Social Change Reflection

Social Change Reflection

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Social Change Reflection

While watching the video it was surprising to know that large numbers of young immigrants are living in America without legal documents. In addition, the way activist and their followers arranged the systematic movement to put pressure on Obama and his administration for citizenship is very impressive. The video was very interesting and informative for me.

The dream movement is the planned social change. The youngsters that are living in America for several years without a legal paper are now trying to get citizenship for better education and future opportunities. Spontaneous social change is the social change which brings the change in the society without any planning. For instance, population growth but the dream movement is the properly planned movement to pressurize the Obama for giving the youth their rights. Latino population is the highest population those gave maximum votes to the Obama and now they need citizenship because it will help them to get a better education. The consequences of the movement and involvement of activists and youth in a structured way make it planned social change.

The planning of the movement started in 2009 by the local groups that banned together into a national network. The youth without legal people hide their identity due to the fear of deportation. Establishment of a new organizations are also motivating the movement and making youth fearless to protest for their rights. Initially, youth was not confident about the movement and tried to hide their identity but after Obama administration took steps to deport the illegal immigrants those are involved in crime, dreamers groups stopped their deportation. These kinds of steps developed the confidence in youth and therefore the number of protesters are increasing with time. The movement impact is not gradual hence it is the example of changing the structure of the system ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cAh6oEDo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(The New York Times, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(The New York Times, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":634,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/KDVHGFVU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/KDVHGFVU"],"itemData":{"id":634,"type":"motion_picture","title":"Immigration Reform: The Fight to Pass the Dream Act","source":"YouTube","dimensions":"476 seconds","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iz2yr-vPOeo","title-short":"Immigration Reform","author":[{"literal":"The New York Times"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,18]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The New York Times, n.d.).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY The New York Times. (n.d.). Immigration Reform: The Fight to Pass the Dream Act. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iz2yr-vPOeo

Social Influence Amoung College Students

Social Influence among College Students

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Abstract

The main essence of all the articles that were chosen for this paper is the influence peers, social media and social standards can have on the young adults that have just started college. There are a lot of college students who adopt addictive habits based on what they see people posting on social media or what they see their peers doing. The reason for this influence is the thought of fitting in with everyone else. Further, students have ended up adhering dangerous behaviors based on the image that they want to portray of themselves. For some students, their actions were instigated by the college experience that they see everyone talking about around them and on social media. The other thing is that students are doing things just so they get accepted by their peers, their behavior is set based on the social standards that their peers have created.

Social Influence among College Students

Introduction

The topic that was chosen to structure this paper is "Social influence among college students." The reason for choosing this topic is the fact that students nowadays get influenced by their social surroundings a lot. They will skip out on homework or go to hangouts based on their peers. A student might be planning to study but they will decide not to just because their friend is not studying either. To smaller things it is fine, but at times students end up coming on probation because they did not study enough and hung out more. Further, it is not just studying pattern that can be influenced by peers, there are other habits like drinking and eating habits that can be changed based on the presence of the other person. Being at a young age, students just want to fit in and they will do things that will fit them in with the rest of their peers. Additionally, let us discuss social influence in college students in light of recent peer-reviewed articles.

Annotated Bibliography

Boyle, S. C., LaBrie, J. W., Froidevaux, N. M., & Witkovic, Y. D. (2016). Different digital paths to the keg? How exposure to peers' alcohol-related social media content influences drinking among male and female first-year college students. Addictive behaviors, 57, 21-29.

The authors of this article reflect on how peer content present on social media in regards to alcohol can have an influence on the alcohol intake of college students. There are recent stats that this area has not been tapped enough to know the influence social media sites (SMS) can have on the student's alcohol consumption (Boyle, LaBrie, Froidevaux & Witkovic, 2016). There were a total of 408 students for whom the alcohol intake was influenced by social media sites like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter and so on. Further, it was found that the strength of the relation between alcohol exposure and SMS on the male was more than females. They deemed it as part of the full college experience. Further, ways to prevent and contain this issue were discussed by the researchers of this article.

Reid, A. E., Carey, K. B., Merrill, J. E., & Carey, M. P. (2015). Social network influences on initiation and maintenance of reduced drinking among college students. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 83(1), 36.

The researchers of this article are trying to comprehend on the fact that how the intervention of social media instigates a change in the college student’s behavior. It also talks about how intervention lessens their impact is essential to enhance the effectiveness of alcohol intervention (Reid, Carey, Merrill & Carey, 2015). The authors of this article also talked about how peer influence can either lessen or increase the consumption of alcohol. The students nowadays are very highly concerned about peer acceptability.

Johnson, M. R., Dugan, J. P., & Soria, K. M. (2017). " Try to See it My Way": What Influences Social Perspective Taking Among College Students?. Journal of College Student Development, 58(7), 1035-1054.

In this article, the authors talk about how there are certain things that can have an impact on how students behave in their college life. It was seen that no specific co-curricular intervention was seen to be noticeably in the relevance of social perspective taking (Johnson, Dugan & Soria, 2017). Further, making a suggestion that a bigger need for attention and intentionality in the direction of purposely cultivating the desired outcome. Regardless, sociocultural issues and self-awareness discussion were said to be significantly impacting factors on seeing the other's perspective.

Hoffman, E. W., Austin, E. W., Pinkleton, B. E., & Austin, B. W. (2017). An exploration of the associations of alcohol-related social media use and message interpretation outcomes to problem drinking among college students. Health communication, 32(7), 864-871.

In this articles, the authors talk about how college students use digital communication technology and its impact on the vigorous expansion of digital alcohol marketing efforts (Hoffman, Austin, Pinkleton & Austin, 2017). There were a total of two surveys that were conducted by the researchers in order to find out the experience that college students live via alcohol-related social media. This also suggested that the use of these apps predict their problematic drinking. Further, they associated drinking with something that is supposed to be part of the college experience and how it leads to acceptance in the social circle, but this led to most of them getting a problematic drinking issue.

Xu, S., Yang, H. H., MacLeod, J., & Zhu, S. (2018). Social media competence and digital citizenship among college students. Convergence, 1354856517751390.

The researchers of this article talk about how the initiation of new media and social change has led to the emergence of digital citizenship (Xu, Yang, MacLeod & Zhu, 2018). The schools nowadays are trying to improve the digital citizenship of the students based on their social media competence. This authors of this study measured the social media competence of 772 college students. The results showed that five out of six of the social media competence was a predictor of the individual’s digital citizenship. In regards to this, the academic plan showed me managed to increase the digital citizenship of the students.

Silvestri, M. M., & Correia, C. J. (2016). Normative influences on the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among college students. Psychology of addictive behaviors, 30(4), 516.

In this article the researchers tall about the current trend in the use of nonmedical prescription drugs amid college students. The nonmedical use of drugs means that an individual takes them without any proper prescription need and without the instructions of the healthcare provider. There is a high rate of stimulants being sold on college campuses (Silvestri & Correia, 2016). The student group that has been taking these pills range from 18-25. This has been triggering risky health behaviors. There were around 959 students who filled an online form about nonmedical use of prescription drugs. It was also found that how they were influenced by other peers which led to them taking the pills drugs as well.

Rinker, D. V., Krieger, H., & Neighbors, C. (2016). Social network factors and addictive behaviors among college students. Current addiction reports, 3(4), 356-367.

The authors of this study stern upon the impact of social network sites on addictive behavior amid the college students of nowadays. The addictive behaviors are mostly drug, alcohol or certain site obsession related (Rinker, Krieger & Neighbors, 2016). The purpose was to provide an overview of this issue over the 5-year mark. The idea is to discuss the limitations, gaps, and controversies in this particular field, and in the light of the issues direct towards the solution of these issues.

Yoo, W., Yang, J., & Cho, E. (2016). How social media influence college students’ smoking attitudes and intentions. Computers in human behavior, 64, 173-182.

In regards with the Influence of presumed Influence (IFI) model, the authors of this study talk about how the messages about smoking on social media sites have had a significant impact on the smoking behavior of college students (Yoo, Yang & Cho, 2016). The researchers surveyed around 366 college students and worked on figuring out the reception and expression of smoking-related messages by the use of path analysis. The authors of the study found out through the survey that the pro-smoking messages had a direct effect on smoking.

Trivedi, N., & Beck, K. H. (2018). Do significant others influence college-aged students texting and driving behaviors? Examination of the mediational influence of proximal and distal social influence on distracted driving. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 56, 14-21.

The researchers of this study suggest that texting while driving amid college students is widespread regardless of the law. In regards to the Social Norm Theory, people are impacted by how their social group acts (Trivedi & Beck, 2018). It was said that the significant others have a greater impact on college students as opposed to distal sources like peers. A sample of 835 students was taken by the researchers and in light of what them it was found out that the significant others have a greater impact on texting and driving than the distant sources.

Phillips, K. T., Phillips, M. M., Lalonde, T. L., & Prince, M. A. (2018). Does social context matter? An ecological momentary assessment study of marijuana use among college students. Addictive behaviors, 83, 154-159.

The authors of this article suggest that the use of marijuana usually occurs when an individual is in a social situation when it comes to young adults who are studying in college (Phillips, Phillips, Lalonde & Prince, 2018). This study reflects on the influence of demographics, the use of marijuana, the use of alcohol, various cravings, problem use and social context on the possibility of the usage of marijuana with other people like peers with the help of ecological momentary assessment (EMA). The method that was used was taking a sample of college students who consume marijuana. The results were that students used marijuana mostly in the presence of another peer.

Conclusion

This paper gave me insight in regards to how certain addictive behaviors can be influenced by social factors. Since the articles were all recent, they further helped in getting the awareness of how social change has instilled addictive behaviors in college students. It was also thought to provoke to see how at times we do things in light of what others are doing. It is just a sad attempt of fitting in with the rest of the peers. The influence that peers can have on an individual is quite significant. That is why it is essential that one makes decisions based on what they think is right for them instead of getting influenced by others or imitating others. Further, social media has created a standard that everyone feels the need to follow and reach up to. This is the reason that more awareness needs to be created in young adults when they are close to graduating from high school so they can make wiser decisions when they are older. Nobody is saying to completely lose the essence of a college experience, the idea is to create balance and set certain boundaries.

References

Boyle, S. C., LaBrie, J. W., Froidevaux, N. M., & Witkovic, Y. D. (2016). Different digital paths to the keg? How exposure to peers' alcohol-related social media content influences drinking among male and female first-year college students. Addictive behaviors, 57, 21-29.

Reid, A. E., Carey, K. B., Merrill, J. E., & Carey, M. P. (2015). Social network influences on initiation and maintenance of reduced drinking among college students. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 83(1), 36.\

The researchers of this article are trying to determine whether

Johnson, M. R., Dugan, J. P., & Soria, K. M. (2017). " Try to See it My Way": What Influences Social Perspective Taking Among College Students?. Journal of College Student Development, 58(7), 1035-1054.

Xu, S., Yang, H. H., MacLeod, J., & Zhu, S. (2018). Social media competence and digital citizenship among college students. Convergence, 1354856517751390.

Hoffman, E. W., Austin, E. W., Pinkleton, B. E., & Austin, B. W. (2017). An exploration of the associations of alcohol-related social media use and message interpretation outcomes to problem drinking among college students. Health communication, 32(7), 864-871.

Silvestri, M. M., & Correia, C. J. (2016). Normative influences on the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among college students. Psychology of addictive behaviors, 30(4), 516.

Rinker, D. V., Krieger, H., & Neighbors, C. (2016). Social network factors and addictive behaviors among college students. Current addiction reports, 3(4), 356-367.

Yoo, W., Yang, J., & Cho, E. (2016). How social media influence college students’ smoking attitudes and intentions. Computers in human behavior, 64, 173-182.

Trivedi, N., & Beck, K. H. (2018). Do significant others influence college-aged students texting and driving behaviors? Examination of the mediational influence of proximal and distal social influence on distracted driving. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 56, 14-21.

Phillips, K. T., Phillips, M. M., Lalonde, T. L., & Prince, M. A. (2018). Does social context matter? An ecological momentary assessment study of marijuana use among college students. Addictive behaviors, 83, 154-159.

Social Problems And Adolescent Delinquency

Social Problems and Adolescent Delinquency

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Social Problems and Adolescent Delinquency

Introduction

 Juvenile delinquency is one of the most serious problems within society. There are various causes and factors associated with this issue; hence, it requires a great amount of attention. Certain social factors are responsible for juvenile delinquency such as broken homes, economic instability, domestic violence, malnutrition of parenting, and drug and alcohol abuse. Other social influences like the neighborhood, peer pressure, and school influences are also key reasons for such issues. It has long been a problem that why some set fires and damage property and other play truants, and why some children steal and not others. With the passage of time, many theories have been made to explain these things. Over the last decade, there has been extensive scientific research to find out the reason behind such issues. It is notable to mention that the delinquency itself is a socially insufficient adjustment for children who are facing certain critical situations. There are various factors that make up difficult situations for adolescents. These factors along with physical and mental conditions influence the capacity of an individual to adjust in particular circumstances constitute the causes of delinquency. Here, the focus is to close the research gap concerning social conditions and their contribution towards juvenile delinquency.

Discussion

According to the United States Department of Justice’s Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), 1,906,600 arrests involved juveniles in the age range 10-18 years. Such stats show that the juvenile delinquency is a major problem in the United States as it involves a high number of crimes and arrests. Juvenile delinquency also affects the whole family and the entire society along with the youth population. Now, the question is who is categorized as the juvenile delinquent. The Juvenile delinquent is the person who loses their freedom due to probation and incarceration, who suffers the most from his or her actions while losing ground academically. Juvenile need to understand the fact that they risk their future when involved in crime (Sykes & Matza, 2017). Involving in such crimes has a risk of getting higher education in crime. Juvenile might also get acquainted themselves with more serious offenders as a result of their placement in the detention due to certain minor crimes. It is catastrophic for them if they get themselves influenced by serious offenders, which might lead them into future recidivism. Juvenile delinquency can cause instability within the family due to the trauma of having a member involved in delinquent behavior. Juvenile delinquency results in creating more responsibility for parents as a family have to deal with ethical issues. These issues might also force parents to deal with economic hardships. Additionally, delinquency also correlates with vandalism, gang involvement, and drug use which leave neighbors unsafe and costing the large society amounts to protect themselves.

Situational Action Theory (SAT)

There are certain theories that try to explain the relationship between social problems and juvenile delinquency. One of these theories is the Situational Action theory (SAT) which is recognized as a theory of moral action and moral values. SAT combines both environmental perspectives and individual perspectives in a context in order to explain the delinquent behavior (Schepers, 2017). SAT works on the assumption that criminal behavior is a moral action. People commit a crime as they consider it as an alternative action. The susceptibility of a person (towards crime) and his/her exposure to the criminal environment are used to find out the probability of the occurrence of criminal behavior. SAT emphasize that the occurrence of criminal behavior is dependent on the interaction of a person with a particular environment in which he/she is willing. The characteristics and experience of a person in a specific setting along linked with the criminal behavior in that person (Schepers, 2017). This theory is designed to combat certain problems of criminological theorizing such as the missing understating of explanatory mechanisms, the ambiguous definition of the crime, the inadequate understanding of change and development, and the insufficient amalgamation of the different levels of explanation. A situational model is being followed by the SAT in order to integrate propensity and exposure of criminal setting (Schepers, 2017). The interaction process between propensity and exposure results in juvenile delinquency.

Social factors

There are certain social factors that contribute to Juvenile delinquency. These social factors are divided into two major categories including micro and macro social. The macro factors includes poor organization of a network of clubs, social inequality in the society, low living standards of the population, disadvantages of the educational activities, the lack of concern for the integration in difficult living conditions, weaknesses in the employment of minors, and the penetration in youth behavior inconsistent with societal values (Hirschi, 2017). Media also plays an important role in altering the behavior of juvenile by television, newspaper, and movies. Micro social factors such as the influence of family, as it is an important social institution for a child. Hypo Custody is also a major problem that encourages a child to commit a crime. Parents lack proper control over the child, which allow the child to stay away at night and get influenced by peer groups (Hirschi, 2017). The negative influence of informal peer groups distorts the behavior of a child, leading towards juvenile delinquency.

Family influence

A family is like a social institution for a child. A family is a basic unit of society, as it is a cell in the tissue of the social body. The behavior of children alters due to the influence of familial members and the environment. Delinquency is dependent on the development and bringing up children by their parents (Hoffmann & Dufur, 2018). Parental methods have a significant impact on the development and cognitive abilities of a child, and hence on delinquency. Inappropriate control over children leads towards delinquency, which is crucial for the family as well as society. Lack of control over a child often results in youngsters going wrong. Regardless of beating and scolding, indulgence is a major factor that forces a child towards delinquency. Parents need to cut off the bad habits of their children, as it is hard to control a child after the formation of bad habits. If children are not able to get a significant amount of money from their parents, then they often resort themselves to inappropriate ways of getting money (Hoffmann & Dufur, 2018). It is often seen that children try to rob or steal money when they are unable to get more money from their parent. Money borrowed from friends is often repaid by stealing and robbing. Children often dissatisfied with a minor amount of money from their parents, which cause the danger of juvenile delinquency. This process can be described as follows:

Indulgence > bad habits > dissatisfaction > criminal offense

Environmental influence

People encounter other people in a society. Despite family, youngsters are persistently in touch with their friends, schoolmates, and neighbors. Children’s age between 10 to 18 years is physically and mentally immature which make them vulnerable to bad influences. It is noteworthy to mention that their surrounding forms most of their habits and traits. Studies have suggested that the recreational interests are correlated to crime. Youngsters between the 10 to 18 years have particular interests. They are susceptible to their surrounding environment. They are more likely to influence by the viewpoints and ideas of people around them (Hirschi, 2017). Social media and entertainment world also plays a critical role in altering their viewpoints about different perspectives. A delinquent group is fond of thrillers such as action movies, fictions articles, and detective movies. On the other hand, normal people are more into news and theoretical literature. They love to read certain magazines in order to increase their mental credibility. Whereas, the delinquent group hates theoretical literature and news. Peer group is also responsible behind juvenile delinquency. Lack of parental control encourages children to stay out after school, which leaves their children open to any bad influence.

Violence in their Social Circles

The neighborhood in which a child lives is violent, then the chances of committing crimes increases as the violent environment have a tendency to contribute towards delinquency. The violent environment gets a child into trouble due to the presence of violent people and gang members in the vicinity (Sykes & Matza, 2017). Therefore, the best option to save a child from such a circumstance is to remove this type of situation. Parents need to relocate themselves in an environment where they can live peacefully. Living in peaceful environment lowers the chances for delinquent actions by youngsters.

Peer Pressure

Peer pressure can change the way in which a child reacts to bad situations. Peer pressure from direct acquaintances is similar to neighborhood pressures (Hirschi, 2017). A child may feel pressurized by his/her friends who are committing delinquent acts. These circumstances pressurized a child to commit crimes just like his/her friends. Consequences of such circumstances can be avoided when parents keep an eye on the activities of their child. Parents need to involve them in the daily activities of their children and should need to know their friends. This strategy will keep a child away from bad influences, hence, reducing juvenile delinquent.

Substance Abuse

It is notable to mention that substance abuse is a very common cause for delinquency. Substance abuse is a serious issue and young people who are into this, need to commit crimes to sustain that habit. Substance abuse force a person to sustain that habit by finding necessitates in order to spend on drugs. When children left with no other choice to gain money, then they thrive to steal and rob to fulfil their evil desire (Hawkins & Weis, 2017). Children lose their self-worth and self-esteem due to substance abuse, which allows them to commit criminal acts. The only remedy to help these children is to provide counseling.

Socioeconomic Factors

Juvenile delinquency is more common in poor neighborhoods. When a child considers prospering due to social inequalities in the society, then they commit a crime. Social inequalities mentally deteriorate the personality of a person (Shaw & McKay, 2016). That's why children feel they must commit a crime in order to prosper in the cruel world. It is notable to mention that theft is a result of necessity. When a person is unable to get basic necessities in the society, then he/she will turn towards delinquency to fulfil his/her need. The only remedy for such circumstances is to provide basic necessities to children. The provision of rudimentary facilities will minimize the juvenile delinquency.

Lack of Moral Guidance

Parental stimulus is the utmost feature in discouraging delinquency. The child is more likely to act in a safe manner when a parent shows them what is considered wrong and what is considered as acceptable behavior. By doing so, a child will behave in an appropriate way, which would be far away from delinquency. It is essential for a child to interact with good adults and family members who will show them the difference between right and wrong. Even if your child has committed some crime, then it is your core responsibility to show them a way around. When parents take steps to address the unethical behavior of their children, then children come to know that this path is not right for them. Children feel more secure when their parents talk to them about every matter and guide them to behave safely; otherwise, it can cause harm. Many juveniles are engaged in unsafe activities, and it is critical to correct their behavior. If no efforts are made in the future, then the juveniles are more likely to engage in violent crimes. Whenever a youngster commits the crime, he/she must be endowed with punishment. Additionally, a juvenile must be responsible for their actions. However, it is not wise to treat them the same as an adult. The government must provide these juveniles with appropriate education and rehabilitation programs to prevent the juveniles from unsafe lifestyles.

Furthermore, Juvenile delinquency puts a burden on the United States. Estimating the cost of juvenile crime is difficult as there is a lot of juvenile crime annually. According to an estimation, the United States has to bear tens to hundred billions of dollars annually. This cost includes stolen or damaged property, the medical cost to individuals, the cost to the government, loss of work time, and loss of productivity to society. According to the Statistics of the Department of Criminal Justice, the incarceration of the juvenile has the highest capital cost as compared to other crimes.

            Juvenile delinquency is of no good for anyone. In a time of economic upturn, benefits from the adolescents committing a crime is only taken by the people who are seeking employment within the department of the criminal justice system. Any person who boosts unlawful actions by youngsters is contributing to juvenile delinquency. These people are encouraging such crimes, which can be as simple as domestic violence. Youth peers along with adults are responsible for encouraging juvenile delinquency. The Juvenile delinquency is also contributed due to the impact of peer pressure. Moreover, the juvenile justice system is working effectively to control juvenile delinquency by employing sanctions, treatments, and rehabilitation (Sykes & Matza, 2017). However, it is proven that a child is less likely to behave positively once they are fully engaged in the illegal performance. In accordance with the statement of the National Institute of Justice Journal, it is suggested, "prevention is more effective and less costly than treatment after the fact." This statement proves that the US government need to establish more prevention programs in order to keep children away from violence and drugs. Once a child becomes habitual to crimes, then it is hard to keep his/her actions back on track. Therefore, effective prevention methods are more efficient in keeping teen away from juvenile delinquency.

Within the Juvenile Justice System, there is a long road for reform such as programs and treatments. These programs are essential in creating awareness among a wide population regarding juvenile delinquency. Trauma-Informed Intervention (TII) and Positive Youth Development (PYD) are valuable programs in order to create a brighter tomorrow. These programs are against any punishment for juvenile crime and focus on building the strengths and assets of juveniles. TII program is efficient in fixing the psychological problems of a youngster in society. These programs assist a child to combat mental issues in the community. There is a need to focus on Positive Youth Development in order to build a successful juvenile justice system. The government should need to focus on humane and rehabilitative juvenile facilities, detention reduction, and strong partnership with the community.

It is noteworthy to mention that the program of punitive prevention is widely spread in the United States as it tries to curb the juvenile delinquency. That particular program includes ongoing monitoring by the police to minimize the emergence of gangs. Suppression means active intervention, does not require any particular justification, as it is fully legitimized by the State. It requires no special evaluation results as it was originally declared as a “correct." Subsequently, all ignore the propaganda of the desired behavior according to the approach from the standpoint of suppression. Whereas, external aggression only use to strengthen the bonding of juvenile delinquent groups. There are programs that are established to control juvenile delinquency by implementing informal control over youngsters in order to promote positive activities.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, Juvenile delinquency is a major issue in the United States. Juvenile delinquency can cause instability within the family due to the trauma of having a member involved in delinquent behavior. Adults may be able to stop these critical circumstances by addressing such issues at an early age. Addressing the issues once committed can also protect a child from further deterioration. It is essential to building protective barriers to avoid such problems in the future. Negative peer pressure forces a child to engage in the juvenile delinquency, which is catastrophic for a family as well as for the community. Youngsters who are involved in watching thrillers such as action movies are more likely to peruse themselves towards delinquency. Juvenile Justice System is working effectively to control such crimes, but they should initiative more prevention and rehabilitation programs to address this serious issue. State governments need to establish efficient programs by allocating more funds for juvenile delinquency. Furthermore, social inequalities and discriminations are also major reasons behind such circumstances. Department of criminal justice must place strict policies to promote social equalities in society in order to encourage youngsters to behave in a positive manner.

Reflection

I have found that Juvenile delinquency is a serious crime that is growing at an alarming rate. I am fascinated by knowing that there are certain social factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency. It was an awesome experience to collect data regarding such a hot topic. Mostly I used “Google Scholar” to find scholarly articles regarding juvenile delinquency, as it is one of the most credible search engines. I also used Google to find out certain social factors that are responsible for such crucial circumstances. I am thrilled to know about the working of peer pressure. Undoubtedly, peer pressure is responsible for altering the behavior of children. First, I searched for the term "juvenile delinquency" to get a picture of the topic I am dealing with. Collecting data was one of the critical and difficult parts of that research as there are various materials regarding the juvenile delinquency. However, I only choose credible sources from ‘Google Scholar' due to its reputation and reliability.

Regardless of searching information regarding juvenile delinquency, I come to know about various social problems such as social inequality and discrimination that lead towards such circumstances. It is remarkably clear that parents and their parenting style play a critical role in the development and behavior of a child. A violent environment is more vulnerable for a youngster to involve in the criminal activities. I am amazed to know that substance abuse can also contribute to juvenile delinquency. Overall, I enjoyed searching for and writing about such an interesting and knowledgeable topic.

References

Hawkins, J. D., & Weis, J. G. (2017). The social development model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention. In Developmental and Life-course Criminological Theories (pp. 3-27). Routledge.

Hirschi, T. (2017). Causes of delinquency. Routledge.

Hoffmann, J. P., & Dufur, M. J. (2018). Family Social Capital, Family Social Bonds, and Juvenile Delinquency. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(11), 1525-1544.

Schepers, D. (2017). Causes of the causes of juvenile delinquency: Social disadvantages in the context of Situational Action Theory. European journal of criminology, 14(2), 143-159.

Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (2016). Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: A Study of Rates of Delinquency in Relation to Differential Characteristics of Local Communities in American Cities (1969). In Classics in Environmental Criminology (pp. 103-140). CRC Press.

Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (2017). Juvenile delinquency and subterranean values. In Cultural Criminology (pp. 3-10). Routledge.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Social Psychology

Part A

Creating an influence or persuading another person to make a decision or take an action is an integral part of society. We see this process taking place regularly in our society as we witness multiple individuals in various roles influencing others or persuading us to take a specific action. The most appropriate example of this case is the marketing and advertisement of numerous products taking place around us. Such a case recently happened when I visited a superstore. I was checking out the racks for my desired product when I noticed a representative from a famous cosmetic brand standing at some distance. The moment she noticed me, she rushed towards me and started telling me about her recent product. She told me that how could this product be very suitable for my skin and how it can be beneficial for me in the longer term. Her style was so persuasive and impressing that I ended up buying the product.

Part B

Prejudice refers to creating a biased opinion against some person or a group of people (which may be very large) on the basis of no logical reason. Prejudice is being carried on against various classes, people and group of people in every and time. The most common form of prejudice or discrimination that can been seen in society is racial or gender-based. People have been discriminated and subjected to cruel treatment on the basis of most unusual reasons like skin color. This tradition is still being carried on and individuals still face discrimination based on skin color, race, caste, nationality, religion, gender, social status, and even language. Not much has changed in this respect. There has been a very little change in the level of prejudice and discrimination for a long time and that only in urban areas. The underlying beliefs behind a discriminatory thought are that the other group or person is inferior to the group or person showing discriminatory behavior.

Specific Paraphilic Disorders

Paraphilic disorders

The sexually victimized and non-sexually victimized disorders exhibit differences. Paraphillias according to DSM-IV is categorized as intense feelings of sexual arousal and suffering or humiliation of one's partner. Victimizing paraphilic disorders are more harmful because people undergoing such psychological problem are unable to control their urge. They indulge in practices that cause the victimization of others. Children are victims of such disorders. People who develop such disorders exhibit high risks of targeting other humans that include females and children. Victimizing paraphilia disorder is more common among males. The evidence suggests that victims of such disorder normally target children having ages of less than six years. The main difference is of mutual consent. The victimizing paraphilic disorders involve no mutual consent of partners.

Non-victimizing paraphilic disorders motivate individuals to fulfil their sexual urges by relying on human after obtaining their mutual consent. People who develop such disorders are unable to control their sexual urges and use mutual consent of partners for their sexual drives. This is categorized as less risky for others. Humans are not victims of such sexual aggressive behaviors because they agree on such a sexual relationship. Such disorder poses risks for other humans including women and girls. However, the behavior is risky for the person and it deteriorates the personality of people.

DSM-5 recognizes eight common types of paraphilic disorders that include; fetishistic disorder, transvestic disorder, sexual masochism, sexual sadism, pedophilic disorder, frotteuristic disorder, voyeuristic disorder and exhibitionistic disorder. Each disorder is linked to elevated sexual desires with minor changes in characteristics. These disorders undermine the mental health of the people and affect their personality development negatively. Paraphilic disorders are coercive and victimizing because people who suffer from such disease use other humans for attaining their sexual desire.

Spike Paper

Spike Lee in the film “School Daze” reveals how college life is for black girls. Comedy drama portrays black characters and they mixed feelings about college life. The problems of the black society are displayed which exhibits that they lacks the quality and are victims of social inequality. Lee divides the woman in university based on their colors as; lighter skinned, dark-skinned independents and straightened and long hair. The pain and awkwardness of the black girls is presented by recalling the past where blacks were segregated CITATION Ama88 \l 1033 (Amazon). The film portrays self-conscious reference to blackness which is linked to social inequality. Education is used as a tool for changing the lives of black by giving them opportunity to speak for themselves.

The article explains the impacts of education on black women. Post-graduate degrees like Ph.D. can change the life of black women in positive sense. Higher education is linked to financial mobility, independence, growth and a happy life. The article explains how it improved the life from miserable past of cotton picking to a successful life. The history of black women depicts that they had to work on cotton fields and lived a terrible life. They lacked education so they had to depend on low-wage jobs. There lives were terrible because they couldn’t earn enough for having a stable life. While education allowed black women to get better jobs and improve their lifestyles. Ph.D. not only offer better opportunities for making money but it also gives respect to a person in society. In the past blacks couldn’t express their pain or fight for equality because they were uneducated CITATION Tru192 \l 1033 (Harris). The article has stressed on the need for educating black women because it is the only way that could change their lives and bring stability. It is important for bringing consciousness and self-worth.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Amazon. School Daze. 1988. 11 12 2019 <https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/detail/B006VDNSY0?ie=UTF8&continuePurchase=1&csrfToken=g35ZAUlCagRqn0sA02LHkYQ%252Fx0vZ0KtSF1quGRSElklLAAAADAAAAABd8SgMcmF3AAAAABVX8CwXqz4nuL9RKX%252F%252F%252Fw%253D%253D&offerASIN=B006VDNSY0&purchasetoken=hjZvcayQH8MfuRhEgKRUGTWfkXlIQePJDThm%252BanyjIk>.

Harris, Truddier. "Mind Work: How a Ph.D. Affects Black Women." (2019).

Spirituality And Learning

Spirituality and Learning

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Spirituality and Learning

Learning has been an important aspect of human behavior, and humans have continued to learn since the day the first human was born. It is a continuous procedure, which consists of acquiring new or making modifications in the already existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values or preferences. The ability to learn is possessed primarily by humans and then animals. Some plants and machines have also shown the specific traits of this ability.

A human goes through various stages of learning throughout his or her life. Different kinds of approaches are implied on diverse learning perspectives at every level or every age. If one technique is fruitful in making a person learn something at a specific period of time, it may not be that much beneficial at the other stage or at any phase of his or her life. To explain these patterns of learning at various stages of life, multiple researchers and scientists have contributed their pieces of research to the field. Numerous theories of learning and various learning approaches have been put forward to understand the type of learning strategy that will be suitable for individuals of every age.

The link of spirituality and learning has long been established, and experts are substantially of the opinion that learning is positively connected to the learning process. One of the notable studies conducted in this purpose is the study conducted over Adult Learning Theories by Sharan B, Merriam in 2017 (Merriam, 2017). Merriam explains that spirituality does not only comprise of religion, although as per common perception, religion only comprises of religious beliefs and practices. Spirituality refers to the methods with which people gather knowledge and extract meaning from various concepts and events. I agree with the notion presented by Merriam. In my opinion, spirituality plays a significant role in the learning carried on by a person at various stages of his or her life, and it impacts the perception of that individual.

References

Merriam, Sharan (2018), "Adult Learning Theory: Evolution and Future Directions." Contemporary Theories of Learning, Illeris, K, Pearson.

Stereotypes

Stereotypes

Name

Affiliation

Date

Stereotypes

The definition of the stereotype threat states that it is the effect which impacts the performance of the individual when they are stereotyped about their ethnic identity or gender roles. In other words, it can be stated that exposing the children to the stereotype of ethnicity or gender roles can impact their performance negatively. Stereotype threat has always been a part of different societies of the world, due to which they have not only affected the mental health of the individuals but also their social growth due to their negative performance.

Steinberg has highlighted that stereotype threat impacts the differences in achievement outcomes among youth. Most of the times, the students belonging to the African American ethnicity or Hispanic group are stereotyped as less intelligent as compared to the white Americans or Asians who are more intelligent. When the African American and Hispanic students were told this before some test, they performed poorly in it. On the other hand, the girls face the stereotype threat as they are called less intelligent than the boys and it really impacted their performance negatively, when they were told this prior to some test (Steinberg, 2013). The presidential win of Barack Obama had restored the faith of the African American community in their capabilities and intelligence, which nullified the stereotype threat to some extent.

Stereotype threat impacts the performance as well as achievement outcomes among youth when they are stereotyped about their ethnic background or gender role. On the other hand, the same individuals can perform quite impressively if they are presented with positive compliments like the people of their community or gender perform better than those of other gender or ethnic group. The author has highlighted that the stereotype threating should be strictly avoided as it hinders the ability of the youth to achieve better outcomes.

Reference

Steinberg, L. (2013). Adolescence. McGraw-Hill Companies.

Stigma And Termination

Stigma and Termination

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Stigma and Termination

There are many people in the world who face the challenges of mental health issues and ironically they face this issue doubly. On one hand, the affected individuals struggle with the symptoms and other disabilities which result from this disease and on the other hand they face the challenges by the stereotypes and prejudice which result from the misunderstanding about the mental illness. As a result of these circumstances, the individuals suffering from mental illness are robbed from the opportunities which are used to define a quality life which are good jobs, safe housing and also affiliation with a diverse group of people. There are many types of research focused on the effect of the disease but recently many researches are on its way to understand the stigma of mental illness. The stigma associated with mental illness in two folded one is social stigma which involves the biased attitudes that people have around the mental illness and the other one os self-perceived stigma which includes an internalized stigma that the affected person suffers from, and both of these stigmas are real (Corrigan & Watson, 2002)..

Stereotypes are basically considered as social because those are the collectively agreed upon ideas from a group of people. These notions are quite efficient because the people in that particular group can easily produce impersonation and also the expectations of people who are being stereotyped by those specific groups. However the fact that some individuals have awareness about some stereotypes but that does not mean that the people agree with them. But the people who are prejudiced do agree with the negative, for example, they will believe that most of the mentally ill people are violent and as a result, they will produce negative feelings like such people are scary (Corrigan & Watson, 2002). In the western world, the stigmas about the mentally ill are endorsed, studies show that most of the US population have stigmatized attitudes about mental illness. The stigmatizing views about the mental health problems are not only limited to uninformed people but the professional trainers also believe in these stereotypes. They believe that the person with mental illness should be feared and they must be kept out of the community and therefore they limit their interaction with such people, as a result, the mentally affected people are greatly affected. Negative stereotyping such people can result in the exclusion of them from society and also employment and educational opportunities. These discriminations can become internalized which leads to self-stigma and the person believes that he/she cannot recover which leads them to feel shame and also the inability to achieve their goals (Corrigan & Kleinlein, 2005).

In Peplau's theory nursing is defined as an interpersonal and therapeutic process in which nurses engage in therapeutic relationships with the people who want a healthcare facility. There are four main phases of this theory and the first theory is the pre-orientation theory in which the nurse become aware of her/his own fears about dealing with a patient. This will allow the nurse to accept a patient's difference without judgment. For example, while dealing with mentally ill people the nurse must be aware of their health condition and shouldn't judge them about their behavior. The next phase is the orientation in which the patients realize that they need help and they try to adjust in their new environment, for example after the pre-orientation phase when the nurses will become aware of their own fears they will efficiently convince the patients that they need help and should stay in hospital due to their condition. In the working phase, nurses spend the majority of their time with patients during this phase the patients realize that nurses are the health educators and start to respond positively (Hagerty et al., 2017). In the termination phase which is also called discharge planning and the success of this phase depends on how both of them navigate through the above phases, termination phase also occurs when nurses teach the patients about the symptoms and how they can control it at home.

References

Corrigan, P. W., & Kleinlein, P. (2005). The impact of mental illness stigma.

Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). The paradox of self‐stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(1), 35-53.

Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16.

Hagerty, T. A., Samuels, W., Norcini-Pala, A., & Gigliotti, E. (2017). Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations: An Alternate Factor Structure for Patient Experience Data?. Nursing science quarterly, 30(2), 160-167.

Stimulant Use Addiction- Fentanyl

Stimulant Use Addiction- Fentanyl[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Stimulant Use Addiction- Fentanyl

Introduction

The authors have argued that there has been a sharp spike in deaths following an overdose of opioid. Furthermore, the illicit combining of heroin with non-pharmaceutical fentanyl and related drugs (NFPs) have resulted in even more deaths in the US. The authors have pointed out that non-pharmaceutical fentanyl is almost similar to pharmaceutical fentanyl (Daniulaityte et.al, 2019). However, NFPs is solely developed in Clandestine Laboratories. The authors have identified Fentanyl as a relatively potent drug in comparison to heroin. Deaths due to overdose on NPFs is widespread in the entire country. However, the state of Ohio has been grappling to limit the damage that has been done to many of its citizens due to unintentional overdose of NFPs. Sadly, the number of deaths due to an overdose of NFPs has doubled in the year 2016. Furthermore, the authors have pointed out that there is a lack of research on the perspective of the opioid users and their understanding with NFPs. Different studies have been conducted over the years to fill the research gap (Daniulaityte et.al, 2019). Moreover, the unfortunate drug users do not know that if the heroin they are buying contains traces of NPFs. The hypothesis of the study is to bridge the gaps in research that exists in the experiences of the people who uses opioid and adverse effects of fentanyl. In my opinion, the authors have carried out this study to better understand the effects of overdosage of fentanyl. The authors have carried out research because the people who overdose on fentanyl pose a significant burden on the national health budget. The authors’ research question is particularly a good one because due to a lack of research on the experiences of the people overdosing on fentanyl and its adverse effects, the number of deaths has been increasing rapidly (Daniulaityte et.al, 2019).

Methods

Over the period of 9 months spanning over May 2017 and January 2018, the researchers conducted multiple interviews with the in the individuals they had selected. There were a total of 60 individuals that were inducted to carry out the research by the authors. All the participants who were part of the research were aged more than 18 years at the time of research. There were 29 males and 31 females (Daniulaityte et.al, 2019). The average age of participants was 39. Out of 60 participants, 91% were white and the rest of them was African Americans. 45 of the participants were unemployed at the time of interviews and 15 were partially employed. Furthermore, the participants were recruited through different methods of advertisement. Moreover, the participants were given $30 each for their participation (Daniulaityte et.al, 2019). The research was conducted by taking interviews of the participants. The questionnaire of the interview was developed using feedback from people who have previously suffered from the same affliction. Additionally, the researcher asked the participants to furnish before them the specimen of their urine. The urine specimens were then assessed using the One Step Drug Screen Test Card to ascertain the cases that are tested positive regarding the use of opiates. After the research, the urine specimens were safely stored inside a refrigerator (Daniulaityte et.al, 2019).

Results

The results revealed that each participant had first used heroin some 10 years ago. Another thing that the results have revealed that more than 80% of the participants have had used heroin by injection (Daniulaityte et.al, 2019). More than 87% of participants reported that they have had used illegal pharmaceutical opioids prior to starting heroin. Given the severe nature of drugs the participants were already using, they were also using different drugs. 67% of the participants were using marijuana. About 80% of the participants were using cocaine and some 43% of them were using methamphetamine. Each participant revealed that they have had overdosed twice in their lifetime. Every participant knew at least 10 people who have died from overdosing on a drug unintentionally (Daniulaityte et.al, 2019). Some 11.7% of the participants said the risk of them overdosing is high while33% said it is moderate. Some 58.3% of the participants have told that they preferred heroine over fentanyl while 40% preferred fentanyl. About 90% of the participants told they can easily identify the difference between fentanyl and heroin. Furthermore, they told the color of heroin was brown while fentanyl has a white color. The samples of the urine revealed that 42 participants have been tested positive for NPFs (Daniulaityte et.al, 2019).

Discussion

According to the researchers, the study holds significant importance as it was the first one that intended to explore the experiences of people administering NPFs. According to the researchers, NPFs are widespread in the local/street drug market. About 90% of the participants were tested positive for NPFs while 50% of them were tested positive for heroin (Daniulaityte et.al, 2019). According to the researchers, the analysis of the collected data showed the participants have been exposed to a wide variety of NPFs. This claim was backed by the evidence that apart from fentanyl, some 7 analogs of fentanyl were detected. Another type of fentanyl that was prevalent among the participants was carfentanil. The researchers revealed that carfentanil was the drug that was seized in the biggest quantities in the state of Ohio. Additionally, about 60% of the deaths that resulted due to an overdose of NPFs were due to overdosing on carfentanil. Another thing the researchers successfully determined that most of the participants were accurately able to determine the drug they are administering. A limitation in the research identified by the researchers was that the participants held a bias when they were inquired about drug use within the past 3 days. Lastly, the researchers acknowledged that the data set of their research was relatively small. Therefore, these results cannot be generalized (Daniulaityte et.al, 2019).

References

Daniulaityte, R., Carlson, R. R., Juhascik, M. P., Strayer, K. E., & Sizemore, I. E. (2019). Street fentanyl use: Experiences, preferences, and concordance between self-reports and urine toxicology. International Journal of Drug Policy, 71, 3-9.

Kuczyńska, K., Grzonkowski, P., Kacprzak, Ł., & Zawilska, J. B. (2018). Abuse of fentanyl: An emerging problem to face. Forensic science international, 289, 207-214.

Stress And Illness

Title page

Stress and illness

Abstract

Stress has negative impacts on physical and mental health. It is critical to understand how stress influence human health for identifying the factors that would be helpful in mitigating such risks. Several studies exist that explains the relationship between and health. Stress is a reaction of the human body to challenging situations that could be real or perceived. Studies have revealed that people undergoing stress feels the increased heartbeat, fast breathing, muscle tightening and high blood pressure. Stress influence all aspects of human life however the symptoms may vary among people. One common factor behind stress is exposure to negative feelings, emotions and behaviors. Stress and depression as considered as psychotic disorders that creates restlessness and intolerance. Common symptoms of stress include lack of motivation, insomnia, headache, tense muscles, pains and low morale CITATION Agn15 \l 1033 (Mariotti, 2015).

Stress is an illness that is further linked to depression and psychosis. People who are a victim of stress undergo physical changes as short-term memory gets more active. Short-term stress is not harmful because it evokes a sense of fight against danger or unpleasant events. Long-term stress is more destructive and undermines overall health of individuals. The common caused of this stress include accidents, illness, financial issues, social problems and problematic relationships. Continuous stress causes people to go in a state of permanent alertness that undermines a sense of comfort and creates restlessness. This causes the body to trigger stress response repeatedly CITATION Lor16 \l 1033 (Toussaint, Shields, Dorn, & Slavich, 2016). People experiencing stress are unable to control negative feelings and emotions that lead to sleeplessness and anxiety. Feelings of irritation, annoyance and worry are also results of stress.

Hypothesis

Stress leads to deteriorated mental and physical health.

Stress has a significant correlation with depression and anxiety.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Mariotti, A. (2015). The effects of chronic stress on health: new insights into the molecular mechanisms of brain-body communication. Future Sci OA, 1 (3).

Toussaint, L., Shields, G. S., Dorn, G., & Slavich, G. M. (2016). Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health. J Health Psychol, 21 (6), 1004–1014.

Stress And It's Effect On Behavior



Academic Institution

Stress and Its Effect on Behavior

Purpose Statement

The purpose of this study is to evaluate how coping strategies can help in managing stress levels in individuals.

By

Larry Williamson

Location

Date

Stress and Its Effect on Behavior

Indicate your degree of agreement with each statement by placing the number that agrees with your agreement in the blank before the number. Use the following scale:

0 = Never

1 = Almost Never

2 = Sometimes

3 = Fairly Often

4 = Very Often

4

1

How often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?

2

2

How often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?

3

3

How often have you felt nervous and stressed?

1

3

4

How often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?

2

2

5

How often have you felt that things were going your way?

2

2

6

How often have you been able to control irritations in your life?

3

7

How often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do?

1

3

8

How often have you felt that you were on top of things?

4

9

How often have you been angered because of things that were outside your control?

3

10

How often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?

Total score: 25

The stress survey scores show that I’m suffering from moderately high stress. Which needs to be managed through coping strategies.

Stress Survey Review

Stress creates a grave impact on the functioning of an individual. It consequently decreases the productivity levels in a person. The physiological effects of stress on a person are dire, it can lead to a weakening of immune systems which can consequently also result in cancer. I identified the core reasons of stress have found in the survey that the effect of stress due to cataclysmic events have a worrisome impact on me, I get anxious and scared simultaneously. Moreover, I also identified that personal stress due to ineffective decision making and has led to a decrease in my motivation to address or achieve success in gratification. I recognized that I continuously indulged in drinking coffee and smoking, and tried to divert my thoughts from stressful issues to inactive ways like playing video games, watching television and eating junk food. It has direly affected my mood, health, and behavior. I found myself having higher palpitations, anxious, being angry, restless, sleep deprived and sad CITATION DeL88 \l 1033 (DeLongis 1988).

One can always cope with stress by indulging in regular exercises or physical activities such as practicing relaxing techniques can also help in reducing stress levels in a person. Indulging in social exercises and sharing issues which bother you with family and relation in the community can be considered useful in reducing stress levels in a person moreover, integration of religion in one’s life as suggested by Martin Seligman can also help reduce the levels of stress from within us. I practiced meditation i.e. yoga. The most advantageous thing about yoga is that it combines the physical and psychological aspects of an individual together. Yoga helps decrease stress by lowering blood pressures and palpitations CITATION Par04 \l 1033 (O 2004). It helps me put my thoughts in perspective and address my problems effectively. Stress and anxiety are persistent therefore it is primary to one’s healthy existence that they control the stress level by controlling the stressors and managing the stress levels from within.

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY DeLongis, Anita, Folkman, Susan, Lazarus, Richard S. "The impact of daily stress on health and mood: Psychological and social resources as mediators." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1988: 486-495.

O, Parshad. "Role of Yoga in Stress Management." The West Indian Medical Journal, 2004: 191-194.

Summ Intelligence

Question 1: What is Intelligence? Why are definitions of Intelligence controversial and seldom agreed upon?

Answer:

According to the AllWords Dictionary (2006), intelligence is the ability of using judgment, imagination, reasoning, understanding, experience, knowledge and memory with the purpose of solving problems adapting to new situations. The American Psychological Association has further elaborated this definition by explaining the fact that individuals differ from each other in overcoming obstacles by taking thought, engaging in various forms of reasoning, learning from experience, adapting effectively to the environment, and understanding complex ideas (Neisser et al., 1996). Apart from these literary definitions of Intelligence, psychologists have attempted to define the concept as well. For instance, Anastasi (1992) explain that intelligence is not a single, unitary ability but a composite of several functions. In a similar fashion, Burt (1957) posited that intelligence is a quality that is not emotional or moral but intellectual. However, Boring (1923) explain that intelligence is what is measured by intelligence tests. Gardner (1993), on the other hand, presented the fact that intelligence is the ability to creating products or solving problems that are valued in a particular cultural setting. As the time passed away, researchers developed definitions of the concept of intelligence in the field of artificial intelligence as well. For example, Fogel (1995) explain the any system with the ability of generating adaptive behaviors for meeting goals in a range of environment is intelligent. Godertzel (2006) put it in other words as following, "intelligence is achieving complex goals in complex environments. As it is evident from the different definitions presented over the time, the task of providing a single definition of the concept of Intelligence is beyond the boundaries of possibility. Primarily, noticing the definition of Intelligence is the correct one. Nevertheless, some of them are more general, precise and concise than the others. For this reason, the definitions of Intelligence remain controversial and are seldom agreed-upon.

Question 2: What are Intelligence tests used for and what ethical concerns are involved in using Intelligence testing?

Answer:

The primary purpose of intelligence tests used to measure someone's intellectual potential how to diagnose intellectual disabilities. Formally, they were called the intellectual quotient tests. Alfred Binet, a French psychologist, was the first person to create intelligence test in 1990s. The modern intelligence testing, particularly in the United States, terms from the work of Henry Goddard. He is a psychologist who translated the Binet test from French to English (White, 2000). However, the word of Goddard remains controversial due to his argument that adults with low intellectual quotient should not procreate (Greenwood, 2015). Fortunately, such viewpoints are not much appreciated in today's society. For this reason, several types of intelligence tests are being run today such as Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Wechsler, 1995), Peabody Individual Achievement Test (Markwardt, 1989), Universal Nonverbal Intelligence (Bracken & McCallum, 1998), and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (Terman & Merrill, 1960), to name a few. Reliability, validity and bias are three major issues in overall psychological testing today. The assessment of intelligence tests primarily depends upon one's perspective. On one end of the discussion, intelligence testing have the potential of identifying talented students but they fairly lack the ability to judge the true ability of a person. For instance, the intelligence tests presented by Gardner (1993) measure mathematical, verbal, physical, mechanical, musical and social skills of a student. In a similar fashion, the tri-archic Theory of Intelligence by Robert Sternberg revolves around practical, creative, analytical intelligence. However, none of these intelligence tests discusses common sense. Additionally, the assessment of intelligence testing results differs on the grounds of sex, education level, living standards, culture, and race. Therefore, it remains difficult for the psychologists to design and intelligence test concerning all of the variables.

References

A. Anastasi. What counselors should know about the use and interpretation of psychological tests. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70(5):610– 615, 1992.

B. Goertzel. The Hidden Pattern. Brown Walker Press, 2006.

Bracken, B. A., & McCallum, R. S. (1998). Universal nonverbal intelligence test. Chicago: Riverside Publishing Company.

C. L. Burt. The causes and treatments of backwardness. University of London press, 1957

D. B. Fogel. Review of computational intelligence: Imitating life. Proc. of the IEEE, 83(11), 1995.

E. G. Boring. Intelligence as the tests test it. New Republic, 35:35–37, 1923.

Greenwood, J. D. (2015). Intelligence defined: Wundt, James, Cattell, Thorndike, Goddard, and Yerkes. In Handbook of Intelligence (pp. 123-135). Springer, New York, NY.

H. Gardner. Frames of Mind: Theory of multiple intelligences. Fontana Press, 1993.

Markwardt, F. C. (1989). Peabody individual achievement test-revised: PIAT-R. Circle Pines: American Guidance Service.

Terman, L. M., & Merrill, M. A. (1960). Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Manual for the third revision, Form LM.

U. Neisser, G. Boodoo, T. J. Bouchard, Jr., A. W. Boykin, N. Brody, S. J. Ceci, D. F. Halpern, J. C. Loehlin, R. Perloff, R. J. Sternberg, and S. Urbina. Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist, 51(2):77–101, 96

Wechsler, D. (1955). Manual for the Wechsler adult intelligence scale.

White, S. H. (2000). Conceptual foundations of IQ testing. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6(1), 33.

Summary Of Chapter 4 And Chapter 5

Summary

Author Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Summary

Sensation and perception help a person to get information about his surroundings and environment. According to psychologists, behaviors of humans are defined by the abilities of perception of a person. The human body has senses and stimuli to respond. For example, a person will respond to a flash of light or a sound through stimulus. The stimulus is considered as it causes a psychological change in the body. Human receptor cells have sensation through which they respond to the surrounding. Different receptor cells react to the stimulus through sensation, perception, and transduction. Perception is a process of organizing, interpreting, and elaborating on sensations. Transduction is a process that transforms mechanical, light, and chemical energy by firing neurons. The brain has different regions through which it transmits signals and detects a stimulus. For example, many signals work as stimuli such as light, flashes, pain and mechanical signals. Part of the brain that responds to the flashlight is located at the back of the cortical area of the brain. However, every signal does not create a sensational process; it requires a threshold signal such as stimulus of minimum strength that activates the processes of sensation. An absolute threshold is the minimum intensity of the signal that an observer perceives 50 percent of the times.

According to the signal detection theory, the capacity to detect stimulus does not depend on the intensity of the signals, but also on the psychological states of the body such as fatigue and motivation. The origin of signal detection theory states that the perception of a stimulus is strongly influenced by the state of mind. This theory has helped us to understand the relationship between sensory processes and physical energy. The senses such as vision, touch, smell, taste, and hearing all work by the same principles of detection.

Eyes have structures that help in responding to the stimulus of light and these are cones, retina, and rods. Photoreceptor cells are located in the eyes that respond to the stimulus of light and the objects are viewed in response. Eyes are adapted to the dark and stimulus of light. With the growth of the body, human receptor cells also adapted themselves to the stimulus. This is the reason that at the start, the body often found it difficult to respond to the higher intensity of signals (Ettinger, 2014). This is all inside the biological structures of the body to respond and grow with modification through perception from the outside world. Similarly, hearing is adapted to respond to the noise and higher intensity of the sound signal for example, a person living in an environment where noise is most common around him. He would develop senses to adapt to this noise with time. This process is well explained by the Volley Theory in which frequency and pitch of sound have been described as modifying the perception and interrelation of sound with time. The similar process is with the damage and loss of senses. For example, hearing loss is a gradual process by which sensitivity happens to higher frequencies with aging. According to Gibson's theory of direct perception, information important for the perception is obtainable to the sensory system and there is no requirement for cognitive processing.

The human body has a process that controls and maintains biological rhythms. Human body temperature, growth, behavior, and illumination are all controlled through a process of biological rhythm which changes in the 24-hour cycle. Similarly, sleep cycles and consciousness are controlled this way naturally. However, psychological variations to the body change these cycles and sensational processes which result in disturbances.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ettinger, R H. Science of Behavior. 2014.

Summary On Political Neutrality

Neutrality

Submitted by

Affiliation

Date

Provide a summary on political neutrality and impartiality, considering the various perspectives

According to Fiona Terry  neutrality is an incredibly important principle of humanitarian action”(Terry1). According to Morris, “Humanitarian deed cannot solve complications of political kind. Their resolution entails the radical will compulsory to avoid suffering or eliminate its fundamental causes”(Black1) According to Vogel, “there are no apolitical decisions in the field of humanitarian assistance”(Vogel1) whereas Nascimento explained it as, “What has been practiced and encouraged by this ‘new humanitarianism’, is fundamentally a delusion of the necessity for humanitarian aid by an international organization that concurrently refutes its own role in supporting or speaking multifaceted crises and impends further the volume of victims of conflict-related tragedies to have contact to humanitarian support and to the pleasure of their human rights” (Nascimento1).

Discuss the concepts of political neutrality or impartiality, considering humanitarian laws, rights, and ethical principles.

The status of neutrality is subject to pressure from various states and international organizations in the framework of international cooperation aimed at combating terrorism and other common threats and is also under pressure as part of the constantly evolving globalization and the development of other forms of international organization and cooperation. Neutrality as a means of resolving conflicts through negotiations and the search for mutually beneficial solutions remains in international practice and proves its viability. With the emergence of new hotbeds of conflict, to a large extent due to the economic interests of developed countries, the neutrality of states that are in the position of non-participation in military conflicts again becomes relevant

How are individuals benefiting from or harmed by humanitarian professionals’ political neutrality and impartiality (e.g. refugees, displaced persons, and asylum seekers)?

The principle of impartiality means that humanitarian assistance, so as to lessen the condition of victims of emergency situations, is rendered without any differences in nationality, race, religious beliefs, gender, social status or political views. The offer, delivery and distribution of humanitarian aid should not be dependent on the recognition or practice of religious and other beliefs by the recipients of the aid. Aid is determined solely by the needs of people in distress, with priority given to those who are especially difficult. The principle of neutrality must be respected in the provision of international humanitarian assistance. It means non-interference of structures and employees of organizations aiding in any disputes of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature, imperfection of actions that violate the neutrality of the assistance provided.

References

Black, R. (2003). Ethical codes in humanitarian emergencies: from practice to research?

Disasters, 27(2), 95-108.

Jones, L. (1998). The question of political neutrality when doing psychosocial work with

survivors of political violence. International review of psychiatry, 10(3), 239-247.

Nascimento, D. (2015). One-step forward, two steps back? Humanitarian Challenges and

Dilemmas in Crisis Settings. Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, 18.

Talks, T. (2011, December 13). TEDxRC2 - Fiona Terry - The Paradox of Humanitarian Aid.

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J45cWdDEbm0&noredirect=1

Vogel, T. (1996). The politics of humanitarian intervention. Journal of Humanitarian Assistance,

3.

Summer Essay

Summer Essay

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Summer Essay

Social Development is not possible without effective social relationships. This is the pinnacle point in any healthy society or civilization. According to famous psychologist and social thinker Abraham Maslow, human beings have seven kinds of primary needs. His Hierarchy of Needs mentions some of the most important needs of human beings, and the one is about belongingness and affinity. It is no blinking the fact that relationships are much important for every individual, and feeling of partnership is even more important ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uiff3f8B","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sherif, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Sherif, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":663,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/QDF96T3V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/QDF96T3V"],"itemData":{"id":663,"type":"book","title":"Group conflict and co-operation: Their social psychology","publisher":"Psychology Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Group conflict and co-operation","author":[{"family":"Sherif","given":"Muzafer"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sherif, 2015). In this scenario, the experience of divorce is much traumatic for the person. As ill-luck would have it, if my friend is involved in a stressful divorce, I would suggest him some of the effective social techniques. Divorce and separation from a loving partner are undoubtedly a stressful situation which is much frequent in this world. Several studies depict a high rate of divorces between couples, and this is yet burgeoning in every society of the world. First of all, he needs to improve his attachment style. Anxious attachment style or the avoidant attachment styles are not good for effective human bonding. Better family life needs a secure attachment to build healthy trust level among its members. His stress can only be averted when his mind is not anxious or full of negative thoughts. Though negative thoughts are inevitable and so pervasive, they are not bereft of solution. There are numerous options to deal with negative and pessimistic thoughts, such as reading self-help books, meditation, or traveling. He can also seek recourse to the good people around him as it will become the impetus for more positivity in his life. Such effective changes are mandatory for him as he desperately needs a self-defense mechanism against his stressful living pattern. If stressful situations are unchecked, they leave a lasting impact on personalities and cripple their innate potential.

Human life is unpredictable and uncertain. Several philosophers have highlighted this complexity of life in their readings, and there have been varied schools of thought regarding the exact nature and purpose of life. Some of the existentialist and libertarian philosophers opine that an individual is in complete control of his life and all its events ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"w6hPbHlG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pereboom, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Pereboom, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":661,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/6C8FCW88"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/6C8FCW88"],"itemData":{"id":661,"type":"article-journal","title":"Libertarianism and Theological Determinism","container-title":"Free Will and Theism: Connections, Contingencies, and Concerns","page":"112–131","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Pereboom","given":"Derk"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pereboom, 2016). On the other hand, the other school of thought, essentialism, where it is illuminated that human beings come with an essence in their souls which they have to realize on this earth. This phrase “being in control” of one’s life portrays the one has total authority on whatever happens in life, and one is the real actor who can shape and give it any desired direction. John Paul Sartre used to believe this option that human is free and once thrown in this world, he is responsible for everything he does. This notion is clear in his one quote, "Man is condemned to be free." Nevertheless, this libertarianism is not good for any individual as it becomes a source of distress for a person. It instills more pessimism in his personality. Besides, this is a lop-side view as a human cannot control the entire working of life on this planet. Conversely, Hard determinism states that human is not free in a sense that there is universal law which is governing every single being on this universe and his actions. In this vein, some of the events in life are decided by fate, luck, destiny, or karma whatever one calls it. An individual is free in its action only when he has the availability of options. If one does not have an option, one is not controlling that event and is being directed by some other force in the universe. Hence, one is empowered when one has the choice. Otherwise, one is powerless against this universe.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Pereboom, D. (2016). Libertarianism and Theological Determinism. Free Will and Theism: Connections, Contingencies, and Concerns, 112–131.

http://dev.derk-pereboom.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Libertarianism_and_Theological_Determinism_PE_Edited_AQs_with_responses_2.pdf

Sherif, M. (2015). Group conflict and co-operation: Their social psychology. Psychology Press.

https://content.taylorfrancis.com/books/download?dac=C2017-0-52480-3&isbn=9781351490245&format=googlePreviewPdf

Summer Essay

Summer Essay

Farrion McCollough

Summer Essay

1. Social influences are those where the individual's behavior is affected by external environment which includes peer pressure, socialization, conformity, leadership, persuasion and obedience. They affect individuals in almost all spheres of life. For instance following the rules and law in daily life has helped me live my life peacefully away from criminal deviations. Social influences can be found in the advertisements, celebrity endorsements, the fashion trends and the peer pressure through our daily lives. The culture and religion evoke a sense of unified identity in me. The gender roles have been stereotyped by the society and hence it is expected of the men and women to comply with those standards restricting their liberties and freedomCITATION Cia \l 1033 (Cialdini, 1998)). I personally feel burdened to comply with them, which limits my career choices. Peer pressure has also affected my sense in fashion in a negative way as I feel obliged to buy every new fashion trend, unhealthily, even when I don’t need it or have money enough to buy it.

6. People behave in a certain way with the group even when the majority within the group is wrong due to a number of reasons CITATION NEF90 \l 1033 (NE Friedkin, 1990 ). Group unity is the driving force behind a group’s collective decision making even when the majority is wrong, it shows consensus. The psychologists have named this phenomenon as ‘group think” whereby groups make irrational and bad decisions CITATION ILJ82 \l 1033 (Janis, 1982). Conformity, obedience and acceptability are drive people to agree with the group. Many people feel the urge to conform to norms and values that are widely followed by the groups to fit in, disagreeing within the group may show ill will. Another factor is to stay obedient to the group and feel obligated to follow their decisions. And lastly, people tend to agree with the decisions of the majority so that they can be accepted by the group.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cialdini, R. B. (1998)). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. The handbook of social psychology (pp. 151-192). New York, NY, US: McGraw-Hill.

Janis, I. (1982). Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes. Houghton Mifflin Boston.

Summer Essay



Summer Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Summer Essay

Question # 1

If you were blind in one eye, why might you misjudge your distance from a painting on the wall, but not the distance to buildings a block away?

Suppose that if I was blind on my one eye, I will have to face issues in judging the distance of color or painting on a wall but not on the distance far to building a block away. Because of the deeper perception, monocular and binocular cues, it is fully true. Depth or deeper perception is the ability of a person of living thing to judge or know the actual distance of an item or object which may be reaching to get the mobile phone put on the table.

Binocular cues made it possible to judge the actual distance of any painting or color on the wall in front of your eyes. And it uses both of the eyes to critic or judges any distance. The brain cannot process the critic or distance if one of two eye does not function and both eyes work collectively to process the distance of a near of close item or object. The eyes might collect or receive a bit altered visual cues if the object is too close or near to eyes. It also called retinal disparity (Bazerman, & Tenbrunsel, 2012). So the ability of judging things which are near or close is effected when one eye loses its ability to take visual cues.

At far distances, each of the eyes can see the same pictures or images. Rain and eyes pick same things like size light and height etc. when judging a faraway thing. So it could be much easy to know and judge with a single eye because the same image would be there which will be processed by the brain.

It becomes difficult to judge the distance of nearer things or objects than the away objects when there is losing vision in one eye. It is the outcome of the way through which retinas perceive the item or object in the close view (Bazerman, & Tenbrunsel, 2012). The pictures or image remain close to the eyes in the far away view, so there are no huge efforts needed for processing and differentiating between the eyes.

Question # 3

Explain the theory of color vision that would account for the fact that we can describe a color as bluish green, but not as reddish green?

There are two major theories which are used to describe the color vision which is named as opponent-process theory and three-color theory. These theories clarify that a bluish green color can be seen but not a reddish one.

Based on the theory of Young Helmholtz, three color receptors are there in the retina. Each one of them works for processing various colors separately while sometimes they work collectively. These three color receptors in the eye are colored green, red and blue. This theory articulates that we see color whenever the cones or receptors are stimulated (Wyszecki, & Stiles, 1982).

Another theory (opponent process theory) states the receptors with colors in pairs. These pairs are helpful in enabling color vision. Within front color, when neurons stimulate in green cone then stimulation of red cone cannot be done. Red cannot be looked reddish because of this process. So blue may appear bluish green because the green and blue cones maybe enthused at matching time (Wyszecki, & Stiles, 1982). As well as blue and green colors never go in a similar way or channel which enables us to see both of the colors as one (bluish green).

Imagining a reddish green appears impossible owing to the fact it's impossible for the colors to be perceived composed because of the color cones in retinas. Those two different colors cannot be processed by the eyes that this is reddish green or bluish green (Wyszecki, & Stiles, 1982).

References

Bazerman, M. H., & Tenbrunsel, A. E. (2012). Blind spots: Why we fail to do what's right and what to do about it. Princeton University Press.

Wyszecki, G., & Stiles, W. S. (1982). Color science (Vol. 8). New York: Wiley.

Summer Vacation

Summer Vacation

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Summer Vacation

Planning a perfect summer vacation for my family is my all-time-favorite job, and became kind of a family ritual since I was thirteen. Primarily, the planning comes through forming clearly defined steps in ascending order, starting from basic or small ones. Whenever I plan a holiday, I have a clear mindset about where to go. While searching on google about the new places still to be discovered, I jot down all the places where I went already, and I am planning to go to with my family. The individual characteristics are determined through exploration, such that type of situation, its cultural importance, fun-side, and easy accessibility.

The significant milestones involved in planning a vacation are deciding the place, travelling, and accommodation (Romiszowski, 2016). But all these are possible through money or budget for the trip. So I always ask my mom and dad for the budget they have decided to spend on this holiday vacation, and after that, I choose one of the places according to the budget. I do the homework about the cost of expenditures on the trip before arranging anything about the vacation. So for planning this trip, I chose two-three places according to the budget set by my parents. Then I book the travel accommodation two weeks before the departure so that there would be no ambiguities when we reach the destination.

The last phase involves the exploration and fun activities regarding the trip, which I decide beforehand by writing down on the map of the place we plan to visit, such that about the historical or monument sites. The schedule for train and bus timings are already on the list I acquire from the online sites of the tourist guide. Ultimately, packing is done according to the stay, and I always advise my family not to pack too much.

References

Romiszowski, A. J. (2016). Designing instructional systems: Decision making in course planning and curriculum design. Routledge.