideas and concepts of Christianity. I would recommend the book to establish useful interaction with Christianity as I believe that without awareness, we cannot improve ourselves.

References

Entwistle, D. N. (2015). Integrative approaches to psychology and Christianity: An introduction to worldview issues, philosophical foundations, and models of integration. Wipf and Stock Publishers.

Sandage, S. J., & Brown, J. K. (2018). Relational integration of psychology and Christian theology: Theory, research, and practice. Routledge.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hawkins, R., & Clinton, T. (2015). The New Christian Counselor: A Fresh Biblical and Transformational Approach. Harvest House Publishers.

Ufer, L. G., Moore, J. A., Hawkins, K., Gembel, G., Entwistle, D. N., & Hoffman, D. (2018). Care coordination: empowering families, a promising practice to facilitate medical home use among children and youth with special health care needs. Maternal and child health journal, 22(5), 648-659.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

4MAT REVIEW 2



4MAT Book Summary: Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling

Liberty University

Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling

Mark R. McMinn, Ph.D.

4MAT Summary

This book was originally published back in 1996 but the revised and updated version of the book that came in 1996 represents professional reflections, progressive research, and updated information and research findings that support the use of spirituality and theology in the psychological processes of Christian counseling. Through a resources book that means to capture the real essence of Christians counseling, McMinn developed and provided substantial information tools and definitions. This information and definitions are necessary for Christian counselors to professionally and ethically use prayers and scriptures in the psychological treatment of their clients ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6vobkaKO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Today, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Today, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":300,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/HQL2X8D7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/HQL2X8D7"],"itemData":{"id":300,"type":"webpage","title":"Dr. Kenleigh McMinn, PhD, Psychologist, Bloomington, IL, 61704","container-title":"Psychology Today","abstract":"Dr. Kenleigh McMinn, PhD, Psychologist, Bloomington, IL, 61704, (309) 807-1443, It takes a great deal of courage to come to therapy. I admire the strength it takes to ask for help and be open about your struggles in an effort to make your life better. I consider it a privilege to be the person you share your story with. In our work together, we will build a unique relationship based on support, trust, and acceptance. From this foundation, we work towards your specific goals, as well as discovering more about who you want to be and how to get there. My hope is that you leave each session feeling heard, understood, and with a sense of progress.","URL":"https://www.psychologytoday.com/profile/412210","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Today","given":"Psychology"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Today, n.d.). The introduction of the book has laid the foundation for a strategic manner which includes the collaborative research efforts of students to prove the book’s biblical point of view.

The author starts with the part that has been written by him and James Wilhoit to instruct Christian counselors to focus on the implementation of strategies that are used for the treatment of spirituality, faith, and integration of psychology and theology. The challenges that are brought by theology and spirituality to the counseling sessions are discussed in this section. He also talks about counseling practices that are meant to aid Christian counselors.

McMinn spends much of his time exploring the diverse attributes of humanity, which encompass three fundamental areas: self-esteem, awareness of needs and limitations, and building a close relationship with God and man. McMinn ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GJHegkPO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McMinn, 2012)","plainCitation":"(McMinn, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":298,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/J6PE2723"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/J6PE2723"],"itemData":{"id":298,"type":"book","title":"Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling","publisher":"Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.","number-of-pages":"336","source":"Google Books","abstract":"The American Association of Christian Counselors and Tyndale House Publishers are committed to ministering to the spiritual needs of people. This book is part of the professional series that offers counselors the latest techniques, theory, and general information that is vital to their work. While many books have tried to integrate theology and psychology, this book takes another step and explores the importance of the spiritual disciplines in psychotherapy, helping counselors to integrate the biblical principles of forgiveness, redemption, restitution, prayer, and worship into their counseling techniques. Since its first publication in 1996, this book has quickly become a contemporary classic—a go-to handbook for integrating what we know is true from the disciplines of theology and psychology and how that impacts your daily walk with God. This book will help you integrate spiritual disciplines—such as prayer, Scripture reading, confession—into your own life and into counseling others.Mark R. McMinn, Ph.D., is professor of psychology at Wheaton College Graduate School in Wheaton, Illinois, where he directs and teaches in the Doctor of Psychology program. A diplomate in Clinical Psychology of the American Board of Professional Psychology, McMinn has thirteen years of postdoctoral experience in counseling, psychotherapy, and psychological testing. McMinn is the author of Making the Best of Stress: How Life's Hassles Can Form the Fruit of the Spirit; The Jekyll/Hyde Syndrome: Controlling Inner Conflict through Authentic Living; Cognitive Therapy Techniques in Christian Counseling; and Christians in the Crossfire (written with James D. Foster). He and his wife, Lisa, have three daughters.","ISBN":"978-1-4143-4923-7","note":"Google-Books-ID: LNT_QSrKqggC","language":"en","author":[{"family":"McMinn","given":"Mark R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",3,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McMinn, 2012) presents the functional elements of spirituality, theology, and psychology in a lesson format. The book deals with the pillars of the Christian life. This includes reading the scriptures, habit of praying, dealing with sin, forgiving, confessing, and redeeming to help Christian counselors to treat their clients. In the book, the Christian counselor is accused of first participating in the methods taught in prayer before using them as a tool to heal his clients. Also, McMinn warns the counselor to understand how and when to use prayers in meetings. McMinn insists that the counselor recognizes the true influence of prayer in his own life before using prayer to treat his clients ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"B6d0XcLd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Interview With Mark R. McMinn About \\uc0\\u8216{}Spiritually Oriented Interventions for Counseling and Psychotherapy,\\uc0\\u8217{}\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Interview With Mark R. McMinn About ‘Spiritually Oriented Interventions for Counseling and Psychotherapy,’” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":296,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/Q5CCUDJ8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/Q5CCUDJ8"],"itemData":{"id":296,"type":"webpage","title":"Interview With Mark R. McMinn About \"Spiritually Oriented Interventions for Counseling and Psychotherapy\"","container-title":"https://www.apa.org","abstract":"A video interview with author Mark R. McMinn discussing his book Spiritually Oriented Interventions for Counseling and Psychotherapy, published by APA in March 2011","URL":"https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/interviews/4317258-mcminn","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Interview With Mark R. McMinn About ‘Spiritually Oriented Interventions for Counseling and Psychotherapy,’” n.d.).

The book discusses the importance of using scripture and how to include them in sessions. According to McMinn, the font should be based on the needs of each client and selected specifically for their situation. Scripture helps the client recognize the sin in his life, but only if the client and the counselor have established a fundamental and acceptable definition of sin. This topic needs to be treated very carefully as the client may develop a sense of shame and that guilt can lead to depression rather than healing. According to McMinn, the desired result of using the font can bring internal changes. Not necessarily behavioral changes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Zp9igj7R","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McMinn, 2012)","plainCitation":"(McMinn, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":298,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/J6PE2723"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/J6PE2723"],"itemData":{"id":298,"type":"book","title":"Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling","publisher":"Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.","number-of-pages":"336","source":"Google Books","abstract":"The American Association of Christian Counselors and Tyndale House Publishers are committed to ministering to the spiritual needs of people. This book is part of the professional series that offers counselors the latest techniques, theory, and general information that is vital to their work. While many books have tried to integrate theology and psychology, this book takes another step and explores the importance of the spiritual disciplines in psychotherapy, helping counselors to integrate the biblical principles of forgiveness, redemption, restitution, prayer, and worship into their counseling techniques. Since its first publication in 1996, this book has quickly become a contemporary classic—a go-to handbook for integrating what we know is true from the disciplines of theology and psychology and how that impacts your daily walk with God. This book will help you integrate spiritual disciplines—such as prayer, Scripture reading, confession—into your own life and into counseling others.Mark R. McMinn, Ph.D., is professor of psychology at Wheaton College Graduate School in Wheaton, Illinois, where he directs and teaches in the Doctor of Psychology program. A diplomate in Clinical Psychology of the American Board of Professional Psychology, McMinn has thirteen years of postdoctoral experience in counseling, psychotherapy, and psychological testing. McMinn is the author of Making the Best of Stress: How Life's Hassles Can Form the Fruit of the Spirit; The Jekyll/Hyde Syndrome: Controlling Inner Conflict through Authentic Living; Cognitive Therapy Techniques in Christian Counseling; and Christians in the Crossfire (written with James D. Foster). He and his wife, Lisa, have three daughters.","ISBN":"978-1-4143-4923-7","note":"Google-Books-ID: LNT_QSrKqggC","language":"en","author":[{"family":"McMinn","given":"Mark R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",3,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McMinn, 2012).

The last three main topics of the book deal with forgiveness, confessions, and salvation. McMinn (2011) told us that confession is the door to realizing the need for God in one's life. The counselor must be compassionate and empathetic at this critical time of self-disclosure. Confession is the path to forgiveness. McMinn and Katheryn Meek explain ways in which the counselor can help the client develop a healthy sense of self in the book. Once the client has a sound psychological, spiritual and emotional perspective on his / her life, the Christian counselor can introduce the client to salvation. McMinn tells us that salvation is the goal and desire of all Christian counselors.

4 MAT Concrete Responses

I was about 10 years old when my mother left me and my father to marry another guy. I did not about the divorce system until I entered my teens and I began to realize the importance of mother in my life. I never knew the reason behind my parents’ divorce, all I knew was that lacked the amount of love a child should have in his/her life. I felt abandoned by my parents and I was craving for the love that had been taken away from me since I was a child. I did know how to solve the problems because my father too was in a vulnerable position as he was deeply in love with my mother. I finally decide d go after my mother and made up mind to take her along with me but after seeing my mother with another man, mu feelings suddenly changed for. The only question that kept revolving in my head was "how can she do this to us? To me? And to Dad?" I began feeling more depressed than before and felt very lonely. This led me to do drug and my condition became worse than ever before. This was the high time I could have benefited from a christen counselor but I was not a Christian so it made me very sad about my religious situation.

When I read the steps in McMinn's book ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oP1zPeOa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McMinn, 2012)","plainCitation":"(McMinn, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":298,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/J6PE2723"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/J6PE2723"],"itemData":{"id":298,"type":"book","title":"Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling","publisher":"Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.","number-of-pages":"336","source":"Google Books","abstract":"The American Association of Christian Counselors and Tyndale House Publishers are committed to ministering to the spiritual needs of people. This book is part of the professional series that offers counselors the latest techniques, theory, and general information that is vital to their work. While many books have tried to integrate theology and psychology, this book takes another step and explores the importance of the spiritual disciplines in psychotherapy, helping counselors to integrate the biblical principles of forgiveness, redemption, restitution, prayer, and worship into their counseling techniques. Since its first publication in 1996, this book has quickly become a contemporary classic—a go-to handbook for integrating what we know is true from the disciplines of theology and psychology and how that impacts your daily walk with God. This book will help you integrate spiritual disciplines—such as prayer, Scripture reading, confession—into your own life and into counseling others.Mark R. McMinn, Ph.D., is professor of psychology at Wheaton College Graduate School in Wheaton, Illinois, where he directs and teaches in the Doctor of Psychology program. A diplomate in Clinical Psychology of the American Board of Professional Psychology, McMinn has thirteen years of postdoctoral experience in counseling, psychotherapy, and psychological testing. McMinn is the author of Making the Best of Stress: How Life's Hassles Can Form the Fruit of the Spirit; The Jekyll/Hyde Syndrome: Controlling Inner Conflict through Authentic Living; Cognitive Therapy Techniques in Christian Counseling; and Christians in the Crossfire (written with James D. Foster). He and his wife, Lisa, have three daughters.","ISBN":"978-1-4143-4923-7","note":"Google-Books-ID: LNT_QSrKqggC","language":"en","author":[{"family":"McMinn","given":"Mark R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",3,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McMinn, 2012) in the section "Towards Psychological and Spiritual Health," I was able to identify many issues related to my inability to maintain a healthy self-perspective, awareness of my needs, and limitations that involved an interpersonal trusting relationship with God. I received no professional advice, but through a series of unfortunate events that took me to the lowest point, I accepted Jesus Christ and the work of redemption of the cross. I know that some of the things I went through to achieve a healthy self could have been avoided if I had received help from a Christian counselor who actively practiced the principles of his Christian faith.

4MAT Reflection

Upon ding a reflection of this book, I had a tough time making questions for McMinn and his colleagues as the text is based on instructions. However, I tried to come up with some questions that are related to and might work with teenagers, children, and individuals with mental illness.

My questions for the author are listed below:

Would you recommend these integrative measures in the treatment of children and adolescents?

How would you use the instructional tools to treat clients that have complex nature and are cognitively challenged?

There are many versions of the bible and many of the scriptures are difficult to understand so, which one would you recommend to Christian counselors?

4MAT Action

After reading this book, I am convinced that psychology, the combination of theology and spirituality will provide me with a more complete resource guide to treat clients who need Christian counseling. This book provides solid guidance for the correct and ethical integration of prayers and scriptures and reflects my own beliefs when dealing with clients.

I will continue to work on improving my knowledge of the scriptures and developing my prayer life, because, as McMinn so eloquently emphasizes in the text, the Christian counselor who uses prayer and scripture in meetings must use the methods he has applied the treatment, practice yourself. I intend to use this book as a reference for situations that occur in my personal life and in which I may need to process unhealthy thoughts that can lead to unhealthy feelings and actions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Vq0MtA4Q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McMinn, 2012)","plainCitation":"(McMinn, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":298,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/J6PE2723"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/J6PE2723"],"itemData":{"id":298,"type":"book","title":"Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling","publisher":"Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.","number-of-pages":"336","source":"Google Books","abstract":"The American Association of Christian Counselors and Tyndale House Publishers are committed to ministering to the spiritual needs of people. This book is part of the professional series that offers counselors the latest techniques, theory, and general information that is vital to their work. While many books have tried to integrate theology and psychology, this book takes another step and explores the importance of the spiritual disciplines in psychotherapy, helping counselors to integrate the biblical principles of forgiveness, redemption, restitution, prayer, and worship into their counseling techniques. Since its first publication in 1996, this book has quickly become a contemporary classic—a go-to handbook for integrating what we know is true from the disciplines of theology and psychology and how that impacts your daily walk with God. This book will help you integrate spiritual disciplines—such as prayer, Scripture reading, confession—into your own life and into counseling others.Mark R. McMinn, Ph.D., is professor of psychology at Wheaton College Graduate School in Wheaton, Illinois, where he directs and teaches in the Doctor of Psychology program. A diplomate in Clinical Psychology of the American Board of Professional Psychology, McMinn has thirteen years of postdoctoral experience in counseling, psychotherapy, and psychological testing. McMinn is the author of Making the Best of Stress: How Life's Hassles Can Form the Fruit of the Spirit; The Jekyll/Hyde Syndrome: Controlling Inner Conflict through Authentic Living; Cognitive Therapy Techniques in Christian Counseling; and Christians in the Crossfire (written with James D. Foster). He and his wife, Lisa, have three daughters.","ISBN":"978-1-4143-4923-7","note":"Google-Books-ID: LNT_QSrKqggC","language":"en","author":[{"family":"McMinn","given":"Mark R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",3,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McMinn, 2012).

Reference

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Interview With Mark R. McMinn About “Spiritually Oriented Interventions for Counseling and Psychotherapy.” (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2019, from Https://www.apa.org website: https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/interviews/4317258-mcminn

McMinn, M. R. (2012). Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.

Today, P. (n.d.). Dr. Kenleigh McMinn, PhD, Psychologist, Bloomington, IL, 61704. Retrieved November 17, 2019, from Psychology Today website: https://www.psychologytoday.com/profile/412210

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

4th Assignment



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[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

4th Assignment

Introduction

Personality development is directly influenced by a person’s interaction within the surroundings. Personality does not only refers to behavioral changes but also to the physical developments which include healthy activities, proper sleeping routine, and enough meals during the day. However, psychological development is focused on improving the children's mental capability to incorporate a positive sense of belonging to their surroundings. To develop self-esteem and confidence in children, and support their struggling with learning. Different theories have been presented to explain the personality development of an individual, which are important to understanding certain traits develop at different stages of life. The two well-known theories i-e Erikson’s Theory of Personality Development and Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Development are of great importance.

Discussion

Erikson's theory was inspired by Freud's theory but he still differs in many ways, firstly, Erikson stages of personality are referred as psychosocial, he believed that personality develops through different stages which is influenced by social interactions with different stages of the lifespan. Freud theory is referred to as stages of psychosexual development where he is much focused on the sexual characteristics of a child. He referred to the infant stage as an oral stage where the child ultimate foundation of pleasure is through the mouth which is mostly characterized by eating and sucking. Whereas Erickson's theory describes this stage as trust versus CITATION Fri00 \l 1033 (Friedman, 2000) mistrust stage where the child develops a relationship with their caretakers. The feeling of care develops trust in their personality, whereas being ignored leads towards mistrust CITATION Hoa051 \l 1033 (Hoare, 2005).

Secondly, Freud explained the preschool stage in terms of genetical development and referred this stage as a phallic stage, where children identify same-sex parent and experience complex known as Oedipus complex in boys and Electra complex in girls. Whereas Erikson's preschool stage was focused on developing a sense of purpose in the children where they take the initiative to perform tasks. However, if children fail in this stage the develops a feeling of guilt and struggle hard for their goals. He called this stage initiative versus guilt CITATION Fri00 \l 1033 (Friedman, 2000).

Thirdly, Freud's theory focusses on the early stages of development i-e between birth and adolescence and he believed that genital stage lasts throughout adulthood where children learn to develop a balance between different stages of life. However, Erikson has developed three more stages for young adults, middle-aged and older people. Where he explained the development of companionship in adults where they start expressing their romantic feelings. He further explained the middle age stage where people contribute toward society. And lastly, stage of integrity and despair, where older people redirect on their lives and falls into a sense of fulfillment or bitterness.

Conclusion

The personality development theories highly focus on role identification of an individual. At the adolescent stage, children set a role model for themselves and create a sense of identification that what they want to be in the future. They develop a sense of belongingness which is very important to work hard and accomplish their respective tasks. Social relationships of children play an important role in personality development, where children exposed to positivity and friendly environment develop more rational identities. I agree with the author's description of identity development where growth is highly motivated by appreciation based on their performance and children are much capable of achieving their goals.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Friedman, L. J. (2000). Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson. Harvard University Press.

Hoare, C. H. (2005). Erikson's General and Adult Developmental Revisions of Freudian Thought: “Outward, Forward, Upward”. Journal of Adult Development, 19-31.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

7 Assignments

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7 Assignments

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University name

Assignment 1

Domestic terrorism and its components

Domestic terrorism is the kind of the terrorism in which people within a country are targeted by the militants within the same citizenship. Domestic terrorism is also known as the homegrown terrorism and it involves violence against infrastructure or population of the same nation. In this form of terrorism both victims and the perpetrators belong to the same country.

Components of domestic terrorism

Fear

Violence

Political, social or religious causes

Civilian targets

I believe that a community or a nation could be always at the risk of such acts of violence, as internal conflicts are fatal than the external factors as it is easy to deal with the external threats but internal clashes shook the foundation of a country due to which a country becomes easy target for other countries as well. A community is always at risk of domestic terrorism because of the political unrest and instability. Internal conflict among different groups may give rise to the domestic terrorism i.e. clashes and terrible disputes between different political parties, sects, groups and growing insecurities among the teenagers. Considering the case of mass shooting at Fort Hood, it wont be wrong to say that Major Nidal Hassan shot used to believe that Americas war on terror was actually war against Islam. Many concerns were being raised regarding his behavior which suggested that he become potential violent Islamic extremist and radical. After analyzing the Food shooting and a few works, I would say, the selected topic (mass shooting done my Nidal Hassan who was serving a US army major) was a case of domestic terrorism as international terrorism is distinguished from domestic terrorism on the basis of three variables i.e. nationality of the perpetrator, nationality of the victims and location of attack. So as a whole, considering the case from different aspects, it could be said that mass shooting at Fort Hood is a case of domestic terror.

Preventive measures for improving the safety of community includes the following

Training the community to remain aware of their surrounding

Refraining them from sharing their personal data within others with properly verification

Making community aware to report unusual activities if they see

It wont be wrong to say that relying only on environmental designs, for reducing violent acts i.e. metal detectors, implanting CCTV cameras and building border walls etc. could not be sufficient. Ramification of this measures is reduction in numbers of crimes and unpleasant accidents that may take lives of many.

According to Laurence Miller, different factors contribute in making turning a normal person into a criminal. In this work, he examines nature as well as origin of the criminal behavior which reflects psychology of the criminals in the criminal justice system (Miller, 2012). He claimed that biological, social, cultural, environment and psychological factors contribute in developing a naturalistic criminal behavior. Sociological impacts of domestic terrorism are large in numbers which includes social unrest, social insecurity, violence, sexual assault, increase in fear and trauma cases, deteriorating mental health of society etc.

References

Miller, L. (2012). Criminal psychology Nature, nurture, culture. Springfield, IL Charles C. Thomas.Chapter 13, Mass Homicide III Terrorism and Political Violence (pp. 336382)

American Political Science Association. (n.d.). Task force on political violence and terrorism. Retrieved June 8, 2016, from http//www.apsanet.org/ politicalviolenceCouncil on Foreign Relations. (2016, March 24). Terorrism. Retrieved from http//www.cfr.org/ terrorism/terrorism/p6635

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.-a). Definitions of terrorism in the U.S. Code. Retrieved June 8, 2016, from https//www.fbi.gov/ investigate/terrorismSandler, T. (2014). Terrorism and counterterrorism

Assignment 2

From the past few years, it has been witnessed that different researchers examined to increase the efficiency of the law enforcement agencies. It wont be wrong to say that in order to implement crime preventing policy in better way, these agencies have to cooperate with each other rather than working as separate entities. Considering the need of time, law enforcement departments collaborates with each other and fought for dealing with terrorism threat. Creating Task Force Operations includes different local and state agencies that assist federal government for dealing with criminals.

A hypothetical task force is made that could response against human trafficking, so each of the agency is expected to perform its assigned task. For example from the intelligence agency is expected that they would trace the proper information about their location as well as they would trace their calls. Likewise from sub-division and regional agencies are expected to report about their specific areas if they could any terrorist included in any unusual activity. On all the three level, local, state and federal level different agencies work and after the intelligence agency that would provide us details, next comes the police departments. Prevention, response and then recovery are the three main steps that could be followed by each of the agency and police is one of the main departments that protects the citizens as well as their property. It is interesting to understand that human trafficking is also a form of terrorism as in involves trade of humans for different purposes (forced illegal labored, sexual slavery and creating unrest in society). Police respond to emergency calls and writing complains. In normal cases, polices police issue warrants but in specific cases (human trafficking for terrorist activities) it would make arrests directly.

Also army would be involved in this task force if need as terrorism is an activity that operates for creating more damage, so in order to avoid damage, all the law enforcement agencies have to play their part for achieving success. Army is being assigned the task to make a check and tighten up border security so that across the border movement of the terrorism who are involved in human trafficking could be stopped. Army would is also directed to launch search operations in the areas that are pointed by the intelligence agencies. At the end, there comes the judiciary that punishes the criminals (terrorists) who are got caught involved in human trafficking for creating unrest in the society. All the above mentioned law enforcement agencies could help in preventing and responding against the terrorist activities (human trafficking) but when it is about safeguarding the countries constitute they punishes everyone who violated its legislative rules and regulations. Criminal courts perform the task of sentencing death or imprisonment depending upon the severity of the crimes. Judiciary sentence the criminals and takes decisions on the basis of laws what is just to do (Sandler, 2014). Courts also main the rule of law so that a country or state could be save from any kind of the internal and external terrorist threats. So as a whole, it could be said that each of the law enforcement agency is being assigned an individual task though they were expected to work as an hypothetical task force still their duties were divided and for the successfully prevention of the threat, each agency was expected to play its role efficiently, so that the ultimate goal of reducing the threat of human trafficking could be achieved. Each of the agency would operate as per the assigned duties so that all departments could collaborate without interfering in each others matter.

References

Sandler, T. (2014). Terrorism and counterterrorism An overview . Oxford Journals, 67 (1), 120.

American Political Science Association. (n.d.). Task force on political violence and terrorism. Retrieved June 8, 2016, from http//www.apsanet.org/ politicalviolenceCenter for Homeland Defense and Security. (n.d.). Retrieved June 8, 2016, from HYPERLINK https//www.chds.us/c/ https//www.chds.us/c/

Council on Foreign Relations. (2016, March 24). Terorrism. Retrieved from http//www.cfr.org/ terrorism/terrorism/p6635

Assignment 3

According to the experts, human trafficking is one of the serious crimes as it is the grave violation of the human rights. As per the reports, every year thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of smugglers and traffickers. Humans are mostly trafficked across the borders so that owner could get over completed charge and it involves fraud, force and coercion for different purposes (Neumann, 2015). People of any race, age, nationality and gender could become a victim of this. Though, on states level, there are different laws and acts that safeguarded people and punish the human traffickers.

Considering Texas human trafficking laws, it could be witnessed that it has its own human trafficking laws. Texas shares border with Mexico due to which many cases of forced labor and illegal immigrants are reported (Sergi, 2015). According to the Chapter 20A of the Texas Penal Codes, trafficking to use a person and subjecting a victim of trafficking to prostitution would is illegal and would be punished as per the Texas law i.e. fine up to 10,000 along with imprisonment of 5 to 99 years. Texas has also launched human trafficking hotline where 24/7 service is available and any language out of 200 could be choose for reporting the human trafficking.

Sexual exploitation is one of the main type of human trafficking in which someone is coerced, deceived or forced to take part in s sexual activity (Zurita, 2014). Common places where one could be sexually exploited includes brothels, phone sex lines, internet chat rooms, forced marriage, pornography and mail order brides etc. according to the latest research 24.9 million people are annually trapped in forced labor worldwide and 71 of them are women. According to UN, between 2012 and 2014, United Nations dealt with 23,000 cases of sex trafficking. Since 2007, more 49,000 cases of human sex trafficking were reported.

References

Zurita, B. (2014). Human trafficking estimates and statistics. Retrieved from http//www. americanthinker.com/articles/ 2014/07/human trafficking estimates and statistics.html

Neumann, V. (2015). Never mind the metrics Disrupting human trafficking by other means. Journal of International Affairs, 68 (2), 39-53

Sergi, A. (2015). Divergent mind-sets, convergent policies Policing models against organized crime in Italy and in England within international frameworks. European Journal of Criminology, 12 (6), 658680.

Assignment 4

There could be various types of forensic psychology settings in which psychological research could be used differently. Incentives are announced for those who would reduce their time in jail due to which an increase in the popularity of substance abuse treatment has been predicted (Buffington-Vollum. J., 2002). Applied correlation setting is analyzed and as per the research article Innovations in correlational assessment and treatment across the world, around 9 million people are incarnated and out of these more than 2 million are in U.S. jails (Mears, 2013). One of the main concern of the psychological research is to examine how many of these individuals suffers with mental health issues.

When forensic research is done for particular setting or population assessment and techniques could be refined (Kruh, 2005). This article, Innovations in Correlational Assessment and treatment overview the innovations in the treatment and assessment of incarcerated individuals. More attention is given to the inmates and the management that manages their needs in jail. It is expected that advancement in technology, new scientific knowledge, scarce resources, organizational barriers and role transformations for psychologists will assist for improving the future research for managing correctional mental healthcare.

Diagnosis of any complex population could be framed in both bio psychological terms and dimension. Specifically, outcome research that is based on the various interventions may increase effectiveness of the correctional work done by psychologists (Ax, 2007). Taking a look at the mental capabilities of the patients who are involved in any kind substance abuse needs to be treated properly so that they could be put back on the rights track of life for making them a useful part of the society. In this article, research has been conducted for highlighting the current perspectives in Forensic Psychology and Criminal behavior.

References

Ax, R. K., Fagan, T. J., Magaletta, P. R., Morgan, R. D., Nussbaum, D., White, T. W. (2007). Innovations in correctional assessment and treatment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(7), 893 905.

Kruh, I. P., Frick, P. J., Clements, C. B. (2005). Historical and personality correlates to the violence patterns of juveniles tried as adults. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32 (1), 6996.

Mears, D. P. (2013). Supermax prisons. Criminology Public Policy, 12 (4), 681 - 719.

Buffington-Vollum. J., Edens, J., Johnson, D., Johnson, J. (2002). Psychopathy as a predictor of institutional misbehavior among sex offenders A prospective replication. Criminal Justice.

Assignment 5

In crime justice, forensic psychology professional are playing a significant role as they are assisting the legal authorities in assessing inmates for their risk of potential harms to others. In this assignment for predicting the future behavior and assessing violence potential Historical and Personality Correlates to the Violence Pattern of Juveniles Tried as Adults has been selected. In this article, experts examined the different indices for explaining variance in variety, frequency and situational correlation of past violent behavior shown by the juveniles who were imprisoned.

One of the main thing that has been learned from this article is that early research that was done for predicting violent behavior of adults claims that dangerousness judgment was largely inaccurate which used to be based on unstructured clinical impressions . Issues in violence risk research has been highlighted in this article and one of the central is increased attention on predicting patterns of violence i.e. frequency, severity rather than focusing the statements regarding an adults likelihood of committing a violent act.

Forensic psychology professional may use the results from this research. For example, the self-report APSD proves effective as reports contain personality predictors based on the record reviews of the institution (Kruh, 2005). Results of this research shows association between violent attitude of the juveniles and their psychopathic traits as explained by the offenders history. Forensic psychology professionals considers the behavior, past records of the individuals ratio of violent acts and study their traits before deciding whether they should go back to the society. Being the predictor of their future behavior, professionals feel more burdened with responsibility as they have to think of the whole society/community.

Combining all the elements, this research suggest that both psychopathy and over-controlled hostility could be linked with various violence patterns. Association is a kind of the instrument in this research which shows a linked between violence and personality traits of then juveniles. Method used in this research was studying the behavior who were juveniles at the time of convictions and mainly the personality measures were taken. Antisocial Process Screening device was used through which juveniles were rated and details about the adolescents were filled in the self-report format, so that successfully traits could be examined and numbered accordingly as some of the juveniles were expected to release into the society who would not harm others. Violence potential and predicting the future behavior may serve as main elements when it is about to decide whether a particular inmate should be released on parole or not. In such researches, for minimizing the effects, even participants are assured of that their responses and scores on the APSD would not be disclosed with their program staff nor would the results become a part of their case files. Record based rating also serve as the instrument through which the risk for recidivism could be estimated which are mainly based on juveniles past behavior and social history in community as well as institution.

Forensic psychology professionals also helps the justice criminal justice system in selecting the right juveniles to let go back to the community. Professionals helps in predicting the future behavior of prisoners by studying their past behavior and how well they could perform in society. Also, another thing that is taken under consideration is how well the prisoners behave within the walls as for letting them back to be the part of their community, it is important to assure that they would not harm anyone (Mears, 2013). Mind and behavior patterns are being studies by the forensic psychology professionals. Behavior of the prisoners involved in any substance abuse is also analyzed by the forensic psychology professionals.

References

Ax, R. K., Fagan, T. J., Magaletta, P. R., Morgan, R. D., Nussbaum, D., White, T. W. (2007). Innovations in correctional

Kruh, I. P., Frick, P. J., Clements, C. B. (2005). Historical and personality correlates to the violence patterns of juveniles tried as adults. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32 (1), 6996.

Mears, D. P. (2013). Supermax prisons. Criminology Public Policy, 12 (4), 681 - 719.

Assignment 6

For the past few years, it has been seen that a link has been developed between the courts and psychologists i.e. psychologists and forensic psychology professionals mostly assist courts so that as per the legal case jury could be selected. Research done in the field of forensic psychology also help in understanding how in judiciary decisions are made. Judging the mental capabilities of the jury members, psychological research could guide the practices that points towards various issues presented in any court room setting. In most of the legal cases, publicity of the attendant is matter of great concern as there has been witnessed effects on the outcome of the trail considering the phenomenon of 20th century proceedings.

A research study was done by Nancy and colleagues, The effects of Pretrial Publicity on Juror Verdicts A Meta-Analytic Review in which it was claimed that in the media-saturated modern word, with multiple forms of communication a change has been witnessed that affects the jurors way of considering the evidence as well as the final decision, for which one is selected (Kassin, 2001). At the same time, courts faces issues of fair judgment as sometimes high rate of communitys awareness regarding the prejudicial PTP associates with prejudgment of defendants guilt that may lead to the change of the venue motion. Forensic psychology is now extensively used in as in court-room settings with different legal environments i.e. giving testimony, writing reports etc. In the method section of this study, role of the forensic psychology has been spotted, and gathering the data how the media driving judgments would go, forensic psychology professionals might compile the results of a study in a court setting (Steblay, 1999). Approach is considered to be used for measuring the competency to stand the trial and it has been seen that instrument or tool used for each particular topic with a court room setting could be used for overall psychological assessment framework.

References

Steblay, N. M., Besirevic, J., Fulero, S. M., Jimenez-Lorente, B. (1999). The effects of pretrial publicity on juror verdicts A meta-analytic review. Law and Human Behavior, 23 (2), 219235.

Kassin, S., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H., Memon, A. (2001). On the general acceptance of eyewitness testimony research A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist, 56 (5), 205216. Retrieved from http//web.williams.edu/ Psychology/Faculty/Kassin/ files/kassin tubb hosch memon 2001.pdf

MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. (n.d.). Issue brief 1 Adolescent legal competence in court . Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http//www.adjj.org/ downloads/9805issue brief 1. pdf

Assignment 7

Juvenile competency laws highlights the fact that developmental immaturity or mental disorder mat make a juvenile less capable of assisting or while making decision for themselves they becomes less competent (Kassin, 2001). According to the MacArthur Foundations Research Network, reveals the fact that when juveniles are presented for court proceedings, they hesitate to share things with lawyers as they mostly have trust issues. In other cases, this network also revealed the fact that they dont feel confident while talking to the legal agents due to which they could not communicate their point well.

MacArthur Foundations Research Network, used to publish many articles so that it could guide the information given in their article could assist the forensic psychology professional who may take part in assessing the juveniles competency for standing a trial. In article Adolescents Legal Competence in Court, it is claimed that one of the main pillars of the American justice system is to assist those who are accused of crime but because of their age cannot withstand the legal proceedings. This article aims to make the juveniles competent of understanding what is going on with the legal affairs and trails in which they are involved. In this article, another major aspect is that this work not only assist accused so that they could participate in their trials, but also forensic psychology professional could be guide how to check the mental capabilities of the youngsters who are unable to participate in legal trails in which there are accused of crime (Steblay, 1999). For giving practical demonstration to the professionals, network researchers conducted interviews with 1,400 individuals ranging from 11-24 who were living in juvenile detention center and other community centers, where teens were separated from the adults. By using assessment tools, the functional abilities were defined so that the existing legal concept of competence to proceed could be made clear.

References

HYPERLINK ../Downloads/Steblay, N. M., Besirevic, J., Fulero, S. M., Jimenez-Lorente, B. (1999). The effects of pretrial publicity on juror verdicts A meta-analytic review. Law and Human Behavior, 23 (2), 219-235Kassin, S., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H., Memon, A. (2001). On the E2809C general acceptanceE2809D of eyewitness testimony research A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist pp. 205- 216 Retrieved from http/web.williams.edu/ Psychology/Faculty/Kassin/ files/kassin tubb hosch memon 2001.pdf MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. (n.d.). Issue brief 1 Adolescent legal competence in court . Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http/www.adjj.org/ downloads/9805issue brief 1. pdfSteblay, N. M., Besirevic, J., Fulero, S. M., Jimenez-Lorente, B. (1999). The effects of pretrial publicity on juror verdicts A meta-analytic review. Law and Human Behavior, 23 (2), 219-235

Kassin, S., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H., Memon, A. (2001). On the E2809C general acceptanceE2809D of eyewitness testimony research A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist pp. 205- 216 Retrieved from http//web.williams.edu/ Psychology/Faculty/Kassin/ files/kassin tubb hosch memon 2001.pdf

MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. (n.d.). Issue brief 1 Adolescent legal competence in court . Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http//www.adjj.org/ downloads/9805issue brief 1. pdf

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Hewlett-Packard Company/ Title 8@ _PID_HLINKSAh 2../Downloads/Steblay, N. M., Besirevic, J., Fulero, S. M., Jimenez-Lorente, B. (1999). The effects of pretrial publicity on juror verdicts A meta-analytic review. Law and Human Behavior, 23 (2), 219-235Kassin, S., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H., Memon, A. (2001). On the E2809C general acceptanceE2809D of eyewitness testimony research A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist pp. 205- 216 Retrieved from http/web.williams.edu/ Psychology/Faculty/Kassin/ files/kassin tubb hosch memon 2001.pdf MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. (n.d.). Issue brief 1 Adolescent legal competence in court . Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http/www.adjj.org/ downloads/9805issue brief 1. pdfyhttps//www.chds.us/c/

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Subject: Psychology

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

A Glimpse Into Psychopathology And/or Treatment

A Glimpse into Psychopathology and/or Treatment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

A Glimpse into Psychopathology and/or Treatment

The Three Faces of Eve

This movie was initially released on September 23, 1957, in the USA. Eve White the protagonist of the movie feels that she has some mental disorder. She visits Dr. Curtis Luther and tells that the symptoms of some mental illness are headaches and inexplicable blackouts. Her personality switches and she becomes Eve Black usually. Dr. Luther treats her with the assistance of a senior Dr. Francis Day. Both the doctors are surprised when she attempts to switch her personality from Eve White to Eve Black through hypnosis but a third self appears: Jane. Dr. Luther removes both the Eves through therapies and Jane starts her happy life.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Eve suffers from DID as portrayed in the movie. The patient appears under the extreme influence of this disorder. Eve White is too disappointed and depressed in her life that she attempts to cut her wrist veins with a razor. Eve Black on contrary lives a contended cheerful life and she visits the doctor in a risqué mood as she flirts with Dr. Day (Kluft, R. P. 1999). She also fears death as she tells the doctor that she is scared of Eve White's suicidal attempts. Dr. Luther applies Clinical Hypnosis Therapy to treat her effectively, but the consequences are surprised when a third face of the protagonist appears.

Analysis

DID is defined as “the existence in an individual of two or more distinct identities or personalities, each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the environment” (Loewenstein, R. J., & Lanius, F. A. 2007). The protagonist of this movie appears perfectly according to this definition. Eve White has entirely a different personality, feelings, thoughts, and approach towards life from Eve Black. They are actually opposite to one another as described above. Jane is different from the both of them and she knows them only by name. Clinical Hypnosis according to American Psychological Association (APA) is "a procedure during which a health professional or researcher suggests that a client, patient, or subject experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, or behavior" (Clinical Hypnosis | Taking Charge of Your Health & Wellbeing. 2019). Dr. Luther has been portrayed as an experienced psychiatric who applies this method effectively and he handles the situation when a complexity (her third face) appears.

References

Kluft, R. P. (1999). Current issues in dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice®, 5(1), 3-19.

Clinical Hypnosis | Taking Charge of Your Health & Wellbeing. (2019). Taking Charge of Your Health & Wellbeing. Retrieved 24 November 2019, from https://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/clinical-hypnosis

Loewenstein, R. J., & Lanius, F. A. (2007). Dissociative Identity Disorder. Traumatic Dissociation: Neurobiology and treatment, 275.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

A Retrospective Observational Study Of Long Term Response To Mood Stabilizers In Patients With Bipolar Disorders

A Retrospective Observational Study of Long Term Response to Mood Stabilizers in Patients with Bipolar Disorders

Tyson D

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

A Retrospective Observational Study of Long Term Response to Mood Stabilizers in Patients with Bipolar Disorders

A Bipolar disorder (BD) refers to a chronic psychiatric illness characterized by a combination of depressive and manic episodes. A range of clinical guidelines for the pharmacotherapy are available, however, long-term response in BD patients receiving care under these guidelines still remain insufficiently explored CITATION Sad11 \l 1033 (Sadock, Kaplan, & Sadock, 2011). Long-term BD studies are complex and challenging owing to the difficulty researchers encounter in defining outcomes, especially because individuals experience a substantial variation in the manifestation of BD-associated symptoms. In this regard, previous studies have attempted to investigate the predictors and effects of prophylactic lithium treatment for BD patients, but offer no substantial conclusions on what the patient's long-term response to these treatments could be. Furthermore, it is difficult to generalize the effects of a single form of pharmacotherapy to BD treatment as a whole. Therefore, a detailed investigation was required to gain a wider view of the long-term outcomes of BD-associated treatments.

In order to explore the utility and efficacy of prophylactic treatment in BD patients over the long-term, I will discuss the research study and findings as described in the article by Ahn and colleagues (2017). Their study aimed to estimate the long-term effects and responses of BD patients undergoing mood stabilizer treatment and to investigate the association of other clinical factors to that response. The study was based on other studies which established that the most common mood stabilizers, lithium, and valproate, are appropriate prescriptions for the task, and thus chose it for the treatment CITATION Kle05 \l 1033 (Kleindienst, Engel, & Greil, 2005). To simulate a naturalistic clinical setting, the study also used combinations of other mood stabilizers during the primary treatment in order to assess the long term response more accurately.

Methods

Participants

To study the long-term effects of a combination of BD treatments, the researchers selected 80 participants that had either bipolar I or II disorder (BDI or BDII). The participants had already been receiving valproate and/or lithium for over 2 years in a clinical setting. Patients selected for inclusion in the study were those who fit the DSM-IV criteria for Bipolar disorder type I or II. Further inclusion criteria included age, which was set between 18 to 55 years. However, any patients that exhibited symptoms of other mental illnesses, or had other physiological or neurological disorders were also part of the exclusion criteria. The final number of patients who met the inclusion criteria numbered 80 and gave informed consent to participate in the study. A number of these patients had also participated in various other genetic and clinical studies, however, it was ensured that their participation did not impact the course of the current study.

Materials and Procedures

The participants selected for the study were provided treatment following established clinical treatment guidelines. A retrospective chart review was used to evaluate the long-term response of the treatments. The Alda scale was used for the evaluation besides obtaining data form their other previous clinical visits. The Alda scale was used to evaluate the association between the treatment and clinical improvement, and to establish any potential causal relationship between prophylactic treatment and the patient’s improvement. The treatment algorithms which were implemented were provided by the best-established treatment options in earlier studies, in order to obtain an accurate assessment of the long-term responses of patients.

Furthermore, the clinical characteristics of the patients were obtained from their entire life’s health record. They were subsequently separated into two main response groups based on the total Alda scale score they would receive. The bipolar illness clinical global impressions scale (CGI-BP) was used to evaluate the current mood of the participants before the course of the study. Since 60 out of the 80 subjects were already evaluated for any potential physiological or neurological diseases by the other studies they participated in, the researchers already had information about comprehensive disease characteristics for most participants. Other study variables include the age of the participants when they first experienced bipolar episodes, alongside any comorbid conditions and other manifested symptoms. Based on the Alda scores, they were classified into two groups; the poor responders and the good responders, relying upon frequentist mixture analysis. According to the analysis, the cut-point was 4.5, therefore any participants with a good response were those who scored 5 or higher, while those who scored 4 and lower were classified as poor responders to the treatment.

Results

The findings suggested that nearly 34% of the total participants scored higher than 5 on the Alda scale and were thus classified as good responders. As regards the treatment combinations, the response rates of the participants remained largely the same between valproate and lithium only groups. However, the groups that received a combination therapy exhibited poorer response compared to the former. Among poor responders, increased appetite during the depressive phase and delusions during the manic phase were more common. Additionally, the poor responders' group also exhibited more tendencies to have co-morbid anxiety disorders.

In addition, poor responders were more likely to use other combinations of adjunct pharmacotherapy treatments such as antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics, alongside the main course of treatments. Compared to good responders, the former group had received a higher number of adjunctive medication, yet certain mood stabilizer combinations remained in use with both good and poor responders CITATION Ahn17 \l 1033 (Ahn, et al., 2017).

The study also compared disease and demographic course characteristics among all types of responders. Poor responders with lower Alda scores exhibited significantly larger episodes of manic and depressive moods before they used mood stabilizer medication. When comparing individual symptom profiles of both types of responders, delusion was found to have been experienced among a substantially higher number of poor responders during manic episodes, compared to good responders.

The analysis of depressive episodes among the responders demonstrated that good responders generally experienced more instances of appetite loss compared to moderate responders and poor responders. Thus, poor responders were more likely to deal with depressive symptoms by increasing their diets. Furthermore, when the responders were evaluated for any comorbid conditions and psychiatric disorders, very few anxiety disorders were observed among the good responders compared to nearly 25% poor responders experiencing a lifetime co-morbidity.

Discussion

In the study, the researchers attempted to investigate the various clinical responses of patients belonging to one of the two categories of bipolar disorder (I and II) according to the DSM-IV criteria. The patients included in the study were those who had been receiving lithium and/or valproate treatment for their condition. The Alda scale was used to measure their response to medication over a period of 2 years and was classified as poor responders and good responders based on whether their scores were below 4 or above 5, respectively. Among patients who received both lithium and valproate, there were not many differences experienced by patients in the long-term. The earlier findings regarding lithium and valproate were corroborated by Ahn et al (2017) who found nearly similar long-term responses for the two drugs. Additionally, the analysis of the collected data demonstrated that participants with baseline clinical and demographic features experienced similar effects from both drugs, except in the case of BD II patients who generally exhibited a preference for Valproate. Thus, the study confirmed the efficacy of current clinical guidelines, in the case of long-term response, when it came to prescribing medications for treating BD conditions.

Furthermore, Ahn et al (2017) identified the various clinical factors that were linked to mood stabilizer treatment. These clinical factors included certain baseline characteristics, the onset of the disease and its course, comorbidities, and individual symptoms of episodes. Among subjects that did not respond effectively to treatment and had experienced mixed episodes earlier, typical long-term responses included appetite increase with depressive episodes, delusions during manic episodes. Moreover, BD I patients also experienced increased appetite during the depressive phase, however, the study’s findings cannot be easily generalized owing to a smaller sample of BD I patients. In addition, the study found out that poor responders to treatment also exhibited anxiety disorders and generally also experienced a greater frequency of psychotic episodes and delusions. This tendency along with their tendency to have increased appetites during depressive episodes indicate that they are at a higher risk of developing psychiatric comorbidities. It indicates that a poor response may correlate with suicidal ideation, distress, and disability, and lead to further negative clinical outcomes.

The study has several strengths and limitations. One key limitation in the study is the small sample size which makes it more prone to false positives and false negatives. Additionally, the statistical analysis methods to detect differences among valproate and lithium treatments may not be precise enough to detect small changes. The retrospective nature of the study also did not allow the researchers to draw a causal link between poor response rates and the various clinical factors under investigation. Additionally, all of the patients were from Korea and thus a number of other confounding factors that were ignored may limit the generalizability of the study.

One of the key findings of the study was that patients with psychotic features who experience mixed BD episodes, along with anxiety disorders, are more likely to exhibit a poor response to mood-stabilizing medication in the long term. Furthermore, it provides a specific list of symptoms that patients experience when the response to the treatment is poor. These symptoms can be utilized as important predictors for evaluating mood stabilizer treatment in the long-term.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahn, S. W., Baek, J. H., Kim, Y., Cho, Y., Choi, Y., Lee, K., . . . Hong, K. S. (2017). Long-term response to mood stabilizer treatment and its clinical correlates in patients with bipolar disorders: a retrospective observational study. International Journal of Bipolar Disorder, 5(24), 2-9. DOI:10.1186/s40345-017-0093-5

Kleindienst, N., Engel, R., & Greil, W. (2005). Which clinical factors predict response to prophylactic lithium? A systematic review for bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 7(5), 404-417. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00244.x

Sadock, B. J., Kaplan, H. I., & Sadock, V. A. (2011). Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry : behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolter Kluwer.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

A Typical Child

Atypical Child

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Atypical Child

Introduction

Case Scenario

The psychological evaluation of an atypical child will be done on the bases of the movie character Patrick "Po" from the movie "A boy called Po." Po is an 11-year-old boy who lives with a single parent. His mother recently passed away and the boy is a gifted yet challenging child. Po is a Caucasian lean child, who seems healthy but has bruises on his body due to bullying in school. He has brown hair and eyes, and studies in the 6th grade. Po’s mother passed away due to cancer and his father is a struggling engineer (Asher, 2017). Due to Po being different he faces bullying in school on a daily basis which sends him in a state of trance, zoning out as his father would like to call it. Further, through this paper, the symptoms, causes and diagnosis of Po's mental health will be done. Additionally, to strengthen the symptoms, causes and diagnosis a keen observation of the child's daily behavior will be done.

Discussion

Behavior/Symptoms

There are certain things that are very evident in Po’s behavior. He does not like to make eye contact with people, his body language is quite different, and he flaps his hands when he is distressed. Additionally, Po is not very attached to his father, he does not seek his father for comfort and still sometimes seeks his mother and asks about her. Po never really got the closure that he needed because his father did not take him to his mother’s funeral (Asher, 2017). Po’s speech is also different from other children and at times he struggles to talk fluently. Po is also seen throwing tantrums at home when his father scolds him, but they are not very aggressive and he calms down quickly. It is also seen that Po cannot differentiate between things that can be dangerous to him. Further, one of the most significant trait that Po suffers from is that he zones out. It is seen countless time in the movie that he puts a cloth on his head and drifts into a fantasy world, where things are more to his liking. From a psychological perspective, Po drifts away so he can feel safe and be in his comfort zone. All the bullying that he faces in school has pushed him into creating this safe place for himself. Even when Po is bullied it is seen that he hardly shows any aggression, but he gets very scared. He even at times try to justify to the other kids that he is not a freak, but the way kids bully him both with word and physically have made him very scared (Hobson, 2016). All and all, Po’s father is facing a lot of difficulty in handling him. He does not realize the fact that Po needs extra care, love, help and therapy.

Causes/Interpretation

Po's behavior is caused by many factors. It is clear that he has a mental condition, to begin with but it is getting worse by time. The reason behind that is that the poor child's mental needs and issues are mismanaged. The father is struggling to figure out what to do with his child and due to his lack of understanding of his son’s need, Po is taken away from his father. Po's father is not a bad person and he is trying, but the society is making it hard on him. The school is one of the biggest factors that the child is getting worse, they need to take action against the bullying that Po is facing. It is literal physical assault that the child goes through on a daily basis. All of this is confusing the father and adding to the struggle (Hobson, 2016). When Po drifts away, it is also seen that he does enjoy the company of a friend and later his father as well. His fantasies also involve his mother that clearly state that Po is, in fact, a very creative, bright yet a misunderstood child. Further, the people around Po's father are also trying to help him figure out his child, but it is a sensitive matter and not easy for any parent.

Diagnosis

It is evident by the symptoms that have been mentioned above that Po has been suffering from “Autism Spectrum Disorder.” The children who suffer from autism usually face difficulty in trying to understand what other people are trying to say. Same is the case with Po. These children have difficulty showing emotion and trying to tell that in what manner a question or statement has been asked or made (Masi, DeMayo, Glozier & Guastella, 2017). For instance, a child who has autism cannot tell the difference if a person tells them to "come here" in a happy or sad mood. This fact can be confusing, that is why the parents of children with autism at times get confused.

Conclusion

Treatment/Recommendations

Unfortunately there is no cure for Autism, however, there are certain plans and treatments that can be followed and taken help from by the parent. Po’s father should seek help from The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The treatment that Po will be getting will entirely base on the individual needs that he has. It is a fact that autism is different for everyone. Po will benefit well from the Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). ABA is often used in clinics and even schools to help children learn positive behaviors and lessen negative ones. Further, Po’s father needs to spend more time with him and carry out different activities with him (Rodgers, Hodgson, Shields, Wright, Honey & Freeston, 2017). For this; Developmental, Individual Differences, Relationship-Based Approach (DIR) can be used. Po’s father will have floor time with his son in this treatment. This will help Po learn skills and communicate his emotions better. Further, to help Po differentiate between what is dangerous and what is not; Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-handicapped Children (TEACCH) can be given. This will help Po function like other kids in daily routine. Additionally, Po can also benefit from The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). In this kind of treatment, the child is taught symbols that they can use to communicate better. At the end of the day, children with autism are just kids who need extra love and care.

References

Asher, J. (2017). A Boy Called Po. New Coast Productions.

Hobson, R. P. (2016). Autism and the development of mind. Routledge.

Masi, A., DeMayo, M. M., Glozier, N., & Guastella, A. J. (2017). An overview of autism spectrum disorder, heterogeneity and treatment options. Neuroscience bulletin, 33(2), 183-193.

Rodgers, J., Hodgson, A., Shields, K., Wright, C., Honey, E., & Freeston, M. (2017). Towards a treatment for intolerance of uncertainty in young people with autism spectrum disorder: development of the coping with uncertainty in everyday situations (CUES©) programme. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 47(12), 3959-3966.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

ABILITY & DISABILITY

Psychology

Client Name

University Name

Ability & Disability

Ableism is prejudice against the disabled. Here, “prejudice” is essentially the same thing we mean when we’re talking about racism or sexism, except that it’s leveled against people with disabilities. The video shows how people with disabilities are casually passed over for jobs, for housing. Conditions in assisted-living facilities and nursing homes vary randomly from decent to nightmarish. Even people with mild disabilities are stigmatized, often (ironically) because they are expected to act as though they are non-disabled, refused help, and then judged for failing.

The video have me realize how we disregard people been disabilities in our everyday life without realizing the huge impact that it has over their lives. People with disabilities are humans as well and we all must realize that disable people are actually the ones who are differently abled and not look at them as people who only deserve sympathy. Ableism concept dictates how labeling the disabled has a huge impact over their life as they have to face discrimination only on account of all thing which they have no control over. I was shocked to know that in their everyday life they have to fight over issues that none of us have to even think about in our entire life span. The issue of equal rights in education employment and accessibility to resources is a major issue for disabled fellows as they are treated as second class citizens with no rights.

The video showed me that such people are more than often treated as puzzles for an enigma instead of seeing them as important members of the society with skills and intellect equivalent to people who are not disabled. The shared statistics in the video e.g. High School graduation rates for students with disabilities is 57%, 72% of people with disabilities are unemployed, those that are employed earn an income that is half the national average surprised me because I had never thought of the disabled people facing so many difficulties and struggling to earn survive in the community. It is particularly astonishing how even the children with disabilities struggle as far as access to education is concerned. The graduation rate for 60 students is also very low as compared to their counterparts. However, it is essential to realize that the graduation rate has been low not because of their repressed mental and intellectual abilities but because these people are treated with fear.

History shows how ableism can be very subtle; for example, calling somebody “inspirational” for getting married when they have a disability, thus implying that people with disabilities don’t deserve to fall in love and get married. On the same grounds, it can be really extreme, such as the mass murder in Sagamihara, Japan, in which an (ex)-employee of an assisted living facility stabbed 19 residents to death because they were disabled, and he thought the world was better off without them.

There’s a lot of middle ground, of course, between the subtle, unintentional stuff and the straight-out genocide. I don't know about any articles or any serious defenses of ableism, but I believe that different ableist viewpoints and practices at various levels (individual, institutional, and cultural show that disabled are feared because such people are different. It's been documented time and again that people like other people like them and dislike or even fear people who are different than them. Thus, I believe that such people face severe discrimination only on the account that people fear them because they are different and overcome by fear might rule these people out as important members of the community who can play an effective rule in shaping the future of their society with their intellect.

References

Hehir, T. (2002). Eliminating ableism in education. Harvard educational review, 72(1), 1-33.

Hehir, T. (2007). Confronting ableism. Educational Leadership, 64(5), 8-14.

Wolbring, G. (2008). The politics of ableism. Development, 51(2), 252-258.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Abnormal Behaviors

Abnormal Behaviors

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Dementia

Description

Dementia is a term that refers to a decline in mental abilities that can hamper daily activities of a human being. Dementia is not a specific disease, in fact, it describes a group of symptoms that can cast a negative impact on reasoning, thinking, behavior, mood, and personality (Tsai et al. 2019). According to researchers, (Tsai, 2109) (Thomas, 2018), dementia occurs when a part of brain is affected by any kind of disease or infection. There are many different types of dementia and the most common is, “Alzheimer’s disease”. Research also highlights that dementia is not a disease, in fact, it is a syndrome that is common to different brain diseases that get worse with the passage of time (Tsai et al. 2019). It is also found that the people suffering from dementia are unable to control their emotions and it may get so severe that a person has to depend on others completely.

Prevalence rate

The prevalence rate of dementia is 13.9% which majorly includes individuals who are 71 years or older. Age is one of the major factors in determining the prevalence of disease, taking into account that people who are older than 65 years are more at risk of getting dementia. Moreover, it occurs mostly in women as compared to men (Tsai et al. 2019). It is found that there are 3.4 million people who were suffering from mental illness in 2002 and dementia prevalence is assumed to increase by 5.0% with age (Thomas et al. 2018). Today, dementia has an occurrence rate of 37.4% on the people who are 90 years old or more. It is also inferred that African Americans have a high frequency of dementia (Tsai et al. 2019).

Age of Onset

There are two categories, describing the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, Early-onset Alzheimer’s and Late-onset Alzheimer’s.

Early Onset

According to Tsai, (2019), early onset of dementia appears over the age of 65 or younger. Usually, this population is in its 50 or 40s. There are very rare cases of early-onset such as 5% of all the people who are suffering from Alzheimer’s (Tsai et al. 2019). According to the data collected from Health and Retirement Study, dementia in early age is caused by Alzheimer's disease and some other related disease such Down’s Syndrome, where the one who will get dementia may be in any of the stages, early, middle or late (Thomas et al. 2018).

Late-onset Alzheimer’s

It is one of the most common forms of dementia that usually occurs in people who are older than 65 years of age. This set of the disease can either run in families or not because there is no particular gene who is responsible for carrying dementia, nor there is any logical research that shows why some people get it while others don’t if dementia is caused over the passage of time (Thomas et al. 2018).

Causes

Burnham, (2019) has highlighted that there are different causes of dementia, where its origin can be traced from damaged nerve cells in the brain. There are different types of people suffering from dementia, taking into account the part of the brain that is damaged because when a part of brain is damaged, brain cannot communicate with other brain cells causing fluctuation in movement, thinking, memory and feelings (Burnham et al. 2019)

.

Neurogenerative causes of dementia

It is asserted that one of the biological causes of dementia is neurodegeneration because it breaks and kills brain cells. With the passage of time, dying brain cells can cause a progressive and permanent decrease in both physical and mental functions (Burnham et al. 2019).

Cerebrovascular Causes

Usually, accidents such as heart disease, stroke, hardening of the blood vessels and cerebrovascular damage or the negative outcomes of malformation, hemorrhaging and blocking are some of the major causes of dementia. As a result of this damage, the localized areas of the brain are damaged and causes vascular or multi-infarct dementia (Burnham et al. 2019).

Infection Related Dementia

There are a lot of infections that can cause dementia such as parasitic bacteria and viruses that can destroy brain cells resulting in dementia. These cases can become severe with the passage of time (Thomas et al. 2018).

Toxic and Metabolic causes of Dementia

Dementia is also caused by chemical imbalance that is caused by the presence of some kind of toxins, biological conditions, and malnutrition in the body. These toxins can be drugs, adding to Leukodystrophy and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (Tsai et al. 2019). 

Rheumatic Causes

Dementia is also caused by serious injuries to the brain and head, which can cause Traumatic Brain Injury (Tsai et al. 2019).

Treatment option

There are two treatment options that are proposed for curing dementia such as medication, and therapies. It is asserted that dementia cannot be treated, however, there are treatments that can help to control the symptoms.

Medication

Medication is one of the treatments that is used for treating dementia, mentioned below:

Cholinesterase inhibitors

The medicines such as donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne) and rivastigmine (Exelon) work by boosting the level of chemical messengers that are involved in judgment and memory. Although there are some side effects of these medicines such as vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea, still it is prescribed (Thomas et al. 2018).

Memantine

Memantine, also called Namenda works by regulating the activity of glutamate as well as other chemicals that are found to be playing a role in brain function such as memory and learning. There are some cases in which memantine is prescribed along with cholinesterase inhibitors (Thomas et al. 2018).

Other medications

There are a lot of other medications, that are prescribed for the treatment of dementia such as those medicines which are recommended for sleep disturbance, Parkinson's disease, depression and agitation (Thomas et al. 2018).

Involvement of the field of psychology

There are several nondrug approaches that are used by psychologists to investigate and treat dementia, such as:

Occupational Therapy

An occupational therapist can help a patient suffering from dementia, make home a safe place accompanied by teaching coping behavior. The purpose of this therapy is preventing accidents such as managing behaviors, falls and preparing dementia progression (Tsai et al. 2019). 

Modifying the environment

This therapy can help to reduce noise in surroundings so that a patient can live with attention and focus. It includes hiding threatening objects such as knives and guns. (Tsai et al. 2019).

Simplifying tasks

It includes breaking the task into some easier steps and focus on success, not the failure or actions that can cause failure. Therapists help people simplifying life by breaking it into simple tasks that are easy to do (Tsai et al. 2019).

Mental Health counseling

Mental health counseling is also one of the approaches that can help people suffering from dementia to learn to manage their emotions and behaviors. It also includes some therapies such as art therapies and music therapy sometimes accompanied by speech therapy that can support pronouncing some difficult and trouble causing words.

Lifestyles and home remedies

There are different home remedies and lifestyle changes that can help dementia patients improve their health such as enhanced communication, encouraging exercise, establishing nighttime rituals, keeping a calendar in terms of activities, planning for future and encouraging activities that can increase bodily coordination (Tsai et al. 2019).

All these treatments are used as per the condition of the individual and the treatment that is required by the stage of dimension.

Preventative Measures

There are several actions that can help to prevent dementia such as to quit smoking, adopting a healthy routine by doing plenty of exercises, eating healthy food, managing health problems such as high cholesterol, diabetes and high blood pressure (Thomas et al. 2018). Moreover, staying mentally alert is also one of the techniques that can help to prevent dementia such as reading books, solving puzzles, undergoing problem-solving exercise and adopting new and healthy learning habits. Moreover, increasing social exposure is also one of the strategies that can help to prevent dementia (Thomas et al. 2018).

References

Burnham, S. C., Loi, S. M., Doecke, J., Fedyashov, V., Dore, V., Villemagne, V. L., & Masters, C. L. (2019). The dawn of robust individualized risk models for dementia. The Lancet Neurology, 18(11), 985-987.

Thomas, C., & Milligan, C. (2018). Dementia, disability rights, and disablism: understanding the social position of people living with dementia. Disability & Society, 33(1), 115-131.

Tsai, L. H., Brown, E., Iaccarino, H., Martorell, A. J., & Adaikkan, C. (2019). U.S. Patent No. 10,265,497. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Abnormal Psychology Sleep Apena

Abnormal psychology Sleep Apnea

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Abstract

Sleep apnea is being characterized with repeated and upper airway collapse that results in oxygen desaturation as well as sleep fragmentation. There are various consequences of this disorder that mainly includes daytime drowsiness, sleepiness, tiring sleep, fatigue and more risk of being a victim of depression, cognitive deficits and reduced level of quality life. Sleep apnea has become an important and most relevant part of the psychological field. In this study, all the major things are being discussed that one should know about sleep apnea. For creating awareness among people about this disorder, many types of researches have been done for knowing its origin and history. Also, a lot of work has been done for identifying all the possible treatments for curing and treating various types of sleep apnea. Challenges that patient of sleep apnea faces also show that this is becoming a severe health issue in America that needs to be addressed timely. It is rightly said that if a disorder is not going to cure timely, it will cast drastic effects on the sufferers so by having an in-depth of this sleeping disorder, one can get to know about its effects and cure.

History

Sleep apnea is one of the serious sleep disorder in which a person faces breathing issues as in this disorder breathing stops and starts repeatedly. In other words, it could be said that in this disorder breathing of the individual got disrupted during sleep. Breathing patterns change with a deeper sleep, but as a result, the person does not get enough sleep. Even after sleeping for years individual suffering from sleep apnea feels tired. By taking a look at the history, it could be seen that history of sleep was the discovery of sleep apnea in medicines and it was first discovered in 1965. It won’t be wrong to say that this sleep disorder has been observed since ancient times, as there are symptoms of heavy snoring that dates almost 2000 years back. In the late 19th century, a term Pickwickian syndrome was adopted for describing symptoms of apneic symptoms, but at that time, researchers termed this issue as being linked with obesity. In the 1960s, it was found that these apneic symptoms were not because of obesity and many pieces of research supported that there is a significant breathing disorder behind these symptoms. It could be seen that much research has been done on sleep apnea from 1975-80 and in this period 319 articles were written about this breathing disorder that one faces while sleeping.

Sleep disorders such as sleep apnea have become one of the main health-related issues in the United States. According to the reports, 22 million Americans are suffering from this disorder. 80% of people are being victimized with moderate sleep while 20% severe sleep apnea is undiagnosed. Reports have confirmed that 1 out of 12 Americans suffer from OSA (Obstructive sleep apnea). Currently, there is a population of 326 million in the USA, and 10% are suffering from mild OSA, 3.5% are suffering from moderate OSA. According to the experts, almost 70-80 % remains unidentified.

Types

There are three main types of sleep apnea, and these three types are obstructive, central and mixed sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea:

This type of sleep apnea occurs when the muscles of the throat relax from time to time, which block the airway during the sleep. It causes breathing to stop repeatedly while the person is sleeping. It is the most common type of sleep apnea, and experts believe that it has affected almost 4% males and 2% females (Javaheri et al.,2017). It has been reported by the researchers that only 10% of people seek treatment for this disorder. Majority of the people remain undiagnosed. Obstructive sleep apnea is further divided into three types, and these three types are mild, moderate and severe OSA.

Central sleep apnea:

There is another type of sleep apnea that is termed as Central sleep apnea (CSA). This type of disorder happens mostly when our brain fails to send a strong signal to the muscles that are responsible for controlling breathing. One of the major differences that have been seen in obstructive and central sleep apnea is that OSA is a mechanical kind of issue, but central sleep apnea is a more communicative problem. It is much less common than OSA and researches show that 20% of the sleep disorder cases are CSA. Pieces of evidence show that this type of sleep disorder is mainly because of some medical issues and certain conditions that badly affect brainstem (Jackson et al., 2018). Excessive daytime drowsiness and, headaches and mood swings are the most common symptoms of this sleep disorder. It has been claimed by the researchers that options of treatment of sleep apnea still need to be refined and at the present time, one of the best treatment for mixed sleep apnea is CPAP devices. These should be set at the lowest pressures so that airways could be left open successfully without any obstruction.

Mixed/complex apnea:

It is the combination of both obstructive and central sleep apnea. Patients are being treated with the machines that are used for the treatment of obstructive and central. In 2006, an experiment was conducted in Mayo Clinic, and after this experimentation, it was found that patients who were believed to have obstructive sleep apnea were suffering from mixed sleep apnea.

Biological and psychological effects of Sleep Apnea

Following are the biological and psychological effects of the sleep apnea on the body and mind of the individual who suffers from this sleep disorder:

Sleep apnea has become an important disease that should be taken into consideration because of its neurological and cardiovascular effects which damages the human body as stroke and hypertension damages. There is no doubt that there are both biological and neural effects of this disorder on the body, but it won't be wrong to say that effects are more psychological. Effect of sleep apnea is quite evident in the human body. One of the main biological effects of this disorder is that weakens the immune systems that protect the human body from the attack of many diseases, making an individual vulnerable to infection. High Blood pressure is also another biological effect that is caused by sleep apnea. Patients who suffer from sleep apnea are at more risk of heart diseases and may have irregular heart rhythm. Sleep apnea is also going to curb the patient's sexual desire. Asthma is another major issue that is caused by this sleeping disorder. This disorder is also linked with the disease of the fatty liver that becomes more than a normal level, and liver enzyme becomes more active. High blood sugar and low oxygen rate are also caused by sleep apnea.

More psychological effects include depression. There are visible effects of this sleep disorder on the memory and researches claims that people with sleep apnea are more vulnerable to memory loss than people without this disorder. Another major effect that could be viewed on the body is that a person who suffers from this sleep disorder become a victim of mental condition and could not make a good decision and remains confused in most of the situations. It has been seen that lack of sleep makes an individual mentally foggy that makes it hard to solve problems. A person that suffers from this sleep disorder cannot think as well.

Side effect and challenges of people suffering from sleep apnea

It is a serious sleep disorder that cast various negative effects on the overall health of the patient. After investigating all the factors and conditions, it won’t be wrong to say that patient because of sleep apnea suffers many sides’ effects and challenges. It has been seen that patients have to face social, biological and psychological challenges when they suffer from this disorder. Side effects of sleep apnea are people feel restless even after sleeping for sufficient hours. Though there are many challenges that patient of sleep apnea faces but breathing challenge is one of the main challenges as the patient while sleeping when got an interruption in breathing, it disturbs his pattern of sleep as well and would take some time to make him/her face regular again. Other life-threatening challenges and uncertainties are regarding the treatments of heart failure

Side effects of sleep apnea are many in numbers, and it has been seen that if the disorder is left untreated, it can lead towards lack of quality sleep that would make a patient uncomfortable for the whole day. Depression is another major side effect that a patient is going to face because of this disorder. Likewise, there are other side effects as well such as a patient would be deficient of energy (Koo et al., 2018). A person, who suffers from sleep apnea, would always be at the risk of increased blood pressure that would increase the chances of stroke. It is also responsible for causing detrimental effects in patients, i.e. problems related to learning and memory, sexual dysfunction, be habitual of falling asleep at work or while driving.

Side effects of sleep apnea cast serious and negative impacts on the overall well-being and health of an individual. Researches have proved that if patients remain undiagnosed, they will experience headache, irritability, mouth dryness and tiredness, etc. sleep apnea's side effects also include stroke, obesity, asthma, and eye disorders. The common symptoms of the sleep apnea are various which indicates the existing of this problem. Some of these symptoms are loud snoring during sleep, suddenly wake up with the dry or sore throat. They are feeling soporific and lack of energy at the day time. It also causes headaches at the morning time (Flaherty et al., 2015). The patient feels sleepiness while driving a car. The patient also forgets things quickly and the mood changes frequently. If the disease is not treated and ignored for a long time, it can cause the risk of high blood pressure, heart failure, stroke, heart attack, and irregular heartbeat. According to the evidence, long-term sleep apnea can lead a patient to death. Due to the continuous sleep disorders affect the other functions of the body and ultimately cause death.

Treatments and therapies

Researches have proved that there is no way without testing whether one is suffering from sleep apnea or not. If you are a suspect, firstly you just need to see your doctor and sleep study has been the best way for diagnosing this disorder. It has been seen that if one suffers from mild sleep apnea may be one is going to be recommended by the doctor to change his/her lifestyle for staying healthy and happy. For improving the lifestyle, one must lose some weight and give up smoking. Nose allergy treatment will also be suggested by the doctor if one has nose allergies. Certain devices are available for treating sleep apnea and for opening certainly blocked airways; in some severe cases, surgery is needed.

There are many therapies as well that are recommended to patients who suffer from sleep apnea. If a patient suffers from moderate sleep apnea, he/she would be suggested to use a machine that would deliver pressure while the patient sleeps. The pressure that would be given through these machines would be having more pressure than the normal surrounding air. Oral appliances are also used for treating this disorder, and it has been seen that people show willingness for availing this treatment as they find it comfortable, easy to wear, easy to take care and portable.

When other treatments failed then one is only left with the option of surgery. Generally, it has been seen that for at least three months before suggestion a surgery patient is being given all possible treatments but if nothing works then the patient goes for surgery. There are various things included in surgery such as removal of tissues, in this surgery doctor removes tissue from the top of patient's throat or rear of your mouth (Zhu et al., 2018). Tonsils are also removed in such cases. Tissue shrinkage is another surgery that could be done for overcoming this disorder of sleep apnea as in this surgery, doctors shrink the tissue at the back of patient’s mouth by using radiofrequency ablation, but in this surgery, some risk is involved. Jaw positioning is another option in surgery, and in this option, the jaw of the patient is moved forward, and in this way, there would be more space for tongue and soft palate that will lessen obstruction. The option of the implant is also used in surgery. In this option, plastic rods are implanted after giving anesthesia to the patient in the soft palate. Nerve stimulation is another option in surgery and in this kind of surgery a stimulator is going to be inserting for the nerve that controls the movement of the tongue. Stimulation is going to keep tongue in such a position that would keep the airway open most of the time while sleeping. Creation of new passageway is another good option for overcoming this sleep disorder. Tracheostomy is the only option that a patient could use when all the other treatments fail. In this surgery, an opening is being made in the neck of the patient and a piece of meal or tube is inserted through which patient breaths.

Conclusion

Sleep apnea is one of the leading sleep disorders which cause major diseases to the patient. It has been found that only 10 percent of the patients go to the doctor to treat this problem. It is both the psychological and biological problem. There are several symptoms of the disease and its effects on the human body. It also causes some mental issues such as depression, stress, and memory loss. The history of this disease is not very old. However, its soaring pace is very high. The possible causes of this disease are the excessive weight and obesity which is directly associated with the soft tissues of the throat and respiratory tract. It leads a patient to certain fatal diseases; however, proper and in-time treatment can help to get rid of this problem. There are two ways of getting rid of this disease; one is to lose weight and other is the surgery to remove the excess tissue from the palate and throat.

References

Flaherty, J. C., Garibotto, J. T., Gorman, W. J., Irwin III, J. N., & Friedman, M. (2017). U.S. Patent Application No. 15/611,085.

Franklin, K. A., & Lindberg, E. (2015). Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population—a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea — Journal of thoracic disease, 7(8), 1311.

Jackson, M. L., McEvoy, R. D., Banks, S., & Barnes, M. (2018). Neurobehavioral impairment and CPAP treatment response in mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 14(01), 47-56.

Javaheri, S., Barbe, F., Campos-Rodriguez, F., Dempsey, J. A., Khayat, R., Javaheri, S., ...&Polotsky, V. Y. (2017). Sleep apnea: types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 69(7), 841-858.

Koo, C. Y., Drager, L. F., Sethi, R., Ho, H. H., Hein, T., Jim, M. H., ...& Lee, C. H. (2018). Obstructive sleep apnea and diabetes independently add to cardiovascular risk after coronary revascularization. Diabetes Care, 41(2), e12-e14.

Zhu, H., Koo, C. H., Wu, C. K., Wan, W. H., Tsang, Y. T., & Tsang, K. F. (2018, October). J Sleep Apnea Monitoring for Smart Healthcare.In IECON 2018-44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (pp. 4726-4729).IEEE.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

Abstract

Effects of Peaceful Music on Anger

Student’s Name

Institution

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to investigate the psychological effects of different types of music in young adults. It studied the effect of classical, heavy metal and self selected versus without music and time regarding the emotional states and physiological around students. In order to determine the effect of music two variables dependant and independent variables were used. The variables were used to determine whether different types of music have different types of psychological effect to people. However, fifty six (56) of 15 men and 41 women with a mean age of 21 college students were used to conduct the study. Participants were asked to listen to different types of music and basically self selected types of music to determine the effect of music played to a participant. It was determine the effect and whether the music contributes to the reductions of anger and whether listening to self selected music can reduce anger and lower anger scores. However, dependant variables, relaxation were used to determine the rating scale to obtain the right level of relaxation so that anger could be measured. The result indicates that students who listened to self selected relaxing or classic music have high chances of realizing reduction in anger and lower sympathetic nervous system arousal. The quantitative result also indicates that students in all situations reported a reduction in anger and therefore, listening to self selected music contributes to the reduction of anger. The study therefore, supported the hypothesis; it means that listening to different types selected music or classic music as greatest effect to people.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Abstract

Suicidal or schizophrenic:

(The correlation between schizophrenia and suicide)

PSY 265-5001/Prof. Durmysheva

Manny Febus, Rhondean, Khemwattie, Jenkins

ABSTRACT

Schizophrenic suicides aggregate to approximately 10% of all suicidal rates. There is a link between first suicidal attempt and schizophrenia, once in a lifetime. Studies show that people affected by schizophrenia and related disorders usually develop a sense of suicide and psychosis. There is a concept among communities that the use of cannabis is not related to cognitive changes. However, numerous studies have shown that cannabis significantly changes cognitive thinking and leads to suicide. Therefore, it is useful for people to have knowledge and information related to the mechanism of how cannabis causes suicidal thoughts among individuals. Better policies, more collaboration and participation, compassion, and better awareness among communities can significantly lower the burden of schizophrenia and related diseases in communities. Many articles have shown a positive association of treating people with medication and better management policies. Medication and therapies collectively can essentially help patients with schizophrenia. The current study has significantly evaluated the role of cannabis in triggering suicidal attempts and how better management and treatment policies such as weekly therapy along with family and community engagement can help the patients with schizophrenia and related disorders. The study has concluded that administering pills along with therapy can help patients with schizophrenia.

Key Words: Schizophrenia, suicidal thoughts, schizophrenic suicides, community engagement.

Suicidal or Schizophrenia

Suicidal rates within the schizophrenic population may have a possibility of lowering. Based on the studies and information gained through research, some several methods and ideas can be executed and provided given what we have. Schizophrenic suicides amount to nearly 10% (Hor & Taylor, 2010) of all suicidal rates and given these statistics, we see this as a good enough reason to further our research into schizophrenic suicides and how to prevent them, what methods can be used, the types of pharmaceutical and drug resources that may help, etc ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ang2pnehu1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hor & Taylor, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Hor & Taylor, 2010)"},"citationItems":[{"id":892,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/B2G34EH7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/B2G34EH7"],"itemData":{"id":892,"type":"article-journal","title":"Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors","container-title":"Journal of psychopharmacology","page":"81-90","volume":"24","issue":"4_suppl","author":[{"family":"Hor","given":"Kahyee"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hor & Taylor, 2010). The studies we dive into provide further details as to why this is a good topic for the group to discuss.

The first article Manny reviews stress the importance of suicides and the factors contributing to suicidal behaviour. It is significantly a problem in most Western countries and poses a threat to society, humanity all in one. The policies that countries per taking on the subject of suicide are factors in the contribution of the suicidal rate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a16l5jdro5v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hor & Taylor, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Hor & Taylor, 2010)"},"citationItems":[{"id":892,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/B2G34EH7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/B2G34EH7"],"itemData":{"id":892,"type":"article-journal","title":"Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors","container-title":"Journal of psychopharmacology","page":"81-90","volume":"24","issue":"4_suppl","author":[{"family":"Hor","given":"Kahyee"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hor & Taylor, 2010). Saying, if a country shows little policy effort in combating self-destructive behavior, it will show in society. Tie this back to the stigmatization of certain mental illnesses, specifically schizophrenia (in locations like the United States) and it becomes clear why some patients may be more suicidal than those who may not have an illness.

Differentiating factors could further help pinpoint why suicides happen. Now if we take the information given and provide much better treatment, patients will be less likely to be suicidal, stigmatized, and excluded from social activities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ao8spjst6r","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hallford & Sharma, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Hallford & Sharma, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":896,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/RK4SDZ9Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/RK4SDZ9Q"],"itemData":{"id":896,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anticipatory pleasure for future experiences in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and major depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","container-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","author":[{"family":"Hallford","given":"David J."},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Manoj K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hallford & Sharma, 2019). Particular factors like being excluded from social events matter because humans are social species who need interpersonal interactions in order to survive. When suicide and suicidal behavior is part of a major public health concern because it amounts to a huge number of people pertaking in this behavior, it’s important to remember the significance that countries have in this matter.

Better policies, more awareness, more empathy, compassion, information, and medicines all come from the roots of how our governments and societies care about a mental illness. Not enough action taken could result in seriously bad consequences. Take the example of the politician who’s son’s suicide resulted in passing legislation that requires all schools to have some type of mental health service in place to help with suicidal behaviors and stress in general ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1sou7dek8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hallford & Sharma, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Hallford & Sharma, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":896,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/RK4SDZ9Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/RK4SDZ9Q"],"itemData":{"id":896,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anticipatory pleasure for future experiences in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and major depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","container-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology","author":[{"family":"Hallford","given":"David J."},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Manoj K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hallford & Sharma, 2019). Actions must be taken more appropriately in a timely manner to fight self-destruction on all angles.

Second article reviewed by Manny digs deeper into the importance of stigma and the effects of schizophrenia inside the family environment. Schizophrenic patients are seen as burdens and are less likely to be invited to social activities. Aside from betrayal being one of the most known factors to emotional distress, being left out is one of the biggest stressors for us as human beings. Each author that contributed to the article stresses the importance of suicide prevention and are all trying to help prevent suicides in by focusing in different areas, some directly to schizophrenic patients ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2o9kn2qse4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Waterreus et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Waterreus et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":895,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6T7UFI6N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6T7UFI6N"],"itemData":{"id":895,"type":"article-journal","title":"Is cannabis a risk factor for suicide attempts in men and women with psychotic illness?","container-title":"Psychopharmacology","page":"2275-2285","volume":"235","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Waterreus","given":"A."},{"family":"Di Prinzio","given":"P."},{"family":"Badcock","given":"J. C."},{"family":"Martin-Iverson","given":"M."},{"family":"Jablensky","given":"A."},{"family":"Morgan","given":"V. A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Waterreus et al., 2018). This helps reiterate the importance of our topic, seeing how many people are involved together for the same cause.

In the articles Jeenkins found it demonstrates how suicide is a pertinent reason for death among patients suffering from schizophrenia range disorders. The proportion of endeavored suicide in psychotic individuals varies from 10 to 50%. Suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia was the subject of the research conducted by Ventrilo and colleagues in 2016 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1srefhqnlk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"itemData":{"id":115,"type":"article-journal","title":"Suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia","container-title":"Frontiers in psychiatry","page":"116","volume":"7","author":[{"family":"Ventriglio","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Gentile","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Bonfitto","given":"Iris"},{"family":"Stella","given":"Eleonora"},{"family":"Mari","given":"Massimo"},{"family":"Steardo","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Bellomo","given":"Antonello"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ventriglio et al., 2016). Persons affected by schizophrenia usually feel suicidal and attempt suicide at least once in a lifetime. The study has suggested a link between schizophrenia, the first episode of psychosis and suicide. The study has collected data from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science/Web and Google Scholar (Ventriglio et al., 2016). All studies conducted from 1997 to 2016 were taken for this research. It is distinguished that schizophrenia is linked with noteworthy damage in functioning, which usually starts in earlier stages of the disease. Also, persons with current suicide ideation have shown a lower score and displayed subordinate functioning. Studies have established that communal drift is common in psychotic illnesses and persons with the first episode of psychosis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1ds8uiace","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"itemData":{"id":115,"type":"article-journal","title":"Suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia","container-title":"Frontiers in psychiatry","page":"116","volume":"7","author":[{"family":"Ventriglio","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Gentile","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Bonfitto","given":"Iris"},{"family":"Stella","given":"Eleonora"},{"family":"Mari","given":"Massimo"},{"family":"Steardo","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Bellomo","given":"Antonello"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ventriglio et al., 2016). The individuals with suicide attempts were recognized from lower community classes (Ventriglio et al., 2016). This has also led to the suggestion that individuals from lower community classes suffer from depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts in a greater proportion as compared to the normal population. Though, the connection between community class and prediction is multifaceted ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1c4mqoei2t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"itemData":{"id":115,"type":"article-journal","title":"Suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia","container-title":"Frontiers in psychiatry","page":"116","volume":"7","author":[{"family":"Ventriglio","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Gentile","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Bonfitto","given":"Iris"},{"family":"Stella","given":"Eleonora"},{"family":"Mari","given":"Massimo"},{"family":"Steardo","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Bellomo","given":"Antonello"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ventriglio et al., 2016). Hopelessness and depression may also develop in individuals in higher community classes. Individual from lower middle class once modify their lifestyle, depression, and anxiety level decreases gradually.

In his second article he dicusses how 120 desperate psychiatric individuals were assessed for depression severity, desperateness, previous challenges, and a desire to commit suicide. These

patients were from the emergency psychiatry center between ages 17 to 60 years. This study was carried out by Singh and other colleagues in 2016 to see the correlation of suicide among patients of schizophrenia and other related disorders. Among these, 20 % had Schizophrenia and related disorders, 65% had affective disorders and 6% of individuals were with other disorders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"atjt5ifejr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Singh et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Singh et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"itemData":{"id":116,"type":"article-journal","title":"Clinical correlates of suicide in suicidal patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective disorders","container-title":"Indian journal of psychological medicine","page":"517","volume":"38","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Singh","given":"Hemendra"},{"family":"Chandra","given":"Prabha S."},{"family":"Reddi","given":"V. Senthil Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Singh et al., 2016). Numerous studies were conducted examining the part of family medical history in suicidal attempts by patients with schizophrenia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"atjt5ifejr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Singh et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Singh et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"itemData":{"id":116,"type":"article-journal","title":"Clinical correlates of suicide in suicidal patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective disorders","container-title":"Indian journal of psychological medicine","page":"517","volume":"38","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Singh","given":"Hemendra"},{"family":"Chandra","given":"Prabha S."},{"family":"Reddi","given":"V. Senthil Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Singh et al., 2016).The results were contradictory as positive medical history was less prevalent in patients with schizophrenia (Singh et al., 2016). Patients with schizophrenic disorders and other related disorders have presented diverse explanations for suicidal thoughts. Family relationships, divorce, separation, lifestyle changes, and social stressors were the chief reasons behind suicide attempts. Past suicidal attempts and socioeconomic status were also associated with it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"atjt5ifejr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Singh et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Singh et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"itemData":{"id":116,"type":"article-journal","title":"Clinical correlates of suicide in suicidal patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective disorders","container-title":"Indian journal of psychological medicine","page":"517","volume":"38","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Singh","given":"Hemendra"},{"family":"Chandra","given":"Prabha S."},{"family":"Reddi","given":"V. Senthil Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Singh et al., 2016). It has been observed that relevant better interventions including cognitive therapies, behavioral changes and interferences based on problem-solving, can significantly decrease the suicide rate among patients with schizophrenia and other related disorders.

Rhondean’s first article dicusses the suicide attempts made by people suffering from different mental illnesses. The article was aimed to test the participants blood and analyzed their lifelong suicide attempts. Their antibodies were also tested. The outcome they had gotten was people suffering from schizophrenia had a higher suicide attempt. Also, people who smoked were also at a higher risk ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1p2h9uc4k3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Waterreus et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Waterreus et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":895,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6T7UFI6N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6T7UFI6N"],"itemData":{"id":895,"type":"article-journal","title":"Is cannabis a risk factor for suicide attempts in men and women with psychotic illness?","container-title":"Psychopharmacology","page":"2275-2285","volume":"235","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Waterreus","given":"A."},{"family":"Di Prinzio","given":"P."},{"family":"Badcock","given":"J. C."},{"family":"Martin-Iverson","given":"M."},{"family":"Jablensky","given":"A."},{"family":"Morgan","given":"V. A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Waterreus et al., 2018). The data in the article also showed that Toxoplasma had a high affect on people's suicide attempts. I found this article useful because I liked how the data was broken down by using other mental illnesses. This is useful because it is showing that people with schizophrenia is at a higher risk for attempting suicide.

The second article talks about the used of cannabis being a risk factor for suicide is being discussed. The article specifically gets into details discussing suicide rates between the two genders. It tells the difference in attempted suicide and successful suicide rates between males and females. It discuss how much cannabis can have an affect on someone attempting to commit suicide. I find this to be important because many people use cannabis and believe it doesn't have an effect on one's cognitive thinking. Which this article gives details on how cannabis does have an affect on people's minds. The article shows how when people suffering from schizophrenia use cannabis they become more vulnerable to suicide. Cannabis does not only affect people with mental illnesses either it also affects the people of the general population.

In Khemwattie’s article she chose one that discusses the suicide trends associated in recent research that are linked to reasons that make it worse for those with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. The article also touches on the trends associated with schizophrenia and how studies are hard to conduct because its always an uncontrolled setting with patients with schizophrenia and who are suicidal ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aluigh2550","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dickerson et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Dickerson et al., 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":893,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BKJ2K2J3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BKJ2K2J3"],"itemData":{"id":893,"type":"article-journal","title":"Suicide attempts and markers of immune response in individuals with serious mental illness","container-title":"Journal of psychiatric research","page":"37-43","volume":"87","author":[{"family":"Dickerson","given":"Faith"},{"family":"Wilcox","given":"Holly C."},{"family":"Adamos","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Katsafanas","given":"Emily"},{"family":"Khushalani","given":"Sunil"},{"family":"Origoni","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Savage","given":"Christina"},{"family":"Schweinfurth","given":"Lucy"},{"family":"Stallings","given":"Cassie"},{"family":"Sweeney","given":"Kevin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dickerson et al., 2017). However those who have schizophrenia are more prone to have suicidal tendencies and thoughts more than other mental disorders. this article also touches upon other factors like alcoholism, physical illness and socioeconomic status which when associated with schizophrenia can lead to many red flags going towards the road of suicide. Different treatments are available such as therapy however there is a focus on how the younger generation are the ones who have the largest number in suicide and how we should start to do more studies and be concerned with them as well. With the younger generation there is a lot of new studies that this article touches upon. Depression is more prominent in those age groups along with suicide rates going up. From 15 years of age 19.

The second article mentions how schizophrenia and major depressive disorder are on the same spectrum. suggests that the lack of the ability to feel pleasure is the reason people with the disorder and major depressive disorder are more prone to commit suicide.

“Anhedonia is diagnostically characteristic of two psychiatric disorders. In the case of schizophrenia, anhedonia might be considered as part of a cluster of negative symptoms including apathy, avolition, and social withdrawal. In major depression, anhedonia is a core diagnostic criterion referred to directly in terms of loss of interest and pleasure from experiences that were previously enjoyed (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).” it talks about how "anhedonia" that can hinder in the moment responses to things that are supposed to give pleasure to a person. so the lack of happiness / pleasure therefore leads to the emptiness and sadness that turns into depression and leading to suicide.

https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.bmcc.ezproxy.cuny.edu/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjc.12218

http://web.b.ebscohost.com.bmcc.ezproxy.cuny.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=14&sid=6f6f3ddc-43c7-4030-a805-f71d51e21e9f%40sessionmgr103

To conclude, all of these articles are benifital to our study on schizophrenia and suicide and how on a soectrum they are linked and can be tested.

SSuiPP

PARTICIPANTS

The Participants we outreached for this study had age ranges from 18- 28 years old. This for the simple fact that we did not want to have participants in such a wide age range where there could be other possible factors that create variables for the experiment.

After coming to this conclusion, we also wanted to keep the study home base. Therefore looking for hospitals in New York City to draw patients with schizophrenia. We came into contact with the head department of the mental illness department at Mount Sinai in East New York. We asked if they had any schizophrenic patients that they knew indeed were also suicidal ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2lr57hdrib","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lien et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Lien et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":894,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/646CZ7QD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/646CZ7QD"],"itemData":{"id":894,"type":"article-journal","title":"Self‐Stigma Mediates the Impact of Insight on Current Suicide Ideation in Suicide Attempters with Schizophrenia: Results of a Moderated Mediation Approach","container-title":"Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior","page":"661-676","volume":"48","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Lien","given":"Yin-Ju"},{"family":"Chang","given":"Hsin-An"},{"family":"Kao","given":"Yu-Chen"},{"family":"Tzeng","given":"Nian-Sheng"},{"family":"Yeh","given":"Chin-Bin"},{"family":"Loh","given":"Ching-Hui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lien et al., 2018). We had told them that each patient would be getting treatment but differentiating in therapy and medicine. As a Psychiatric company my colleges and I wanted to find participants who were elegible to take a form of medicine for Suicide for a year long period. Also dedicated to taking treatment in the form of therapy once a week.

Our participants vary in many ethnicities due to the hospital being in New York city. We did not care for any specificic rates in general hower were still aware that the highest rates for suicide for schizophrenic partients came from -----

We decided to have 30 participants. 15 women and 15 men. We put these participants in no particular pairing giving the men and women numbers “one” and two” then sectioning them off into groups A and B.

The compensation that the participants were promised were 2k per person at the end of the year.

We also took into account the participants physical health, like weight and height. No preferences, but just acknowledgment if their physical health contribute in anyway.

METHOD

Details of treatment: People in both groups would have to commit to a year of weekly psychotherapy and medication to see how the lives of the clients play out during and after the study. Group A would recieve our medicaiton for suicide vs. group recieving thearpy to see which one has the best effect on preventing suicide. Ages would have to be 5 years (18 yrs - 23 yrs - 28 yrs) apart because anything further could disrupt the results dramatically, as an individual is more likely to be more settled and mature in life or the opposite if the ages are too far apart.

Group A: Receives treatment on schizophrenia + suicidal medication provided by our company

Group B: Receives treatment on schizophrenia + therapy supervised by our company

They will be receiving a survey of numeral questionnaires each time we meet to see how they’re doing. Each participant will get the same exact one. The questionnaires would be similar to these questions presented;

On a scale of 1-10 how happy are you feeling?

On a scale of 1-10 how angry are you feeling?

On a scale of 1-10 how energetic do you feel?

Do you prefer hot or cold weather?

On a scale of 1-10, how often do you have suicidal thoughts? 10 being it disrupts your life and creates problems.

On a scale of 1-10 how suicidal do you feel right now? Etc..

As per the participants the only difference would be therapy in the form of a psychologist. However after separating them into two groups: one group would indeed get out medication however the other would get Therapy. - Ethnicities would be divided by 25%, caucasian, asian, african/black american, and hispanic, as different cultures contribute to different lifestyles and impact the clients.

We’ll be recording behaviors by giving surveys and talking for a brief moment on how the clients are doing and feeling ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a29al53cn1c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (L\\uc0\\u246{}nnqvist et al., 1995)}","plainCitation":"(Lönnqvist et al., 1995)"},"citationItems":[{"id":891,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UW9FYI27"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UW9FYI27"],"itemData":{"id":891,"type":"article-journal","title":"Project plan for studies on suicide, attempted suicide, and suicide prevention","container-title":"Crisis","page":"162-175","volume":"16","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Lönnqvist","given":"Jouko"},{"family":"Aro","given":"H."},{"family":"Heikkinen","given":"M."},{"family":"Heilä","given":"Hannele"},{"family":"Henriksson","given":"M."},{"family":"Isometsä","given":"E."},{"family":"Kuurne","given":"K."},{"family":"Marttunen","given":"M."},{"family":"Ostamo","given":"Aini"},{"family":"Pelkonen","given":"M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lönnqvist et al., 1995). They’ll also be given the same instructions by the same person, the same day, to lessen any disruptions towards the study. This will happen with group B members once every week throughout the year for an hourly session.

The medication that we’ve created has high amounts of clozapine and ketamine which is known to not only lessen the symptoms of schizophrenia but more specifically target those with suicidal tendencies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a5l7mcfiic","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}Clozapine Treatment for Suicidality in Schizophrenia\\uc0\\u8212{}Correction | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“Clozapine Treatment for Suicidality in Schizophrenia—Correction | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":900,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P292LDQC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P292LDQC"],"itemData":{"id":900,"type":"webpage","title":"Clozapine Treatment for Suicidality in Schizophrenia—Correction | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network","URL":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/207564?utm_source=undefined&utm_campaign=content-shareicons&utm_content=article_engagement&utm_medium=social&utm_term=100619#.XZqilMZXWWk.email","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,16]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Clozapine Treatment for Suicidality in Schizophrenia—Correction | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network,” n.d.). (Common clozapine side effects may include weight gain; tremor, dizziness, spinning sensation;headache, drowsiness, nausea, constipation;dry mouth, or increased salivation;blurred vision; or.fast heart rate, increased sweating.)

PROCEDURE

January 1st 2017 - We first greet all of our participants. We as in my colleges Manny, Rhondean, Jenkins and Myself Khemwattie. We have the 30 participants in the same room and explain to them who we are and why we decided to start the Program. We then number the participants off “one” and “two” therefor unbiasedly deciding which group goes into group A and which goes into Group B.

We had : 7 women and 8 men in group A.

7 men and 8 women in group B.

We then gathered their names and information and took the day to sort everything out ourselves.

We decided then Group A: Receives treatment on schizophrenia + suicidal medication provided by our company

Group B: Receives treatment on schizophrenia + therapy supervised by our company

We asked them to then come in the week after so we could start our study and therefore they could start the treatment we were going to provide.

January 8th 2017 - One of our colleges goes in and speaks to Group A while another speaks to group B. Our colleges alternate but we all have a set script we say to the patients in both groups. For Group B the script is :

“ Hello! My name is _____ and I am apart of SSuiPP. I’m here to give you your medication and document how you feel with this survey.” - and then we provide a numerical survey to tract the persons mood over this period of time.

For Group A the script is :

“Hello! My name is _____ and I am apart of SSuiPP. I’m here to provide you with your weekly therapy. How are you doing today?’’

We met with our patients every Sunday.

We continued this every week until the 8th of Jan 2018.

We decided to only give Group A a new treatment, plus medication they were taking already for schizophrenia. Group A took their medication in the hospital, daily, when it was time for them to take their other medication. The participants were aware they would be receiving an extra pill, and they knew what the pill was for. They did not receive any therapy.

We noticed the medication was effective to only 5% of group A participants.

Group B was only given therapy, but they were still taking their original medication for schizophrenia. Group B would take their medication in the hospital like they would normally do. We visited the hospital once a week, in order for Group B participants to receive therapy for an hour. During therapy, we would ask the participant, how they’re feeling, and would focus on speaking to them about their moods, emotions, and what they wish to get out of therapy. The therapy sections always went well, the participants found therapy to be helpful to them. The outcome was therapy had worked for 80% of the participants.

The ending results of the research was, Group B, the participants who received therapy was more successful than Group A, the participants who received our treatment. There were 5 participants from Group A who commited suicide, 6 people who found the treatment noneffective and only 4 participant the treatment worked successfully with. In Group B, 3 people committed suicide, 2 people found therapy to be useless, and 10 participant therapy worked succefully with.

Conclusion

To conclude the results of this year long trial showed that the weekly therapy worked better than the medication alone.

Group A had 5 suicides- 6 although a bit better still suicidal - 4 successes (with the medication alone)

Group B had 3 suicides- 2 non effective -10 successes (With therapy alone)

We conclude that we should try to administer the treatment pill on schizophrenia along with therapy together when treating patients who are suicidal with schizophrenia. Suicidal rates within the schizophrenic population may have a possibility of lowering based on the studies and information gained through this research. In addition, upon the therapy we also noted that Group B became happier and more comfortable with themselves over group A. That could also be a factor as to why the therapy session worked more.

We noticed the medication was effective to only 5% of group A participants.

Group B was only given therapy, but they were still taking their original medication for schizophrenia. Group B would take their medication in the hospital like they would normally do. We visited the hospital once a week, in order for Group B participants to receive therapy for an hour. During therapy, we would ask the participant, how they’re feeling, and would focus on speaking to them about their moods, emotions, and what they wish to get out of therapy. The therapy sections always went well, the participants found therapy to be helpful to them. The outcome was therapy had worked for 80% of the participants.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Clozapine Treatment for Suicidality in Schizophrenia—Correction | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network. (n.d.). Retrieved December 16, 2019, from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/207564?utm_source=undefined&utm_campaign=content-shareicons&utm_content=article_engagement&utm_medium=social&utm_term=100619#.XZqilMZXWWk.email

Dickerson, F., Wilcox, H. C., Adamos, M., Katsafanas, E., Khushalani, S., Origoni, A., … Sweeney, K. (2017). Suicide attempts and markers of immune response in individuals with serious mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 87, 37–43.

Hallford, D. J., & Sharma, M. K. (2019). Anticipatory pleasure for future experiences in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and major depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Hor, K., & Taylor, M. (2010). Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 24(4_suppl), 81–90.

Lien, Y.-J., Chang, H.-A., Kao, Y.-C., Tzeng, N.-S., Yeh, C.-B., & Loh, C.-H. (2018). Self‐Stigma Mediates the Impact of Insight on Current Suicide Ideation in Suicide Attempters with Schizophrenia: Results of a Moderated Mediation Approach. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 48(6), 661–676.

Lönnqvist, J., Aro, H., Heikkinen, M., Heilä, H., Henriksson, M., Isometsä, E., … Pelkonen, M. (1995). Project plan for studies on suicide, attempted suicide, and suicide prevention. Crisis, 16(4), 162–175.

Singh, H., Chandra, P. S., & Reddi, V. S. K. (2016). Clinical correlates of suicide in suicidal patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective disorders. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 38(6), 517.

Ventriglio, A., Gentile, A., Bonfitto, I., Stella, E., Mari, M., Steardo, L., & Bellomo, A. (2016). Suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7, 116.

Waterreus, A., Di Prinzio, P., Badcock, J. C., Martin-Iverson, M., Jablensky, A., & Morgan, V. A. (2018). Is cannabis a risk factor for suicide attempts in men and women with psychotic illness? Psychopharmacology, 235(8), 2275–2285.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Abstract Writing Assignment-Teenage Depression And Suicide Are Way Up — And So Is Smartphone Use, By Jean Twenge

Abstract

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Abstract

Technology has become an indispensable part of our lives. People regardless of their age and gender are using technology every day. The arrival of smartphones has undeniably changed every aspect of people’s lives especially teenagers. In this digital era when technology is truly ubiquitous smartphones are becoming our constant acquaintances. Technology has opened doors to a false experience that manipulates teens leading them towards depression. Although studies suggest that there is a correlation between depression and screen time yet there is no causation. However, it is not coincidental that after the arrival of smartphones there is a rise in the rate of teens attempting suicides and being depressed. While several other factors such as social inequalities and economic instability are linked with depression yet still spending more time online is by far one of the most important factor that is leading teenagers to depression. In research published by Clinical Psychological Science teens spending more time are at an increased risk of being depressed which may even lead them to attempt suicide. The main reason behind the increased depression is because teens spend more time online rather than interacting with their peers. Due to this they feel isolated making them more prone to depression. Moreover, owing to the unrealistic life portrayed on social media, teens compare themselves with what is shown on social media making them feel insecure about themselves. Generally, the research conducted on this issue only focused on smartphones rather than social media and online gaming. However, it is necessary that these factors must be explored further as it will help in mitigating the negative impacts of technology. Thus, it is essential to put a limit on screen time and promote face to face interactions among teens so that we can save our teens from getting depressed or attempting suicides.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Academic Writing Task

Academic Writing Task

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Academic Writing Task

Introduction

Advisor utilized the Adult learning hypothesis of Lewin (1946) and Kolb (1984) by utilizing the 4 phases of viable learning knowledge, perception, reflection and arranging. The specialist gave data in the first video by utilizing a Socratic strategy to make out of the session task for the customer. In the second session, specialist surveyed the errand related associations between his negative musings, emotions and his activities. Advisor connected his findings to the state of the patient and worked out a plan for the treatment.

Specialist then asked the customer in the form of Socratic inquiries to share his experience. On doing the movement calendar log and requesting what he considers on accomplishing what he did and how he felt while posting and finishing the everyday exercises. In addition to this it was also asked that how his family felt and reflected how his family felt when he finished a few exercises. She utilized subjective systems to form new knowledge into customer's issues, 'which is a key element of CBT and she connected the learning cycle'. The new learning drove specialist to design the new assignment for the customer. Checked on the errand in subtleties and connected customer's when doing the out of session undertaking to grow new learning and plan for the next assignment. Advisor concentrated on the best way to Implicate and checked on the involvement with customer completely to design future learning.

Discussion

A number of theories can be used to defines the availability of the mental disorder and the destructive or constructive mechanism that has been used by the therapist to explain the mental disorder in detail and the phenomenon going on with the patient.

Video 1

Conduct Activation for Anxiety Video Clip summation:

Customer reports low in disposition and the mindset has been noticed to be very steady since the last session. The Therapist begins by asking how he has been giving the rating size of 0-10. The customer rates his temperament 3, which is exceptionally low. The customer has been wiped out recently and the specialist recognizes that customer has been wiped out of late.

Specialist attempting to get how the customer day by day exercises are. She investigates the balanced. What he supposes and what he does to connect an inconsistent schedule. His perceptions of His physical side effects. She approaches if things have changed for him or still an incredible same. She keeps on demonstrating to him how the endless loop is encouraging one another. He comprehends what's happening for him and. The specialist discloses how to break the cycle which keeping up the issue for the customer. Acquainting with accomplishing more exercises which has sway on his state of mind. She presents and clarifies the week after week movement plan. She goes on and clarifies how happiness and accomplishment and how to rate them when finished. The intention is to implement the movement plan for a standard premise so the customer remembers the rating and accounts. A specialist gives the customer the week after week movement recorder and approaches him to record his action for now. By recording the structure. She at that point asks how he feels its accomplishment and charming. It is to perceive how the day by day schedule is making him pulled back from them. He was given the assignment of filling the week after week movement plan. Specialist attempts to disclose to him how he should fill the paper and on the off chance that it is reasonable for him. Guarantees if the customer has any inquiries

Second session:

Specialist begins by asking how the customer has gone with the week after week action plan.

Beginning with High score

He attempted to escape the house and join his significant other for a motion picture on Tuesday night. As a family nearby ball game. Which he scored a 6 out of 10 as far as satisfaction. What's more, the customer was asked how his temperament and minimal better. Occupied with an action. When he occupied with family action he detailed that he felt unique.

The advisor continues investigating the endless loop and attracted him to his discernment and how it has been changed or remained the equivalent. Taking a gander at the customer gets the possibility of on the off chance that he continues doing things it will assist him with his disposition. There are various methods to measure how the patient supposes and feels (Gilbert, 2016). Utilizing a Socratic strategy for questing asking him what his family considers his difference in demeanour. Invested energy with family is worth. The family remarks imply it feels great to get notification from his family. Specialist presents how the action log would support the customer plan in more exercises. More exercises. Standard rest design. To me, the treatment session appears to be very extreme and exhausting. Knowing the indications of the downturn in one hand it’s doubtful that the specialist attempted to be in a similar level as the customer anyway it brings up the issue of how the customer would feel if the advisor state of mind would be a remarkable same as the customer. Somewhat the specialist looked irate and very ill-humoured herself. Lacking warmth and compassion through the two sessions.

Critique of the Video under the light of the Theories:

Distinguishes social hypothetical ideas supporting treatment.

Pulling back from recently delighted in action particularly pulled back from day by day schedules and low state of mind for a degree time of times are regular indications of misery. CBT intercessions focusing on the day by day activities of the customer through an organized and well‐paced session can improve disposition. The job of conduct initiation hypothesis is proposed for people with melancholy. This significance is perceived, calculated and hypothetical underpinnings are very much clarified likewise the strategies for intercession executed in the downturn video cut.

Kennerley et al. (2017, p.7) recommend that both hypothesis and treatment need to utilize exact worth. For a treatment to be applicable it should be proof based, which implies that examination is joined with training. The key component of CBT is that it has advanced after some time through the 'logical research'. Utilizing experiential proof to rehearse as an expert social insurance supplier mean the end of professional's inclination assessments and perspectives in their training. In like manner, cook et al. (2017) likewise stressed for training to be moral and successful it should be sponsored up by proper information to diminish account treatment. The proof based intercession gives the clinicians a system to work in an educated manner through fundamentally assessing and thinking about their very own training (538). It is like a guide to utilize when particularly beginning the training as a CBT advisor as, it provides guidance on the most proficient method to rehearse the hypothesis and settle on choices for best treatment with a customer (Kennerley et al. 2017). For patients to get the best nature of consideration the clinicians need to look for progressing preparing and should be fully informed regarding new intercession, rules and learning (Cook et al. 2017).

Recommendations and suggestions under the light of Findings

I would suggest the specialist could bring or could request to include his accomplice into one of the sessions to see his improvement and for support of doing the movement calendar task which alone is extremely hard for some discouraged customers. Having a strong collaborate with him guarantees that he isn't the only one, and it will include the family. The customer in the video demanded that he needs to change for concealed family and that would be a strong incentive for him to change. This would be a help to the customer and proceeds with the update out of a session that the family is remaining with him. Having somebody by the customer guarantees that out of session assignment is significant and would be useful for the treatment.

Video 2

Introduction treatment for a fit of anxiety summation:

The treatment session begins with the portrayal of presentation treatment and unwinding breathing system for the fit of anxiety. The specialist attempts to inspire customer's physical side effects of uneasiness. The specialist distinguishes and attempts to connect the fast breathing system to expanded physical manifestations and sentiments of uneasiness. Advisor begins the session with teaching the container breathing method designs. Which means gives a sane to an interoceptive presentation. Can utilize the breathing to decrease them for the customer. Fast breathing or hyperventilation. Setting up the customer to envision tension manifestations from fast relaxing. In a session, the errand is finished.

The specialist is recognizing and empowering resistance of uneasiness side effects. The indications are discombobulated, sweat-soaked, shiver hands which are making connects to fits of anxiety. Utilizing the case breathing system to decrease the incited uneasiness (Abramowitz, 2013). Checking to re-rate the side effects and the side effects are decreased for the customer. Urging the customer to re-assess her ability to adapt to tension indications. Connecting intellectual reappraisal potential diminished tension. The customer is guaranteed to do the breathing systems at whatever point she needs it.

In the second session, the advisor begins with presentation treatment by taking a gander at the customer list chain of importance of tension inciting circumstances. Beginning within case tension inciting to the most uneasiness inciting around 5-15 circumstances and triggers. Creating the rundown of circumstances or triggers that induce her uneasiness. Starting to rundown and rate dreaded exercises. 0-100. Additionally, recognizing diverse dreaded circumstances other than the customers' list.

Distinguishing circumstances that produce insignificant uneasiness on the dread pecking order. Circumstances that have been maintained a strategic distance from yet doesn't create as much uneasiness (Turner, 2014). Then the specialist presents the evaluated introduction treatment strategies.

Beginning with cultivating a workable plan

Starting with a number of things

Clarifying the principals of Exposure treatment.

Moving 1 stage at any given moment.

Working through the rundown of the chain of importance the advisor appears to be extremely sure talking about the following stage for the customer. Discussing sensible and not reasonable undertakings. Arranging reasonable items of presentation on the dread chain of command CITATION htt \l 1033 (htt). Giving the customer an out of session undertaking to finish and getting some information about she feels and she appears to be glad to provoke herself to give it a shot. Attempting to disclose to the customer to remain in the circumstance for the tension to decrease without anyone else's input. And furthermore working on breathing procedure with the assignment. Anyway, the specialist should make reference to for the customer that the breathing procedure shouldn't be utilized as an evasion or security conduct.

Critical Evaluation on the light of the findings and on the basis of Theories.Pulling back from recently delighted in action particularly pulled back from day by day schedules and low state of mind for a degree time of times are regular indications of misery. CBT intercessions focusing on the day by day activities of the customer through an organized and well‐paced session can improve disposition (Segal, & Teasdale, 2018). The job of conduct initiation hypothesis is proposed for people with melancholy. This significance is perceived, calculated and hypothetical underpinnings are very much clarified likewise the strategies for intercession executed in the downturn video cut.

Kennerley et al. (2017, p.7) recommend that both hypothesis and treatment need to utilize exact worth. For a treatment to be applicable it should be proof based, which implies that examination is joined with training. The key component of CBT is that it has advanced after some time through the 'logical research'(7). Utilizing experiential proof to rehearse as an expert social insurance supplier mean the end of professional's inclination assessments and perspectives in their training. In like manner, Cook et al. (2017) likewise stressed for training to be moral and successful it should be sponsored up by proper information to diminish account treatment. The proof based intercession gives the clinicians a system to work in an educated manner through fundamentally assessing and thinking about their very own training (Beiter, et. al., 2015). It's like a guide to utilize when particularly beginning the training as a CBT advisor as, it provides guidance on the most proficient method to rehearse the hypothesis and settle on choices for best treatment with a customer (Kennerley et al. 2017). For patients to get the best nature of consideration the clinicians need to look for progressing preparing and should be fully informed regarding new intercession, rules and learning (Cook et al. 2017).

Recommendations and Suggestions

Treatment session was assessed by looking at CBT/BA hypothesis with devices and systems utilized in the video session. The paper will likewise audit some future advancement to productively give CBT and BA to despondency in the treatment session. I would suggest incorporating the chronicle list in various language or for those requirements to a particular proposal that doesn't have an education in any language (Chukhraev, Vladimirov, Zukow, Chukhraiyeva, & Levkovskaya, 2017). The examinations which were looked into doesn't demonstrate any comprehensiveness for individuals with various foundations. The explored papers, articles and especially CBT/BA intercession just can be connected to western English-talking foundation and particularly work should be done all together for individuals with various language, culture and individuals’ inability (Iqbal, Gupta, & Venkatarao, 2015). Nor the video neither has the articles given any suggestions and focal point into investigating those areas. All things considered; practice specialists will be tested with circumstance where the individual will have the mental issue. If the sessions glanced through a similar focal point is on the off chance that they would for a person than somebody with various social foundation and individuals with handicap would be fairly an alternate case situation and these papers doesn't take into account such audit.

Conclusions

Hence, it can be concluded in the light of the above mentioned critical analysis of both the videos that the successful clinical diagnosis and the treatment of depression and anxiety attacks are possible under the light of various renowned theories. Practical application of these theories is hugely present and known in the sector of psychology. The first video explains the side-effects and implications of the depressive disorder in light of the study of Kenerly. The study forms an important part of the CBT and helps significantly in the explanation of the behaviour in the patient. The second video can extensively be used in the explanation of the anxiety disorders and the panic attacks associated with them. These symptoms and studies also form an important part of the CBT by the explanation of the various sorts of behaviours exhibited by the patients in different situations. Both depressions and anxiety are treatable; only the application of the right kind of theories is required. These theories help to understand the process much better and help in the successful treatment of both these disorders. Psychologists have been working in t5he field of both these orders and have achieved an amazing rate of success.

References

A Comparison of Exposure Therapy, Stress Inoculation Training, and Their Combination for Reducing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Female Assault Victims

Abramowitz, J.S. (2013). The Practice of Exposure Therapy: Relevance of Cognitive Behavioral Theory and Extinction Theory. Behavior Therapy, 44, 548-558.

An Introduction to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy : Skills and Applications. (2017). Westbrook. D., Kennerley. H., and Kirk. J. 3rd ed. Sage Publications. Chapters 1. P7.

Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M., & Sammut, S. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Journal of affective disorders, 173, 90-96.

Bennett-Levy, Thwaites, R., Haarhoff, B., & Perry, H. (2014). Experiencing CBT from the Inside out: a self-practice / self-reflection workbook for therapists. The Guilford Press. New York, New York

Bond, F. W., & Dryden, W. (Eds.). (2002). Handbook of brief cognitive behaviour therapy. Chichester: Wiley.

Chukhraev, N., Vladimirov, A., Zukow, W., Chukhraiyeva, O., & Levkovskaya, V. (2017). Combined physiotherapy of anxiety and depression disorders in dorsopathy patients. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17(1), 414.

Corey. G (2013). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. California. Brooks and Cole.

Cormier, L.S., Nurius, P., & Osborn, C. (2016). Interviewing and Change Strategies for the Helpers (8th Ed). Cengage Learning. CA.

Craske, M.G., Treanor, M., Conway, C.C., Zbozinek, T. and Vervliet, B. (2014). Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 10-23.

Foa, Edna B. 1,2; Dancu, Constance V. 1; Hembree, Elizabeth A. 1; Jaycox, Lisa H. 1; Meadows, Elizabeth A. 1; Street, Gordon P. 1 Author Information

Gerlach, A.L. and Neudeck, P. “Interoceptive Exposure.” (Chapter 11) In Neudeck, P. and Wittchen, H. (Eds.) (2012). Exposure Therapy: Rethinking the Model – Refining the Method. New York: Springer.

Gilbert, P. (2016). Depression: The evolution of powerlessness. Routledge.

Iqbal, S., Gupta, S., & Venkatarao, E. (2015). Stress, anxiety & depression among medical undergraduate students & their socio-demographic correlates. The Indian journal of medical research, 141(3), 354.

Koerner, N. and Fracalanza, K. “The role of anxiety control strategies in imaginal exposure.” (Chapter 12) In Neudeck, P. and Wittchen, H. (Eds.) (2012). Exposure Therapy: Rethinking the Model – Refining the Method. New York: Springer.

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 (n.d.). Retrieved from https://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JTFVJghmpo4C&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=theoretical+underpinnings+of+behavioural+activation&ots=hRv2S16GOC&sig=oBRVFuWwuW1j9zjegYYiVlnZh1k#v=onepage&q&f=false

Segal, Z. V., & Teasdale, J. (2018). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. Guilford Publications.

Telch, J. and Lancaster, C.L. “Is There Room for Safety Behaviors in Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders?” (Chapter 18. pp-313-334) In Neudeck, P. and Wittchen, H. (Eds.) (2012). Exposure Therapy: Rethinking the Model – Refining the Method. New York: Springer.

Turner, M. (2014). "Evidence-Based Practice in Health.” Retrieved from University of Canberra website:  https://canberra.libguides.com/evidence

Welfel, E. (2012). Ethics in Counselling and Psychotherapy: standards, research, and emerging issues. Cengage Learning. CA

World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates (No. WHO/MSD/MER/2017.2). World Health Organization.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

Achievement Motivation

Title page

Achievement motivation

Introduction

Achievement motivation in psychology is focused on theorizing that an individual can improve performance by realizing the need for meeting realistic goals. The psychologist David McClleland studied the role of workplace motivation and its influence on employees. The performance of an individual is based on sense of accomplishment and receiving feedbacks. The concept of achievement-motivation thrive is based on receiving regular performance evaluations. This concept has been used by psychologists for explaining the need of employees and determining how it can be used for enhancing their performance at organizations. Achievement motivation creates self-efficacy and improves quality of working life. Social, cultural and cognitive lenses have transformed the themes of motivation achievement at workplace.

Literature

Mahmoudi et al., (2017) explored the impact of motivation achievement on performance of individuals at workplace. The findings depicts that it is an effective tool for improving the quality of work. Employees who manage to determine their achievement motivation level are more likely to work with dedication and give their best to the organization. Social and cultural factors influence the level of individual’s motivation. The social factors that can impact the achievement motivation include social status, economic position and rank in society CITATION Gha17 \l 1033 (Mahmoudi, Rostami, Mahmoudjanloo, & Jahani, 2017). Wang et al., (2019) studied the impact of sociocultural factors on achievement motivation of individuals at workplace. The findings depicts the social and cultural factors have transformed the need for enhancing motivation level of individuals. The need for motivating employees has also changed due to the hiring of people from different cultures. It has become important for the companies to determine the role of culture specific motivations because these impact employee performance and can be improved by adopting right strategy CITATION Mar05 \l 1033 (Ginsberg, 2005). Achievement motivation is a cognitive model that highlights functional relationship between incentives, expectancies, values, situations and actions. Motivation of an individual is influenced by his expectations and desires. Achievement motivation theory and casual attribution theory are effective for understanding the role of cognitive factors. The emphasis of cognitive lens in of identifying how individual chooses his behavior in certain conditions CITATION Hei97 \l 1033 (Heckhausen, 1997). The cultural context of achievement motivation is also examined by the researchers. The studies have determined that the personal values, beliefs and backgrounds of individuals impact their achievement motivation. This indicates that the level of motivation can vary among people belonging to different cultures CITATION Jul02 \l 1033 (Elliott & Bempechat, 2002). Social and cultural factors have significant role in deriving motivation among individuals. People who belong to society where success is more values are more interested to work with high motivation CITATION Mar971 \l 1033 (LMaehr, 1997).

Analysis

The first lens used by psychologists for determining the role of achievement motivation was social lens. This lens was used for determining how social factors influence achievement motivation of an individual. These factors include desire for attaining social status, opinions and views developed on the basis of society’s perspective. Social factors also emphasize on economic aspects because a person living in society is concerned about earning from a respectable job. The decision of working with high motivation is linked to one’s social rank and status in society. Individuals are thus aspiring at working with high achievement motivation levels for attaining that status CITATION Gha17 \l 1033 (Mahmoudi, Rostami, Mahmoudjanloo, & Jahani, 2017). Cultural values are also equally likely to influence the achievement motivation level of people at work. This indicates that the motivation level will vary among people who belong to different cultures CITATION Mar05 \l 1033 (Ginsberg, 2005)

Due to the changing conditions of the world the role of achievement motivation cannot be thoroughly assessed through one lens. It is more practical to determine examine the concept of achievement motivation through three lenses that include; social, cultural and cognitive. The evaluation of the findings of different psychologists with time indicates that these three lens had significant role in examining the concept of achievement motivation. The cognitive lends depicts that achievement motivation can be learned depending on the situations and encounter of people with different events CITATION Jul02 \l 1033 (Elliott & Bempechat, 2002).

Implications

Firms can integrate motivational strategies that are based on three diversity lens; social, cultural and cognitive. By focusing on social factors such as the salary, benefits, ranks and position of the employees, firms can use psychology for improving their motivation levels. This lens is more concerned about studying the personal desires and values of individuals. The role of cultural lens is also crucial in promoting motivation among people. Cultural lens is more focused on studying the cultural values and beliefs of individuals. By addressing cultural needs it is possible to attain high achievement motivation level. Cognitive lens can be used for building self-efficacy and enhancing self-control. This lens is focused on studying the behaviors and attitudes of individuals. The reasons behind those behaviors are also studied. By improving behaviors the motivation level of individuals can be improved.

Conclusion

The need for determining achievement motivation through three diversity lens became more important with the need for addressing the social, cultural and cognitive needs of workers at workplace. The analysis of the three diversity lens depicts that attaining high achievement motivation levels is not possible buy focusing on a single lens. The companies that are aspiring to promote positive achievement must be able to address social, cultural and cognitive demands of people.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY LMaehr, M. (1997). Sociocultural origins of achievement motivationOrigenes sociculturales de la motivacion de logroOrigenes socioculturelles de la motivation a la reussite☆ . International Journal of Intercultural Relations Volume 1, Issue 4, Winter 1977, Pages International Journal of Intercultural Relations Volume , 1 (4), International Journal of Intercultural Relations Volume 1, Issue 4, Winter 1977, Pages 81-104 .

Elliott, J. G., & Bempechat, J. (2002). The culture and contexts of achievement motivation . Wiley , 7-26.

Ginsberg, M. B. (2005). Cultural Diversity, Motivation, and Differentiation . Theory Into Practice , 44 (3), 218-225.

Heckhausen, H. (1997). Achievement motivation and its constructs: A cognitive model . Motivation and Emotion , 1 (4), 283–329.

Mahmoudi, G., Rostami, F. H., Mahmoudjanloo, S., & Jahani, M. A. (2017). Relationship of Employees’ Achievement Motivation and Quality of Working Life with Their Self-efficacy at Selected Hospitals with a Multi-group Analysis: Moderating Role of Organizational Ownership. Mater Sociomed. , 29 (4), 237–241.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Achievement Motivation

Obesity

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Achievement Motivation

The primary component to ensure success and outstanding performance in any field is motivation, especially intrinsic motivation. This factor becomes more essential in the case of sports where both physical and mental effectiveness is required to achieve the desired goals. High spirit for teamwork is also required so that each member of the team can perform well and work towards the collective success of the whole team.

There are multiple theories in psychology that elaborate the process of motivation and various factors which contribute to motivate an individual. Some of the examples of such theories are Maslow’s need hierarchy, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s achievement motivation, Hertzberg’s two-factor theory, and Attribution Theory. Attribution Theory refers to the assumptions of the individuals that they perceive various situations and events (Shaver, 2016). This theory explains that people are bound to assign causes to the actions and behavior of others as well as to their own behavior.

Attribution theory was initially presented by a Gestalt psychologist Fritz Heider in the early 20th century, and he is often titled as the "father of the attribution theory." Although attribution theory has undergone various advancements and changes since its introduction, the initial idea is still credited to Heider. Attribution theory can further be divided into two types; External and Internal. External attribution refers to holding external factors, which are beyond an individual’s control, responsible for the occurrence of any event or incident. It is also known as “Locus of Causality." On the other hand, internal attribution means to attribute internal factors for any event or incident. These factors are usually under the control of an individual and also called "Locus of Control."

Attribution theory can also be very helpful in the perception of success and failure in the case of sports (Graham, & Folkes, 2014). This theory comes in help to explain how players and sportsperson perceive their own and other people’s, especially teammates' behaviors, for the success or failure of a particular match. Both the types of attribution theory come into use by the individuals when they analyze and attribute various factors.

In the case of Lucille, it can be seen that once she was a highly motivated and successful player, who had lucid dreams and goals. The motivating factors that worked in her case were outcome goals; which meant that results and outcomes motivated her. She had a dream of becoming the toughest and fastest soccer player who wanted to score the maximum goals. It can be clearly seen that Lucille was a brilliant soccer player, which is why she got a scholarship on the basis of sports quota.

Both the types of external and internal attribution of reasons can be seen in this case as the subject is seen blaming injuries, field conditions, playing time, and teammates for not passing the ball. The example of internal attribution can be taken as the injuries, which are under the control of Lucille. She can try and control the number of injuries to the maximum extent. In addition, she can also try that the already existing injuries heal as quickly as possible by getting the best possible medication.

The external attribution or the Locus of causality, in this case, can be seen as the player blames the field conditions, the playing times, other team mate’s behavior and other such conditions for her own low self-esteem and less motivation. This can be reduced by counseling and proper mental makeup of the subject that these factors are not that much significant and they should never be able to affect her performance. Counseling or motivation session can be done by her mentor or her game coach in the college and will prove highly effective to motivate and boost her up.

References

Graham, S., & Folkes, V. S. (2014). Attribution theory: Applications to achievement, mental health, and interpersonal conflict. Psychology Press.

Shaver, K. G. (2016). An introduction to attribution processes. Routledge.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

ADISCCUSION BOARD

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

Discussion Board: Psychology

Week 8

What factors contribute to those who live well beyond the average age?

I think that most contributive things or factors that increases one’s life expectancy are use of drugs, level of enjoyment in life, physical activity and fitness, and location of living.

Consider lifelong healthcare regiments, attitudes, and behaviors. Are these factors in agreement with what psychologists find to be common in centenarians?

The found factors by psychologists are common to the listed above because psychologists also find that extroversion, enjoying life activities, and staying engaged leads to longer life while these terms are similar to regiments, attitudes, and behaviors

Response

I agree with the statement of Wendy and the reasons given regarding argument. Wendy states that some people live longer than others because of involvement of different life affecting factors such as Lifestyle choices, particularly diet, exercise and smoking habits, playing habits but I would add some other factors because they also contribute in one’s longer life. Those factors are; childhood condition and prenatal, gender, as well as socio economic status.

I agree with your claim that strong social ties and family support are highly beneficial to overcome the intensity of depression. It is also necessary to provide physical and psychological support to centenarians for accomplishment of overall life wellbeing.

Week 9

Is denying one's own impending death a beneficial way of coping?

Based on my perception, denying that I have to meet death is not an effective way to cope. Because if someone does so then he/she may not be likely to do something amazing in life because people who think that they will leave this world one day prefer to do something credible and leave their name for all time.

How might it affect development positively and negatively?

In terms of affect, denying the day of meeting death may stops one from achieving something great before dying. This means that the development of person would be impacted inversely.

Provide examples of practices that indicate death acceptance and death avoidance.

The best example of practices that indicate death acceptance is intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering (Gelso, Elizabeth, and Bruce, N.P).

Response

I strongly agree with your view and I think same. It is a reality that denying or ignoring that I have to meet death one day is not a fine way to cope. While keeping it in minds makes the individual to live a better life and do something credible in life experience. In terms of its impact, I think that it impacts negatively because someone who ignore death is not likely to do something great in life as the one who does not ignore. So ignoring meeting death stops individuals to grow in better way.

Work Cited

Gelso, Charles J., Elizabeth Nutt Williams, and Bruce R. Fretz. Counseling psychology. American Psychological Association, 2014.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Adolecent Psy, Week 3

Adolecent Psy, week 3

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Adolecent Psy, week 3

Introduction

Adolecent make constant development in their reasoning and decision making, which enhances their quality of mental capabilities. The cognitive diversity exists among childrens, based on justice, virtue and care ethics where their capacity vary from one another. There is a mutual relation between virtue ethics and care ethics where, virtue is considered as traditional value based on knowledge and derived practices from the social and political space ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pSJI5Xr0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Engster, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Engster, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":33,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DqTTedP9/items/MRLAXE2Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DqTTedP9/items/MRLAXE2Y"],"itemData":{"id":33,"type":"book","title":"The heart of justice: Care ethics and political theory","publisher":"Oxford University Press on Demand","ISBN":"0-19-921435-2","author":[{"family":"Engster","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Engster, 2007). However, the ethics of care depends on direct concern of others, it is expressed in the light of certain demands. The care ethics reflects the appropriate attitude and sensitivity to the demands of dependent person.

Discussion

The ethics of virtue and care depends on the values of justice, that explains an admirable behavious towards the character and expresses excellent inner state. Justice is more based upon moral values of right and wrong which are developed in a societal space ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cv6nhcrk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(R. Nisbett, 2004)","plainCitation":"(R. Nisbett, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DqTTedP9/items/M85DW8SM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DqTTedP9/items/M85DW8SM"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"book","title":"The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently... and why","publisher":"Simon and Schuster","ISBN":"0-7432-5535-6","author":[{"family":"Nisbett","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (R. Nisbett, 2004). However, all three justice, virtue and care are dependent on each other and in terms of expressesion of concern for others.

Moral Judgment Across Cultures 

Cognitive abilities differ from culture to culture which makes it more complex to understand certain characteristics. The cognitive epistemology of East Asian culture represents holistic approaches where the use little formal logic based on dialectical reasoning. In contrast, Western moral judgement is based on analytic processes representing a different epistemology. They pay more attention to the objects and the rules attached with it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QhKl5OhD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(R. E. Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, 2001)","plainCitation":"(R. E. Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":34,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DqTTedP9/items/Q56T7VDA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DqTTedP9/items/Q56T7VDA"],"itemData":{"id":34,"type":"article-journal","title":"Culture and systems of thought: holistic versus analytic cognition.","container-title":"Psychological review","page":"291","volume":"108","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Nisbett","given":"Richard E."},{"family":"Peng","given":"Kaiping"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Incheol"},{"family":"Norenzayan","given":"Ara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (R. E. Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, 2001). The cultural epistimologies are stongly influenced by gender theories making different pathways which are referred as gendered epistemologies and expressed as “women’s ways of knowing” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ViGe1P9U","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, & Tarule, 1986)","plainCitation":"(Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, & Tarule, 1986)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":35,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DqTTedP9/items/J79YIT55"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/DqTTedP9/items/J79YIT55"],"itemData":{"id":35,"type":"book","title":"Women's ways of knowing: The development of self, voice, and mind","publisher":"Basic books New York","volume":"15","author":[{"family":"Belenky","given":"Mary Field"},{"family":"Clinchy","given":"Blythe M."},{"family":"Goldberger","given":"Nancy Rule"},{"family":"Tarule","given":"Jill Mattuck"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1986"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, & Tarule, 1986). The gender moral values tends to explain the different approaches taken by women regards to morality and justice.

Conclusion

The ethics of justice, virtue and care are derived from institutional background of people living in different cultures. The deffenders of every culture approach the values according to their much needed correction or complements of moral thinking. However, it mostly expresses the foundation of their characteristics which they have developed through time.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (1986). Women’s ways of knowing: The development of self, voice, and mind (Vol. 15). Basic books New York.

Engster, D. (2007). The heart of justice: Care ethics and political theory. Oxford University Press on Demand.

Nisbett, R. (2004). The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently... and why. Simon and Schuster.

Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108(2), 291.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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