Unit 4 Assignment

Unit 4 Assignment-The approaches to psychological profiling

[Name]

[Institution]

[Date]

Unit 4 Assignment-The approaches to psychological profiling

Psychological profile:

A psychological profile is a tool to identify different kind of perpetrator by the crime investigators. Psychological profiling started for the first time by the behavior science unit of the Federal Bureau of investigation during the 1960s. Psychological profiling is used for violent criminal behaviors and investigation for the serial bombing, kidnapping, seri8al rape, murder and product tampering (Holmes & Holmes, 2008).

There are various types of psychological profile.

Offender profiling:

Offender profiling is also known as psychological profiling and this is an investigation technique that is used by the police to investigate serious crimes. It includes the examinations of the crime and the crime scene to identify the preparators. There are two important approaches to this type of profiling. One is the bottom-up approach and the other is the top-down approach (Ainsworth, 2013).

The top-down approach includes careful investigation of the crime scene and the evidence are used to draw a conclusion regarding the offender. The offender’s profile is set by looking at other cases like where the criminal is being interviewed. The information in the profile is build up from top-down. The top down is based on data that are used to identify the characteristics of the offenders. These data are compared to each other based on certain aspects of the crime. The purpose of this comparison is to identify aspects of the crime and a similar pattern to identify the crime. It is mostly used in serious crime like murder and rape (Ainsworth, 2013). Bottom-up is a data-based investigation that looks at other data collected about similar crimes and predicts the characteristics of the offenders (Ainsworth, 2013).

Victim profiling:

Victim profiling is a set of techniques and approaches that are used to predict the characteristics of an unidentified offender. Evidence is collected from the scene of the crime and by analyzing those evidence the personality behavior and demographic character of the offender are identified. It generally identifies the cause and the effect relationship of the crime, witness, and offender. The information for the crime scene is used to portray the image of the offenders. The information collected at the crime scene is the nature of the weapon used and the circumstance of the victim (Nykodym, Taylor, & Vilela, 2005).

The approaches that are used in this type form of profiling are geographic profiling, investigative psychology, crime scene analyses, and the diagnostic evaluation. The evaluations are mostly based on clinical judgments. Crime scene analyses are the most important and popular techniques used in victim profiling. It is bawds on deductive reasoning and pattern identification and intuitive thinking (Nykodym, Taylor, & Vilela, 2005).

Suspect-based profiling:

This profiling pattern is derived from the system collection of personality, behavioral, demography, and cognitive data. The psychological features of the offender are usually analyzed in this approach of investigations. Crime activities such as drug trafficking, hijacking a plane or detonating a bomb is the investigation of similar crimes. The general appearances of the offender like age, the pattern of behavior and dresses or manner are usually investigated (Milne & Bull, 1999).

The Psychological Autopsy:

Psychological Autopsy is a procedure that is profiling that is done after a person’s death to determine the mental health of the individual prior to death. For instance, it is used to identify the reasons for the death that whether that was suicide or autoerotic stimulation. The survival of an incident usually want to know that the cause of the death of their loved ones that it happened due to suicide or due to a drug overdose. This procedure of investigation is initially introduced to clarify deaths that are ambiguous (Milne & Bull, 1999).

This approach is used to identify what might be in the mind of the person who is deceased. There are two basic approaches used in this investigation procedure, one is the suicide psychological Autopsy and the other is the equivocal death Psychological Autopsy. The goal of suicide psychological Autopsy is to identify the psychological reason behind the suicide. While the goal of the equivocal death Psychological Autopsy is to clarify the reasons and the manners of death. The death might not be a suicide and the manner of death is clarified. In legal contexts, this approach is followed to establish legal guilt and certain factors are investigation like the job pattern that might be responsible the death of the individual or any personal issue that triggered the suicide (Milne & Bull, 1999).

Psychological profiling:

Psychological Profiling is referred to the collection of information that is about a known individual who is believed to be dangerous or who is posing threat to the general community. In many cases, the identity of that individual is not known but there is evidence that show that he or she creates a threat and made a clear target. There are two procedures that are used in psychological profiling and these two procedures are quite overlapping. One is the risk assessment and the other is the threat assessment. Threat assessment is used to investigate whether an actual threat is carried out and risk assessment is conducted to find out whether that particular individual is risky for himself or for others. Both of this procedure is conducted using various measures for evaluation, background checks, interview and observations (Milne & Bull, 1999).

Clinical portioners are also be involved in the investigation process and they prepare an extensive report on the mantel characteristic of the individual being investigated. The intelligence and military organizations use an interview from that individual in order to investigate through psychological profiling (Milne & Bull, 1999).

The procedure of psychological profiling:

A psychological profile is built with the help of the evidence taken from the crime scene and this evidence are investigated through psychological theories. The forensic researcher uses various tools to investigate the crime through and those tools include interviewing the criminal and data adopted from the various crime of the same nature. The profile should have access to every possible information about the crime. That information includes the physical evidence, autopsy finding and photography of the crime scene and the victim (Holmes & Holmes, 2008).

The perpetrator not only leaves fingerprint as physical evidence in the area of crime but he or she left personality and behavioral clues that are helpful to collect evidence related to the crime. The tools that are used by the perpetrator to conduct the crime are investigated and these weapons reveal suspect behavior that can be linked with the personality of the perpetrator (Holmes & Holmes, 2008).

The personality of the individual who conducted the crime is a necessary step for profiling. The personality of the perpetrator reflects pathology and the plan and execution of the crime can be understood by the help of this evidence. The planning and mutilations mostly reflect on the personality of the criminal. The future behavior of the criminal is also predicted by the health practitioners are also noted down while profiling for future safety. The relationship between the agency who is investigated and the profile are carefully checked so that there won’t be any impact of that on the profiling and investigation (Holmes & Holmes, 2008).

However, profiling is structure based on either inductive or deductive approach. The inductive approach is based on an assumption about criminals and these assumptions are based on the personality of the criminals conducted similar crimes and it can be predicted that they also have similar personalities. While the deductive approach of investigation is conducted with a thorough investigation of the crime scene and all the possible evidence left there. The mental health of the offender is also predicted abed on the evidence and thus the cases are being investigated (Holmes & Holmes, 2008).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ainsworth, P. (2013). Offender profiling and crime analysis. Willan.

Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2008). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool. Sage.

Milne, B., & Bull, R. (1999). Investigative interviewing: Psychology and practice. Wiley.

Nykodym, N., Taylor, R., & Vilela, J. (2005). Criminal profiling and insider cyber crime. Computer Law & Security Review, 21(5), 408–414.

Unit 6 Research Paper

Statistical Analysis

[Enter the name of student here]

[Enter the name of institution here]

In this data, there are ten subjects who have been examined in terms of their response to changes in temperature. A statement has been made that higher temperatures will result in an increase in the aggression in the respondents. The statistical analysis has been performed by running the paired sample t test. A paired sample t test is used when there are same subjects examined in two different situations. The same identities have been used to assess the higher and lower temperature cases regarding aggression. The following tables show the results of the study.

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean

N

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

Pair 1

Hot Temperature

32.500

10

13.1000

4.1426

Cold Temperature

20.300

10

8.4070

2.6585

The above table shows the average values of the hot and cold temperature groups. This is calculated by dividing the sum of values by the total number of values. The standard deviation is calculated by taking the deviations of sample mean from the actual values CITATION Rob12 \l 1033 (W.Mee & Chua, 2012). The standard error of mean is the measure used to indicate the fluctuation between the sample mean and population mean.

Paired Samples Correlations

N

Correlation

Sig.

Pair 1

Hot Temperature & Cold Temperature

10

.477

.164

The paired sample t test in this case is not very strong. The strength of this test is shown by the correlation figure given in the above table. A relatively lower correlation in this case is basically related to the means of two groups in the first table CITATION Don97 \l 1033 (W.Zimmerman, 1997). We can see a considerable difference between the means of two groups namely hot temperature and low temperature. A higher value in the correlation column shows that the ranks of scores in the two groups are the same. Thus, a higher score close to one show that any subject who had a higher score in the first experiment i.e. the higher temperature will have a higher score in the other group as well.

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

t

df

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Lower

Upper

Pair 1

Hot Temperature – Cold Temperature

12.2000

11.7170

3.7053

3.8181

20.5819

3.293

9

.009

The above table shows the results of the t-test run to see if there is a significant difference between the two groups. The last column shows the significance figure at 0.009. Assuming a level of significance of 0.05, we can accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no significant difference between the two groups. Stated otherwise, temperature is not found to have any significant impact on the aggression.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY W.Mee, R., & Chua, T. C. (2012). Regression toward the mean and the paired sample t test. The American Statistician, 39-42.

W.Zimmerman, D. (1997). Teacher's Corner: A note on interpretation of the paired sample t-test. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics.

Unit 6.1 Discussion

Unit 6.1 Discussion

[Name]

[Institution]

Author Note

Unit 6.1 Discussion

Measures of Central Tendency and Variability

The measures of central tendency are the categories or scores that describe what is defined as the “average” or “typical” for a given distribution. This includes mode, median and mean. The mode is used to represent the category in a data set that appears frequently and hence is usually employed by the sales department at a company to figure out their most sold item ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"63HSt3qq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Manikandan, 2011a)","plainCitation":"(Manikandan, 2011a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":693,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/2WIT7Y6W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/2WIT7Y6W"],"itemData":{"id":693,"type":"article-journal","title":"Measures of central tendency: Median and mode","container-title":"Journal of pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics","page":"214","volume":"2","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Manikandan","given":"S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Manikandan, 2011a). Median and mean are mostly used to determine the average, hence they are used to determine the average earning potential of any brand in a day, week or month. It is often overlooked for the median if there are any outliers present in the data set which may move the central tendency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"j4XdAv5m","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Manikandan, 2011b)","plainCitation":"(Manikandan, 2011b)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":694,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/XZS38M7Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/XZS38M7Z"],"itemData":{"id":694,"type":"article-journal","title":"Measures of central tendency: The mean","container-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacother","page":"140-2","volume":"2","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Manikandan","given":"S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Manikandan, 2011b).

On the other hand, the measures of variability are used to determine the rate of unevenness in the given data. It is further defined as the range and the interquartile range, the variance, along with standard deviation. They are usually employed to break down the obtained data and figure the variation among the sample over a specific range or parameter being tested.

Statistical Tests

Correlation

Correlation is one of the most reliable methods to find the degree of relationship that exists between two variables. This can be between dependent and independent variables or various parameters being observed for an experiment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"I1eGsxSQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gogtay & Thatte, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Gogtay & Thatte, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":697,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/7AGR2W68"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/7AGR2W68"],"itemData":{"id":697,"type":"article-journal","title":"Principles of correlation analysis","container-title":"Journal of the association of physicians of India","page":"78-81","volume":"65","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Gogtay","given":"N. J."},{"family":"Thatte","given":"U. M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gogtay & Thatte, 2017).

In APA style formatting, it is written as “The two sets of data are strongly correlated r(66) = .49, p < .001.”

Independent T-test

It is an inferential test that is used to determine if there is any statistical significance between the means of two unrelated groups of data ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZiCoFuIs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kim, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Kim, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":699,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/EJGB98R4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/EJGB98R4"],"itemData":{"id":699,"type":"article-journal","title":"T test as a parametric statistic","container-title":"Korean journal of anesthesiology","page":"540","volume":"68","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Tae Kyun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kim, 2015).

In APA style formatting, it is written as “A showed more preference for B (M = 7.45, SD = 2.51) than C (M = 4.22, SD = 2.23), t(15) = 4.00, p < .001.”

One Way ANOVA

ANOVA or analysis of variance is a method that is a technique that is frequently employed to analyze how the mean value of a variable is affected by a combination of different factors. It is essentially an extension of t-test and is usually used to compare various groups of data or treatments ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8W7V4tb6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bewick, Cheek, & Ball, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Bewick, Cheek, & Ball, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":698,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/BFYKA6ID"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/BFYKA6ID"],"itemData":{"id":698,"type":"article-journal","title":"Statistics review 9: one-way analysis of variance","container-title":"Critical care","page":"130","volume":"8","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Bewick","given":"Viv"},{"family":"Cheek","given":"Liz"},{"family":"Ball","given":"Jonathan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bewick, Cheek, & Ball, 2004).

In APA style formatting, it is written as “F(1, 149) = 2.12, p = .02.”

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bewick, V., Cheek, L., & Ball, J. (2004). Statistics review 9: One-way analysis of variance. Critical Care, 8(2), 130.

Gogtay, N. J., & Thatte, U. M. (2017). Principles of correlation analysis. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 65(3), 78–81.

Kim, T. K. (2015). T test as a parametric statistic. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 68(6), 540.

Manikandan, S. (2011a). Measures of central tendency: Median and mode. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, 2(3), 214.

Manikandan, S. (2011b). Measures of central tendency: The mean. J Pharmacol Pharmacother, 2(2), 140–142.

Unit 9 Assignment

Value and Ethical Concerns of Psychological Profiling

Name

Affiliation

Date

Value and Ethical Concerns of Psychological Profiling

Psychological profiling has emerged as the most important source of identifying criminals in recent times. It was first introduced in the year 1960 by Federal Bureau of Investigation and since then, it has developed greatly due to the advancement in technology. Psychological profiling is the tool which helps the investigators in identifying the criminal, based on their before, during and after attitudes of conducting the criminal activity. The close observation of the crime scene allows them to depict the way in which the crime was enacted, thus leading them to identify the characteristics of the criminals from the minutest details of the crime scene. This paper will discuss the values and ethical concern of psychological profiling in a great deal, while paying attention to importance, advantages and disadvantages of psychological profiling in the areas of society, police, courts and corrections, in addition to presenting examples and recommendations.

There is no doubt that society has made extensive technological, as well as economic progress over the course of the last century. The modern world has opened new avenues of progress and development for the generation of the present times, while a significant number of the population has also faced a number of challenges, leading them to failures and choosing the path of crime, instead of struggling and working hard to survive and become successful. Such people have used the same modern technology for the wrong purposes, while the psychological profilers are using the latest technology for identifying the criminals who hide in the general society and keep hurting more and more people instead of turning themselves to laws enforcement agencies. Psychological profiling is greatly valued across the globe because it provides the opportunity of identifying and arresting the criminals within the least possible times. On the other hand, it has certain ethical issues as well, because the profiling of the criminals can lead the investigators to doubt the innocent people due to certain actions or characteristics, thus hurting their repute and sentiments. However, psychological profiling cannot be stooped to ensure avoiding ethical concerns, so the investigators have to formulate certain policies in order to ensure the safety and repute of the innocent people and be more specific about the criminals (Canter, & Alison, 2018).

Psychological profiling is of great value to the areas of society, police, courts and corrections. It is important because it enables these areas to work as a single unit towards catching the criminals and making them stand before the courts, in addition to getting the punishment of their crimes and becoming an example for the rest of the society. The punishment of the criminals after being caught due to their psychological profiling gives the message to the general society that any person causing any harm to the life and property of other individuals would not be able to live his/ her life in secrecy and would be brought to justice. It also gives the message to the people attracted towards committing crimes to think twice about their choices, as they will have to pay for each and every unlawful act, irrespective of its magnitude (Youngs, 2017).

Psychological profiling is advantageous for the society in the way that it allows the society to work according to a certain legal system. The development of the forensic department is the greatest example, which shows that psychological profiling is essential for the just and lawful management of society. Psychological profiling helps in the identification of the criminal who robes the peace and smooth functioning of the society. On the other hand, there is no particular disadvantage of psychological profiling for the society, apart from the bad repute in case one is wrongly framed for some crime based on faulty psychological profiling (Gudjonsson, & Haward, 2016).

Psychological profiling is the most important lead for the police which helps them get started on the investigation of the crime scene and catching the criminal. The minutest details and evidence secured from the crime scenes can help the profilers identify certain characteristics of the criminals, thus allowing the police to direct their investigation in the defined direction and accomplishing their goals as soon as possible. On the other hand, the psychological profiling can be disadvantageous for the police if they start relying too much on the psychological profiler and not putting enough effort in decoding the crime scene and developing a framework of investigation (Youngs, 2017).

Psychological profiling is greatly important for courts as well, because of the fact that courts have the responsibility of protecting the victim groups of the society. The psychological profiling helps the courts to punish the criminals strictly, based on provided evidence gathered from the profiling and depiction of the traits of the criminals. The psychological profiling can also highlight the tendency of the criminals to repeat the offence or indulge in some other unlawful or criminal act. Thus, providing the opportunity to the courts to reach a better decision which would be able to save the victims and make the criminal pay for his actions. The disadvantage of psychological profiling is that a little mistake on the part of the profilers can result in changing the opinion of the courts, leading them to punish the innocent or free the criminal, which can ultimately impact the general society (Canter, & Alison, 2018).

Corrections is one of the most important parts of the law enforcement which ensures that the criminals are paying for their crime while getting to amend their attitude and traits which trigger them towards committing the crime. The psychological profiling is advantageous for the corrections in the way that it highlights certain aspects and personality traits of the criminals which need to be corrected, in case they want to become a part of the general society again. On the other hand, there is no particular disadvantage of psychological profiling towards the area of corrections (Gudjonsson, & Haward, 2016).

Ethical issues and concerns are a part of each and every field of life and psychological profiling is no exception. The departments or fields of society which are providing their services to human beings by staying in direct in connection with them have the tendency of committing some ethical issue. However, such issues can be avoided by following a proper protocol and being extra careful. One of the most important ethical concern in the area of society is that it can start doubting every other individual bearing a little resemblance with the personality traits of the criminals made public for cooperation. An important ethical concern in the area of police is that it may neglect the potential criminal by relying too much on the profiling of the criminal, who sometimes leave fake triggers for profilers on purpose. The ethical concern in the area of courts is that they can wrongly punish someone based on psychological profiling and faulty evidence. Ethical concern in the area of corrections is that the criminals may be provided different treatment based on their psychological profiling which can make them relive the traumatic experiences of their life and becoming more determined on committing crimes, instead of living their lives lawfully (Youngs, 2017).

Ethical concerns are present in these areas because they deal with human beings and try to punish one on the basis of causing more harm to the other. The professionals can use the approach of following the protocols and policies and work strictly according to the devised plan in order to avoid the issues. One of the most important ethical concern in psychological profiling is that a list of suspected criminals is formulated according to their profiling and clues collected from the crime scene. Crimes cannot be solved without suspecting the members of the society, however, suspicion sometimes leads to hurting the repute of innocent people. So, an alternate path to this concern is that the profilers and other members of the investigation team do not leak even a little bit of information to the general society, whether it is through the medium of media or the open investigation of the case. The investigators will be able to stay in the ethical guidelines if they do not raise fingers on the suspects without concrete evidence. In addition to it, the psychological profilers should not rule out the possibility of fake triggers used by the criminals to manipulate the direction of the investigation. They should also keep a close watch on the people visiting or avoiding the crime scene to get a lead towards the criminals (Gudjonsson, & Haward, 2016).

Psychological profiling is one of the most important parts of the federal bureau of investigation which helps the investigators and law enforcement agencies to better identify and catch the criminals on the basis of depicting their personality traits and motive of committing the crime. The field is quite valuable for the areas of society, police, courts and correction, in addition to having some ethical issues as well. The psychological profilers should always work according to the policies and protocols in order to avoid any kind of ethical concern.

References

Canter, D., & Alison, L. (2018). Profiling in policy and practice. Routledge.

Gudjonsson, G. H., & Haward, L. R. (2016). Forensic psychology: A guide to practice. Routledge.

Youngs, D. (2017). Contemporary challenges in investigative psychology: Revisiting the Canter offender profiling equations. In Psychology and Law (pp. 37-44). Routledge.

Unit One

Unit One

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Unit One

Introduction

With so much going around in society, the youth of today are open to various risks. These risks pose a great threat to the physical and mental health of the youth. Additionally, society has taken cognizance of these issues.

Risks Facing the Youth

There are multiple risks that can adversely affect the youth, compromising their capabilities. These risks include drug abuse, violence in school, obesity, poverty, and education disparity (Sanders, 2015).

Drug Abuse

A few years back, smoking and drinking alcohol were considered a symbol of coolness. Hence, the youth resorted to taking up smoking and alcohol. A study has shown 21% of high school students admitting to using drugs in order to relieve their stress (Sanders, 2015). Additionally, 41% of those also confessed to group drinking. This results in students driving while drunk, achieving poor grades, and demonstrating anti-social behavior.

Violence in School

Schools lay a sound educational base for students. That base decides how the student performs in the life ahead of them. Schools need to be safe in order for students to fully absorb the knowledge being taught there. However, over the last decade or so, there has been a sharp increase in the incidents of gun violence in the form of school shootings (Sanders, 2015). There are multiple psychological complications attached to it.

Youth Victimization and Implications

When an individual intentionally does something malevolent in order to make someone else a victim is referred to as victimization. Youth, in particular, fall prey to this issue. There are numerous repercussions that are experienced by a victim. Each victim reacts to victimization according to their capacity. Some youngsters experience depression, some battles anxiety, some have horrific nightmares (Sanders, 2015). Furthermore, youngsters earn poor grades in school. Some resorts to extremely violent behavior. There is a dire need to engage the victims in productive activities in order to tackle this issue.

References

Sanders, J., Munford, R., Thimasarn-Anwar, T., Liebenberg, L., & Ungar, M. (2015). The role of positive youth development practices in building resilience and enhancing wellbeing for at-risk youth. Child abuse & neglect, 42, 40-53.

Unsure How To Word It

Homeless Veterans with Anxiety

Name of paper

Author Name

Name of Institution

Abstract

This paper examines the homeless veterans with anxiety and how does gardening therapy help them to cope with their anxiety. In America, there are huge ratio of homeless people including veterans of three wars such as Vietnamese, Afghan and Iraqi. The first section is about the introduction of the homeless veterans and how they are feeling with anxiety. The second section is about literature review about homeless veterans, and last section is what method we will going to examine and what are the findings of the topic.

Table of Contents

TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc2486697 \h 4

Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc2486698 \h 5

Method PAGEREF _Toc2486699 \h 6

Design PAGEREF _Toc2486700 \h 6

Operation definitions PAGEREF _Toc2486701 \h 6

Measurement scales PAGEREF _Toc2486702 \h 6

Participants PAGEREF _Toc2486703 \h 6

Materials PAGEREF _Toc2486704 \h 7

Risks PAGEREF _Toc2486705 \h 7

Procedure PAGEREF _Toc2486706 \h 7

Statistical Analysis PAGEREF _Toc2486707 \h 7

Introduction

America has a tent city for the homeless. Here, people who have lost their homes can get a place to sleep, shower, clean clothes and necessary medical care. People of different ages live there. It would seem that this is in many countries. But in America, not just the homeless, they are veterans of three wars - Vietnamese, Afghan, and Iraqi. After returning from service to his native country, with psychological traumas and physical injuries, each of them was literally on the street. It is believed that in the US, veterans are respected and honored that they receive decent pensions, free housing, education and medical insurance. In fact - this is nothing more than a myth. Few people know that many American veterans, having returned from the war, turn into homeless people and street beggars.

The reason is the indifference of the American authorities, who do not want veterans either to provide housing or to employ. It turns out that while billions of dollars are being spent on maintaining the American military machine, thousands of former military personnel join the ranks of the homeless, and according to statistics, 18 of them die every day with suicide. But considerable funds from the state budget are allocated to attract new soldiers to the ranks of the modern American army.

Gardens therapy is helpful for the homeless veterans to improve their anxiety. Gardens have always been considered only as simple recreational places, like parks or simple garden rooms. The healing power that ornamental plants may have is rarely considered. What do they mean when they are located in a medical facility? Those effects have been studied since the 80s and the positive results obtained are scientifically proven. Their use is becoming more indispensable each day in order to lower costs and the hospitalization time of patients, and also to improve their life quality when long-term care is required. The fundamental elements that a landscape designer must know and should take into account to make a good project are the subject matter of this paper.

Literature Review

According to Brown (2008), about 50% of homeless veterans in the United States suffer from serious mental illnesses, according to data from the National Coalition of Homeless Veterans (NCHV), some of which have not yet served in combat. 70% have substance abuse problems, whether alcohol or drugs. Ex-soldiers represent 12% of the total adult homeless in the country. Among the male population, they represent 20%. And their poverty levels are higher than the average among the most populated family units. The methodological flaws of this research is that it is not generalized on little amount of population.

According to the official terminology, a person without a home in the US is one who sleeps on the street or in shelters. That is, it lacks its own accommodation. According to estimates from the Department of Housing, about 57,800 veterans are in that situation on any given night. In the US as a whole there are about 22 million ex-soldiers out of a total population of 326 million people.

Although this is not a new problem, most of the plans to combat this scourge have been promoted in recent decades. The Administration currently offers health care to some 150,000 homeless veterans and financial assistance to some 40,000. In parallel, public-private partnerships have been developed to provide accommodation, which, according to the NCHV, has contributed to reducing the number of homeless veterans by 70% since 2005. However, it is estimated that 1.4 million ex-soldiers run the risk of running out of houses and falling into that fateful spiral (Greenberg, et.al.2018).

After the increase in the number of homeless veterans over the past ten years, the number of such people has declined in the United States, according to Stars and Stripes, citing data from the Department of Housing (Kizer, Demakis, & Feussner, 2000).

The volunteers in all of the United States counted 37,878 veterans living on the street or in shelters — this is 2,142 (or 5.4%) less than in January 2017. The number of homeless veterans decreased in 34 states, and homelessness among women veterans decreased by 10%: from 3,571 people in 2017 to 3,219. More than 4,000 veterans found homes in 2017 using a special program in which they receive housing vouchers from the housing department. Reducing homelessness among veterans, which is announced today, shows that the strategies we use to help the most vulnerable veterans to get stable housing work (Greenberg, et.al.2018).

In the US state of Minnesota, there was a march of veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, organized to attract the attention of the authorities and society to the frighteningly high suicide rate among veterans: about 23 people commit suicide per day. In the US, half of the veterans suffer from mental disorders, and 23% of retired soldiers are homeless. According to the veterans themselves, the state does not take care of its military sufficiently.

According to Söderback, Söderström, & Schälander, (2004), The garden of a Hospital must have everything necessary that encourages a healthy life. Tree should help to forget the weakness and the concerns and encourage appositive attitude . The spaces have than having grass and bushes of flowers .Small and noisy streams that run between bushes of flowers and noisy waterfalls between shrubs arrive to our ears Making group with many plants to strengthen the aromas. the song of the Birds who find repair in the trees encourage us with their singing rejoicing our heart.

Ulrich in his first study in 1984 deals about the relation of hospitalization time, the use of analgesics and the possibility of seeing nature through a window of the hospital in patients of a department of surgery. All the investigations have been documented during the years 1981 up1992, followed by Hartig between 1991 and1996 and in parallel with those of Clare Marcus and Barnes in 1994 (Gabrielian, et.al. 2018).

Method

Design

This paper is examining the homeless veterans and their problems in America. How can they cope with the help of garden theory?

Operation definitions

Homeless veterans are persons who have served in the armed forces who are homeless or living without access to secure and appropriate accommodation.

Anxiety is a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome.

Garden therapy as the engagement of a person in gardening and plant-based activities, facilitated by a trained therapist, to achieve specific therapeutic treatment goals.

Measurement scales

The measurement scale used for this paper is the interview from the homeless veterans and past literature to support this study.

The independent variable is homeless veterans and dependent variable is level of anxiety. This is qualitative research. The conditions to meet the participants in this study is that there should no hurt feeling of anyone. They should be treated in a respected way.

Participants

The ideal participants are the homeless veterans from different regions of the USA. The recruiting of the participants is depending on the age, gender and location of the participants. The informed consent is presented to the participants in the form of agreement among the researcher and the participants. Confidentiality is my responsibility to keep undisclosed data with which one is trusted. I will intend to keep their information for their betterment and help them to reduce their anxiety.

Materials

The physical material will have used to conduct this study is the tape recorder, paper and pen to record the data of the homeless veterans. Likert scale will be used for this study.

Risks

The potential risks for participants in this study is that they might provide more negative response in respect to gain the sympathy. The new treatment may not be effective in your case, even if it benefits other people who participate in the study. It is also possible that the results reveal that the new treatment is not as effective as those that were available. My plan to mitigate those risks by not showing that this study will help them to solve the issue of anxiety.

Procedure

Firstly, the participants from all over the US is randomly selected.

Secondly, the interviews will be held to examine their behavior.

Thirdly, the analysis of data and finding of the data in order to examines the level of anxiety among the homeless veterans and how garden therapy them to reduce their anxiety.

Statistical Analysis

For this assignment, I will use SPSS to analysis the data that is collected from the homeless veterans. The sensitivity level will be set according to the data collected. The results will be considered significant as they measure the anxiety.

References

Brown, W. B. (2008). Another emerging ‘storm’: Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with PTSD in the criminal justice system. Justice Policy Journal, 5(2), 1-37. Retrieved from: http://thebunkerproject.org/images/pdf1.pdf

Gabrielian, S., Bromley, E., Hamilton, A. B., Vu, V. T., Alexandrino Jr, A., Koosis, E., & Young, A. S. (2018). Problem solving skills and deficits among homeless veterans with serious mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry.

Greenberg, J. M., Wynn, J. K., Lee, J., Hellemann, G., Gabrielian, S., & Green, M. F. (2018). Resilience in homeless veterans: Clinical and cognitive correlates. Psychiatric rehabilitation journal.

Kizer, K. W., Demakis, J. G., & Feussner, J. R. (2000). Reinventing VA health care: systematizing quality improvement and quality innovation. Medical care, I7-I16.

Söderback, I., Söderström, M., & Schälander, E. (2004). Horticultural therapy: the ‘healing garden’and gardening in rehabilitation measures at Danderyd Hospital Rehabilitation Clinic, Sweden. Pediatric rehabilitation, 7(4), 245-260. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0ca1/4c3ab836b4e3f27a461d8715ae88fc798eab.pdf

Washington, D. L., Yano, E. M., McGuire, J., Hines, V., Lee, M., & Gelberg, L. (2010). Risk factors for homelessness among women veterans. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 21(1), 82-91. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elizabeth_Yano/publication/41509998_Risk_Factors_for_Homelessness_Among_Women_Veterans/links/02bfe50e62388d4fc2000000/Risk-Factors-for-Homelessness-Among-Women-Veterans.pdf

Appendices

Appendix A

Informed consent

To be completed by the participant in the research project :

Name : ...............................................................

I agree to participate in this research project under the conditions set out therein.

I can withdraw from this project at any time, without giving reasons, by making my decision known to the Principal Investigator or to one of his team members. I have also been informed that my participation in this project may be interrupted without my prior consent, in certain cases as defined in the research.

I will keep a copy of the data and the completed and signed consent form.

For samples / data:

I ask for their destruction at the end of the project.

I authorize their conservation in order to :

their reuse for other research projects

their transfer to another structure, another laboratory in Tunisia or abroad

I understand that any reuse or transfer of my samples / data will be done only after favorable opinion of an Ethics Committee.

Signature : ............................................................ Date : ................................................

Appendix B

Homeless Veterans with Anxiety

Name

Age

Gender

Religion

Description

How do you feel living homeless?

Do you get proper food here?

Do have any interest in gardening?

Do you feel regretted after having the war?

Appendix C

1. The unexpected is bothering me enormously

Not at allA little matchingEnough correspondentVery correspondingQuite corresponding

2. It frustrates me not to have all the information I need

Not at allA little matchingEnough correspondentVery correspondingQuite corresponding

3. Uncertainty prevents me from enjoying life to the full

Not at allA little matchingEnough correspondentVery correspondingQuite corresponding

4. We should warn everything to avoid surprises

Not at allA little matchingEnough correspondentVery correspondingQuite corresponding

5. A slight surprise can spoil everything, even the best of schedules

Not at allA little matchingEnough correspondentVery correspondingQuite corresponding

6. When it's time to act, uncertainty paralyzes me.

Not at allA little matchingEnough correspondentVery correspondingQuite corresponding

7. When I am uncertain, I cannot go forward

Not at allA little matchingEnough correspondentVery correspondingQuite corresponding

8. I always want to know what the future holds

Not at allA little matchingEnough correspondentVery correspondingQuite corresponding

V.A.R.K. Reflection Assignment

V.A.R.K. reflection assignment

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

V.A.R.K. reflection assignment

My learning style as reflected by V.A.R.K test suggests that my visual learning is comparatively lower than aural, read/write and kinesthetic learning. But the difference is not much greater so the result proposes my adaptability to any mode according to the situation. However, I scored high on reading and writing, i.e., 14, therefore it is said to be my most used and effective learning style. The best way for me to take in information is through listing headings, dictionaries, definitions, textbooks, handouts, glossaries, taking notes, essays, etc. according to the information provided by this sheet I am a good leaner when it comes to listening skills. Auditory learning is the second fast method of learning as reflected through my V.A.R.K test.

Nevertheless, the tests are to some extent accurate but I am learning good through kinesthetic because I learn in chunks and spaces. I am good at learning things when it comes to experiments and innovations; I get bored easily with the same routine. Being a kind of new era, I am much intrigued by new and innovative things rather than learning by reading or writing or just listening. I had many experiences in learning in labs and studios rather than the same old classic environment of a class. I prefer studying in groups, via role-playing, using flash cards or memory retaining techniques. Therefore, I somehow disagree with the V.A.R.K test as my leaning abilities in real life differ from the one given as an outcome of the test.

According to the learning information style given through test results, the best way for my learning is through learning by listening to important class lectures, tutorials, and discussions (Saga, Qamar, &Trali, 2015). By listening to new ideas and interesting topics from people would make me learn about things to a great deal. Also,to perform well in exams, it is important to imagine talking with the examiner and listening to voices in the head while writing them down on the paper. Using a tape recorder for listening to the lectures given by the teacher is a good way of learning for people who have a good score for aural ability. The study habits should be as such involving reading and writing and auditory learning. In the similar manner I should study with the inferred though this test is not much alike, but they can stay the same if I incorporate learning through writing and reading material, and also by listening to the important lectures (Husmann,& O'Loughlin, 2019).

Consequently, regardless of the fact that this test was less likely to be similar to my learning habits, it is still helpful with the learning outcomes. The results regarding these four preferences somewhat match my learning style in everyday life, as I give preference to all the four methods of learning style. The outcomes of this test made me learn about my weaknesses and strengths in many ways and it obliges me to take into consideration the results of the test and I regard this to my innate abilities. To some extent, these text results show the learning style and pattern of a person to very much accuracy. However, it is a reliable test as used by many researchers in their studies (Wong, & Chin, 2018).

References

Husmann, P. R., & O'Loughlin, V. D. (2019). Another nail in the coffin for learning styles? Disparities among undergraduate anatomy students’ study strategies, class performance, and reported VARK learning styles. Anatomical sciences education, 12(1), 6-19.

Saga, Z., Qamar, K., &Trali, G. (2015). Learning styles-understanding for learning strategies. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal, 65(5), 706-709.

Wong, J. S., & Chin, K. C. (2018). Reliability of the VARK Questionnaire in Chinese Nursing Undergraduates. US-China Education Review, 8(8), 332-340.

Validity Essay

Internal and External Validity

Name

Institution

ARTICLE #1 Stansbury & Munro (2013)

Briefly describe the purpose of the research (including a description of the levels of each independent variable and the primary dependent variable) and the relevant results

Technological advancements have not only revolutionized the human life but also the ways through which he acquires information and learns new things. This article attempted to explore the extent to which utilization of video gaming is effective for educational purpose. For that matter, a group of students (both male and female) were first passed through pre-test condition e.g., learning factorial designs with traditional instructional technology. Their pre-test scores were determined through video game scores. In the post test condition, they were introduced to relatively non-traditional innovative teaching method i.e., video games for teaching factorial design. Their post test score were obtained based on the same video game score. Single sample t-test was used for finding the mean differences between pre and post test score which revealed that their scores were improved after using video game as a teaching aid (Stansbury & Munro, 2013).

Evaluation of first validity, beginning with topic sentence stating your assessment of that validity

The first type of validity that I would embrace discussion is external validity. External validity is referred to as the ability of study results to be generalized on the general population outside the experimental conditions. In my view this study has generalizibility issues because it used a very limited sample size with controlled conditions. Moreover, it addressed only “factorial designs” to verify the effectiveness of video games which can never be generalized to other subjects and topics. It can be concluded that this study has limited external validity for two reasons; one is its limited sample size and second is its specific academic topic i.e., factorial design. Similarly, students with learning disability disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder might not benefit from this type of teaching method because gaming is all about intellectual effort and concentration. Moreover, this innovation might be effective for practical subjects but not for the conceptual ones i.e., mathematics, biology and chemistry.

Evaluation of second validity, beginning with topic sentence stating your assessment of that validity

The second type of validity that I picked for discussion is internal validity. Internal validity is referred to as the ability of study result to be “error free” and “just right” in a sense that change in dependent variable is solely due to the alteration in independent variable. In my view, this study has weak internal validity as well because of two prominent reasons; gaming scores and study design.

This study used gaming scores for determining students’ level of learning. Some students innately possess excellent gaming skills whereas some do not. Their scores might be affected due to their versatile or poor gaming skills, not due to the level of learning they acquired. It is equally possible that students benefited from the novel teaching methodology but they innately possessed poor gaming skills or felt difficulty in handling computer technology whereas other did not pay much attention to the core concepts but their gaming skills led them to score higher and demonstrate “effectual learning” about factorial designs.

The second threat to internal validity is the study design itself. Since this study utilized repeated measures experimental design in which two conditions were applied to the same population in before and after manner, practice effect might hinder the generation of valid results. For example, when students were asked to participate in the experiment, probably they might be overwhelmed by confusion because they were going to be the part of “systematic scrutiny” by the researcher or they might have paid extra attention to demonstrate “excellent” performance during pre-test evaluation. During the post test phase, confusion might be replaced with the ease as they became experienced after first trial. Moreover, students who could not perform well during the pre-test phase might get motivation to demonstrate compensatory performance in the next trial. These reasons might affect their learning activity and scores; not the video gaming itself. All of these conditions threaten the internal validity of study and no considerable attention was centralized to address these issues or we can say that such confounding variables can never be controlled or eliminated.

ARTICLE#2 (Ciarocco, Lewandowski & Van Volkom, 2013)

Briefly describe the purpose of the research (including a description of the levels of the independent variable and the primary dependent variable) and the relevant results

Psychology is concerned with the study of mental processes and behaviors however psychology students are taught statistics and research methods as required subjects which they often find prosaic and tedious. This study attempted to replace student’s monotony associated with research and statistics with the conductive learning environment provided by the distinctive teaching methodology—the multifaceted approach. Total of 70 psychology students were selected through random sampling technique and underwent repeated measure design; same as the above study did. In the pre-test condition, they were taught APA referencing and writing styles and utilization of research and statistics in practice using conventional lecture method. In the post test trial, multifaceted method i.e., scaffolding and active learning methodologies were employed to teach the same skills. Their scores were obtained on the similar topics. Single sample t-test indicated that there was a significant mean difference between their pre and post test scores. Their post test scores were higher than that of pre test. Moreover, they demonstrated positive attitude towards research and statistics and perceived these subjects highly useful in practice (Ciarocco, Lewandowski & Van Volkom, 2013).

Evaluation of first validity, beginning with topic sentence stating your assessment of that validity

External validity of this study is quite satisfactory because of the large sample size i.e., 70. Large sample size ensures that findings of the laboratory study under controlled conditions can be applied to the real life population as sample becomes true representative of its population. This study addressed psychology students hence, its satisfactory external validity suggests that all the psychology students must be taught using multifaceted teaching approach because it has the potential to change students’ attitude towards research and statistics methods and their recognition as practically relevant subjects. In other words, enough students were allowed to participate in the experimental study hence their behavior is the identical reflection of large pool of psychology students.

Evaluation of second validity, beginning with topic sentence stating your assessment of that validity

Internal validity of this study is also satisfactory because this study utilized multifaceted approach to teach research methods and statistics to the psychology students. Based on the Darwin’s theory of individual difference, this study can be said to have theoretical grounds because each student is unique and different from others; multifaceted approach may benefit students with different intellectual and perceptual tendencies. Some students might benefit from some forms of scaffolding whereas some may find active learning matching their learning potential.

Hence, this approach nurtures the individual differences of students in terms of academic learning. However, it cannot be differentiated what approach was more effective for students. The study might get slight threat to internal validity when we talk about “students’ attitudes and perceptions” because what they reported is entirely subjective in nature however, this threat can be ignored because human being is the only source of data when we talk about psychology. Repeated measure design is another threat but is uncontrollable.

For each of the two validities, a brief explanation of which study had stronger validity and why.

The second study (Ciarocco, Lewandowski & Van Volkom, 2013) had stronger external and internal validity because potential threats to external validity (sample size) and internal validity (extraneous variables) were eliminated. However, the threat caused by repeated measure design remained constant in both the studies.

References

Ciarocco, N. J., Van Volkom, M., & Lewandowski, G. W. (2013). The impact of a multifaceted approach to teaching research methods on students’ attitudes.Teaching of Psychology, 40(1), 20-25.

Stansbury, J. A., & Munro, G. D. (2013). Gaming in the classroom: An innovative way to teach factorial designs. Teaching of Psychology, 40(2), 148-152.

Validity Paper

Validity Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Validity Paper

Article 1

Stansbury and Munro’s (2013) Purpose, IV, DV, Results

Two of the Researchers, Jessica A. Stansbury and Geoffrey D. Munro (2013) aim to test the efficiency of video game used in the research methods course for instructing about the factorial designs. Research methods course plays an essential role in the subject of Psychology. Therefore, students of Psychology are kept engaged in this course by using some successful methods. Instructors have adopted video games in research methods course as an effective technique to motivate the students because there is a lack of interest among these students.

The independent variable used in the research is the Video game. Therefore, the video game cannot get affected in the search. However, it is believed that variation in the independent variable can influence the dependent variables, used in the study. At the same time, the score from the video game is considered as a dependent variable for the study. The dependent variable of research is measured during the study. However, the dependent variable is determined by an independent variable of the study.

The results of the experiment were based on pre-test and post-test responses from the students. As a result, it is found that the incorporation of video games into research methods subject in the field of psychology can positively influence the attention, motivation, and capability of the students to learn factorial designs. The technique was favored by the students. At the same time, it also enhanced the command over the course material. Video games in research methods can overcome the challenges related to student engagement in the class. At the same time, it also helps in exploring, socializing and resourcefulness among the students. It provides assistance to the teachers of research methods.

Assessment of 1st validity-Construct Validity

Construct Validity helps to find out the strength of testing of the variables (Bagozzi, Yi & Phillips, 1991). In this paper, the video game is used to find out the variation in the interest of psychology students in research method class. Video games are created by merging the two units taught by the teacher, another was lecture-only control condition and the third is no-content control. All the conditions are thoughtful and can help to give efficient results.

Evidence for the assessment of Construct Validity

It is an empirical study and the empirical data is used to measure the impact of video gaming. However, the content knowledge of students in video gaming and control lectures are also pretested. The scores from pretest and posttest are evaluated. The mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to measure the impact of video gaming on the dependent variable. With the help of ANOVA, the dependent variable (the scores) are measured based on pretest and posttest (Stansbury and Munro, 2013). With the help of ANOVA test, the difference between means of pretest and posttest for each section is calculated for the study.

Assessment of 2nd validity- External Validity

The class size for each category is optimum. However, for no-control content, the class size is kept smaller. Overall the results can be generalized to different settings and populations. However, it does not assures the gender selection of the population. The discussions show that students do not feel uncomfortable because they are unaware of it. No audience approval is taken. The results cannot apply to people with a physical disability.

Evidence for the assessment of External validity

The class size for each category varies from 16 to 25. However, two of the categories of Video gaming and lecture controlled class have a number of female students in comparison to male. The inequality in gender may influence the validity of the results. At the same time, students are unaware that they are being observed in the experiment. In other settings, if students are aware then it may show variation in results.

Article 2

Ciarocco et al.’s (2013) purpose, IV, DV, results

The purpose of this study to test the multifaceted approach to teaching five designs of experiments in the research methodology course. It will test the multifaceted approach whether it enhances the students' perception of research methodology or not. Students of psychology need to enhance their research skills through a research methodology course. However, many of the previous researches show that students have a lack of interest in these courses. Students are unable to apply the concepts learned through these courses.

The independent variable of this study is a multifaceted teaching approach, traditional instruction for control experiment and Modified scaffolding for experimental. However, the dependent variables of the study are APA style efficacy, Research attitudes, Research Skills/abilities, Research perceived utility, Statistics attitude, Statistics skills and Statistics perceived utility (Ciarocco et al., 2013).

After the series of analysis during the two different semesters, no significant differences are identified for both semesters in terms of age, schools years or in a research lab. However, a significant difference was identified regarding gender distribution. However, the overall results from the study show that the multifaceted approach brings more benefits for students in terms of APA style efficacy and other related dependent variables. Exceptions were observed in terms of research attitudes and research skills because of low significance.

Assessment of 1st validity-Construct Validity

The difference between two of the conditions is notable and it will help to easily compare the results for each of the samples. At the same time, the independent variables are also helpful i.e. Traditional and Scaffolding approach. Moreover, the study is also able to give favorable results but not for each variable.

Evidence for the assessment of Construct Validity

Two samples are taken in order to check the teaching approaches from two different semesters. However, the course sections are the same for each semester. Both of the samples are observed through a research study during the semester. The data collection method is also favorable for the study. At the same time, the 7-point scale for the questionnaire is also reliable and can give valid results for measuring the dependent variables. However, not of all dependent variables are significant. It has helped to calculate a valid APA efficacy.

Assessment of 2nd validity- External Validity

The study has used to find out the impacts by using a multifaceted approach. However, it has not told which aspect is more effective in comparison to others. Therefore, using the whole approach and by combining all the factors, it can be influential. However, the variation in age of the students can influence the results. At the same time, all the students are not on an equal level of education, so it can influence the validity of the experiment. At the same time, the change in sample size for each experiment can influence the results.

Evidence for the assessment of External validity

Teachers involved in the study are competent enough. However, the participants are from different semesters like juniors, sophomores, and seniors. Also, the age range varies for the students. There is a huge gender gap in both categories of research.

Conclusion

In conclusion, research by Stansbury and Munro (2013) gives more valid results in comparison to the research conducted by Ciarocco et al. (2013). On the basis of construct validity and external validity check, the results of game video gaming are more effective and the results can be applied generally. Article 1 is more valid as compared to article 2 because the dependent variable is successfully found. At the same time, external validity also gives positive results. On the other side, the second article shows less validity for both construct and external validity test.

References

Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative science quarterly, 421-458.

Ciarocco, N. J., Lewandowski Jr, G. W., & Van Volkom, M. (2013). The impact of a multifaceted approach to teaching research methods on students’ attitudes. The teaching of Psychology, 40(1), 20-25.

Stansbury, J. A., & Munro, G. D. (2013). Gaming in the classroom: An innovative way to teach factorial designs. Teaching of Psychology, 40(2), 148-152.

Violence Project

Anastasiya Sembay

Instructor Name

Art 101

November 2019

Violence Project

Response 1

The evaluation from different studies has been identified that the requirements for significance and adventure have frequently been appealed and associated with enlightening publics' obedience to mass violent crowds. While considerable proof has been collected to validate the role of significance in mass violence, empirical study has, therefore, far been quiet concerning the idea and concept of enthusiasm and adventure. It has been observed that the sensation has been a major suspect for many centuries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tyFn8pR9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(B\\uc0\\u228{}ck et al.)","plainCitation":"(Bäck et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":159,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ZGAL87HF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ZGAL87HF"],"itemData":{"id":159,"type":"article-journal","title":"The quest for significance: Attitude adaption to a radical group following social exclusion","container-title":"International Journal of Developmental Science","page":"1-12","issue":"Preprint","author":[{"family":"Bäck","given":"Emma A."},{"family":"Bäck","given":"Hanna"},{"family":"Altermark","given":"Niklas"},{"family":"Knapton","given":"Holly"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bäck et al.). Overall results from different studies have shown that pleasure, adventure, and feeling of significance is the major cause behind individuals that they join these violent crowds and groups for mass violence.

Response 2

Understanding what instigates individuals to practice violence at the cost of their lives is a pressing subject. In current years, an unparalleled quantity of religiously and politically inspired actions of violence have occurred across the sphere. In 2016, around 13,400 terrorist attacks happened at a global level, consequential in 34,000 overall demises, counting 11,600 committer demises ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yLce3uGO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schumpe et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schumpe et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":157,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YMKJ9AUD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YMKJ9AUD"],"itemData":{"id":157,"type":"article-journal","title":"The role of sensation seeking in political violence: An extension of the Significance Quest Theory.","container-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology","author":[{"family":"Schumpe","given":"Birga M."},{"family":"Bélanger","given":"Jocelyn J."},{"family":"Moyano","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Nisa","given":"Claudia F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schumpe et al.). At the same time, the United Nations Security Council (2015) projected that additional 25,000 distant fighters have moved to join vicious crowds such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DfwHun0Z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schumpe et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schumpe et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":157,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YMKJ9AUD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YMKJ9AUD"],"itemData":{"id":157,"type":"article-journal","title":"The role of sensation seeking in political violence: An extension of the Significance Quest Theory.","container-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology","author":[{"family":"Schumpe","given":"Birga M."},{"family":"Bélanger","given":"Jocelyn J."},{"family":"Moyano","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Nisa","given":"Claudia F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schumpe et al.). There are robust psychological powers that force persons to link with violent crowds ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rMmwNOwp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schumpe et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schumpe et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":157,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YMKJ9AUD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YMKJ9AUD"],"itemData":{"id":157,"type":"article-journal","title":"The role of sensation seeking in political violence: An extension of the Significance Quest Theory.","container-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology","author":[{"family":"Schumpe","given":"Birga M."},{"family":"Bélanger","given":"Jocelyn J."},{"family":"Moyano","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Nisa","given":"Claudia F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schumpe et al.). Unveiling the devices after these powers are essential to decreasing the aptitude of violent individuals to recruit new associates.

Response 3

American Psychological Association states that if the country wants to address the situation of the mass violence that is scratching our republic apart, we all need to concentrate on evidence-based solutions and it should include the policies regarding the restrictions to the use of guns, materials that cause violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qoWAW2Vz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Statement of APA President in Response to Mass Shootings in Texas, Ohio\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Statement of APA President in Response to Mass Shootings in Texas, Ohio”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":155,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/B2HB5WDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/B2HB5WDT"],"itemData":{"id":155,"type":"webpage","title":"Statement of APA President in Response to Mass Shootings in Texas, Ohio","container-title":"https://www.apa.org","abstract":"APA President Rosie Phillips Davis, PhD, ABPP, says in a statement about the mass shootings in El Pase, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio, that hate + guns = public health crisis.","URL":"https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2019/08/statement-shootings","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Statement of APA President in Response to Mass Shootings in Texas, Ohio”). The people identified with psychological and emotional disturbances should be moved and treated as psychopaths and would need help from people. The societies and the communities observed to be violent should be addressed on a priority basis. The mass violence and the shootings should be addressed as a crime, and prompt actions should be taken against those groups.

Response 4

Of specific relevance to the current study, earlier studies have similar results that the quest for significance forecasts additional thrilling kinds of behavior, for example, support for dogmatic violence. In an example of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, Bélanger, in 2013, presented that usually terrorists sensed insignificance and moved towards mass violence to get attention. Particularly, this association was arbitrated by extremists' readiness to self-sacrifice for the moral opinions, which proposes that loss of importance indicates the willingness to endorse one's crowd's belief and risk life and extremity for it.

Response 5

The significance quest theory has exposed that, once underprivileged of significance, individuals become intensely encouraged to pledge activities that permit them to reestablish a feeling of significance and importance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WskN3czT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schumpe et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schumpe et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":157,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YMKJ9AUD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YMKJ9AUD"],"itemData":{"id":157,"type":"article-journal","title":"The role of sensation seeking in political violence: An extension of the Significance Quest Theory.","container-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology","author":[{"family":"Schumpe","given":"Birga M."},{"family":"Bélanger","given":"Jocelyn J."},{"family":"Moyano","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Nisa","given":"Claudia F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schumpe et al.). The significance quest theory has remarkably shown an association of mass violence with the feeling of significance importance. In a sequence of multicultural researches, Dugas et al. (2016) perceived that significance could be reinstated via self-sacrifice for an extremely esteemed reason ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YZzezqAU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schumpe et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schumpe et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":157,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YMKJ9AUD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YMKJ9AUD"],"itemData":{"id":157,"type":"article-journal","title":"The role of sensation seeking in political violence: An extension of the Significance Quest Theory.","container-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology","author":[{"family":"Schumpe","given":"Birga M."},{"family":"Bélanger","given":"Jocelyn J."},{"family":"Moyano","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Nisa","given":"Claudia F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schumpe et al.). For instance, Palestinian and Iraqi migrants residing in Jordan stated better preparedness to self-sacrifice once they sensed unimportantly.

Conclusion

It has been revealed from various studies that feelings and sense of significance are associated with psychological development in individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HBqpxVmI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(van Prooijen and Krouwel)","plainCitation":"(van Prooijen and Krouwel)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":158,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EIUS4M2S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EIUS4M2S"],"itemData":{"id":158,"type":"article-journal","title":"Psychological features of extreme political ideologies","container-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","page":"159-163","volume":"28","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Prooijen","given":"Jan-Willem","non-dropping-particle":"van"},{"family":"Krouwel","given":"André PM"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (van Prooijen and Krouwel). Loss of importance in the communities and families motivate individuals to join gangs that create mass violence. The significance quest theory along with the American Psychological Association has identified that various socio-economical and psychological errors exist in the societies and communities that motivate an individual to choose mass violence for their self-satisfaction, significance, and admiration.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bäck, Emma A., et al. “The Quest for Significance: Attitude Adaption to a Radical Group Following Social Exclusion.” International Journal of Developmental Science, no. Preprint, 2018, pp. 1–12.

Schumpe, Birga M., et al. “The Role of Sensation Seeking in Political Violence: An Extension of the Significance Quest Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2018.

“Statement of APA President in Response to Mass Shootings in Texas, Ohio.” Https://Www.Apa.Org, https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2019/08/statement-shootings. Accessed 6 Nov. 2019.

van Prooijen, Jan-Willem, and André PM Krouwel. “Psychological Features of Extreme Political Ideologies.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 28, no. 2, 2019, pp. 159–63.

Voluntarism

Voluntarism

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Introduction

Voluntarism is regarded as the ultimate power of reality which is conceived as a form of will. In simple term is the act of provide a service at will. It is also described as the doctrine overriding will to power so a man can recreate himself. It is driven by the act of helping to provide a need to the society or to an individual CITATION Ans13 \l 1033 (William, 2013). Voluntarism services are done globally by several organizations. The United Nations is known for offering voluntarism services across the world because of the voluntarism opportunities it provides to different people CITATION Imm18 \l 1033 (Kant, 2018). It is important to point out that voluntarism is the will to love something. The term voluntarism is therefore, used in any theory which gives prominence to will. Ethically, the voluntarism is the act of provide a service at will.

Voluntarism is driven by the passion to learn new concepts and to provide services to the needy in the society. Most people who provide volunteer services to the society do so because of the will to change how things are done in the society. For instance, The National United Nations Volunteers promote young participation in electoral process in Pakistan are drive by to the change how youths participant in an election CITATION Uni19 \l 1033 ( United Nations Volunteers, 2019). The individual volunteers are motivated to initiate change and therefore, in most cases most volunteers intend to make a different in society. Voluntarism is also motivated by the passion to learn new things and gain experience in a specific field of study, The United Nations volunteer opportunity are designed to help people provide services to humanity especially the needy communities and also for individual volunteers to gain experience in the field of study CITATION Moh18 \l 1033 (Kumar, 2018). There are no laws which are used to apply the act and therefore, people volunteering for an occasion come out by themselves to help in completing a task.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY United Nations Volunteers. (2019). United Nations Volunteers. How we make a difference.

https://www.unv.org/ , 2-34.

Kant, I. (2018). Voluntarism. https://www.britannica.com/topic/voluntarism-philosophy , 2-38.

Kumar, M. (2018). The Relationship Between Beliefs, Values, Attitudes and Behaviours.

Volunteer attitude and behavior , 2-34.

William, A. (2013). Voluntarism. Journal of psychological science , 2-34.

Ways For Increasing Quality Of Personal Health Care

Ways for increasing quality of personal health care

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Ways for Increasing Quality of Personal Health Care

Introduction

Quality of personal health care refers to the extent to which an individual takes the responsibility to obtain, seek, and use the available or accessible healthcare services to improve his health. It also includes the usage of products that can help to achieve or attain maximum health (Soon-Shiong et al., 2019). It would not be wrong to say that the quality of personal care is the responsibility of every human being who is alive because damage to oneself would mean individual tragedy. So, it is necessary to adopt a routine or lifestyle and use techniques that can help to ensure personal care. There are different ways of achieving personal care such as managing lifestyle, balanced diet, suppressing negativity, and ensuring that all the responsibilities towards oneself are fulfilled.

Discussion

Psychological Resistance

Psychological resistance is defined as a phenomenon that infers and directs opposition to different change processes. Decreasing psychological resistance to change harmful behaviors is one of the ways that can help to restore a healthy and normal life. There are different forms of psychological resistance, such as memory lapses, anger, self-sabotaging, being defensive, getting bored, becoming dependent, and transference (Kovacs et al., 2019). It is highlighted that overcoming psychological resistances can play a central role in directing human life to quality care. Memory lapse is defined as an attempt to revisit dealing with issues. In such a case, a human being is pushed to take his issue seriously and keep thinking about it without giving any consideration to the possible solution no matter how easy or important it is. Anger is defined as another psychological resistance that directs an individual to take issues too seriously. This anger can be seen in different aspects such as conversation, actions, attitudes, and also the manner of performing regular tasks. Anger not only causes an impact on others, but it can even affect personal life. Self-sabotage is another form of psychological resistance that allows people to resist what is actually good for them. In the same way, being self-defensive allows an individual to become more aware and alert in terms of dealings and with society that is almost unbearable because of an individual’s attempt to seek security which is much ambiguous and strange for observers. Being bored is very common and transverse attitude is one of the essences of "uncomfortable feelings” which can also cast a negative impact on personality (Kovacs et al., 2019). Overcoming all these resistances can play a central role in choosing more positive behaviors such as going for a morning walk, positive attitude, and a healthy life. There are different benefits of decreasing the psychological resistance such as balanced approach to life that includes, tendency to deal with problem effectively, managing situations and balancing life between leisure and responsibilities. Also, psychological resistance can play a central role in re-enforcing and regulating positive habits. In addition, an individual becomes more comfortable in life by mitigating negative attitude and the negative vibes that can affect his performance (Tummers, et al. 2020). Self-care is also important, taking into account that an individual is able to take more care of himself along with initiatives that can help to restore health. Dietary behaviors are also improved and regulated because of decreasing psychological resistence such as adopting a healthy diet routine with an encouraging self-analysis. The stance of reducing psychological resistance was also analyzed by Sigmund Freud who developed the theory of resistance. Freud was of the view that the people in psychoanalysis tend to take their faces off the subject that requires more attention and consideration in that particular hour and time. More resistance will behoove people to avoid and dismiss the topics that approach the memories, emotions, and feelings associated with some uncomfortable event or memory. Freud finds resistance as some of past trauma or any hidden subconscious, that needed to be dealt and revealed within the present time. The Theory of Planned Behavior is also known as social cognition model. It is also defined as a model that places and positions an individual in the social world as well as the individual world which is the product of opinions. This theory emphasizes the central role of invention in defining human behavior that can be modified by the attitude of others. The theory of planned behavior can help to take control of relevant behavior, which is also termed as a belief in external and internal control. This behavior has played a central role in mitigating negative behaviors such as addiction and smoking, along with emphasizing screening behaviors (Kovacs, et al. 2019).

Gender Differences in Health Care

There is a difference in the health care habits of both men and women. There are some healthcare habits that are unique to men such as “protecting themselves”. This protection is found in terms of different health activities such as protecting oneself from any outdoor injury because men are usually engaged in habits that are not common in women. Such habits that can ensure protection are safety glasses, seatbelts as well as insect repellents (Tummers, et al. 2020). Also, frequent and regular check-ups can play a central role in protection from different kinds of diseases. In addition, protecting the prostate is another major health habit taking into account that men need to keep a check and balance on the urinary habits as well as urinary problems. It involves the analysis of the initiatives that can lower the risk of an enlarged prostate. These circumstances can be reduced by undergoing frequent medical checkups. Managing stress is also a major health habit that is unique to men because men usually deal with more stress as compared to women and the management of stress is one of the most significant elements of male health. Stress can be managed by undergoing healthy habits such as maintaining a positive mental attitude as well as a healthy diet (Tummers, et al. 2020).

There are different healthcare habits that are unique to women, taking into account that such habits can play a central role in maintaining health. It is highlighted that women should first try to maintain a balance between themselves and their family life because when women get too much into their family life they become ignorant of themselves which may cause them to suffer from different kinds of diseases such as obesity, diabetes and many times depression as well (Mays, et al. 2020). Healthy habits require women to do exercise to eat healthily and maintain a balance so that they can live a balanced life. Then maintaining internal health is also important, taking into account mensural health, growth of breasts and the hormonal issues that are faced by women very often needs to be checked. It is highlighted that women should try to maintain their health by undergoing regular checkups that might be monthly or fortnightly. Then, it is highlighted that women should try to maintain their health by yoga and visiting gynecologist which can make them aware of the arriving issue and make them confident about their health (Tummers, et al. 2020).

Environmental factors that affect health

There are different environmental factors that can affect human health. One of the major factors is air quality taking into account that the air population causes a number of diseases such as heath disease air pollution ad lung cancer. Air pollution is one of the major concerns for both developed and developing countries where a number of health risks are associated with the constituent of polluted air such as led, nitrogen, Sulphur dioxide and the matriculate matter. Quality of water is also one of the major factors affecting health because microbe contaminated water can cause agriculture runoff and many health diseases such as cholera. Also, respiratory disorders are also somehow related to the poor quality of water because marine pollution can cast a negative impact on the other life cycles as all the systems of human life are connected with each other (Com.tu.edu, 2020). Food quality is also one of the major environmental factors that are causing an impact on human health. It is highlighted that poisonous food can evidently and obviously cause a negative impact on health. Even, there are some communities that fell ill on the whole because of the poisonous food, which can cause a number of diseases both, long term and short terms such as diarrhea and diabetes. It is highlighted that there are different ways of minimizing the potential negative impact on health care such as, drinking filtered water, eating clean and tidy food, ensuring that the surroundings of the food preparation are clear and there is a dire need to make global efforts that can help to reduce environmental pollution because it might be harmful not only for this generation but also for the future generations (Kovacs, et al. 2019).

Role of Lifestyle habits

Lifestyle habits also play a central role in maintaining and managing health. A healthy lifestyle means healthy living habits and such habits can play a central role in managing routine (Kovacs, et al. 2019). Lifestyle habits can also help to minimize the negative impact of bad habits such as stress and drug abuse. One needs to maintain a positive lifestyle, with a balanced routine with a healthy diet, it will not only help to mitigate the impact of negative habits but it will divert attention to positive habits such as yoga, managing leisure and seeking a good company, also improved sleep and stress managing can help to reduce the impact of drug use and even reduce the frequency of habit (Kovacs, et al. 2019).

Routine health care services

Quality of personal healthcare can also be achieved by engaging in routine health services. These services include patient counseling, screenings, disease management, prevention of illness, visits and seeking other health welfare programs (Kovacs, et al. 2019). Engaging in such services not only improves the health of an individual but it will also enforce and ensure self-care which can result in a developed immunity towards some disease, seeking care in terms of any kind of disease or taking initiatives to reduce the chances of getting a disease. It is highlighted that routine health services can also motivate an individual to take better care of themselves with a positive attitude towards life. Here, it is highlighted that there are a lot of diseases that are the product of a casual or ignorant attitude towards oneself or life (Com.tu.edu, 2020).

Conclusion

There are different ways of increasing the quality of personal health care, taking into account that none of these ways can be successful without personal responsibility and sole concern. One of the major ways of psychological resistances which is one of the major barriers towards any positive initiative that can be taken by self-motivation. decreasing psychological resistance can help to become welcoming to a healthy lifestyle. The stance of gender-based healthcare habits cannot be denied that requires responsibility towards oneself. Environmental factors should also be dealt with care because these factors can play a central role in affecting health and risking human life. The same role is played by lifestyle habits such as seeking stress management and making initiatives to maintain a positive approach towards life. Also, routine health care services are also important because a follow up with healthcare specialist not only update an individual about the approaching threat but it is also a source of knowledge that can help to reduce the negative impact of an unhealthy habit.

References

Com.tu.edu. (2020). [online] Available at: http://com.tu.edu/globalhealth/2016Taiwan_Health_and_Welfare_Report.pdf#search=Ways%20for%20increasing%20quality%20of%20personal%20health%20care

Mays, N., & Pope, C. (2020). Quality in qualitative research. Qualitative research in health care, 211-233.

Soon-Shiong, P., Rangadass, V., & Seshadri, R. (2019). U.S. Patent Application No. 10/262,759.

Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2020). Discretion from a psychological perspective. In Discretion and the Quest for Controlled Freedom (pp. 163-176). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Kovacs, I., Găman, G. A., Pupăzan, D., Ilie, C., & Gireadă, A. (2019). PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING PROGRAM FOR INTERVENTION AND RESCUE PERSONNEL. Environmental Engineering & Management Journal (EEMJ), 18(4).

Week 1 Discussion

Educational Psychology

Educational psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with basics of how people learn. Overall, it attempts understanding the relationship between teaching, learning and human development using various psychological concepts and research methods (Berliner, 2006). More precisely, Guy Lefrancois (1994) has defined Educational Psychology as a study of human behavior in an educational setting. In this regard, it includes topics such as assessment, teaching strategies, creativity, intelligence, individual differences, motivation, learning behaviors, human development, thinking, and motivation. For this reason, the researchers and practitioners have developed a number of concepts and theories within the domain of Educational Psychology describing how humans develop over time, how they learn different things, and how they must be taught for effective learning. Primarily, theories develop through research. Therefore, research becomes the basis of Educational Psychology. The Division of Educational Psychology provides a nurturing environment for the researchers and practitioners with interest in learners and teachers’ psychology in an educational setting to present and publish papers about their work.

Society for Personality and Social Psychology

Social Psychology serves almost the same purpose as Educational Psychology, i.e., seeking to understand the consequential, meaningful social behaviors of life. However, it is not limited to an educational setting. All of the fields of Cognitive-, Biological-, and Developmental Psychology provide the foundations of Social and Personality Psychology. Overall, Social Psychology specializes in the study of how people develop over time, i.e., how various aspects of a situation can change what people will do, on average (Allport & Allport, 1921). Personality Psychology specializes in how people differ from each other on psychological basis. It also works on characterizing and measuring these differences (Brown, 2014). The Society for Personality and Social Psychology seeks to advance the theory, research and practice in the domain of Personality and Social Psychology. In this regard, it employs members in private industry or government and academia concerning how people affect and are being affected by others in the physical and social environments.

References

Allport, F. H., & Allport, G. W. (1921). Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 16(1), 6.

Berliner, D.C. (2006). Educational psychology: Search for essence throughout a century of influence. In P. Alexander & P. Winne (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Inc. Publishers

Brown, R. (2014). Against my better judgment: An intimate memoir of an eminent gay psychologist. Routledge.

Lefrancois, G.R. (1994). Psychology for teaching (8th ed.) Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company

Week 1 Project

Week 1 Project

Name

Affiliation

Date

Week 1 Project

Heaney, Rostron, Walker, Green authored a research article in the year 2017 which was published in the “Physical Therapy in Sport.” The article was entitled “Is there a link between previous exposure to sport injury psychology education and UK sport injury rehabilitation professionals' attitudes and behavior towards sport psychology?” The article discussed the difference in the attitude and behavior of the sport injury rehabilitation professionals who had received the sport psychology education and those who had not received it. Injury is a quite common thing in the sports field as the players can hurt any part of their body while playing, which can heal in a day, week or can even take a year. Sports psychology may prove beneficial for the players, as well as sports injury rehabilitation professionals by enabling them to develop self-efficacy and improved adherence to the situation.

The article provided insight into the role of the sports injury rehabilitation professionals, commonly called SIRPs. The research highlighted that SIRPs have the responsibility of acting as the frontline practitioners, in terms of providing support and guidance to the injured athletes, while referring them to the sports psychologists for the sake of getting advanced service of sport psychology support (Arvinen-Barrow, Massey, & Hemmings, 2014). The research also explored that SIRPs have a positive perspective and attitude towards sport psychology; however, they do not implement it in their practice, which causes concerns to the athletes (Heaney, 2013). The basic objective of the article was to explore that the utilization of the strategies of sport psychology ensures positive outcomes of self-efficacy during the rehabilitation of sports injury. The purpose of the research study was to compare the attitude and behavior of SIRPs who had received the education regarding psychological aspects of sports injury and who had not studied it. The hypothesis of the research study stated that SIRPs who have the education of psychological aspects of sports injury would depict higher scores of use of sports psychology, attitude towards sports psychology and referring injured athletes to the sports psychologist, as compared to those who have not received education of sports psychology (Heaney, Rostron, Walker, & Green, 2017).

The researchers conducted survey research, by getting the questionnaires filled online by the research participants. The research participants consisted of ninety-four SIRPs, out of which forty were sports therapists and the rest of fifty-four were physiotherapists. The participants were selected according to their experience in the field, which was almost nine years on average and they were grouped according to their knowledge and level of exposure to the sports injury psychology education. In order to conduct the analysis of the data collected from the online questionnaires, the researchers utilized the MANOVA and chi-square tests. MANOVA was specifically used to analyze the usage of sports psychology and attitude towards it, while the chi-square test was used to assess the referral behavior of the two groups. The results of the research study, highlighted by the analysis, revealed that the SIRPs who had received the education of psychological aspects of sports injury significantly incorporated its use into their practice (Heaney et al. 2017).

Sports psychology is one of the most important fields which provides effective guidance and strategies to the athletes suffering from injuries, having the potential of improving their attitude towards the injury. SIRPs who are aware of the usefulness of sports psychology, in terms of psychological aspects of sports injury provide a better service to the injured athletes. On the other hand, SIRPs who do not have the education about psychological aspects of sports injury need to be provided with the training, so they can change their attitude and provide a better service to the injured athletes by referring them to sports psychologists.

References

Arvinen-Barrow, M., Massey, William V,PhD., C.C.-A.S.S.P., & Hemmings, Brian,PhD., C.Psychol. (2014). Role of sport medicine professionals in addressing psychosocial aspects of sport-injury rehabilitation: Professional athletes' views. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(6), 764-72. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/1642381063?accountid=87314

Heaney, C. A., Rostron, C. L., Walker, N. C., & Green, A. J. K. (2017). Is there a link between previous exposure to sport injury psychology education and UK sport injury rehabilitation professionals' attitudes and behaviour towards sport psychology? Physical Therapy in Sport, 23, 99-104. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.08.006

Heaney, C. (2013). The Impact of Sport Psychology Education on the Practice of Physiotherapists. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(17) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093073.21

Week 12 Response

Week 12 Response

Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees

Week 12 Response

Response 1

The discussion post helped a lot in understanding the potential effect of anti-depressants in reducing depression among adolescents. As mentioned in the discussion post, anti-depressants can only be considered effective when they are combined with psychotherapy especially CBT. I also agree that SSRIs were well known in treating depression among children and adolescents yet it was linked in increasing suicidal ideation. After the ban on SSRIs, it has been observed that suicide attempts among children have been decreased significantly. However, many studies have shown that SSRIs are not directly linked with suicidal attempts among children (Hammad & Racoosin, 2006). Thus, it is recommended to use a low dosage of SSRIs combined with CBT to effectively treat children suffering from depression.

Response 2

The discussion post helped a lot in understanding the issue of the mental health of children. According to the CDC, almost 50% of all Americans have been diagnosed with some kind of mental illness once in their life which is alarming ("Data and Publications - Mental Health - CDC", 2019). I would like to add that many children are there that are left undiagnosed due to which the issue of mental illnesses is increasing tremendously. In the discussion, it is also mentioned that doctors feel hesitant while using anti-depressants for treating depression in children. I also agree that many anti-depressant drugs are linked to suicidal ideation yet it is necessary to manage the dosage of drugs to treat children effectively.

Response 3

The discussion post facilitates a lot in understanding the STAR*D study. As mentioned in the discussion post, initially, SSRI was considered effective in treating depression. However, as the results of the study revealed that anti-depressants are not as effective in treating depression as people used to think. Also, anti-depressants have several side effects as well. I think that doctors should use combination of low dose anti-depressant drugs to treat patients suffering from depression. Also, if a patient still does not respond to the treatment, then CBT is the best option that has no side effect (Vos & Andrews, 2005).

Response 4

The discussion post helped a lot in understanding the results of the STAR*D study. A per the CDC reports, 50% of the Americans have been diagnosed with mental illness once in their life ("Data and Publications - Mental Health - CDC", 2019). The STAR*D study facilitates in determining the effectiveness of the anti-depressants while treating patients with depression. It has been observed that in most cases, anti-depressants are not effective and also it has several side effects. Thus, if a patient is not responding to the anti-depressant drugs, CBT is an appropriate method to treat patients having depression.

References

Data and Publications - Mental Health - CDC. (2019). Retrieved 26 October 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/data_publications/index.htm

Hammad, T. A., Laughren, T., & Racoosin, J. (2006). Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Archives of general psychiatry, 63(3), 332-339.

Vos, T., Corry, J., Haby, M. M., Carter, R., & Andrews, G. (2005). Cost-effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral therapy and drug interventions for major depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(8), 683-692.

WEEK 2 DISCUSSION

Mark Wrublewski

Assignment 

2nd June, 2019

Childhood is a period of human development, when a person learns to understand the world around him, trains the necessary skills, learns the culture of his society. It should be understood that childhood is not just a phase of human development, but a concept that has different social and cultural content in different eras and different nations. The development and socialization of the child take place in a certain cultural environment connected with other aspects of society. The concept of the “social situation of the development of the child” is the leading type of activity, age-related neoplasms, and crisis periods of child development. The main areas of child development are (physical, emotional, intellectual, social, moral development, sexual development) and their relationship. At each age, there is a system of various activities, but the leader has a special place in it. Leading activity is not the activity that takes the child the most time (Bretherton, 1991). This is the main activity for its value for mental development. Other, new types of activity arise inside the leading activity (for example, in the game in preschool childhood, the elements of learning arise and develop for the first time). The changes in the personality of the child observed in a given period of development depend on the leading activity (in the game, the child masters the motives and norms of human behavior, which is an important aspect of personality formation).

The process of communication begins with the observation of the interlocutor, his appearance, voice, behavioral features, etc. Various factors influence people's perception and evaluation. Thus, studies have found that children are primarily

The impact of communication on the mental development of children is due to:

• Favorable qualities of an adult, combined with his properties as a subject of communication;

• enriching the experience of children for adults;

• Direct setting by adults of tasks requiring the child to master new knowledge, skills, abilities;

• The reinforcing action of the opinions and assessments of the adult;

• Opportunities for the child to draw in communication patterns of actions and actions of adults;

• Favorable conditions for children to disclose their creative beginnings when communicating with each other.

The main positive impact of communication is its ability to accelerate the development of children. In addition, the child’s primary emotional communication with adults is the primary source of speech development. The personality of the child, his interests is the understanding of himself, his consciousness and self-consciousness can arise only in relations with adults (Woodhead and Faulkner, 2012). However, the communication of the child with the peer is equally important. It is in connection with the formation of communication with peers and its development in preschool-age that the need for further mastering the norms of relationships between people becomes more acute. In communicating with an adult, a child learns social experience and entering into contact with peers, enriches it, acquires not only new knowledge but also forms an adequate self-image.

References

Bretherton, I. (1991). Intentional communication and the development of an understanding of mind. Children's theories of mind: Mental states and social understanding, 49-75.

Woodhead, M., & Faulkner, D. (2012). Subjects, objects or participants? Dilemmas of psychological research with children. In Research with children (pp. 21-47). Routledge.

Week 2 Discussion



Crime and Criminal Behavior

Name

Institution

Course

Instructor’s name

Date

Introduction

As close examinations on why individuals engage in crime kept growing, many theories arose. All seek to find the most appropriate solutions to the types and levels of crime. The classical, sociological and the biological approaches are the most significant theories of criminal behavior (Schmalleger, 2012). Among them classical theory which proposes that crime is a resultant of an individual’s free will.

In classical theory, a person will think of the potential risks of an act and consciously commit a crime while being aware of its consequences. Classical approach to crime ascertains that crime is an immoral form of human behavior but sees punishment as a necessity in helping to curb criminal behavior. Classical theory points out that the best way to crime prevention is by conduction of swift and sure punishment that serves as an example to others who see possible gains from criminal behavior by breaking laws. It adds that the best answers to crime prevention are in the creation of more prisons and the introduction of stiff laws with more significant penalties.

The biological theory suggests that human behavior is determined by genetics; could be passed from one generation to another. Criminal behavior could be due to the usage of drugs during pregnancy, the human DNA, brain trauma, etc. this has led to the conductance of researches to find out the genes that motivate criminal behaviors as well as drugs that control human’s mood and behavior.

Another theory is the sociological theory which explains that the cause of criminal behavior is the human’s social environment. Most people who engage in crime do not see any reason to follow social values probably due to unemployment, lost bondage within a family, school or poverty. The sociological theory seeks the government to fund programs that end poverty as well as promoting social programs that give people a sense of belonging and changes either the social or the cultural conditions that drive people to crime.

Causes of deinstitutionalization

Deinstitutionalization was caused by several occurrences (Martin, and Ashworth 2010). The first was the development of psychiatric drugs that treated most mental illness symptoms. Besides medical treatment, state hospitals offered work and vocational training. Later towards the end of the nineteenth century, most entrepreneurs had seen the hospital system as a profitable venture and so sold goods and services to these hospitals.

Secondly, around the 1960s, society had begun recognizing the need to treat the mentally ill rather than locking them away. Patients would be considered for readmission or to stay in a hospital environment before being discharged into the community upon the release of E.P.W. Packard successful campaigns were led all over the country to introduce laws that safeguarded people's rights in the hospitalization process. E.P.W. Her husband had committed Packard to an Illinois state mental institution in 1866 (Himelhoch and Shaffer 1979). Thirdly, there were court cases which later defined the legal requirements for admission to a hospital setting or retention. Mental illness was in 1999 recognized as a disability by the U.S. Supreme Court and covered under the Americans with Disabilities Act. This laid a mandate to all agencies of the government to make conducive accommodations for people with mental illness to unworthy institutionalization of the victims.

Fourthly, through the introduction of Medicaid, funding became a shared responsibility. The federal government alongside Medicaid paid for community hospitals and nursing homes where patients were moved into. Despite all these remarkable strives, the goals of deinstitutionalization have not been achieved because:

It was unlawful to commit someone against their will whether it was for their safety or the safety and welfare of others.

Most centers lacked qualified candidates who could understand the illnesses nature of those who were released from institutions.

There was not enough federal funding for the mental health centers. This, as a result, created limited centers that could serve mentally ill patients.

Duties of the police

The three primary police roles include law enforcement, maintenance of peace and order and services.

Conclusion

Crime is an immoral behavior despite being seen in different perspectives. Punishments, deinstitutionalization and the police are some components that exist to stop or lower the rates of crimes of any kind. Education and other affirmative programs are of the essence to participate in to avoid the breeding of crime.

References

Schmalleger, Frank. Criminology Today. Prentice Hall, 2012.

Martin, Lynn, and Melody Ashworth. "Deinstitutionalization In Ontario, Canada: Understanding Who Moved When." Journal Of Policy And Practice In Intellectual Disabilities, vol 7, no. 3, 2010, pp. 167-176. Wiley, doi:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2010.00261.x.

Himelhoch, Myra Samuels, and Arthur H. Shaffer. "Elizabeth Packard: Nineteenth-Century Crusader For The Rights Of Mental Patients." Journal Of American Studies, vol 13, no. 03, 1979, p. 343. Cambridge University Press (CUP), doi:10.1017/s0021875800007404.

Week 2 Essay

Article Review

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Why do researchers often refer to the left hemisphere as “dominant”? What functions does the left hemisphere control?

The human brain is divided into two hemispheres, the left, and the right hemisphere. The function of both parts is different. It has been seen that the researchers frequently refer to the left hemisphere of the human brain to be the dominant one. The two hemispheres control different parts of the body. The left hemisphere as referred to be the dominant one is responsible for controlling the language, logic, analytical skills, numbers, critical thinking, and reasoning. The speech and the mathematical abilities are situated in the left part of the brain. The size of the left and right hemisphere is equal however hey only differ in functions (Myers & Dewall, 2016). Owing to the fact that we all are humans, we have differences but deep study and insight can help us understand what is the basic difference and who we are in person. Almost all the right-handed people and many of the left-handed people to process their language in the left hemisphere of the brain (Myers & DeWall, 2016). The left hemisphere of the human brain is also further vigorous for the duration of some rational, figurative, and progressive chores, for instance solving math problems and considering in depth the mechanical material. On account of its intellectual aptitudes, lots of researchers allude to left brain dominance. They rely on the fact that the left part of the brain frequently applies control over the right part of the brain. A well renowned split-brain scientist, Michael Gazzaniga (1983), once claimed that deprived of help from the left hemisphere, the right side’s cerebral abilities might possibly be massively substandard to the intellectual expertise of a chimpanzee. He along with many others have faith in the fact that a mental “module” in the left side of the brain is continuously working to elucidate movements and feelings produced by brain parts whose mechanisms are nonverbal and outside of consciousness.

Does existing evidence about sex differences in the brain tell us very much about the behavior of men and women in their everyday lives? How might these differences impact the interactions and relationships between men and women?

Delicate noticeable dissimilarities happen among male and female brains, nonetheless how precisely these have to do with variances in behavior is unidentified. These kind of sex distinctions in the brain are every so often overstated and embezzled, not only by the media but by the scientists too, to strengthen typecasts and continue these mythologies. The supreme noticeable difference concerning the brains of males and females is a general size. Men's brains are, commonly, 10 to 15 % bigger than that of women. In new research, neuroscientists compared the brains of 42 males and 58 females’ autopsy and established that men's brain weighed a general of 3lb, in comparison with 2.75lb for ladies. The difference in the size of the brain is found frequently but it only appears when a large number of people are the subject of research and sometimes it happens that the size of a women's brain is greater than that of some men. These differences in brain size are indicative of the fact that males are generally taller than females, and it has nothing to do with the fact that they are more intelligent or smart than women. Many types of research display intricate variances in men’s and women’s behavior and in mental tasks, too. Men usually are more violent and leave behind women on rational tasks including spatial abilities just like an intellectual revolution, where women are more likely to be affectionate, compassionate and execute better on oral memory and linguistic jobs. These differences among men and women affect the way they interact with each other, and their relationships with each other too.

References

Myers, D., & DeWall, C. (2016). Exploring psychology in modules (10th ed.). Worth Publishers.

WEEK 2 PROJECT

Week 2 Project: Occupational Interest: Self-Assessment

Mark Wrublewski

PSY1001 General Psychology SU03

June5,2019

Week 2 Project: Occupational Interest: Self-Assessment

Obviously, every person in the course of his whole life strives to know himself and learn to control himself, to be more effective, to achieve his goals. To understand how each of us differs from others, what exactly is your uniqueness, what are your strengths, and what, on the contrary, is your weakness, you can go through a complete psych0- diagnostic personality research. 16 personalities test is a test that tell about the personality assessment test whereas Holland Code Career Assessment is using to find out the career of interest. According to the result of my personality test, I fall under the “The Protagonist” (ENFJ-A) category and according to results of my occupational interest scale I get highest grades in Enterprising. However, in my future, I want to pursue my career as a businessman. According to 16 personalities test, protagonist is born leaders, passionate and charismatic. These are nearly 2% of entire population and mostly known as leaders, or politicians or inspiring teachers. They have natural ability and confidence that creates inspiration. They feel pride and enjoy working and guiding other people for whole community.

Additionally, in Holland career codes the enterprises defined as a person who are interested in working as a businessman. It can be business start up or carry out different business projects. Enterprisers are those who can persuade and lead, make decisions and can take risks to get profit. Both tests are different in terms of accessing criteria one tells the personality traits and other tells the interest in career. At the same time, only an integrated approach to the assessment of personality, the testing of various questions can provide clearer ideas about the person being assessed.

The set of indicators used in the assessment process cannot be universal, because it is determined by the nature of the activity being assessed. In addition, various indicators have different significance for different systems, positions and levels. Therefore, in the nomination, selection for posts requires a differentiated approach, forcing to adapt the basic set of indicators to the specifics of the organization.

Furthermore, the ability in psychology is considered as a special property of the psychological functional system, expressed in a certain level of its productivity. Quantitative parameters of the system's productivity are accuracy, reliability (stability), speed of operation. Abilities are measured by solving problems of a certain level of difficulty, resolving situations, etc. The level of ability is determined by the degree of solvability of contradictions between the properties of the individual and the relationship of the individual. The best option when there is the ability to any field of activity and interest in doing it. Abilities are divided into general and special. General abilities can predetermine a tendency to a fairly wide range of activities, they are formed by the development of intelligence and personality characteristics. Special abilities including character traits, attentiveness, concentration, purposefulness, observation etc. The development of creative thinking, flexibility of mind, the ability to navigate in difficult situations, adaptability, high productivity of mental activity also comes under special abilities or skills.

To conclude I believe, a good understanding of what people inspire, how they are likely to behave at work, and what kind of personal qualities they bring to their job roles, will help you make better employee selection, development, and promotion decisions. Personality assessment shapes provides this understanding and thus affects your business and for that both test are really nice and provide hidden aspects of personality. While keeping in mind about my future career I feel the results of Holland career assessment are more realistic than personality assessment test. However, I have found both the tests are interesting and valuable.

References

Dylan, B. (2019). "It's so incredible to finally be understood." Retrieved from

https://www.16personalities.com/

O*NET Interest Profiler at My Next Move. (2019). Retrieved from

https://www.mynextmove.org/explore/ip