Research Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Research Paper

Nowadays using drugs like cocaine, opium, tobacco and also alcohol consumption among the youth are growing public concern. There is evidence which is reported currently to indicate that psychopathology plays an important role in case of adolescent involvement in various substance use and abuse. Especially those individuals who are emotionally disturbed are at higher risk of substance use disorder. Therefore in this study the main objectiveis to find out a relationship between depressive symptoms levels and the resulting increase in substance use among the youth who are emotionally disturbed. There are quite a few studies at current that focus on the youth who have examined the effect of depression on the use of drugs other than tobacco. Of the many reported studies it is also proved that early depression is positively related to late alcohol use. It has been proved in the adolescents that the progression of substance use begins with only a single use. But it is also true that no reaserch was done before on the effect of substance use while dealing with depression. So in this study, the main aim was to fill the gap; it tries to build a relationship between increase drug use and depression ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"auOR2zbW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wu et al.)","plainCitation":"(Wu et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1182,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"itemData":{"id":1182,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Relationship Between Depressive Symptom Levels and Subsequent Increases in Substance Use Among Youth With Severe Emotional Disturbance","container-title":"Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs","page":"520-527","volume":"69","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Objective\nThis study examined the relationship between levels of depressive symptoms and subsequent increases in substance use among 784 youth with severe emotional disturbance enrolled in Medicaid-funded behavioral health care plans.\n\nMethod\nYouth at five sites nationwide were interviewed about their emotional and behavior problems, as well as their use of cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs—at both baseline and follow-up.\n\nResults\n(1) Levels of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with concurrent substance use at baseline. (2) Baseline levels of depressive symptoms predicted subsequent changes in substance use, especially use of illicit drugs and multiple drugs. (3) These findings remained significant, even after controlling for sociodemographic, family, and individual characteristics.\n\nConclusions\nThese results indicate that depressive symptoms early in life may signal a risk for increasing involvement in substance use among severe emotional disturbed youth. This finding has important clinical implications for the prevention of substance misuse in this population.","ISSN":"1937-1888","note":"PMID: 18612567\nPMCID: PMC2678875","journalAbbreviation":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Hoven","given":"Christina W."},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xinhua"},{"family":"Fuller","given":"Cordelia J."},{"family":"Fan","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Musa","given":"George"},{"family":"Wicks","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Mandell","given":"Donald"},{"family":"Cook","given":"Judith A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wu et al.)..

In this study, the relationship between depression and the use of cigarettes, alcohol and other drugs in youth with low income were diagnosed with severe emotional disturbance. It also identifies the effect of depressive symptoms on the changes pattern in the user, all other factors like social demographic and other health-related factors which are associated with both depressive substance and also increased drug use were taken into account. So the aim of this study was to findout a relationship between depression and drug use that effects the routine life of the individual ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"auOR2zbW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wu et al.)","plainCitation":"(Wu et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1182,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"itemData":{"id":1182,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Relationship Between Depressive Symptom Levels and Subsequent Increases in Substance Use Among Youth With Severe Emotional Disturbance","container-title":"Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs","page":"520-527","volume":"69","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Objective\nThis study examined the relationship between levels of depressive symptoms and subsequent increases in substance use among 784 youth with severe emotional disturbance enrolled in Medicaid-funded behavioral health care plans.\n\nMethod\nYouth at five sites nationwide were interviewed about their emotional and behavior problems, as well as their use of cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs—at both baseline and follow-up.\n\nResults\n(1) Levels of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with concurrent substance use at baseline. (2) Baseline levels of depressive symptoms predicted subsequent changes in substance use, especially use of illicit drugs and multiple drugs. (3) These findings remained significant, even after controlling for sociodemographic, family, and individual characteristics.\n\nConclusions\nThese results indicate that depressive symptoms early in life may signal a risk for increasing involvement in substance use among severe emotional disturbed youth. This finding has important clinical implications for the prevention of substance misuse in this population.","ISSN":"1937-1888","note":"PMID: 18612567\nPMCID: PMC2678875","journalAbbreviation":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Hoven","given":"Christina W."},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xinhua"},{"family":"Fuller","given":"Cordelia J."},{"family":"Fan","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Musa","given":"George"},{"family":"Wicks","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Mandell","given":"Donald"},{"family":"Cook","given":"Judith A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wu et al.).

The hypothesis in this study was that whether there is a relationship between depression and subsequent increase in drug use. The researchers tried to find out a relationship between depression, and as a response to that depression, they start to consume various drugs including alcohol. There were total 784 participants in this study, and they were included in this study based on the absence of a diagnosis of any developmental disability and also no use of intensive mental health services in the past five years, the term mental health service is used to describe the day treatment, partial hospitalization and also in home treatment rehabilitation. These participants were obtained from five sites like Ohio, Oregon, NY city, Pennensalvaya, the Medicaid eligible children all of these children were admitted into a Medicaid facility. This study is an experimental study in which a sample of a total of 784 youth who had a drug use history in the past was studied. The participants were asked if in the recent past they used alcohol, cigarette or any other related drugs. Those participants who responded to use the mentioned drugs for their lifetime they were further asked to report the number of days in the past one month that they had used the specific substance. Very few numbers of children in this study reported using each of these drugs; therefore they all were combined into one category. The focus of this study was not only the use of given substance but also on the progression from cigarettes to any harder substance, and to represent these progressions variables were used. In this study, the dependent variables were the youth, who in order to relief from their stress rely on these drugs and the independent variables were the drug used like cigarettes, alcohols, and other substances.

The results of this study suggest that there is a positive relationship between the depressive symptoms and substance use in the given population who also have a low income. These findings are also in complete alignment with the previous researches that are conducted on such children. Findings from these studies suggest that depression has an impact on the vulnerability of substance use ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"auOR2zbW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wu et al.)","plainCitation":"(Wu et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1182,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/RZBYIXPW"],"itemData":{"id":1182,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Relationship Between Depressive Symptom Levels and Subsequent Increases in Substance Use Among Youth With Severe Emotional Disturbance","container-title":"Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs","page":"520-527","volume":"69","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Objective\nThis study examined the relationship between levels of depressive symptoms and subsequent increases in substance use among 784 youth with severe emotional disturbance enrolled in Medicaid-funded behavioral health care plans.\n\nMethod\nYouth at five sites nationwide were interviewed about their emotional and behavior problems, as well as their use of cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs—at both baseline and follow-up.\n\nResults\n(1) Levels of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with concurrent substance use at baseline. (2) Baseline levels of depressive symptoms predicted subsequent changes in substance use, especially use of illicit drugs and multiple drugs. (3) These findings remained significant, even after controlling for sociodemographic, family, and individual characteristics.\n\nConclusions\nThese results indicate that depressive symptoms early in life may signal a risk for increasing involvement in substance use among severe emotional disturbed youth. This finding has important clinical implications for the prevention of substance misuse in this population.","ISSN":"1937-1888","note":"PMID: 18612567\nPMCID: PMC2678875","journalAbbreviation":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Hoven","given":"Christina W."},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xinhua"},{"family":"Fuller","given":"Cordelia J."},{"family":"Fan","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Musa","given":"George"},{"family":"Wicks","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Mandell","given":"Donald"},{"family":"Cook","given":"Judith A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wu et al.).

The learning outcomes from this assignment are that there is a strong relationship between depression and substance use. While treating with the drug addicts most of the counselors don't take into account their mental state which in most cases is a leading factor in drug addiction, so this study provides detailed insight in the matter. What I like the most in this study is that, it’s a brief resaerch and is conducted on youth because drug use is now trending among the youngsters. But the sampling in this study is not heterogenous mostly participants are males and also they are those who are already getting medical help to improve their condition but apart from these there are other schools going kids who are vulnerable to drug use because of the pressure in the education system. If I had to conduct this study I would ask question not only from one particular aspect but I would ask them questions regarding their personal life, school life and also how they balance both of these aspects because most of the children don't know how to carry out their studies along with personal life which is where they become stressed out and go for substance use and abuse. Although this study is a very informative one but the population this study was not diverse regarding the age of the participants and also their gender. All the participants are school going kids, and it does not offer a comparison between the drug use in kids and in adults.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Wu, Ping, et al. “The Relationship Between Depressive Symptom Levels and Subsequent Increases in Substance Use Among Youth With Severe Emotional Disturbance.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, vol. 69, no. 4, July 2008, pp. 520–27.

Research Paper

Research Paper

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Author Note

Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers is known for years as an American Psychologist. The client-centered approach was introduced in psychological healing by Carl Rogers. He is recognized as a founding member of psychotherapy in the field of counseling and is known for pioneering research in the psychological discipline. He is acknowledged by his distinct research in the field of psychology by the American Psychological Association. Patient-centered approach is one of the unique approaches that provide the application of therapies and services that are best for patients ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"X2Z0swUO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Greene, 2017a)","plainCitation":"(Greene, 2017a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":167,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/9ZU6N9XZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/9ZU6N9XZ"],"itemData":{"id":167,"type":"chapter","title":"Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach","container-title":"Human behavior theory and social work practice","publisher":"Routledge","page":"113-132","author":[{"family":"Greene","given":"Roberta R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Greene, 2017a). He was bestowed with Distinguished Professional Contributions to Psychology by the American Psychological Association in the year 1972.

Five Characteristic Qualities of Functioning Person

Open to Experience

Carl Rogers described the human qualities of both positive and negative emotions as a natural feature. According to him, negative emotions cannot be denied however, it requires efforts and struggles to work on them to restore normal mechanisms.

Existential Living

This characteristic defines human’s accept the present existential living and not always looking for the future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bssiU6kr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Miller & Moyers, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Miller & Moyers, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":168,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/3UZGHTU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/3UZGHTU2"],"itemData":{"id":168,"type":"article-journal","title":"Motivational interviewing and the clinical science of Carl Rogers.","container-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology","page":"757","volume":"85","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Miller","given":"William R."},{"family":"Moyers","given":"Theresa B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Miller & Moyers, 2017). The quality that avoids prejudging and preconceptions and to accept present is existential living. Live for the moment to understand and appreciate life is a characteristic quality of fully functional persons.

Trust Feelings

According to Rogers, the feelings of instincts and predispositions are trusted and paid attention by the fully functioning person ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"E2iC6vOA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer, Carmeli, & Cohen\\uc0\\u8208{}Meitar, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer, Carmeli, & Cohen‐Meitar, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer, Carmeli, & Cohen‐Meitar, 2018). A person has a gut feeling that he is right and he can trust his feelings and instincts would be considered as positive trust feelings.

Creativity

The person who is fully active and alive would be creative and risk-taking. These two qualities define that a person is risk-taking as he knows that always safe play is not a feature of life. This also includes the adjustment and existence with changes and modifications.

Fulfilled Life

The person who is fully active and functional would be satisfied with his life and would look for challenges and experiences to accept life with all kinds of experiments.

Rogers was the psychologist who introduced the termed client-centered and this term represents the individual self of humanistic psychology. He said the person may have positive and negative thoughts, emotions and feeling, however, to understand self-concept and self-organization, it is important to stay positive to one's beliefs. This term represents the humanistic feature of being a person for accepting who we are ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zT7wqrjA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer et al., 2018). The significant influence on one's self-concept is an evaluation by others and childhood experiences. Family and school life along with community can significantly help a child grow with all his abilities to survive successfully in life.

Personality Development

Rogers's concept of personality development is to admire self-worth and accept all the qualities with which a person is living his life. He emphasizes that humans are welcomed with all of their characteristics including positive and negative features. He describes the quality of personality development depends on self-worth, self-image, and ideal-self ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GQpRk6sK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Miller & Moyers, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Miller & Moyers, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":168,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/3UZGHTU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/3UZGHTU2"],"itemData":{"id":168,"type":"article-journal","title":"Motivational interviewing and the clinical science of Carl Rogers.","container-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology","page":"757","volume":"85","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Miller","given":"William R."},{"family":"Moyers","given":"Theresa B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Miller & Moyers, 2017). A person with positive qualities is always admired, forwarding and regarded for his worth. The feelings of psychological well-being are the basic necessity of human health ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LIYzhjeb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer et al., 2018). He stated that humans who accept the changes and discrepancies in life are always healthy and growing. The concept of self-worth is also essential for productivity in life. Personality development is dependent on how a person is feeling and how he has been treated by his inner self. Persons who are admired and respected in childhood are welcomed in all aspects to appreciate life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BhA4eoHc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer et al., 2018). For personal development, it is significant for a person to be respected, treated and regarded positively.

Rogers’s Theory and Nineteen Points

He proposed a theory that is based on the humanistic and existential qualities of persons. His theory has nineteen major points that are:

All persons are living in the changing world in which the central person is important.

The persons respond to the outside world in a way what they perceived and experienced in life.

The persons who are organized and have self-worth are more determined than others.

The field of persons is progressively differentiated as the self ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5m1whk55","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Miller & Moyers, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Miller & Moyers, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":168,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/3UZGHTU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/3UZGHTU2"],"itemData":{"id":168,"type":"article-journal","title":"Motivational interviewing and the clinical science of Carl Rogers.","container-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology","page":"757","volume":"85","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Miller","given":"William R."},{"family":"Moyers","given":"Theresa B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Miller & Moyers, 2017).

In response to the outside world, personal qualities and characteristics change with time.

The significant feature of a person is too centralized and maintain their self-image.

The internal frame of reference is important to be visualized and imagined to maintain self-worth.

Balance in emotions, behaviors, and feelings is essentially important to be maintained by the persons ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"p9lNOVKD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer et al., 2018).

Goal-directed behaviors are more constructive as compared to other behaviors for a person.

The values and experiences perceived by the persons are more valued and important for self-growth.

In this case, a person is ignored by his feelings and experiences, the growth of the person would be distorted and it can be positive or negative, can be symbolized by themselves or others.

Most of the time, behaviors are adopted by themselves to maintain inner satisfaction.

The behaviors are adopted by themselves or maybe by experiences.

The sensory and visceral experiences are assimilated and assisted relationship with self.

Psychological maladjustments happen when a person denies self-worth or sensory and visceral experiences.

The behaviors and experiences that are not in alignment with self are may be adopted by a threat or fear in life.

Under specific circumstances, a person can have feelings of the absence of threat or fear, the inconsistent behaviors would be re-assimilated by self to maintain self-satisfaction.

When an individual accepts self-worth or admires sensory and visceral experiences then the person is more understanding in nature and has behaviors that can help him to understand other s and is more psychologically stable.

The person who perceives his self-worth, he would observe that he is replacing his value system and a continuous valuing process will occur.

Congruence and Incongruence

The psychology of a person’s behavior is based on the concepts that are admired, respected and appreciated. The self-concept is based on various aspects including self-admiration and self-determination ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ytJ8NLyP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer et al., 2018). Rogers explained the idea of a person's psychology by introducing congruence and incongruence. A congruent person will always be satisfied because of his satisfaction. This implies the concept that he is admired by himself ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uI6Y3AQg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kirschenbaum, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Kirschenbaum, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":170,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/FHDRGB9Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/FHDRGB9Y"],"itemData":{"id":170,"type":"article-journal","title":"The life and work of Carl Rogers","author":[{"family":"Kirschenbaum","given":"Howard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kirschenbaum, 2015). The statement represented the concept of acceptance of self-worth and admire self to recognize his worth. One can only flourish psychologically if he inspires and admires himself. The incongruent person would not accept his self-worth, he will not be able to recognize his potential and would be flourished successfully ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vGS67gn0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Joseph, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Joseph, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":173,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/CK85F6I3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/CK85F6I3"],"itemData":{"id":173,"type":"article-journal","title":"Why we need a more humanistic positive organizational scholarship: Carl Rogers’ person-centered approach as a challenge to neoliberalism.","container-title":"The Humanistic Psychologist","author":[{"family":"Joseph","given":"Stephen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Joseph, 2019). The concept of self-worth is also important for the development of behaviors. Significance has the same importance in one's life as self-worth.

The person who is not given importance or significance in his life would not be able to stabilize himself and therefore is more susceptible to adopt impaired behaviors. Significance is essentially important for a person to adopt healthy and constructive behaviors in life. Childhood experiences and community play an important role in one's life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BMN7VbrU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer et al., 2018). Early life experiences are significant to adopt healthy behaviors and to grow psychologically ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lJ8miSjD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kirschenbaum, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Kirschenbaum, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":170,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/FHDRGB9Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/FHDRGB9Y"],"itemData":{"id":170,"type":"article-journal","title":"The life and work of Carl Rogers","author":[{"family":"Kirschenbaum","given":"Howard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kirschenbaum, 2015). The persons having impaired or maladapted behaviors are more prone to move towards suicide, assaults, and violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"b3YjvFSO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Joseph, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Joseph, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":173,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/CK85F6I3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/CK85F6I3"],"itemData":{"id":173,"type":"article-journal","title":"Why we need a more humanistic positive organizational scholarship: Carl Rogers’ person-centered approach as a challenge to neoliberalism.","container-title":"The Humanistic Psychologist","author":[{"family":"Joseph","given":"Stephen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Joseph, 2019). The major characteristic feature of an aggressive person is that he was not given importance in his life.

Psychological Development

Changes and modifications in life occur when one has a feeling that he is not admired and respected by others. The defense mechanism of the body suggested he adopt destructive behaviors because of fear or threat. Changes in the environment are also important in the adaptation of impaired behaviors and it destroys self-worth and self-admiration. The persons who are ignored in early life would essentially be susceptible to adapt to impaired behaviors from societies and communities. The positive and constructive side of a person forces him to adopt good and healthy behaviors and is only possible if a person is admired by himself ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3CR1JMn5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Greene, 2017a)","plainCitation":"(Greene, 2017a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":167,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/9ZU6N9XZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/9ZU6N9XZ"],"itemData":{"id":167,"type":"chapter","title":"Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach","container-title":"Human behavior theory and social work practice","publisher":"Routledge","page":"113-132","author":[{"family":"Greene","given":"Roberta R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Greene, 2017a). Self-worth is significantly involved in the adaptation of healthy behaviors. Incongruence feature is s a state where the person is not stable and it is difficult for him to adjust in variations of life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CTedXjup","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lewis, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Lewis, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":180,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/KEN3JUBI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/KEN3JUBI"],"itemData":{"id":180,"type":"chapter","title":"Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach Social Work Applications Now and for the Future","container-title":"Human behavior theory and social work practice","publisher":"Routledge","page":"166-172","author":[{"family":"Lewis","given":"Judith S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lewis, 2017). That person will become vulnerable and precarious. All the processes of development and growth would be altered. The feelings and emotions of a person would be changed. The person is more prone to threats and mild changes in his life would change him into irrational, bizarre and disorganized personality. The idea of self-worth is therefore essential for productivity in life. Character development is completely reliant on how a person is feeling and how he has been treated by his inner self ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6HShCk2n","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Martin, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Martin, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":181,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z748GZIS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z748GZIS"],"itemData":{"id":181,"type":"article-journal","title":"Carl Rogers’ and BF Skinner’s approaches to personal and societal improvement: A study in the psychological humanities.","container-title":"Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology","page":"214","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Martin","given":"Jack"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Martin, 2017). Individuals who are admired and respected in the juvenile period are welcomed in all aspects to appreciate their life. For personal growth, it is momentous for a person to be appreciated, treated and considered positively.

Person-Centered Therapy

A person who is respected in all aspects would be more satisfied and the positive and developmental process would be enhanced. The concept of a person-centered approach is based on self-worth and self-admiration. When a person observes that he is respected, admired and cared for by others, the development of the growth of that person would be expanded. Interpersonal relationships and cross-cultural relations would be significantly improved in the person-centered approach ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PWltSnl4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer et al., 2018). According to Roberta R. Greene, “The central idea in the Rogerian approach is that if the practitioner is empathetic, accepts the client with unconditional positive regard, and is genuine in his or her respect for the client, positive change will occur” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qYclDqUn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Greene, 2017a)","plainCitation":"(Greene, 2017a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":167,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/9ZU6N9XZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/9ZU6N9XZ"],"itemData":{"id":167,"type":"chapter","title":"Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach","container-title":"Human behavior theory and social work practice","publisher":"Routledge","page":"113-132","author":[{"family":"Greene","given":"Roberta R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Greene, 2017a).

A person-centered approach helps create hope among individuals that he is important. Admiration and self-worth are a significant phenomenon that requires help and assistance from people to recover from the state of impaired behaviors. The mental and psychological health of a person is essentially important to sustain life. The developmental processes and growth are dependent on the nervous system to work properly. In the states of stress and depression, a person's hormones and systems are not able to perform optimally therefore, it is significant to calm the brain and nervous system on the normal optimal state for its better functioning. Life is a process of continuous learning ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uiJtpOSQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Miller & Moyers, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Miller & Moyers, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":168,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/3UZGHTU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/3UZGHTU2"],"itemData":{"id":168,"type":"article-journal","title":"Motivational interviewing and the clinical science of Carl Rogers.","container-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology","page":"757","volume":"85","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Miller","given":"William R."},{"family":"Moyers","given":"Theresa B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Miller & Moyers, 2017). A person-centered learning and person-centered teaching can knowingly affect a person having difficulty in adjusting and understanding his self-worth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ncBRhxKk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Martin, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Martin, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":181,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z748GZIS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z748GZIS"],"itemData":{"id":181,"type":"article-journal","title":"Carl Rogers’ and BF Skinner’s approaches to personal and societal improvement: A study in the psychological humanities.","container-title":"Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology","page":"214","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Martin","given":"Jack"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Martin, 2017). Therefore, a person who is not given importance or significance in his life would not be able to soothe himself and therefore is more susceptible to adopt impaired behaviors.

Significance is essentially important for a person to adopt productive and constructive behaviors to prosper in life. Life experiences and community play an important role in one’s life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vuAlfC9m","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer et al., 2018). Early life experiences are significant to adopt healthy behaviors and to grow psychologically ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FzM5cnRw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kirschenbaum, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Kirschenbaum, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":170,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/FHDRGB9Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/FHDRGB9Y"],"itemData":{"id":170,"type":"article-journal","title":"The life and work of Carl Rogers","author":[{"family":"Kirschenbaum","given":"Howard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kirschenbaum, 2015). Persons having impaired behaviors are more prone to attempt suicide or develop viciousness with time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"D4X57Juo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Joseph, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Joseph, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":173,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/CK85F6I3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/CK85F6I3"],"itemData":{"id":173,"type":"article-journal","title":"Why we need a more humanistic positive organizational scholarship: Carl Rogers’ person-centered approach as a challenge to neoliberalism.","container-title":"The Humanistic Psychologist","author":[{"family":"Joseph","given":"Stephen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Joseph, 2019). The characteristic feature of a destructive person is that he was not able to understand and recognizes his self-worth therefore, a person-centered approach can help in acknowledging his self-worth.

Rogers's approach of person-centered care is a psychological phenomenon in which a person learns and adapts according to the atmosphere around him. He defines a way of teaching individuals by self-admiration and self-worth. Schooling and learning are enhanced through the process of a person-centered approach. Childhood is a phase in which maladapted behaviors grow and prosper and will ultimately result in malfunctioning in later years. A person needs to adopt positive behavior for his growth and self-worth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Cs23MpvB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer et al., 2018). A person ignored in early life states would be more prone to adopt impaired behaviors from societies. The growth of children can be significantly improved by an approach of person-centered care and teaching. Changes and modifications in lifestyle are possible and adaptable at an early age.

It is believed that a person is not able to teach others however, one can facilitate learning and adopting. Similarly, a person essentially learns through a process of his structural and psychological development. For example, a child at the age of one year develop senses to respond to his relatives and family members, he tries to recognize his family. His own structural and psychological health is very important in learning things ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XnoY8vrG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Greene, 2017b)","plainCitation":"(Greene, 2017b)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":187,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/U5GUULTC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/U5GUULTC"],"itemData":{"id":187,"type":"chapter","title":"The social work interview: Legacy of Carl Rogers and Sigmund Freud","container-title":"Human Behavior Theory","publisher":"Routledge","page":"35-54","author":[{"family":"Greene","given":"Roberta R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Greene, 2017b). Parents cannot develop his thoughts and learning abilities however, they can help and assist their child in learning.

The learning process is enhanced through a process of experience. Learning is also significantly influenced by viewing and observing tings and behaviors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jK7ilXxn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer et al., 2018). For example, children observe their parents and surroundings to learn what is happening and how people are behaving. The learning process would be essentially enhanced through a process of self-experience ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uSvYr8L8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Shefer et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/YRY44F5H"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing carl rogers back in: exploring the power of positive regard at work","container-title":"British Journal of Management","page":"63-81","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Shefer","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Carmeli","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Cohen‐Meitar","given":"Ravit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shefer et al., 2018). A person-centered approach is revolving around a person and therefore, it helps him to understand and recognizes his self-worth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"u5QX2GDa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Martin, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Martin, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":181,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z748GZIS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z748GZIS"],"itemData":{"id":181,"type":"article-journal","title":"Carl Rogers’ and BF Skinner’s approaches to personal and societal improvement: A study in the psychological humanities.","container-title":"Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology","page":"214","volume":"37","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Martin","given":"Jack"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Martin, 2017). Once self-importance and self-admiration are developed in harmony, he would be able to recognize his strengths and weaknesses. He will be able to learn and modify his behaviors, the person would heal and recover from his setbacks to adapt positive and deconstructive behaviors and psychological health would be significantly improved.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Greene, R. R. (2017a). Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach. Human behavior theory and social work practice (pp. 113–132). Routledge.

Greene, R. R. (2017b). The social work interview: Legacy of Carl Rogers and Sigmund Freud. In Human Behavior Theory (pp. 35–54). Routledge.

Joseph, S. (2019). Why we need a more humanistic positive organizational scholarship: Carl Rogers’ person-centered approach as a challenge to neoliberalism. The Humanistic Psychologist.

Kirschenbaum, H. (2015). The life and work of Carl Rogers.

Lewis, J. S. (2017). Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach Social Work Applications Now and for the Future. Human behavior theory and social work practice (pp. 166–172). Routledge.

Martin, J. (2017). Carl Rogers’ and BF Skinner’s approaches to personal and societal improvement: A study in the psychological humanities. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 37(4), 214.

Miller, W. R., & Moyers, T. B. (2017). Motivational interviewing and the clinical science of Carl Rogers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(8), 757.

Shefer, N., Carmeli, A., & Cohen‐Meitar, R. (2018). Bringing carl rogers back in: Exploring the power of positive regard at work. British Journal of Management, 29(1), 63–81.

Research Paper (WILL POWER)



Willpower

Research Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Abstract

The paper reviews the subject of will power in individuals. It primarily focuses on the regulation of self-control and determination. The willpower individual requires to function effectively in society. The lack of self-regulation is mirrored in the execution of emotions, behaviors and the patterns of life experience. It incorporates the ideals of immediate gratification and the level of inner strength one can encompass in their functioning. It further encompasses the cognitive relationship with the restraint and exercise of impulse. The paper also finally comprehends the ways in which willpower can be attained to achieve measurable willpower in individuals.

Willpower

Introduction

Willpower is the ability to make decisions while having the power to control oneself. It refers to the use of delay in gratification to make longterm beneficial decisions. It is almost synonymously used with words like determination, regulation, and drive. It is very often known as the science of self-control. The fluidity of willpower in an individual is a common occurrence. Willpower helps one make productively and healthy decision in life with higher returns. The American Association of Psychologists found in their ‘Stress in America’ report that stress was proportionally linked to lack of healthy decision making in the individuals, they concluded that willpower was identified as one the leading causes of reluctance or inability to make healthy life choices CITATION Ame14 \l 1033 (Survey, 2014). Willpower is however conditioned with the ability and the capability to abstain from temporary and short term temptations by fighting impulse. Willpower is a conscious effort to regulate oneself. The higher levels of self-regulation on emotions and behavior are proportionally associated with achieving long-term goals by a person. Some people argue that willpower is inherent while others suggest that willpower can be learned behavior as well. Willpower’s resonance with the happy, peaceful, informed and satisfied life makes it an important factor in one's life.

Discussion

Challenges to willpower

Apart from stress, another factor that hinders the willpower is self-criticism. Self-criticism is the lack of trust and confidence an individual has on themselves. The guilt factor adds to self-criticism, constantly blaming oneself for their inabilities to take effective decisions or exercise self-control all add to weakening one's willpower. Therefore it is concluded that people who criticize themselves are less likely to feel motivated and not able to self regulate themselves CITATION Ash10 \l 1033 (Leary, 2010). The brain has an automatic reaction to the reward-seeking mechanisms. It releases dopamine which stimulates the need for immediate fulfillment of an impulse. The subliminal environments enable these neurotransmitters to take instant charge on the attainment of temptations that surround them e.g. attractive advertisements for food products CITATION Bra16 \l 1033 (Bradley M.Appelhans, 2016). There are certain social factors that also deplete the will power in a person. The societal disapproval of certain volitions also diminishes the self-control to pursue a certain desire. The psychologist through of a number empirical studies showed that the ultimate impulse or desire is not the only driving factor for the willpower to exercise, sometimes people may be driven by other emotional patterns such as boredom and fatigue to take certain volitions.

Ego depletion is a leading cause of diminishing self-control consequently leading to lesser willpower. Ego depletion reflects the consumption of self-control that and the individual can no longer exercise beneficial decision making CITATION Bau98 \l 1033 (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998).

Sleep deprivation is also a leading cause of the reduction in the willpower and to regulate oneself. The idea follows that when an individual is exhausted they usually prefer a decision that is easily executed without exercising much restraint and undertaking long-term goals CITATION Mat07 \l 1033 (Matthew T. Gailliot, 2007). There are a number of factors that consume the power to exercise willpower and contain its ability.

Building Willpower

The fact that an individual knows himself makes him more aware of the choices they make in their life. The studies show that most of one's decisions are taken unconsciously by an individual. Therefore one of the foremost aim to change one pattern of unconscious decision making is self-awareness, it helps identify, process and wit rationality hence making more beneficial choices in life. Meditation to will power helps reduce stress and complications in life. Psychology suggests that practicing a certain set of behavior can lead to the strengthening of neural behaviors which lay path whenever the unconscious takes charge regarding decision-making. Meditation is practicing certain behaviors regarding certain choices and then concentrating on possible outcomes and how they can be benefiting towards. Will power is often synonymous with the stamina increase, therefore exercise can also help us endure and resist certain choices which may not be beneficial for us CITATION KMc11 \l 1033 (McGonigal, 2011). Resisting temptation definitely affects our mental process to cope and struggle with unwanted temptations. Taking stress is one of the basic barriers to healthy cognitive decision making. Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system that deals with the bodies reaction to perceived threats. When this happens one is left with anger and anxiety as the heart rate goes up leading to impulsive behavior without much self-control. The willpower is however enabled when one is calm and in the arelaxed state of mind, which activates self-control. The stress impedes with the process of achieving long term benefits, individuals in stress lack the ability to foresee long term effects of the decision it usually prefers the temporary and short term attainable goals out impulse. The elimination of stress can, however, makes one capable of seeing the rewards attached to resistance and motivated. And Lastly, an enabling environment that encourages particular goals helps an individual resist temptation and exercise restraint to achieve the ultimately better decisions in life.

Benefits of Willpower

Will power helps inculcate a sense of achievement in an individual. The strength and the ability to exercise self-control and attain will power, helps one gain a conscious sense of gratification. The will power reflects the ability to develop and identify our strengths. Self-control makes an individual recognize problem solving and rational decision making. This also helps them comprehend the patterns of thoughts and if they are healthy or need to be eliminated. The everyday functioning of an individual becomes more purposeful and towards the achievement of the focused goal CITATION Rol04 \l 1033 (Roland Bénabou, 2004). Willpower is only achieved through the elimination of stress from life. This has an overall beneficial effect on the health and progress of a person. The individual exercising will power can achieve a better insight towards his personal growth and development. This increases a complete level of perseverance and endurance to live's problems with a productive and beneficial approach.

Conclusion

The willpower is a conscious resolve towards personal progress and success, which can be achieved through constant regard of an individual’s healthy and productive life choices. Willpower is constantly related to positive and better outcomes in the personal growth of an individual. There are however a number of challenges bar an individual to achieve self-control and regulation such as stress and the temptation. The failure of willpower hence leads to grave consequence on the cognitive and physical abilities of a person. The self-regulation can thereby be built through initiatives like meditation, being self-aware, exercise and other initiatives which increase the ability to endure and address problems with a measurable approach.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. , 74 (5):1252–1265.

Bradley M.Appelhans, S. A. (2016). Managing temptation in obesity treatment: A neurobehavioral model of intervention strategies. Appetite, Elsevier, 268-279.

Leary, A. B. (2010). Self‐Compassion, Stress, and Coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass.

Matthew T. Gailliot, R. F. (2007). The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Blood Glucose to Self-Control. Sage journals, 303-327.

McGonigal, K. (2011). The willpower instinct: How self-control works, why it matters, and what you can do to get more of it. Penguin.

Roland Bénabou, J. T. (2004). Willpower and Personal Rules. Journal of political economy.

The survey, A. P. (2014). The Stress in America. American Psychological Association.

RESEARCH PAPER – ABSTRACT AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Research Paper - Abstract and Annotated Bibliography

Research Paper – Abstract and Annotated Bibliography

Abstract

These sources give a detail description of MDD, stand for Major Depressive Disorders. These disorders can occur to anyone at any stage but these sources provide an insight view of how MDD affects people with different age groups. They also give suggestions to control and treatment of depression. All these sources are based on factual data and are research-based. To understand the complete causes and symptoms of these disorders, many authors in their articles have given important yet useful information.

Chapman, D. P., & Perry, G. S. (2007). Depression is a Major Component of Public Health for Older Adults. Preventing Chronic Disease, 5(1). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2248771/

In this article, the author talks about the prevention of mental illness through disease prevention and health promotion. He suggests people with mental illness take safety measures as it is increasing day by day and according to recent research, depression will be the second most common disease among all other diseases by 2020. The author gives a detail description of Depressive disorders, which are syndromes activated by mood regulations like major depression and Dysthymia. The article presents the data that shows the risk of depressive disorders among older adults and the challenges or the treatment of Depressive disorder in these adults who are mostly above 65 years. Research has shown that rates major depression rose over the past many years and the prevalence of major depression is higher among young adults than among young adults. Through this article, the author also examines the extreme side effects of depressive disorder that leads to suicide in older people and indicates a serious threat to their health. The author of this article has also provided the diagnostic criteria for depression and has discussed the symptoms of the depressive disorder to diagnose the disease at an early stage. He also gives suggestions to enhance the prevention and management of depression through policies, resources and necessary support.

Culpepper, L., Muskin, P. R., & Stahl, S. M. (2015). Major Depressive Disorder: Understanding the Significance of Residual Symptoms and Balancing Efficacy with Tolerability. The American Journal of Medicine, 128(9), S1–S15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.07.001

In this source, the author tells about Major depressive as a frequent and complex psychiatric condition that creates challenges to both the patients and the doctors who treat them. The major goal of the therapy requires patients to identify and measure the symptoms they are experiencing. There are several validated instruments for the diagnosis of disease and several ways like therapies are used to identify these diseases. Symptoms of depression which have a strong affiliation with functional impairments include fatigue, sad moods, loss of interest and difficulty in understanding. If any they do not work on any of the patients then the physicians should switch therapies for a fruitful result and they can also refer these patients to a psychiatrist for treatment with specialized techniques. The author also tells about the usefulness of principles of neurobiology which helps physicians in determining whether to switch therapies or change antidepressant drugs. Poor tolerance to drug treatment, medication dose or lengthy therapies can lead to severe effects of this disease. This is a useful source as it provides e detailed information about ways to control Depressive disorder diseases and proves to be a reliable source as it has factual data regarding drugs and therapies.

Depressive Disorders | List of High Impact Articles | PPts | Journals | Videos. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2019, from https://www.longdom.org/scholarly/depressive-disorders-journals-articles-ppts-list-2637.html

This is a journal of psychiatry where the author has taken Depressive Disorders as the topic for discussion and starts with its definition as persistent feelings of sadness and worthlessness and lack of interest in any activity. Depression is mostly used to refer to any of the depressive orders. The exact causes of the depressive orders are unknown to this journal but tell the readers about the involvement of heredity causes, altered neuroendocrine function, changes in neurotransmitters and psychological factors in building up this disease. A depressive disorder is a disease in which the body, mood, and thoughts are involved. It disturbs normal functioning, daily life and causes pain both for the person with the disorder and for those who care and look after him/her. A depressive disorder is not the same as a personal weakness that can be rejected or desired. People with a depressive illness can rarely or cannot simply "pull together" themselves and get well because it is not quite possible for them. If not treated on time, the symptoms of depressive disorders may last for weeks, months and even for years. Depression is a common condition and is found every second but it is the most serious disease and most people are affected by it. People who are suffering from depressive disorders should start treatment right away without any delay. However, proper treatment can help most people who suffer from depression.

Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Klein, D. N., Seeley, J. R., & Gau, J. M. (2013). Key Characteristics of Major Depressive Disorder Occurring in Childhood, Adolescence, Emerging Adulthood, and Adulthood. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702612457599

This article tells particularly about the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project which involves data from 816 participants. The author discusses the main characteristics of major depressive disorder (MDD) in 56 percent female that goes through four developmental periods (childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood). This data provides information about MDD recurrence, duration, gender, comorbidity, and suicide attempts during these periods. Major depressive disorders were lower in childhood and higher in emerging adulthood. It's a shocking reveal by the author that the female gender was predicted to be the first one who suffers during these periods and suicide attempts were higher during adolescence than emerging adulthood or adulthood. It is important to focus on Major depressive disorders that occur during emerging adulthood as it creates problems for a longer period. This article is based on factual data and is research-based which makes it a reliable source for the readers and the data provided in this article plays important role in making the readers understand depression in adolescence by providing information about its prevalence, course, duration, and comorbidity. Results of these data suggest that major depressive disorders in childhood are unique because it is lower in them but it is higher in adolescents that lead them to attempt suicide. The article paves the way for future research on these disorders and appeals for more study on this subject to aware people of especially the ones who are in their emerging adulthood.

Harrington, R. (2001). Depression, suicide and deliberate self-harm in adolescence. British Medical Bulletin, 57(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/57.1.47

This article covers the vast aspects of depressive disorders by describing things like an assessment of depression, diagnosis of different difficulties, epidemiology, etiology, course and outcome, management, biological treatments, suicide, deliberate self-harm, anti-depressant medication, and primary prevention. It is quite difficult to control depressive disorders in young people as they go through cognitive and physical changes. Young adolescents do not understand these behavior changes as compared to grown adolescent and for assessing young adolescents, it is important to interview them first. They give a better account of symptoms but unable to understand the situation. It is important to do a careful inquiry on these symptoms as these will aware of parents and psychologists to take certain safety measures. The author also gives the best option of assessing these symptoms by indicating the duration of the problem. Just like all other articles mentioned above, this article too confirms less possibility or prevalence of depressive disorders in pre-adolescent children and strengths its roots later in mid-adolescence. The etiology of adolescent and child depressive disorders is multifactorial that includes both environmental and genetic factors. Genetic factors play a significant role in unipolar depressive conditions. Secondly, the children of depressed parents likely to have higher rates of depression. The treatment of these disorders depends on the nature of disease as some of them are cured in a short period while others take lengthy forms of treatment. The treatment includes antidepressants and other biological drugs. This source is reliable as this source provides details about every single step that is put under consideration while treating a depressive disorder patient.

Krugten, F. C. W. van, Kaddouri, M., Goorden, M., Balkom, A. J. L. M. van, Bockting, C. L. H., Peeters, F. P. M. L., … Consortium, D. T. U. D. (DTUD). (2017).

Indicators of patients with major depressive disorder in need of highly specialized care: A systematic review. The author of this article focuses on various indicators for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder and asks for highly specialized care for the patients. This article aims to review studies that are done on the indicators of patients with the major depressive disorder who need highly specialized care. The method being used in this article was based on the guidelines of PRISMA. Three reviewers were assigned for the extraction of data by using a pre-piloted extraction form. They were assigned to understand the clinical characteristics and risk factors that lead to the identification of patients with Major depressive orders. The author has also mentioned the characteristics of the research that includes papers on the treatment of depression and has data that were taken from the studies conducted in the United States. Indicators that need highly specialized care depression severity, comorbid psychopathology, somatic comorbidity, childhood trauma, Psychological functioning, older age, and socio-demographics. The author has provided all the necessary indicators to treat disorders which is the best thing about this source. The author also suggests advances in the identification of patients with major depressive disorders and more researches can be done for the betterment of these patients. Only the best results of indications can lead to more appropriate treatment options.

Davis, C., & Lockhart, L. (2017). Not just feeling blue: Major depressive disorder. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy, 15(5), 26. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NME.0000521805.31528.75

In this article, the major depressive disorder has been described as an interview that was taken from a patient with MDD. It is clinical depression that persists for more than two weeks and causes severe problems in the patient’s relationships, school and work obligations and other day to day life activities. It has been declared by the World Health Organization that more than three hundred million people are suffering from depression which includes 15.7 million American adults. The number will increase soon and will affect 46million adults in the United States of America by 2050. The paper also indicates the criteria for patients with MDD which are different among children, adolescents, and older adults. A strong focus has been put on an interview of the patient for obtaining subjective and objective data and on the therapeutic options. Therapies are of different kinds like psychotherapy, behavioral therapies and in severe conditions electroconvulsive therapy. The reliability of this source can be examined through the suggestions that are given in the paper. The author of this source asks readers to educate parents about MDD to make the treatment easy and more fruitful. Parents should know about the proper medication for the treatment of these disorders and evaluate the patient’s activities as they are likely to do self-harm so it is important to assist children and call for help if needed.

Tiller, J. W. G. (2013). Depression and anxiety. The Medical Journal of Australia, 199(6), S28–S31. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja12.10628

In this source, the occurrence of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders has been reported in almost 25% of general practice patients. The bilateral emergence of symptoms associated with both disorders presents even more disturbing figures. 85% of the total patients with depression revealed symptoms of anxiety and on the other hand, a significant majority, around 90% of patients with anxiety disorder claimed to have persistent feelings of depression and sadness. In the initial check-ups, the clinical Symptomatology may appear to lack details about depression and anxiety disorders. Careful analysis of the patient's history and the examination with relevant investigations can only assist in making an accurate diagnosis. The diagnosis should be crosschecked and referred to various specialists as wrongful identification and prognosis can result in dangerous repercussions. If the diagnosis is accurate according to the symptomatology, the severity of the illness can be identified with the rating scales and further aid in the monitoring and evaluation of ongoing treatment and its progress. The depression disorder and anxiety disorder are relatively different in their root causes, diagnostic approaches, and their requirements of appropriate treatment. However, the psychological therapies advocated for their treatment are similar to a greater extent and have proven to be of additional benefit in the potential treatment of both the disorders. Augmentation of anti-psychotics along with anti-depressants and an extensive range of behavioral therapies are currently being incorporated as the initial steps to minimize the long-term effects of the disorder. Around 40% of patients with clinical depression or symptoms of anxiety choose not to seek treatment and the minimal portion of those who do, are not offered beneficial treatment by their healthcare providers.

Rice, F., Eyre, O., Riglin, L., & Potter, R. (2017). Adolescent depression and the treatment gap. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(2), 86–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30004-4

The author in this article examines adolescence as an important risk for the development of the depressive disorder. Depressive disorders and symptoms are very common in adolescents which affect mental health, social and education outcomes for a longer time. Like the rest of the articles, these articles discuss the complex multifactorial categories that involve genetic and social risk factors. Depending on the symptoms of depression, psychologists can identify the level of depression whether primary or secondary. More than 62 percent of college individuals do not get access to any mental health services because they do not consider it as an important or serious health issue. They prefer to live their lives under anxiety which further creates complexities. The data of these sources suggest that children with mental health symptoms should get access to special CAMHS and other therapeutic interventions. This source helps young adults and adolescents to get information about their condition.

Kanter, J. W., Busch, A. M., Weeks, C. E., & Landes, S. J. (2008). The Nature of Clinical Depression: Symptoms, Syndromes, and Behavior Analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 31(1), 1–21.

Some prevalent, traditional models of depression are discussed in this article with the associated and commonly arising challenges while analyzing and comprehending such a complicated phenomenon. The basic premise of the ontological assumption about this disease is that it can be described along the contours of adequate medical terms. Mainstream media and the general public categorize it under the range of neuropsychiatric illnesses and is frequently treated in primary health care facilities which can result in grave consequences such as suicide risk or comorbidity of associated disorders. The widely recognized nomenclature and its frequent usage result in a wide rift between the behavioral analysis of the disorder and its mainstream usage which allows a massive degree of subjective interpretation. Extensive research on the disorder has not been carried out in the domain of behavioral analysis and this poses an alarm because a plethora of research has been churned out by psychiatric and cognitive researchers. This article strives to advocate that the word 'depression' does not have a technical underpinning and the evolutionary explanations for this disorder must be scrutinized to analyze the associated problems and symptoms ideographically.

Research Paper Psychology 101

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Childhood Trauma

Introduction:

Childhood plays a critical role in personality formation of any individual. A normal childhood ensures that child grows up to a happy, healthy, balanced and successful individual. But witnessing or experiencing any form of violation as a child can lead to serious distortion in the personality of a child. According to the National Institute of Mental Health USA, childhood trauma refers to any experience that is emotionally painful or distressful for a child that leaves long-lasting mental and physical effects. This research paper will take into account various types of traumas and their impact on children.

Research Methodology:

Various studies have discussed the various aspects of childhood trauma. This research paper is using secondary research methodology for gathering the facts and information regarding the types of trauma and the ways in which it affects a child in the long term.

Discussion:

Trauma is the most misunderstood terminology, as it is often limited to the events that occur in one's life but in reality, it also includes those events that don’t happen in one’s life that causes long-lasting impacts. Childhood trauma includes the emotional, mental or physical abuses that are done to a child in the home or outside the home by the known or unknown person. Witnessing violence in home or outsides in the community can also result in trauma. This trauma includes the deprivations such as emotional, or physical neglect or the lack of affectionate events in childhood.

Studies indicate the specific outcomes that are associated with childhood physical abuse such as aggression, low self-esteem and maladaptive sexual behavior with sexual abuse. Abuse in childhood damage the child's sense of self which also leads to self-destructive behaviors. Childhood trauma can have various causes and its effects are also numerous. The pattern has been observed in the studies that children who experience one form of abuse are more likely to experience some other form of abuse. The abusive event can occur in nay despite the demographics and social quo but it is observed that children belonging to families with social and financial disadvantage are more prone to the abuse ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BrwLa0kD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mullen et al.)","plainCitation":"(Mullen et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1727,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NYXDRNMS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NYXDRNMS"],"itemData":{"id":1727,"type":"article-journal","title":"The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study","container-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect","page":"7-21","volume":"20","issue":"1","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"The associations between giving a history of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse in children and a range of mental health, interpersonal, and sexual problems in adult life were examined in a community sample of women. Abuse was defined to establish groups giving histories of unequivocal victimization. A history of any form of abuse was associated with increased rates of psychopathology, sexual difficulties, decreased self-esteem, and interpersonal problems. The similarities between the three forms of abuse in terms of their association with negative adult outcomes was more apparent than any differences, though there was a trend for sexual abuse to be particularly associated to sexual problems, emotional abuse to low self-esteem, and physical abuse to marital breakdown. Abuse of all types was more frequent in those from disturbed and disrupted family backgrounds. The background factors associated with reports of abuse were themselves often associated to the same range of negative adult outcomes as for abuse. Logistic regressions indicated that some, though not all, of the apparent associations between abuse and adult problems was accounted for by this matrix of childhood disadvantage from which abuse so often emerged.\nRésumé\nFrench abstract not available at time of publication.\nResumen\nEn esta investigación se examinaron, en una muestra comunitaria de mujeres, las asociaciones entre la existencia de una historia de maltrato físico, maltrato emocional o abuso sexual en la infancia y una serie de problemas sexuales, interpersonales y de salud mental en la vida adulta. El maltrato fue definido de forma que se establecieran grupos con historias de victimización inequívocas. Una historia de cualquier forma de maltrato estaba asociada con aumento en las tasas de psicopatología, dificultades sexuales y problemas interpersonales y un descenso en la autoestima. Las semejanzas entre las tres formas de maltrato en cuanto a su asociación con consecuencias negativas en la época adulta eran más aparentes que cualquier diferencia. Sin embargo, se observaba una tendencia a que el abuso sexual estuviera particularmente asociado con problemas sexuales, el maltrato emocional con una baja autoestima y el maltrato físico con fracaso matrimonial. El maltrato de cualquier tipo se daba de manera más frecuente en aquellos sujetos con historias familiares alteradas y desorganizadas. Los factores de la historia familiar asociados con los informes de maltrato estaban, ellos mismos, a menudo asociados con el mismo rango de consecuencias negativas adultas que se habían asociado con el maltrato. Los análisis de regresión logística indicaron que algunas, aunque no todas, de las aparentes asociaciones entre maltrato y problemas adultos eran explicadas por dicha matriz de desventaja infantil, a partir de la cual emerge el maltrato tan frecuentemente.","DOI":"10.1016/0145-2134(95)00112-3","ISSN":"0145-2134","shortTitle":"The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children","journalAbbreviation":"Child Abuse & Neglect","author":[{"family":"Mullen","given":"P. E."},{"family":"Martin","given":"J. L."},{"family":"Anderson","given":"J. C."},{"family":"Romans","given":"S. E."},{"family":"Herbison","given":"G. P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mullen et al.). Revictimization is really common in women who have been sexually abused in their childhood. The rape victims of child abuse are more likely to experience abuse from their husbands or boyfriends ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fyilOgqu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Green)","plainCitation":"(Green)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1729,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/3ERJZLVS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/3ERJZLVS"],"itemData":{"id":1729,"type":"article-journal","title":"Child Sexual Abuse: Immediate and Long-Term Effects and Intervention","container-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","page":"890-902","volume":"32","issue":"5","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"Objective\nThe primary purpose of this review is to highlight the progress made in the area of child sexual abuse during the recent decade and to identify the gaps in our current knowledge about this syndrome.\nMethod\nMore than 100 articles on child sexual abuse were reviewed, the majority written from 1980 to the present concerning the demographics of child sexual abuse, the psychological effects of child sexual victimization, the psychopathology encountered in adult survivors of child sexual abuse, hypotheses regarding the nature of the trauma, a critique of the research, and approaches to intervention.\nResults\nAlthough a wide variety of psychological sequelae have been documented in sexually abused children referred for evaluation or treatment, there appears to be considerable variability in the severity of the symptoms, and we remain ignorant of sequelae in abused children who never enter the mental health system. However, some of these children may become symptomatic in adult life. Validation of sexual abuse is hampered by the lack of specific behavioral markers. Methodological difficulties in child sexual abuse research include problems with definition, failure to measure severity of the abuse, sampling problems, failure to use standardized or appropriate instruments, problems with validation, and failure to use control groups.\nConclusions\nDespite an increased focus on child sexual abuse in the recent decade, many gaps remain in our knowledge. Prospective longitudinal follow-up studies of sexually abused children and treatment outcome studies are urgently needed.","DOI":"10.1097/00004583-199309000-00002","ISSN":"0890-8567","shortTitle":"Child Sexual Abuse","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","author":[{"family":"Green","given":"ARTHUR H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Green).

Abuser Identity

Child abusers can belong to any profession and can belong to any known or unknown category. Often children from broken families experience abuse in the home settings. The physical, sexual or emotional abuser can be a close family member, teacher, parent, relative or an unknown individual. In an experiment, 2,250 women were randomly selected to examine both specific associations between the histories of the sexual, emotional and physical abuse to the negative adult outcomes. The questionnaires were distributed in the women regarding the mental, demographics, sexual and physical abuse as a child. Around 21.5% of women reported some form of child abuse. From this sample, 7.8% of women reported physical abuse and 11.5 % emotional abuse. The study revealed that 23% reported sexual and physical abuse from the hands of the fathers and stepfathers and 45% reported such abuse from an individual who is not part of an immediate family ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BkQxcTFC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mullen et al.)","plainCitation":"(Mullen et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1727,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NYXDRNMS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NYXDRNMS"],"itemData":{"id":1727,"type":"article-journal","title":"The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study","container-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect","page":"7-21","volume":"20","issue":"1","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"The associations between giving a history of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse in children and a range of mental health, interpersonal, and sexual problems in adult life were examined in a community sample of women. Abuse was defined to establish groups giving histories of unequivocal victimization. A history of any form of abuse was associated with increased rates of psychopathology, sexual difficulties, decreased self-esteem, and interpersonal problems. The similarities between the three forms of abuse in terms of their association with negative adult outcomes was more apparent than any differences, though there was a trend for sexual abuse to be particularly associated to sexual problems, emotional abuse to low self-esteem, and physical abuse to marital breakdown. Abuse of all types was more frequent in those from disturbed and disrupted family backgrounds. The background factors associated with reports of abuse were themselves often associated to the same range of negative adult outcomes as for abuse. Logistic regressions indicated that some, though not all, of the apparent associations between abuse and adult problems was accounted for by this matrix of childhood disadvantage from which abuse so often emerged.\nRésumé\nFrench abstract not available at time of publication.\nResumen\nEn esta investigación se examinaron, en una muestra comunitaria de mujeres, las asociaciones entre la existencia de una historia de maltrato físico, maltrato emocional o abuso sexual en la infancia y una serie de problemas sexuales, interpersonales y de salud mental en la vida adulta. El maltrato fue definido de forma que se establecieran grupos con historias de victimización inequívocas. Una historia de cualquier forma de maltrato estaba asociada con aumento en las tasas de psicopatología, dificultades sexuales y problemas interpersonales y un descenso en la autoestima. Las semejanzas entre las tres formas de maltrato en cuanto a su asociación con consecuencias negativas en la época adulta eran más aparentes que cualquier diferencia. Sin embargo, se observaba una tendencia a que el abuso sexual estuviera particularmente asociado con problemas sexuales, el maltrato emocional con una baja autoestima y el maltrato físico con fracaso matrimonial. El maltrato de cualquier tipo se daba de manera más frecuente en aquellos sujetos con historias familiares alteradas y desorganizadas. Los factores de la historia familiar asociados con los informes de maltrato estaban, ellos mismos, a menudo asociados con el mismo rango de consecuencias negativas adultas que se habían asociado con el maltrato. Los análisis de regresión logística indicaron que algunas, aunque no todas, de las aparentes asociaciones entre maltrato y problemas adultos eran explicadas por dicha matriz de desventaja infantil, a partir de la cual emerge el maltrato tan frecuentemente.","DOI":"10.1016/0145-2134(95)00112-3","ISSN":"0145-2134","shortTitle":"The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children","journalAbbreviation":"Child Abuse & Neglect","author":[{"family":"Mullen","given":"P. E."},{"family":"Martin","given":"J. L."},{"family":"Anderson","given":"J. C."},{"family":"Romans","given":"S. E."},{"family":"Herbison","given":"G. P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mullen et al.).

Effects of Childhood Trauma

Victims of childhood trauma show various physical and psychological symptoms and often lead to psychiatric disorders. Few impacts of the trauma associated with childhood abuse are mentioned below.

Anxiety and depression

The threat of depression and anxiety is higher in the survivors of childhood abuse. Usually, these anxiety symptoms are chronic. The unconscious connection exists between the trauma and the PTSD, a condition in which the anxiety gets trigger by the memory of the abusive events. Depress survivors of the trauma suffer from isolation, low self-esteem, stigmatization and negative self-image ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mmzgCYXu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kuyken and Brewin)","plainCitation":"(Kuyken and Brewin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1731,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/M5BUSSN8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/M5BUSSN8"],"itemData":{"id":1731,"type":"article-journal","title":"Intrusive memories of childhood abuse during depressive episodes","container-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","page":"525-528","volume":"32","issue":"5","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"A sample of adult women with major depression who reported childhood sexual or physical abuse completed a measure of the extent to which they were experiencing intrusive memories of the abuse and their efforts to avoid these memories. The majority of women in the sample reported high levels of disturbing intrusive memories, and high levels of avoidance. Those abused women with particularly high levels of intrusions and more avoidance were also more severely depressed than both non-abused women and abused women with low levels of intrusions and avoidance. Higher levels of intrusions and avoidance were also associated with repeated childhood abuse, sexual abuse involving intercourse and sexual abuse involving a primary caregiver.","DOI":"10.1016/0005-7967(94)90140-6","ISSN":"0005-7967","journalAbbreviation":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","author":[{"family":"Kuyken","given":"Willem"},{"family":"Brewin","given":"Chris R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994",6,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kuyken and Brewin).

Poor development

The risk of poor physical and intellectual development increases in physically abused children. Such children also show aggressive tendencies towards their peers and form difficulty in forming lasting bonds with friends. Studies show that adults who have suffered as a child develop criminal tendencies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yiyGmvI5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown and Ward)","plainCitation":"(Brown and Ward)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1733,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/X7DWYNUY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/X7DWYNUY"],"itemData":{"id":1733,"type":"article-journal","title":"Decision-making within a child’s timeframe: an overview of current research evidence for family justice professionals concerning child development and the impact of maltreatment","source":"dspace.lboro.ac.uk","abstract":"This overview of research evidence was commissioned in response to the Family Justice Review recommendation for consistent training and development for family justice professionals, including a greater emphasis on child development.\r\n\r\nAims and Objectives\r\nThe aim of this study was to bring together key research evidence to facilitate understanding among professionals working in the family justice system in the following areas:\r\n\r\n• Neuroscience perspectives on children's cognitive, social and emotional development.\r\n• The implications of maltreatment on childhood and adulthood wellbeing.\r\n• Evidence on the outcomes of intervention by the courts and children's social care.\r\n• Timeframes for intervening and how they fit (or don't) with those for children.\r\n\r\nThe paper is intended to assist decision-making by family justice professionals and facilitate a greater understanding of individual children's needs and appropriate timeframes.","URL":"https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/handle/2134/18187","shortTitle":"Decision-making within a child’s timeframe","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Rebecca"},{"family":"Ward","given":"Harriet"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown and Ward).

Suicidal behavior and early deaths

Suicidal behavior also increases in the survivors of child abuse. The more child has abused the more risk of suicide increases in the child (Green). According to a report around 51% of the adults, sexual victims have attempted suicide in comparison to the non-victims. The Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) study revealed that in individuals who have experienced the abusive behavior or trauma the risk of unhealthy behaviors increases by 12 folds. These behaviors and risks include smoking, poor health issues, sexually transmitted diseases, inactivity, and obesity. This study proved that exposure to abuse or family dysfunctionality has a strong connection to the various health problems that lead to the early deaths of the patients (JFelitti, FAnda, and Nordenberg).

Psychological disorders

A borderline personality disorder is a common disorder in children who suffer from childhood sexual trauma. This order can be present in the non-victims, but its risk increases in the survivors of sexual abuse. Multiple personality disorder and sexual dysfunctions are also common in individuals who have experienced trauma in some way in their lives.

Results and Conclusion:

Traumas are difficult to deal with, but their impacts become too strong in case of children. Such children start to take the traumatic event as the guide map in their lives and use it to build their opinions about the world. Children see everything as a guide to form their opinions and occurrence of traumatic, abusive events damage their ability to interpret the world and its happenings in the positive light.

It is really essential for a child to deal with the traumatic situations and grow out of it, otherwise, it not only affects their mental health but physical health as well. Such children often wrap themselves in attire of victimization and spend their whole lives feeling like a victim, which make them unable to control their lives. Such individuals grow to be an unsuccessful adult.

The role of the parents, teachers and family members can definitely help the victims to heal out of their traumatic experience. Seeking help from the counselors and psychiatrists can help such children live a normal healthy life. Help from Licences professional counselors and trauma professional can also prove to be useful. Various therapies are proven to really effective in overcoming the effects of the trauma.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is really effective in individuals with PTSD. It teaches the victims to replace the negative emotions, feelings of helplessness with positive thoughts and emotions. Otherwise, the effects of the trauma can impacts their whole lives negatively. Behavioral strategies can help in desensitize the upsetting parts of the trauma so that child can move on from the fear of the event. EMDR is another therapy that if combines with Cognitive therapy, can help the child in dealing with stress associated with memory.

The intensity and duration of a traumatic event is not an important constraint, as one trauma can affect different individuals differently. Depending on the individual's perception of the trauma and feelings associated with the event decides the intensity of the impact. If the childhood traumas are not treated at a young age, they can haunt the victims psychologically, physically and emotionally in various ways and can keep them handicapped emotionally and psychologically for the rest of their lives.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, Rebecca, and Harriet Ward. Decision-Making within a Child’s Timeframe: An Overview of Current Research Evidence for Family Justice Professionals Concerning Child Development and the Impact of Maltreatment. 2012. dspace.lboro.ac.uk, https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/handle/2134/18187.

Green, ARTHUR H. “Child Sexual Abuse: Immediate and Long-Term Effects and Intervention.” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 32, no. 5, Sept. 1993, pp. 890–902. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1097/00004583-199309000-00002.

Kuyken, Willem, and Chris R. Brewin. “Intrusive Memories of Childhood Abuse during Depressive Episodes.” Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 32, no. 5, June 1994, pp. 525–28. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90140-6.

Mullen, P. E., et al. “The Long-Term Impact of the Physical, Emotional, and Sexual Abuse of Children: A Community Study.” Child Abuse & Neglect, vol. 20, no. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 7–21. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00112-3.

JFelitti, Vincent, Robert FAnda, and Dale Nordenberg. "Relationship Of Childhood Abuse And Household Dysfunction To Many Of The Leading Causes Of Death In Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study." (2019): n. pag. Web. 4 Apr. 2019.

Research Psychology

Research Psychology

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Article 1

Suicide is a pertinent reason for death among patients suffering from schizophrenia range disorders. The proportion of endeavoured suicide in psychotic individuals varies from 10 to 50%. Suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia was the subject of the research conducted by Ventriglio and colleagues in 2016. Persons affected by schizophrenia usually feel suicidal and attempt suicide at least once in a lifetime. The study has suggested a link between schizophrenia, the first episode of psychosis and suicide. The study has collected data from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science/Web and Google Scholar ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1j3mo59dd6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"itemData":{"id":115,"type":"article-journal","title":"Suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia","container-title":"Frontiers in psychiatry","page":"116","volume":"7","author":[{"family":"Ventriglio","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Gentile","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Bonfitto","given":"Iris"},{"family":"Stella","given":"Eleonora"},{"family":"Mari","given":"Massimo"},{"family":"Steardo","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Bellomo","given":"Antonello"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ventriglio et al., 2016). All studies conducted from 1997 to 2016 were taken for this research. It is distinguished that schizophrenia is linked with noteworthy damage in functioning, which usually starts in earlier stages of the disease. Also, persons with current suicide ideation have shown a lower score and displayed subordinate functioning. Studies have established that communal drift is common in psychotic illnesses and persons with the first episode of psychosis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a6c79v5gvj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"itemData":{"id":115,"type":"article-journal","title":"Suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia","container-title":"Frontiers in psychiatry","page":"116","volume":"7","author":[{"family":"Ventriglio","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Gentile","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Bonfitto","given":"Iris"},{"family":"Stella","given":"Eleonora"},{"family":"Mari","given":"Massimo"},{"family":"Steardo","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Bellomo","given":"Antonello"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ventriglio et al., 2016). The individuals with suicide attempts were recognized from lower community classes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a21696q6n2q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ventriglio et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6QM27ZW2"],"itemData":{"id":115,"type":"article-journal","title":"Suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia","container-title":"Frontiers in psychiatry","page":"116","volume":"7","author":[{"family":"Ventriglio","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Gentile","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Bonfitto","given":"Iris"},{"family":"Stella","given":"Eleonora"},{"family":"Mari","given":"Massimo"},{"family":"Steardo","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Bellomo","given":"Antonello"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ventriglio et al., 2016). This has also led to the suggestion that individuals from lower community classes suffer from depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts in a greater proportion as compared to the normal population. Though, the connection between community class and prediction is multifaceted. Hopelessness and depression may also develop in individuals in higher community classes. Individual from lower middle class once modify their lifestyle, depression, and anxiety level decreases gradually.

Article 2

120 desperate psychiatric individuals were assessed for depression severity, desperateness, previous challenges, and a desire to commit suicide. These patients were from the emergency psychiatry centre between ages 17 to 60 years. This study was carried out by Singh and other colleagues in 2016 to see the correlation of suicide among patients of schizophrenia and other related disorders. Among these, 20 % had Schizophrenia and related disorders, 65% had affective disorders and 6% of individuals were with other disorders. Numerous studies were conducted examining the part of family medical history in suicidal attempts by patients with schizophrenia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"augq0019as","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Singh, Chandra, & Reddi, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Singh, Chandra, & Reddi, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"itemData":{"id":116,"type":"article-journal","title":"Clinical correlates of suicide in suicidal patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective disorders","container-title":"Indian journal of psychological medicine","page":"517","volume":"38","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Singh","given":"Hemendra"},{"family":"Chandra","given":"Prabha S."},{"family":"Reddi","given":"V. Senthil Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Singh, Chandra, & Reddi, 2016). The results were contradictory as positive medical history was less prevalent in patients with schizophrenia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1jmeh759c9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Singh et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Singh et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"itemData":{"id":116,"type":"article-journal","title":"Clinical correlates of suicide in suicidal patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective disorders","container-title":"Indian journal of psychological medicine","page":"517","volume":"38","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Singh","given":"Hemendra"},{"family":"Chandra","given":"Prabha S."},{"family":"Reddi","given":"V. Senthil Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Singh et al., 2016). Patients with schizophrenic disorders and other related disorders have presented diverse explanations for suicidal thoughts. Family relationships, divorce, separation, lifestyle changes, and social stressors were the chief reasons behind suicide attempts. Past suicidal attempts and socioeconomic status were also associated with it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1b3dun59bb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Singh et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Singh et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QTWEPYQG"],"itemData":{"id":116,"type":"article-journal","title":"Clinical correlates of suicide in suicidal patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective disorders","container-title":"Indian journal of psychological medicine","page":"517","volume":"38","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Singh","given":"Hemendra"},{"family":"Chandra","given":"Prabha S."},{"family":"Reddi","given":"V. Senthil Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Singh et al., 2016). It has been observed that relevant better interventions including cognitive therapies, behavioural changes and interferences based on problem-solving, can significantly decrease the suicide rate among patients with schizophrenia and other related disorders.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Singh, H., Chandra, P. S., & Reddi, V. S. K. (2016). Clinical correlates of suicide in suicidal patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective disorders. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 38(6), 517.

Ventriglio, A., Gentile, A., Bonfitto, I., Stella, E., Mari, M., Steardo, L., & Bellomo, A. (2016). Suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7, 116.

Research Review

Research Review

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Research Review

Introduction

Phantom pain is a kind of pain caused by the interruption or elimination of sensory nerve impulses by injuring sensory nerve fibers after deafferentation or amputation. After injury, trauma or peripheral vascular disease, the occurrence of phantom limb pain is approximately 80%. However, it can also occur in other parts of the body. Primarily, several patients suffering from phantom pain experience intermittent pain with intervals ranging from a day to several weeks. In worse cases, the intervals exceed a year. The anatomy of pain is observed in the form of various attacks varying in duration from seconds to minutes or hours. Other prominent factors which contribute to the occurrence of phantom pain are scar tissue in the area amputated, damaged nerve endings and the physical memory of the pain perception in the affected area. However, the treatment of phantom pain is often unsuccessful. Several intervention techniques as therapies, interventional and conservative management, drug therapy, neuro-pharmacological treatment and various other techniques are commonly utilized to confront phantom pain. It is essential to offer a critical appraisal of the literature review based on the nature and the treatment of phantom pain. Thus, the paper will deliberate the nature of phantom pain and the appropriate methods that can be used to treat it.

Literature Review

In 2011, a research study was published by Wolff and Mikhail N. in association with the fellow professionals to study the causes, peripheral and central neuron mechanism associated with phantom pain. Several treatment interventions were also manifested by the researchers to offer a comprehensive account of the phantom pain. The researchers conducted a descriptive study to collect material from the existing sources and established a collective venture of seeking information ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dOLh8vCZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wolff et al., 2011)","plainCitation":"(Wolff et al., 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":356,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/QYY4QDQZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/QYY4QDQZ"],"itemData":{"id":356,"type":"article-journal","title":"21. Phantom Pain: 21. Phantom Pain","container-title":"Pain Practice","page":"403-413","volume":"11","issue":"4","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","DOI":"10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00454.x","ISSN":"15307085","title-short":"21. Phantom Pain","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Wolff","given":"Andre"},{"family":"Vanduynhoven","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Kleef","given":"Maarten","non-dropping-particle":"van"},{"family":"Huygen","given":"Frank"},{"family":"Pope","given":"Jason E."},{"family":"Mekhail","given":"Nagy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wolff et al., 2011). After trauma, it was found more than half of the patients experienced stump pain also. The physical pain in such cases becomes very challenging as the pain gets localized in the missing part of the body which causes the pain mechanism to include central and peripheral nervous systems. Primarily, it is therapy resistant with very little success rates in treatments. A wide range of caregivers stipulates to have dispensed significant success in their treatment while only 10% of the patients report permanent pain relief from these treatments. There exist only a few essential studies that shed light on the mechanism of phantom pain. A research study conducted by Hanley et al. revealed 585 of the patients suffering from phantom pain never received potential treatment. A critical appraisal of the matter reflects the aspect of more people not getting the treatment lies at the very heart of deeming it incurable.

Besides, it is imperative to discuss treatment methods as interventional and conservative management. Drug therapy has demonstrated productive results in several cases. As per an empirical study conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), the addition of opioids in antidepressants reduced the incidence of phantom pain in the cancer patients from 60% to 30% after two years of amputation. Besides, as per results observed in six patients suffering from phantom limb pain were treated with several injections of etanercept. Significant improvements were observed in the patients with phantom limb pain, psychological well-being and functional capacity after three months of persistent injection. Likewise, interventional management plays an instrumental role to reduce the phantom pain. Several studies have been conducted to observe the impact of epidural anesthesia. Despite the early reduction of pain, the outcomes of the treated patients were not much better than the control patients. Favourable outcomes were observed based on the reports of the cases. Furthermore, mirror therapy has manifested in success in various cases. The productivity of deep brain stimulation also assumes a significant role to cure the pain. In a study comprising 43 respondents, 38 among them reported having experienced a favourable reduction in pain after the experimental stimulation.

A research study published by Bishnu Subedi and T. Grossberg in 2011 highlights the mechanics and treatment techniques of phantom pain ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1jnDFXuT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Subedi & Grossberg, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Subedi & Grossberg, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":357,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/D66G99R7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/D66G99R7"],"itemData":{"id":357,"type":"article-journal","title":"Phantom Limb Pain: Mechanisms and Treatment Approaches","container-title":"Pain Research and Treatment","volume":"2011","source":"www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov","abstract":"The vast amount of research over the past decades has significantly added to our knowledge of phantom limb pain. Multiple factors including site of amputation or presence of preamputation pain have been found to have a positive correlation with the development ...","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3198614/","DOI":"10.1155/2011/864605","note":"PMID: 22110933","title-short":"Phantom Limb Pain","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Subedi","given":"Bishnu"},{"family":"Grossberg","given":"George T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Subedi & Grossberg, 2011). They harnessed the vast amount of research conducted in the past to substantiate their knowledge of phantom limb pain. The impact of mirror neurons inside the brain have been postulated to generate phantom pain. Among widespread treatment approaches, the techniques based on mechanism-based intervention have not evolved essentially. The most successful treatment outcome comprises multi-disciplinary measures. The authors advance to highlight the recent studies and synthesize an integrated collection of treatment and mechanism of phantom limb pain. Widespread therapies were utilized for the management of phantom limb pain. However, the peculiar treatment framework has not evolved in the management of rehabilitation and pain.

Among pharmacological approaches, the usage of anesthesia and pre-emptive analgesia have not remained definite. A study reported a significant decrease in the pain after applying controlled analgesia between 48 hours postoperatively and 48 hours preoperatively. Ketamine was not found to reduce the intensity of severity or acute central sensitization. The opioid is also widely used. In comparison to the tricyclic anti-depressants, comparative tests have revealed the opioids to be more productive. Among non-pharmacological treatments, mirror therapy was proposed in 1996 by Rogers-Ramachandran and Ramachandran (Subedi & Grossberg, 2011). Studies have proved the presence of mirror neurons inside the brain that fire both times when animals observe or perform actions. It is also supplemented by the process of tactile sensation inside the phantom limb produced by touching the virtual image of a limb in the mirror. In comparison to the control group, several studies have compared the productivity of mirror therapy and termed mirror therapy to be productive.

Niki Munk from Indiana University published a study in the United States National Library of Medicine to discuss the significance of massage therapy to reduce phantom pain. There exists a lack of potential research aimed at examining the effectiveness of massage therapy on the patients of phantom limb pain (PLP). The experimental study assesses the outcomes and feasibility of a combined mirror and massage therapy for people with lower PLP ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uSku7Fqf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Massage Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Massage Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":361,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/CQYIUH52"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/CQYIUH52"],"itemData":{"id":361,"type":"webpage","title":"Massage Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain: Feasibility and Pilot Study - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov","abstract":"Massage Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain: Feasibility and Pilot Study - Full Text View.","URL":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03372668","title-short":"Massage Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Massage Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain,” n.d.). The participants perceived the treatment as if it was being applied to their amputated limb. The specific aim of the research was identifying the extent of massage therapy applicable to mirror therapy in order to address PLP intensity severity and interference. The hypothesis was derived that both mirror and massage treatments will have cumulative and acute benefits for PLP intensity, severity and interference.

Swedish massage was chosen to address the unique PLP experience of patients as if it occurred on the corresponding non-PLP. The apparatus comprised a mirror and material to hide the patient and therapist lower body and equipment for ensuring electronic communication. The primary outcomes aimed at reflecting that the patients reported mixed cases of the impact of mirror and massage treatment. Irrefutably, the therapy was productive but the results differed based on the perception and involvement of the individuals.

Analysis

The definite causes of the phantom limb are not exactly comprehended by the researchers. A plausible explanation determines the cause to be the parts of the brain and spinal cord to rewire. It is a manifestation of losing potential signals from the missing leg or arm. Consequently, pain signals are sent which is sensed by the body. To cure the pain, diverse techniques are commonly utilized as therapies, medications and mind-body techniques ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IiJUI5CZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Phantom limb sensation explained | EurekAlert! Science News,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Phantom limb sensation explained | EurekAlert! Science News,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":363,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/GEGYXAB6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/GEGYXAB6"],"itemData":{"id":363,"type":"webpage","title":"Phantom limb sensation explained | EurekAlert! Science News","URL":"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-02/difr-pls022119.php","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Phantom limb sensation explained | EurekAlert Science News,” n.d.). As deliberated in the literature review, it is reflected different techniques have proved successful among which them multi-disciplinary techniques were commonly used. In recent years, the massage and mirror therapies have been widely used by the therapies to cater to the psychological intentions and framework of the patient. It is because of the psychological interpretations that it was deemed a psychiatric illness in the past. With the increased technological and medical advancement, the researchers found that paradigm has translated toward changes at various levels, especially the cortex. It is worthy to mention none of the theoretical paradigms appears to assimilate the process of PLP independently and several researchers’ belief multiple mechanisms are possible.

Conclusion

Phantom pain is a relatively disabling and common entity. Since the last five centuries, researchers have explored and understood the manifestations of PLP. Various mechanism-based interventions for treatment are still evolving and several treatments rely on the recommendations for the neuropathic pain. Further research ought to be aimed at evaluating the relationship between the varied proposed mechanisms underpinning PLP. The impact and intensity of phantom pain vary from person to person. In some cases, the phantom pain disappears or decreases over the passage of time. The cases where the pain is exacerbated, it is essential to seek critical care and assistance. As per an estimate, the number of amputees in the United States of America will surge to 3.6 million by 2050. Thus, it has become imperative to understand the phenomenon of PLP thoroughly as efficiency is subjective in the treatment. Since no single treatment is effective for PLP, the health care professionals must establish a prudent medication procedure by integrating several therapies and targeting diverse elements of the disease.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Massage Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain: Feasibility and Pilot Study - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2019, from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03372668

Phantom limb sensation explained | EurekAlert! Science News. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2019, from https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-02/difr-pls022119.php

Subedi, B., & Grossberg, G. T. (2011). Phantom Limb Pain: Mechanisms and Treatment Approaches. Pain Research and Treatment, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/864605

Wolff, A., Vanduynhoven, E., van Kleef, M., Huygen, F., Pope, J. E., & Mekhail, N. (2011). 21. Phantom Pain: 21. Phantom Pain. Pain Practice, 11(4), 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00454.x

Reseorce

Resources Worksheet

As a counselor, it is important to have resources on hand for a variety of situations and clients. By completing the table below, you will create a job aid that can be used when looking for possible childhood trauma interventions. The interventions listed can either pertain to play therapy or art therapy. Include a properly formatted reference note in the reference section below when appropriate.

3 Directive or Cognitive-Behavioral Play/Art Therapy Interventions for Children

3 Different Group Play/Art Therapy Interventions for Children

3 Different Family Play/Art Therapy Interventions for Children

1. Using puppets for showing children different emotions such as aggression or sadness.

1. Using blocks in groups. Children are encouraged to construct blocks with other children. This improve their mental functionality.

1. Family based behavioral treatment. Parents are told to use rewarding strategy and punishments for removing bad habits. Children realize the difference between good and bad.

2. Talk therapy: making children talk and share their concerns. They are engaged in different playful situations where they talk.

2. Toys and dolls are provided to the children. They play with these toys in group and learn to interact and communicate with others.

2. Watching a movie together. This is an effective way which allow children to build strong bonding with their parents. It is also possible to remove the distance.

3. Play dough is used which allow children to use their creativity and make different things from dough.

Play dough allow students to use their imagination.

3. The feeling word game. Children are taught to express their feelings by using different expressions. This helps them to represent emotions by making expressions. This is also an effective method for controlling negative emotions of the children.

3. Functional family therapy encourage family members to reduce the problems by choosing a common strategy. It motivate them to remove negativity an replace it with positive behaviors.

References:

Padilla, C. R., & Griffiths, Y. (2011). A Professional Legacy: The Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectures in Occupational Therapy, 1955-2010. AOTA Press.

Stress. (2019). Stress: An Epidemic Among College Students . Retrieved 09 29, 2019, from https://www.stress.org/stress-an-epidemic-among-college-students

Reddy, K. J., Menon, K. R., & AnjanaThattil. (2018). Academic Stress and its Sources Among University Students . Biomed Pharmacol J , 11 (1).

Response Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

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[Date]

Response Paper

Q 1. The area of psychology depends upon various theories and schools of thoughts that define different human behaviors and the actions and reactions to a different phenomenon. Same is the case for the subject of philosophy. Both these subjects attempt to answer different questions regarding human actions and reactions in various situations. In an attempt to answer these questions, both the subjects have developed a number of perspectives and schools of thought that tend to provide different explanations to the kinds of behavior than individual exhibits in different situations. In this respect, two theories hold great importance, both in the areas of psychology and philosophy. These theories or schools of thoughts are known as behaviorist approach or perspective and Constructive approach or perspective. Both these perspectives have served as guiding lights for the psychologist in the explanation of the nature of different individuals.

Behaviorism or behaviorist approach refers to the learning perspective that all the behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs when an individual works and interacts with the environment. This theory states that the behavior can be studied in the case of interactions with other individuals and the society without keeping in consideration of the internal mental states. On the other hand, there is a constructive approach that forms its basis on the personal experiences and observations of every person. The theory states that an individual builds its perspectives or understandings of the world bases on his or her experiences that he has faced in the world. A person reflects on their own learning and experiences and then builds up and understanding or perspective of the world in which they live. Based on the above-mentioned explanations of learning perspectives, it can be clearly seen that the major difference lies in the use of thoughts experiences and memories.

Q 2. Erik Homburger Erikson was a German-born American psychologist and psychoanalyst who is known for his tremendous contributions in various areas of psychology. Erikson presented most of his contributions in the area of psychological development of an individual. Erikson is also known as the pioneer or coiner of the term, identity-crisis. Erik Erikson is famous for identifying and presenting eight stages of psychological development in an individual. He argued that while growing up, individual passes through eight necessary stages of development that play a very major role in the learning and development of that individual. These eight stages have been elaborated below:

Trust vs. Mistrust

Autonomy vs. Shame

Initiative vs. Guilt

Industry vs. Inferiority

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

It can be clearly seen that Erikson focused on presenting the various psychological stages of development in a way of comparison. All the eight stages have been described in a way that a positive psychological state has been compared with a negative one. The reason behind the presentation of developmental stages is that Erikson was of the view that every individual goes through a psychological crisis in their life when they are growing up. In fact, this process goes on for their whole life, as the process of growth goes on all their life. The approach of something vs. something on the basis of this rationale.

I have seen many individuals going through all these stages of development when they were growing up but the closes observation was my own brother. I have observed various psychological changes in him since he was born and as he is growing up. The most significant change in his personality or the developmental stage that I have observed in him is industry vs. inferiority.

Q 3.

Classroom management is an art that should be learned by every teacher no matter what level they are teaching at. These skills come in handy at every level, whether a teacher is teaching at a primary level or university level, these skills deem very important and even have a capability to shape up and define the whole career of a person. The term classroom management refers to a wide range of skills and techniques adopted by the teachers and professors in order to keep their students organized, attentive, focused, on task and academically productive during a class. The classroom management strategies help a teacher not only to have control over the whole class but also become a popular instructor among his or her students. Some of these strategies have been elaborated below:

Encourage Participation

Students always feel more connected to a teacher who encourages participation in the class. It motivates the student to perform better and present their ideas in a better way.

Offer Praise for Good Performance

A good teacher should provide positive feedback on a regular basis for good behavior and performance. Praising a student in the form of verbal and non-verbal form improves their confidence and boosts up their self-esteem.

Hand Over Tangible Rewards

Providing the student with tangible rewards also boost up their confidence in the teacher and develops their interest in the subject as well.

Address Bad Behavior on Urgent Basis

A good teacher should not hesitate to address bad or faulty behavior especially if a student fails to comply with any of the documented rules. The best strategy for this is to confront the student in private. Alert them about the bad side of breaking the rules in general and then the importance of following the specific rule.

Response Paper

Response Paper

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Response Paper

The development of a child is not only the physical development; it consists of mental, psychological, emotional, and social development as well. Parents, peers and teachers, all play an important role in developing and shaping the child’s health. Often, there are children who face difficulty in language and expression of feelings due to certain psychological issues. Effective techniques and strategies should be used by parents and teachers to overcome these issues.

Response 1

Language is the most important and essential tool for communication. The proper development of lingual skills makes the child able to communicate with others and become well aware of their opinions and ideas ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QSwZGRjQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lynch 2010)","plainCitation":"(Lynch 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":217,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/K3XUP5HU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/K3XUP5HU"],"itemData":{"id":217,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social Skills: Laying the Foundation for Success.","container-title":"Dimensions of Early Childhood","page":"3-12","volume":"38","issue":"2","source":"eric.ed.gov","abstract":"Well-informed teachers of young children recognize the importance of children's social development. The development of social skills lays a critical foundation for later academic achievement as well as work-related skills. Social development is such a key issue with young children that a number of methods to address social skills have been advocated. Some of these methods include: (1) setting up classrooms to enhance social development; (2) providing play opportunities to promote social functioning; and (3) teaching social skills directly. Teaching social skills can incorporate a number of techniques, including direct instruction, learning from peers, prevention of problem behaviors, and children's books. Many social behaviors are better learned among peers, so teachers of young children are in a unique position to promote social learning in their classrooms. This article provides teachers with several research-based strategies to promote young children's social skills development.","ISSN":"ISSN-1068-6177","shortTitle":"Social Skills","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Lynch","given":"Sharon A. |Simpson"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lynch, 2010). Tanya’s language skills need to be developed with the help and coordination of her parents. Mr. and Mrs. Jones have stated that Tanya mispronounces words and speaks with a lisp. This shows speech impairment and lack of confidence. As a health instructor, I would suggest her mother and Mr. Jones not to point out the child’s errors directly. They should help Tanya develop her language skills by modeling good speech and doing revisions on a daily basis for addressing her articulation needs. I would suggest them to repeat what Tanya says but use the correct pronunciation, for her language development. Her reading and writing skills can be developed by reading with the child and in a way that the child imitates and repeats correct words.

Response 2

As Tanya’s parents are unable to give her proper time and attention, and her brother looks after her, she might have become shy and introvert. There’s a big age difference between Tanya and her brother; their ideas and interests might have been different from each other, therefore, Tanya may have developed a habit of watching movies. It is also revealed that she has no friends and she does not invite anyone to her house. These things may have made her an introvert and socially inactive. I would suggest Mrs. Jones to try to engage Tanya in different activities at school and make her sit with some friendly and interactive fellows so that she also interacts socially with them. I would suggest Tanya’s mother and father to spend more time with her and invite her friends at home to play and spend time with her. This would build her confidence and improve her social skills ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"X6qB2Psy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lynch 2010)","plainCitation":"(Lynch 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":217,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/K3XUP5HU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/K3XUP5HU"],"itemData":{"id":217,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social Skills: Laying the Foundation for Success.","container-title":"Dimensions of Early Childhood","page":"3-12","volume":"38","issue":"2","source":"eric.ed.gov","abstract":"Well-informed teachers of young children recognize the importance of children's social development. The development of social skills lays a critical foundation for later academic achievement as well as work-related skills. Social development is such a key issue with young children that a number of methods to address social skills have been advocated. Some of these methods include: (1) setting up classrooms to enhance social development; (2) providing play opportunities to promote social functioning; and (3) teaching social skills directly. Teaching social skills can incorporate a number of techniques, including direct instruction, learning from peers, prevention of problem behaviors, and children's books. Many social behaviors are better learned among peers, so teachers of young children are in a unique position to promote social learning in their classrooms. This article provides teachers with several research-based strategies to promote young children's social skills development.","ISSN":"ISSN-1068-6177","shortTitle":"Social Skills","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Lynch","given":"Sharon A. |Simpson"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lynch, 2010).

Response 3

As told by Mrs. Jones, Tanya is not able to work independently; she gets upset and cries when she does not get attention while working. Her mother tells that she is happily involved in her household chores and is active at home. This shows that Tanya demands individual and full attention while doing her work. In a classroom, a teacher has to look after many students so she is unable to give individual attention to Tanya, and at home Tanya’s brother does not give her full attention while working. I would like to suggest that Tanya should be given individual attention in the class while doing her work and her mother must spend time with her or ask her brother to pay attention to her while she is doing homework. This should be done for a few days and along with this, Tanya should be given proper counselling which may enable her to work independently ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PrDHI3j7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nabuzoka and Smith 1993)","plainCitation":"(Nabuzoka and Smith 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":219,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/6QKBYZK7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/6QKBYZK7"],"itemData":{"id":219,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sociometric Status and Social Behaviour of Children with and without Learning Difficulties","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","page":"1435-1448","volume":"34","issue":"8","source":"Wiley Online Library","abstract":"Abstract— The sociometric status and behaviour of 179 children aged 8 0–12.0 years, including 36 children with learning disabilities, were examined Compared to non-LD children, more LD children were rejected and fewer were popular LD children were nominated as shy, seeking help and as victims of bullying significantly more than non-LD children, fewer were nominated as cooperative or as a leader. Aggressive behaviours did not distinguish the two groups. Teacher scores of LD children's behaviour were not related to peer nominations, although those of non-LD children were Findings are discussed in relation to the role of social cognitive deficits in LD children's relationships with peers.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02101.x","ISSN":"1469-7610","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Nabuzoka","given":"Dabie"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Peter K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nabuzoka and Smith, 1993).

Response 4

As Tanya is a young kid, she would enjoy learning through activities. Her confidence should be boosted and different fun activities should be planned for her to get involved. In school, she should be encouraged to take part in games and other activities with her fellows, and at home she should be engaged in outdoor activities and games to build her confidence and make learning enjoyable for her.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Boyatzis, C., & Junn, E. (2015). Annual Editions: Child Growth and Development (22 ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/Annual-Editions-Child-Growth-Development/dp/1259406199

Lynch, S. A., & Simpson, C. G. (2010). Social Skills: Laying the Foundation for Success. Dimensions of Early Childhood, 38(2), 3-12. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ945679

Nabuzoka, D., & Smith, P. K. (1993). Sociometric Status and Social Behaviour of Children with and without Learning Difficulties. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02101.x

Responses

Responses

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Responses

Response 1

The discussion post highlighted several important points that facilitate in understanding the working of CBD. Typically, CBD blocks the metabolizing enzyme FAAH by utilizing the fatty acids binding proteins that carry THC and CBD from the cell membrane. The enzyme FAAH hydrolyzes the endocannabinoids (Cilio & Devinsky, 2014). They attach to CB receptors present in the presynaptic neuron terminal. This, in turn, help in activating the receptors that will reduce glutamate. CBD can be used effectively to treat seizures. However, I would also like to add that CBD can help in treating the patients that have a history of Dravet syndrome.

Response 2

This post helped a lot in understanding the working mechanism of CBD. I agree with you that CBD does not directly block FAAH and FABPs are responsible for carrying both the THC and CBD to the interior of the cell. Also, it does not bind with CB 1 and CB 2 receptors, and it does not help in activating them. I agree with you that CBD can be effectively used in treating colitis disorder. Although, doctors try to treat this disease with several steroids, yet I think that they should consider treating it with CBD as it produces no side effects (Maa & Figi, 2014).

Response 3

After reading the discussion post, I must say that it has helped a lot in understanding the benefits of medical marijuana. Several diseases such as Parkinson's disease, cancer, and AIDS, etc can be treated with the help of medical marijuana. Despite, several benefits, it is still not legalized by the FDA. However, THC, that is a cannabinoid found in marijuana is used in making medicines that are also approved by the FDA (Fergusson & Boden, 2006). I also agree with you that THC has some side effects as well, such as increased anxiety, yet CBD is known to be an effective medicine to relieve pain and reducing anxiety. However, the monitoring of CBD is highly recommended.

Response 4

This discussion post aids in understanding the advantages of medical marijuana. I agree with you that several controversies surround the issue of legalization of medical marijuana. Although, medical marijuana helps in treating several diseases such as cancer, anxiety, and AIDS, etc yet still is it is not legalized. The research conducted on the CBD proves that it helps in reducing the side effects caused by the THC and has no side effects as well. I also agree with you that both CBD and THC have similar structures yet still they have different psychotic effects (Maa & Figi, 2014).

References

Cilio, M. R., Thiele, E. A., & Devinsky, O. (2014). The case for assessing cannabidiol in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 55(6), 787-790.

Fergusson, D. M., Poulton, R., Smith, P. F., & Boden, J. M. (2006). Cannabis and psychosis. Bmj, 332(7534), 172-175.

Maa, E., & Figi, P. (2014). The case for medical marijuana in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 55(6), 783-786.

Responses

Responses

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Responses

Response 1

Hallucinations are the experiences that consist of apparent perceptions of something not present in reality (Corlett & Powers III, 2018). After reading your post, I must say that you highlighted the main points of the article that helped in understanding what the article was really about. I also agree with you as I always have wondered whether psychedelic drugs contribute to mental illness or not; however, I was relieved that it is not something accepted by many researchers. While discussing ketamine, I would also like to add that although it does help in treating alcohol or cocaine addiction yet when misused causes hallucinations.

Response 2

After reading your discussion post, I must say that you have highlighted every part of the article in a simpler way that helps the reader in understanding more about the topic hallucinations. It is a general perception that hallucinations involve experiencing a state that is not present in reality (Corlett & Powers III, 2018). Most of the people are not aware of different categories of hallucinations as all types exhibit several similarities. I also agree with you that psychedelic drugs, LSD, and mescaline help treating various mental disorders, but I would also like to add that all of them have some side effects as well. Moreover, if used in an excessive amount, they can be used as drugs of abuse.

Response 3

The discussion you did regarding schizophrenia facilitates a lot in understanding more about this mental illness. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is associated with abnormal behavior and confused thinking (Praveen & Macpherson, 2018). I also agree that several antipsychotic medications can result in mental abnormalities. Generally, schizophrenia symptoms can be categorized as positive and negative symptoms. The positive symptoms include psychosis, while negative include speech difficulty and confusing behavior. I also agree with you that drugs like ketamine and phencyclidine when overused also result in symptoms that are typically similar to schizophrenia.

Response 4

After reading your discussion post, I must say that the way you explained the types of schizophrenia facilities a lot in understanding each type. Several theories are surrounding the topic of what causes schizophrenia. According to one theory, people having schizophrenia have enlarged lateral and third ventricles while others claim that less active frontal lobes are the reason for people having schizophrenia. I also agree with you that no one theory can explain what is the actual cause of schizophrenia however the dopamine hypothesis is the only theory that can explain the cause of schizophrenia to some extent (Kesby & Scott, 2018).

References

Corlett, P. R., Horga, G., Fletcher, P. C., Alderson-Day, B., Schmack, K., & Powers III, A. R. (2018). Hallucinations and strong priors. Trends in cognitive sciences.

Kesby, J. P., Eyles, D. W., McGrath, J. J., & Scott, J. G. (2018). Dopamine, psychosis and schizophrenia: the widening gap between basic and clinical neuroscience. Translational psychiatry, 8(1), 30.

Praveen, K. T., & Macpherson, R. (2018). Social functioning in schizophrenia.

Review

Role Of Parents

Different parenting styles and children behavior

Student name

Affiliations

The family environment is the main influencer for children functioning as well as for their well-being. Parents have a basic role in a family environment to prepare their children for their lives. Children during their adolescence also get the influence of their peers. But parents have a more effective role in externalizing their children behaviors. For this purpose, parents can use different styles and each style is responsible for the specific behavioral outcome in children. This essay will analyze the role of parents in children development and will discuss different parenting styles and their impact on adolescents' behavioral outcomes.

Authoritative Parenting:

Parents in this style inaugurate different rules and guidelines and expect their children to follow them. However, they are also receptive to them and listen to their questions and provide feedback and provision accordingly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OQpZBis2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Larzelere, Morris, & Harrist, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Larzelere, Morris, & Harrist, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2017,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/IPZGK7KJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/IPZGK7KJ"],"itemData":{"id":2017,"type":"book","title":"Authoritative Parenting: Synthesizing Nurturance and Discipline for Optimal Child Development","publisher":"American Psychological Association","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=gtBZLwEACAAJ","ISBN":"978-1-4338-1240-8","author":[{"family":"Larzelere","given":"R. E."},{"family":"Morris","given":"A. S."},{"family":"Harrist","given":"A. W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Larzelere, Morris, & Harrist, 2013). In case of failure, they are more nurturing towards their children as compared to punishing. This parenting style makes children happy and capable of achieving success in their lives.

Authoritarian Parenting:

Parents in this style expect their children to obey them by following their strict rules. They do not clarify the reasons behind their rules and in case of failure, they are more towards punishing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3EYCvnGQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Steinberg, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Steinberg, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2016,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/PKCVFUHN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/PKCVFUHN"],"itemData":{"id":2016,"type":"book","title":"Adolescence","publisher":"McGraw-Hill","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=5CmHwO8cvRoC","ISBN":"978-0-07-241456-1","author":[{"family":"Steinberg","given":"L. D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Steinberg, 2002). This parenting style makes children obedient and skillful, but they remain less happy in their lives.

Indulgent Parenting:

Parents in this style give their children freedom and have relatively few demands from their children. They are lenient and involve with their children in case of a serious problem. Children raised with this style often struggle academically. They face more behavioral problems and have low self-esteem.

Indifferent Parenting:

Parents in this style are neither demanding nor responsive ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3EYCvnGQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Steinberg, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Steinberg, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2016,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/PKCVFUHN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/PKCVFUHN"],"itemData":{"id":2016,"type":"book","title":"Adolescence","publisher":"McGraw-Hill","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=5CmHwO8cvRoC","ISBN":"978-0-07-241456-1","author":[{"family":"Steinberg","given":"L. D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Steinberg, 2002). They have little knowledge about their children activities and also do not involve children in decision making. They just fulfill their basic needs and remain detached from their children's life. As a result, these children lack self-control and are less competent than their peers.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Larzelere, R. E., Morris, A. S., & Harrist, A. W. (2013). Authoritative Parenting: Synthesizing Nurturance and Discipline for Optimal Child Development. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=gtBZLwEACAAJ

Steinberg, L. D. (2002). Adolescence. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=5CmHwO8cvRoC

S.O.A.P. Notes

SOAP Notes

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Subjective

“He goes out drinking all night and I get so furious. I’m done going around town trying to find him at bars.” Persistent drinking habit of her husband has caused her disappointment. Cl. stated that he has no aggressive behaviors at home such as child abuse and viciousness. He has a habit of drinking from earlier stages of life. No other medical problem has been observed yet but the situation is aggravating day by day.

Objective

Vital signs include no aggression and violence. She has been concerned for family life and impression of drinking on children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1al34414h4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf \\super 1\\nosupersub{}}","plainCitation":"1"},"citationItems":[{"id":117,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6KHCWKYH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6KHCWKYH"],"itemData":{"id":117,"type":"article-journal","title":"Assessment of SOAP note evaluation tools in colleges and schools of pharmacy","container-title":"Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning","page":"576-584","volume":"9","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Sando","given":"Karen R."},{"family":"Skoy","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Bradley","given":"Courtney"},{"family":"Frenzel","given":"Jeanne"},{"family":"Kirwin","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Urteaga","given":"Elizabeth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 1. Family history of drinking has complicated the situation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1d9e1p48e","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf \\super 1\\nosupersub{}}","plainCitation":"1"},"citationItems":[{"id":117,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6KHCWKYH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6KHCWKYH"],"itemData":{"id":117,"type":"article-journal","title":"Assessment of SOAP note evaluation tools in colleges and schools of pharmacy","container-title":"Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning","page":"576-584","volume":"9","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Sando","given":"Karen R."},{"family":"Skoy","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Bradley","given":"Courtney"},{"family":"Frenzel","given":"Jeanne"},{"family":"Kirwin","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Urteaga","given":"Elizabeth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 1. She is concerned and looking for long term solution. She is confused about treating and managing the situation of her husband at home. She sensed frustrated when she found her husband drunk every night.

Assessment

She needs support and encouragement for managing the state of her husband. Her husband has unceasing drinking routine and has least interest in family life. Assessing the situation in searching for a permanent solution and blaming herself for the condition of her husband. Needs regular appointments to support and encourage her husband to stop drinking. Considering divorce or separation would not help him out. She is assuming that there is a need of better intervention therapies for better consequences.

Plan

She blames herself for her husband’s drinking habit and is honest in that opinion. She is supportive and helpful and wants to improve the condition of her husband. Providing psychological health education concerning husband’s alcohol use. She is seeking for an appointment at Al-Anon for support and to oppose negative self-ideations. Awareness regarding mental health is mandatory for her husband ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a26npcnhuqg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf \\super 2\\nosupersub{}}","plainCitation":"2"},"citationItems":[{"id":120,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FVEIB6RF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FVEIB6RF"],"itemData":{"id":120,"type":"article-journal","title":"Clinical validation of reduced alcohol consumption after treatment for alcohol dependence using the World Health Organization risk drinking levels","container-title":"Alcoholism: clinical and experimental research","page":"179-186","volume":"41","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"},{"family":"Hallgren","given":"Kevin A."},{"family":"Kranzler","given":"Henry R."},{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl F."},{"family":"Hasin","given":"Deborah S."},{"family":"Falk","given":"Daniel E."},{"family":"Litten","given":"Raye Z."},{"family":"O'Malley","given":"Stephanie S."},{"family":"Anton","given":"Raymond F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 2. Regular medical checkups are mandatory for patients with drinking habits. Regular observation of blood pressure and other vitals such as pulse, blood sugar levels and psychological health assessment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"afiarhv4k2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf \\super 1\\nosupersub{}}","plainCitation":"1"},"citationItems":[{"id":117,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6KHCWKYH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6KHCWKYH"],"itemData":{"id":117,"type":"article-journal","title":"Assessment of SOAP note evaluation tools in colleges and schools of pharmacy","container-title":"Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning","page":"576-584","volume":"9","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Sando","given":"Karen R."},{"family":"Skoy","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Bradley","given":"Courtney"},{"family":"Frenzel","given":"Jeanne"},{"family":"Kirwin","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Urteaga","given":"Elizabeth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 1. Cognitive behavioral therapy would also be recommended. Clients with persistent habits of drinking often develop cardiovascular disorders as well as high risk of developing lung cancer. A regular medical check-up can help assess the conditions in earlier stages.

End Notes

Sando KR, Skoy E, Bradley C, Frenzel J, Kirwin J, Urteaga E. Assessment of SOAP note evaluation tools in colleges and schools of pharmacy. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2017;9(4):576-584.

Witkiewitz K, Hallgren KA, Kranzler HR, et al. Clinical validation of reduced alcohol consumption after treatment for alcohol dependence using the World Health Organization risk drinking levels. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017;41(1):179-186.

Schizophrenia

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Schizophrenia

Introduction

It is a chronic and stark mental disorder that affects a person's thinking, feeling, and behavior. These people have no association with reality as they have false dogmas and confused thinking. Sometimes, they may feel that they are hearing voices that do not exist. Moreover, they may also have many more mental health problems such as nervousness as well as sadness. Due to highly disordered thought process, they often say odd things, show inappropriate emotions as well as move their bodies in peculiar ways. Hence, these people are mostly socially withdrawn and isolated.

Discussion

Causes

One of the main causes of Schizophrenia is genes. The disease finds its application in the genetic predisposition and people can inherit this disease. However, scientists have not got any proof of involvement of any single gene (Foster). It is believed that certain genes increase the risk of schizophrenia and people having these genes are at more risk of disease. For example, identical twins have the highest ratio of this disease. Moreover, risk in fraternal twins is also high as well as in children and siblings.

Similarly, people with Schizophrenia have structural brain abnormalities, explicitly enlarged ventricles. Their enlargement is the result of deterioration in brain functions. Schizophrenia progression in a patient damages the brain and results in severe symptoms. Furthermore, certain neurotransmitters are also found to link with the disease. Their presence or absence leads to the development of different symptoms in patients (Laura A. King). For example, if a person faces problems in regulations of the amount of dopamine production, then he can suffer from the disease (Foster). Likewise, the Glutamine amount is directly linked with the development and progression of the disease. Glutamine in a human is responsible for sending the excitement messages and drugs that are used to treat the disease cause an upsurge in the amount of the amino acid.

Moreover, different psychological factors are also responsible for increasing the symptoms. For instance, some children may have unresponsive parents and do not have good childhood experiences. This causes stress in these people and ultimately leads to the progress of different indicators of the disease in people. In addition, different sociocultural factors are also there that affect the state of the disease, although they are not directly responsible for the disease. Developing and non-industrialized cultures play an important role in lessening the symptoms of the disease as compared to the positive role of the industrialized cultures.

Symptoms

Schizophrenia symptoms get severe gradually starting from young adulthood and never resolving till the end. Its symptoms are classified as positive, negative and cognitive deficits

(Marder and Galderisi p.14). Positive symptoms refer to distortion of normal functions in the form of hallucinations, delusions and movement disorders. Hallucinations are the sensory experiences that a person practices in the absence of real stimuli. For example, a person can be seen complaining about hearing different voices (Laura A. King). Moreover, the grumping can be about tastes and smells. Likewise, delusions refer to false and unusual opinions that are not included in any person's cultural beliefs. With this, a person may also have movement disorders comprising unusual movements; body movements and facial expressions.

On the other hand, negative symptoms refer to a decrease in the normal functions of a person, resulting in people's social withdrawal and behavioral deficits (Marder and Galderisi p.14). Likewise, cognitive symptoms refer to deficits in executive functioning such as trouble in sustaining attention as well as incapability to construe evidence.

Treatment

It is also observed that there is not an accurate practical measure to deal with the issue of schizophrenia. People suffering from this disease need lifetime treatment (Gillespie p.12). If the treatment is provided at an earlier stage, then it is more beneficial for patients as symptoms mostly get under control. However, later stage or delayed treatments can lead to severe difficulties. Hence, adoption and proper implementation of the treatment plan can be a helpful approach to prevent the extreme complications of this psychological issue. It is also noteworthy to consider that gaining more knowledge about the risk aspects of this disease can be assistive to earlier identification of this concern and better treatment.

Conclusion

Schizophrenia is a grave mental illness that changes people's normal behavior. They start interpreting veracity peculiarly. This can be in the form of hallucinations, delusions, and exceptionally messy thinking and behavior. This affects the daily functioning of people. Moreover, the exact cause of this disease is not known (Laura A. King). Certain factors are associated with the disease that have the potential of increasing the risk of the disease. People may have a family history of schizophrenia and have more chances of getting this disease in their childhood.

Similarly, if the immune system is extremely activated as a result of any inflammation or autoimmune disease, then there are also chances of getting the disease. Likewise, some people are also in the habit of having mind-altering drugs during their teen years and may get this disease. Former research studies indicate that the disproportions in the form of complex, interlinked chemical reactions of the brain eventually associate with the neurotransmitters. The imbalance approach can also be observed as dopamine and glutamate that ultimately leads to the issue of schizophrenia.

It is also argued by some researchers that the approach of brain development before birth may also be the cause of defective associations. Extensive changes in the case of brain functioning can also be observed during the phase of puberty. The alterations of brain operations during this phase can also be the reason for psychotic symptoms specifically for the individuals who are vulnerable due to the aspects of genetics or brain differences.

Works Cited

Foster, H. D. What Causes Schizophrenia. Trafford Publishing, 2003, https://books.google.com/books?id=F90i_FOSvbEC.

Gillespie, Amy L., et al. “Is Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia Categorically Distinct from Treatment-Responsive Schizophrenia? A Systematic Review.” BMC Psychiatry, vol. 17, no. 1, 2017, p. 12.

Laura A. King, P. King, The Science of Psychology (NASTA Reinforced High School Binding). McGraw-Hill Education, 2010, https://books.google.com/books?id=1hMIYgEACAAJ.

Marder, Stephen R., and Silvana Galderisi. “The Current Conceptualization of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia.” World Psychiatry, vol. 16, no. 1, 2017, pp. 14–24.

Schizophrenia

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Schizophrenia

Introduction

A beautiful mind is a motion picture that was released in 2001 staring Russell Crowe as who portrayed the character of Nobel Prize-winning mathematician Job Nash who had a brilliant mind. In this movie theme of schizophrenia has been explored. It presents various things that point towards the schizophrenia. This movie shows that when one of physically ill, it is the body that is sick, but when one is sick psychologically it is the mind that sick. It could be clearly seen in this movie that when someone is psychologically ill he/she would be having social connotations along with with the abnormalities especially abnormalities regarding brain its functionality. It is a movie in which a story of a character is being depicted. This movie is actually based on the life of Noble Prize winner John Nash who has been struggling with schizophrenia.

In this movie, it has been seen that the main character remain unaware of the fact that he is suffering from a mental disordered in which the person suffers from the decreased ability to understand the reality and strange speech. This movie can give a lot of information about the psychological conditions of schizophrenia. It has been seen it portrays nature and symptoms of schizophrenia (Nasar,et,al,2011). The first symptom when the audience comes to know about the main character suffering from this mental disorder is when they see his increasing inability of communication and convey his feeling and it cast negative effects on his personal relationships. It is the biographical film and was inspired by the bestseller, Pulitzer Prize-nominated book that was written by Sylvia Nasar. John F Nash is who Global Prize for his theory of game (the work that he did in economics).

Background

In the cinema or film industry, filming the lives of famous and extraordinary personalities are an important part. Making films on the biographies of people not only fascinate directions but also at the same time it grasp the attention of those who follow that personality. This movie was made after being inspired by the real-life story of John Nash.

It is the story of a person who was born in Bluefield and was an introvert kind of a person who used to stay quiet most of the time. Since his childhood, he was quite different from the rest of the children he loved reading and carrying out experiments rather than playing with children. For him, the most appealing and attractive things were the intricate patterns and codes. He wishes to be like his father who an engineer. After a lot of hard work he finally gets a scholarship and en to Carnegie Institute of Technology. After spending just one year there he decides that he wants to study mathematics.

One of the main things about this movie and John Nash is to know about his character. He was not at all popular among his fellows rather he was notoriously called ignorant and odd. His unfamiliarity even at his next educational institute behavior remained the same where he used to stay quite among his fellow. His teachers and tutors were aware of his potential and skills. He was most found lost in his thoughts. He made a theorem known as Nash’s theorem. He also served as a lecturer at MIT. He has been seen having relationships with many men one after other. Being in a relationship with numbers of men and a nurse he eventually marries one of his ex-student Alicia (Kalra,et,al,2011). They lived like a happy couple but then his mental health started declining and he went to a mental hospital and was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He struggled with schizophrenia throughout his life and during that time his work was recognized by many young economists. He went back to Alicia and started developing a healthy relationship with his family and friends and went back to research with his mental health improving steadily.

It is a kind of biographical representation of John Nash' life so it was seen that in this movie firstly he was shown as a student who studies at Princeton in 1947. Undoubtedly he is the mathematical genius but this thing cannot be denied that no one lives a perfect life and the same was the case with John Nash (Russell Crowe). Since the time he was a student at Princeton, he flung it difficult to communicate with people and it could be said that he has been portrayed as someone who lacks social skills. This fact cannot be denied that communicate is the main tool that helps in making a relationship with others and conveying our thoughts what we are thinking or what they feel (Thet,et,al,2009). One thing that is quite obvious about this movie and its background is, this movie is made for recognizing the efforts and services of John Nash.

Discussion

Generally, it has been seen that there are negative impacts of any disorder or disease but it is quite interesting that in this movie the audience comes across positive effects of schizophrenia as well. There are numbers of pros and cons that have been witnessed in this movie and both these are listed below:

Pros

There could be seen many pros in this movie but one of the main advantages that has been witnessed in this movie is that it is an inspiration for those who struggle with any psychological disorders. This movie encourages people who lack the skills of social skills.

This movie gives a positive message that hardships are the core part of human life but one should never lose the hope and have to keep his/her morale high so that they can become an example for those who have been going through the same suffering.

Another positive side that is quite prominent is that this movie is a good way of making people aware of the personality of John Nash. It is unknown that how many people are going to be inspired from this strange man. One of the best things about this movie is that it encouraged and inspired numbers of people who was hesitating before world.

Another advantage of this movie highlights the importance of relations as it could be seen that it was the strength of love and relations that keeps one motivated and give them a reason to move on when one passes through hard times. It could be seen in this movie that Alicia supported her husband and provided him emotional support and confidence that made him go. Her love and support helped him in recovering from the psychological issues he was suffering from.

This fact was witnessed after watching this movie that everyone who has served this world though in any field must be appreciated and people like John who despite having psychological challenges and issues could serve people, then why not the normal humans could play a constructive role in the developing of people.

After watching this movie, one thing that becomes obvious is that one has to found reasons for keeping him physical and psychological healthy. It has been seen that people who passes through any difficult situation their families and loved one should take more care of them and this communicate a positive message for those families in which there are some individuals who fights with various psychological issues and it is the moral support that keeps them get going on their way.

Cons

In this movie, it was seen that the main character is a mathematics genius and could decode the security lock during the cold war, started losing his relations when symptoms of schizophrenia become apparent. One of the main cons that have been depicted in this movie is a misunderstanding in a personal relationship and the root cause it is mental disorder “schizophrenia” that decreased the communicating ability of John who then finds it difficult to convey his feeling and recognize the reality. His wired expression and jumbled passages are also because of schizophrenia

There has been seen another con in this movie and that when someone has something extraordinary he has to go through unusual things as well. in this movie, it has been seen that the main character John Nash, is being recognized as an individual who with some great powers of breaking the numbers. At the beginning of the movie, he is being criticized by his class fellows, professors but even his senior professors look at his work that came to know that he is someone extraordinary. This movie is a perfect example that shows one has to suffer a lot when he/she is an odd one out. John Nash suffers for the skills that once were praised then the skills put him in trouble. This cast negative impacts on the minds of those who are trying to do something unusual.

There has been seen another main thing in this movie and that is, people who suffers from any psychological disorders are not at all supported by community. In the case of John it could be analyzed easily that he is being left alone and nobody stays with him for a long time. John become a victim of isolation because of the disorder and it could be seen in the movie that since his childhood, he never behaved like a normal child, but after growing up, he still remain same or even wired who hate socializing.

Conclusion

As a whole, it could be concluded that “A beautiful mind” is one of the effective cinematic tools that was used for creating awareness among people about the mental disorder call schizophrenia. It won't be wrong to say that both effects, as well as important concepts related to schizophrenia, are being depicted through this movie. This movie very beautifully manages to portray and present the impact and essence of illness that is almost impossible to treat practically. This movie proved to be a great source of giving the opportunity to people to openly discuss schizophrenia. Throughout the movie all the symptoms that have been observed for this disorder could be easily witnessed in the main character. John suffered from hallucination as he used to hear and see things that other could not. In this movie, it has been seen that he used to talk to himself. There is no doubt that he was having a brilliant mind, but in the movie, it could be also seen that sometimes he starts having “confused thoughts”. One of the main effects of this disorder on him was that most of the time his speech used to be disorganized, so as a whole, it could be concluded that this movie based on the life of one of the exceptional and genius minds, shows that how some factors could affects one’s live. These factors though physical or psychological must be accepted. These shortcomings in the form of schizophrenia should be made strength that would lessen its hazardous gradually on life and personal relations.

Work Cited:

Nasar, Sylvia. A beautiful mind. Simon and Schuster, 2011.

Kalra, Gurvinder. "Psychiatry movie club: A novel way to teach psychiatry." Indian journal of Psychiatry 53.3 (2011): 258.

Thet, Tun Thura, et al. "Sentiment analysis of movie reviews on discussion boards using a linguistic approach." Proceedings of the 1st international CIKM workshop on Topic-sentiment analysis for mass opinion. ACM, 2009.

Sciatica

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[English]

[Date]

Sciatica

Introduction

Sciatica refers to a pain that is traced along the passage of sciatic nerve. It branches for the lower back to hips and buttocks, moving down to each leg. Sciatica occurs when a herniated disk or a bone spur on the spine. It is also called narrowing of the spine that compresses a nerve or a few parts of the nerve. (Hall, et, al. 2019, pp. 1-25).

Characteristic

Sciatica is characterized by severe pain in the lower back, and leg. The pain in leg can be so worse that it can create hindrance in sitting. Hip pain is also termed as one of the characteristics of this disorder along with burning or tingling down in the leg. Weakness, difficulty in moving the leg and numbness is accompanied by constant pain on one of the sides of hip along with shooting pain that makes it hard for a patient to stand up. It is asserted that Sciatica usually affects only one side of the lower back. Moreover, this pain can extend to other parts, where, in severe cases, pain may extend to toes or foot. (Hall, et, al. 2019, pp. 1-25).

Prevalence

According to the statistical information, it is estimated that about 4.1 million American’s have the symptoms of this disorder, taking into account the intervertebral disk disorder that effected the subject population from 1985 to 1988. The total prevalence is assumed to be about 2% in men and 1.5% in the women, according to a study that was conducted in French. It is asserted that the population of 295 Finnish concrete workers who have an age of 15-64 years was found to have this disorder where 42% were men and about 60% were women. (Hall, et, al. 2019, pp. 1-25). According to an interview with a medical specialist, within the timespan of five years, the prevalence of Sciatica has increased from 42% to about 59%. It is more added that the ratio of Sciatica has increased by 1.4% for every individual who is of 10 yrs. and it exceeds to 64 years of age. (Hall, et, al. 2019, pp. 1-25).

Moreover, it is found that there are both environment and inherent factors that are responsible for causing this disorder such as gender, body habitus, age, parity, occupation and genetic factors. (Hall, et, al. 2019, pp. 1-25).

Causes

Research has proven that Sciatica is accused by a severe irritation on the roots of the lower lumbar and the lumbosacral spine. Major cause includes, lumbar spinal stenosis, that is marked by narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back of the body. Degenerative disc disease, referring to the breakdown of the disc also causes Sciatica because the cushion between the vertebrae is broken. (Hall, et, al. 2019, pp. 1-25). Muscle spasm, spondylolisthesis, a condition in which one of the vertebrae slips forward over the another also cause the subject disorder. There are some other factors that may facilitate Sciatica, such as back pain, being overweight, lack of exercises and wearing high heels. (Jungen, et al. 2019).

Major Victims

The people who have a sedentary lifestyle are at a greater risk of having Sciatica. It includes people who spend their day sitting or doing a job that lacks movement of the lower back. Manual labor is also found to be at risk of this disorder because of lifting high load and the twisting of the spine because of the heaving loads. A large number of diabetic patients are also found to be a victim of this disorder because of nerve damage, accompanied by pressing of sciatic nerve. Osteoarthritis is termed as one of the causing factors of Sciatica because it narrows the opening of nerve roots, similarly, it also injures nerve fibers. Piriformis syndrome is also termed as one of the major causes of Sciatica because the muscles in buttock compress the sciatic nerve leading to Sciatica. (Oosterhuis, et al. 2019)

Treatment

There are four types of treatment that are given to patients who are suffering from Sciatica. Each of the treatment is highly dependent on the severity of pain and the adversity of condition. The major goal of treatment of disorder is to increase mobility and decrease the pain. (Oosterhuis, et al. 2019)

Medicine

Anti-inflammatory drugs and pain killer medicine can help to relieve the pain along with a reduction in the stiffness of muscles and nerves by increasing mobility and exercise. Commonly suggested medicines are anti-inflammatory drugs also called non-steroidal medicines. Some patients are also given muscle relaxants such as cyclobenzaprine that can help a patient get rid of the discomfort that is associated with muscle spasm. It is important to note that this medicine is not suggested to the people who are older. (Oosterhuis, et al. 2019)

Physical Therapy

The aim of physical therapy is to recommend exercises and muscle movements that could decrease sciatic pain by reducing nerve pressure. Patient is usually recommended stretching exercise, along with aerobic exercise such as walking. There are a lot of people who think that yoga can be one of the treating methods of Sciatica, along with massage and biofeedback. Biofeedback is the psychological management of the pain that is regulated by the ability of an organism to cope with pain. Physical therapy is usually recommended in the initial stages of the disorder, it is usually recommended for people who are in the initial stages of Sciatica or they have the potential to bear pain. (Baloh, et, al. 2019, pp. 33-46).

Spinal injection

One of the most commonly used treatments for Sciatica is "spinal injection". It is an injection of cortisone, also called an anti-inflammatory medicine that is injected in the lower back of the patient to reduce inflammation and swelling in the nerve roots so as to increase mobility. (Baloh, et, al. 2019, pp. 33-46).

Surgery

Surgery is used for the people who are not responsive to the conservative treatment or these patients who have progressing symptoms. Patients are given two options for surgery defined below.

Microdiscectomy

It is a procedure that is used to remove the fragment of herniated disc, mitigating and overcoming Sciatica. (Baloh, et, al. 2019, pp. 33-46).

Laminectomy

It is the removal of bone that covers spinal cord and tissues that causes pressure on the sciatic nerve. (Baloh, et, al. 2019, pp. 33-46).

Prevention

It is asserted that there are few cases in which there is no space for the prevention from Sciatica such as back strain due to pregnancy any accidental fall or the degenerative disc disease. However, in other cases Sciatica can be prevented by using and learning safe lifting techniques, avoiding or stopping cigarette smoking and adopting a healthy lifestyle that is accompanied by good physical activity. Developing proper sitting habits and avoiding sitting for a long time can also play a major role in the prevention of this disorder. (Oosterhuis, et al. 2019)

Science behind illness

Psychology of Sciatica

The psychology of Sciatica can be related to emotional trauma that is more worse than the physical pain caused by neuropathy condition of the lower back. Sciatica is also called as an overlooked aspect of leg pain and chronic pain in the lower body. Moreover, Sciatica has a negative impact on the psychological state of every patient. moreover, depression, anxiety, and certain phobias can also cause Sciatica. (Jungen, et al. 2019).

Physiology of Sciatica

Physiological study of Sciatica highlights that it is caused by the compression of lumbar nerves of the spinal cord. Usually, it is caused by the compression of the sciatic nerve itself. However, the narrowing of spinal nerves also called, spinal stenosis can cause the compression of spinal cords leading to Sciatica pain. In one of the researches, it is asserted that pregnancy can also cause sciatic pain because of the weight of fetus, that presses the sciatic nerve. (Jungen, et al. 2019).

Work Cited

Baloh, Robert W. "What Causes Sciatica?." Sciatica and Chronic Pain. Springer, Cham, 2019. 19-32.

Hall, James A., et al. "Systematic Review of Decision Analytic Modelling in Economic Evaluations of Low Back Pain and Sciatica." Applied health economics and health policy (2019): 1-25.

Jungen, Maarten J., et al. "Inflammatory biomarkers in patients with Sciatica: a systematic review." BMC musculoskeletal disorders 20.1 (2019): 156.

Oosterhuis, Teddy, et al. "Systematic review of prognostic factors for work participation in patients with Sciatica." Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2019): oemed-2019.

Scientific Writing Is Different From Non-scientific Writing. In Your Opinion, Which Characteristic Of Scientific Writing Is Most Important For Social Scientists To Master And Why?

Scientific Writing

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Scientific writing is different from non-scientific writing. In your opinion, which characteristic of scientific writing is most important for social scientists to master and why?

Scientific writing is the process of logical steps used after analyzing and investigating the topic. The findings of the research are written down systematically so that the readers can understand. Whereas non-scientific writing relies on the facts and explanation of different topics where no proper techniques are required. In social sciences usually, non-scientific writing is used to explain the different terms and concept however sometimes it requires the characteristics of scientific writing for better understanding. Some characteristics of scientific writing that social scientists use include; writing that is clear, simple, accurate, logical, impartial and with a useful objective. For instance, if social scientists write the details about the term without any objective then it can be difficult for the readers to demonstrate the conclusion. Whereas when they explain the reason, statement or basic idea at the start of the writing then it helps the readers to demonstrate the conclusion and actual meaning of the writing. Besides, it can also helpful for further research ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"U5KOlDTv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Massoudi, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Massoudi, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":992,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/TU6H2EQ6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/TU6H2EQ6"],"itemData":{"id":992,"type":"article-journal","title":"Can Scientific Writing Be Creative?","container-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology","page":"115-128","volume":"12","issue":"2","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","abstract":"In this essay, I will look at the relationship between Creativity and Spirituality in the field of writing in general, and in scientific writing in particular. A few issues such as why we write and different kinds of writing will also be briefly discussed. In general, creativity is related to a special way of SEEING, or insight, as mentioned in many spiritual traditions. Therefore, with regard to Creativity as the term is used in this essay, a certain level of spirituality is implicitly assumed.","ISSN":"1059-0145","author":[{"family":"Massoudi","given":"Mehrdad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Massoudi, 2003).

Another characteristic of scientific writing used by social scientists is the writing that is structured logically. For instance, when the non-scientific writing follows the logical order it becomes clearer for the readers. The information divided into various sections which makes it easier to comprehend. This characteristic also helps to add accurate content by omitting irrelevant information. Impartiality is the scientific writing characteristics that social scientist should use. This is because in social sciences most of the writing depends on the social issues like gender inequality in sociology, the correlation between poverty and wealth distribution in economics. Scientists sometimes discuss these topics from their point of view which decrease, the credibility of writing but when scientists write it impartially then it eliminates the bias as it avoids assumptions, moreover, scientist prove statement through evidence. The bottom line is that social scientists may use non-scientific writing to discuss the topic, however, some of the scientific writing characteristics are crucial to use to produce more meaningful information ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OfQbBW8B","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The Science of Scientific Writing | American Scientist,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The Science of Scientific Writing | American Scientist,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":993,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/89IFJU7Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/89IFJU7Y"],"itemData":{"id":993,"type":"webpage","title":"The Science of Scientific Writing | American Scientist","URL":"https://www.americanscientist.org/blog/the-long-view/the-science-of-scientific-writing","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Science of Scientific Writing | American Scientist,” n.d.).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Massoudi, M. (2003). Can Scientific Writing Be Creative? Journal of Science Education and Technology, 12(2), 115–128. Retrieved from JSTOR.

The Science of Scientific Writing | American Scientist. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2019, from https://www.americanscientist.org/blog/the-long-view/the-science-of-scientific-writing