The Sociocultural Model

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The society influences a person a lot in every aspect of his/her life. Mental health is influenced by many factors. Social factors, educational factors, health factors, cultural factors, economical factors, and multiple other factors shape the society and which, in turn, effect the mental health of a person. There are many ways through which the mental health of a person can be improved using these factors as a source of improvement in mental health intervention and prevention. The first important aspect is the upbringing factors. Culture and education play a lot of important role in the upbringing of a child. The improvement in parenting practices and improved cultural practices can help in improvement of the mental health. Parents can be taught courses about the milestones of childhood, the requirements of the upbringing, and the elements of growth needed to improve. For example, Freud explained the psychosocial stages of development, like oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, genital stage, latent stages (Chung). Every child grows into adult passing through these stages and if a child is fixated at any stage, it leads to mental illness. The next important aspect is the educational factors of a society. It involves the improvement of the school environment, interactive teaching behaviors, promoting communication, and trust building practices. The peer interaction is another domain which is very essential to improved mental health. Healthy peer relationship helps in improving the mental health. The social support is an important factor of the mental health. Researchers have shown that the people with lack of social skills, communication skills and support skills develop the mental disorders sooner than the others(Baker and Edelmann). The next important aspect is the development of career and career milestones. In this, we see that economy plays a very crucial factor. The attainment of degree and availability of jobs is an important factor in the life of a person. The workplace environment also plays an important factor in the mental health factors. Lastly, the ease of finding a life partner, settling down, and improved relationships are social factors that contribute to improved mental health.

Works Cited

Baker, Sarah R., and Robert J. Edelmann. “Is Social Phobia Related to Lack of Social Skills? Duration of Skill-Related Behaviours and Ratings of Behavioural Adequacy.” British Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 41, no. 3, Sept. 2002, pp. 243–57, doi:10.1348/014466502760379118.

Chung, Dingyu. “The Eight Stages of Psychosocial Protective Development: Developmental Psychology.” Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, vol. 08, no. 06, 2018, pp. 369–98, doi:10.4236/jbbs.2018.86024.

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The Startling Link Between Sugar & Alzheimer

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The Startling Link Between Sugar and Alzheimer

Alzheimer's disease is a type of disorder in which the brain cells tend to waste away and end up. The signs of this ailment are forgetting incidents that have taken place in recent times. Persons carrying this disease can develop severe memory disorders and became incapable of daily tasks. It is normal to lose the memory of ordinary things happening daily. However, it becomes an ailment when the loss of memory becomes severe and persistent. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of "Dementia", which is characterized by a continuous decline in the cognitive abilities of a person.

Scientists could not understand precisely the causes of Alzheimer's. The physiological defect that causes this disease is, however, considered to be the failure of the brain's proteins to function normally. Their failure disrupts the functionality of neurons, which leads to give rise to numerous toxic events. As a result of this disease, the brain is damaged. The connections between the neurons become loosened. Eventually, the neurons start dying.

Researches have indicated various risk factors of Alzheimer's disease. People in older age are more susceptible to acquiring this disease. Mostly the patients having this disease are sixty-five years old and onward. Genetic factor is very active in the acquisition of this disease. People having first-degree relatives (parents, brothers, sisters) affected with Alzheimer's have a higher risk of getting this disease. Moreover, there is evidence that people affected with Down's syndrome are prone to have this disease. People having poor sleeping habits, problems of heart, and an inactive lifestyle are more vulnerable to this disease.

People should take on a healthy lifestyle to avoid diseases like Alzheimer's. It develops slowly and becomes serious with time. The clumps in the brain take time to be formed; cognition declines slowly as well. If someone is not conscious from the beginning, it can become a threat to that person’s health. The western-style diet should be avoided; the low-sugar diet is prescribed.

2. It is considered to be a type of diabetes, hence referred to as "type 3 diabetes". As type 1 diabetes is categorized as autoimmune and type 2 as chronic, Alzheimer's is thought to be another type of diabetes that is caused by excessive use of sugar. The Western-style diet contains a huge amount of sugars. A study revealed that people who had higher levels of sugar in their blood had more tendency of cognitive disorders. The level of blood sugar has a direct correlation with cognitive decline. A professor at New York University studied the connection of diabetes with Alzheimer's disease. Her studies brought her to the conclusion that people who had type 2 diabetes are two times more likely to get Alzheimer's. Further, people having diabetes and getting treatment of insulin also had more tendency to acquire Alzheimer's. This study indicates that increased use of insulin has a connection with Alzheimer's. If blood sugar is higher than normal, the patient is more likely to get Alzheimer's. More than eighty-six million people have high sugar levels. Besides this study made by Melissa Schilling, the other studies also suggest that elevated use of insulin is a major risk factor of Alzheimer's. Still, other studies reveal that type 1 diabetic patients who do not use insulin at all have also a higher risk of Alzheimer's. They acquire Alzheimer's because the insulin breaking enzyme (a product of insulin) is little in the body as the body does not produce the needed amount of insulin. Consequently, it is not sufficient to break up amyloid brain clumps. This situation leads to Alzheimer’s.

A study shows that people who have a higher intake of carbohydrates have eighty percent more chances of developing cognitive disease. They are on their way to develop more severe types of cognitive disorders. Such people can do easy tasks of daily life, but they are not capable of undertaking complex tasks.

The other factors that suggest that sugar is not linked with Alzheimer's disease are genetic factors, lifestyle, and environmental factors. These confounding factors affect the brain of a person over time. Even if a person does not have higher blood sugar levels, the person can acquire Alzheimer's due to the genetic changes that ascertain the person will develop the disease. Wuxiang Xie conducted research and stated that Dementia is a psychiatric condition that occurs ubiquitously, and is associated mainly with poor life quality in the old age of many patients. His study reveals another confounding factor of Alzheimer’s, poor quality of life. Therefore, sugar is not necessarily associated with the disease.

3. Sugar may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease. Various researches have shown results that indicate Alzheimer’s association with higher sugar levels in blood. Association of sugar with Alzheimer's disease gives a behavioral explanation of the causes of disease. Persons who have more intake of sugar or carbohydrates over long years of life, they are closer to develop the disease. They demonstrate higher sugar levels in blood. They have usually a static lifestyle. They exhibit traits that indicate the likelihood of developing the disease. However, there is another explanation also to this problem. The genetic explanation describes the causes of disease to be the changes in the genetic patterns of the patient. People inherit a specific set of characteristics from their parents, which enable them to behave and live with certain traits. Evidence shows that people acquire diseases from their parents as well. Alzheimer's is also no exception. The problem lies in the fact that Alzheimer's is not curable in the last stage where it is transformed into Dementia.

There are uncertainties regarding the connection between sugar and Alzheimer’s. However, evidence supports the linkage between sugar and Alzheimer’s. Many studies show that diabetes has a role in weakening the blood vessels. The weakening of blood vessels increases the chances of having affected by Dementia because it can cause mini-strokes in the brain. When a high intake of sugar exists in a person, the brain cells can become resistant to insulin. This can affect the brain cells, and they start dying. Obesity is also a concerning factor that is caused due to over intake of sugars and carbs. Research indicates that extra fats in a person can release cytokines (or inflammatory proteins, like interferon). The cytokines can cause deterioration of cognition. Obesity that is caused by excessive intakes of sugar is also associated with increased amyloid proteins in their brains in the old age.

4. Future studies can be made for identifying and confirming the connection between Sugar and Alzheimer’s disease. Since the existing researches have indicated the link between the two, they can be used as the guiding source for making further attempts in this regard. The researchers have used the medical histories of Alzheimer’s patients to explore the causes of the disease. They have made conclusions based on their analysis of the empirical data available about these patients. Future studies can be made by using the empirical data of these patients in different perspectives. The future studies should be designed in a way that explains the disease processes in the brain and provide biological pieces of evidence related to their causes. These tests can prove helpful in determining the causes of the disease. The specific cause and effect relationship between sugar and Alzheimer's disease can be identified in researches by developing a model of study or experimentation to establish the results. An animal model can be used to more accurately measure the results of the experiment. To make the test, it is suggested to create a medium for keeping four pairs of mice. These mice should be fed with different amounts of sugars provided that the total input of calories is kept the same. Mice are suggested to be kept in pairs because the gender of an organism is also a contributing factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Usually, the females are more persistent and tend to live longer than the males. Testing both the sexes for sugar to be the cause of Alzheimer's will develop more dependable results. The experiment should be carried on for six months. The quantity of sugar given to these mice need to be increased with time. The results will be measured weekly. The connection between sugar and Alzheimer's can be understood by studying the biological processes of their brain. Increased amounts of sugar will consume the enzyme needed for breaking up the amyloid proteins of brains. The elevation of amyloid proteins in the brain will indicate the effect of increased sugar in mice.

5. For future treatment of Alzheimer's disease, awareness among people need to be spread about the disease. Sluggish lifestyles should be discouraged and a supportive environment has to be created to assist people in developing good habits and improving the quality of the aged. Currently, medications used can only help for a time to sustain memory work and cognitive behaviors of the patients. Cholinesterase inhibitors and Memantine are being used to control and improve the cognitive activities. To control the behaviors associated with Alzheimer’s disease, antidepressants can be given. For future treatment, certain medicine has to be developed that could reduce the adverse effects of sugar intake on the production of the enzymes necessary for proper metabolism of amyloid proteins in the brain. Obesity has to be addressed considering it the most harmful phenomenon that contributes to a wide range of diseases including Alzheimer's.

The Study Of Eidetic Memory ( Sometimes Called Eidetic Imagery)

Eidetic Memory

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Eidetic Memory

Eidetic memory or eidetic imagery is the ability to recall a memory in tremendous detail by just seeing something for the first time. The terms photographic memory and eidetic memory are sometimes used interchangeably by people, but they are somewhat different. Eidetic memory is the perfect recall of scenarios and images that have been observed recently up to a few minutes; whereas, photographic memory is the immaculate recalling ability that stays in the memory for longer periods of time. Another difference, according to famous scholar, Annette Kujawski Taylor, is the presence and association of other sensory memories such as auditory memory that also forms a part of eidetic memory whereas photographic memory – as the name suggests – is focused only on visual aspect of memory.

Eidetic memory can be studied through observational experimentation in different individuals. A group of people will be selected and shown images for a little while. They will then be asked to describe the image in detail. Only those participants in such a study who have eidetic memory will be able to recall the image and its contents vividly. For instance, the military uses such a method as well in order to improve soldier’s memories. The training is similar to the aforementioned experiment; a soldier is seated in a dark room and exposed to images and then asked to describe them through memory alone. As the number of iterations increase, the accuracy of recall improves and the time of exposure to image shortens. This enables soldiers to dramatically improve their performance as they are trained to reproduce great detail in a split second. These experiments imply that eidetic memory is in fact a skill that can be learned with practice and rehearsal.

Eidetic memory is a phenomenon that is said to occur primarily in little children, although it is rare even among children – just 8% of children are said to have eidetic memory. One theory is that this phenomenon occurs because children are not trained enough to harness all the senses properly so one of their senses grow more than the others, allowing for a greater memory and accurate image recall. Another reason for this occurrence is that children’s brains do not have practice integrating all the data coming in from all senses so they primarily rely on one sense. As people grow older, however, they learn to use all of their senses properly and this ability of eidetic memory fades with time. According to Andrew Hudmon, a credible reason for this loss in eidetic memory with age has to do with language acquisition or some other developmental activity. Hudmon claims that learning language and communicating verbally disrupts the visual aspect of memory, leading to a decline in eidetic memory.

The major issue in scientific research for eidetic memory is that it is difficult to authentically measure. The experiment conducted by Charles Stromeyer on a woman – whom he later married – is an example of a research that invited a lot of criticism because she refused to be tested again by anyone else. Also, the subject and researcher got married so the research may have been biased. Furthermore, the methodology was questionable as well: she claimed to remember poetry in a foreign language (that she did not understand) for years after seeing it. This experiment, however, fueled debate on eidetic memory and subsequently a lot of discussion was focused on the topic. The issue of consistency is also a major constraint because a thorough, consistent research on a large enough group has not yet been executed for the purpose of discovering the existence or extent of eidetic memory.

References

Paivio, A., & Cohen, M. (1979). Eidetic imagery and cognitive abilities. Journal of Mental Imagery, 3(1-2), 53-64.

Standing, L., Conezio, J., & Haber, R. N. (1970). Perception and memory for pictures: Single-trial learning of 2500 visual stimuli. Psychonomic science, 19(2), 73-74.

Taylor, A. K. (Ed.). (2013). Encyclopedia of Human Memory [3 volumes] (Vol. 1). ABC-CLIO.

The Study Of Rajan Mahadevan (who Is A Memorist)

The Study of Rajan Mahadevan

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The Study of Rajan Mahadevan

Introduction

Many people in this world are blessed with a sharp memory. People can remember a large number of things at the same time. They can precisely remember faces, voices, digits, numbers and even smells. But there are very few people who have been blessed with a photographic memory. These people are gifted with the blessing that they can remember even the minute details about any person, event, thing, place or anything that they have seen even just once for some time. They can remember each and every second of an event and can recall it in the very same manner. One such man who had been blessed with such a type of memory is Rajan Mahadevan.

Discussion

Rajan Mahadevan is an Indian mnemonist or memoirist who has been blessed by an extremely sharp memory. It’s not like he developed this ability overnight or she made himself capable of doing so, he was gifted with this ability from the very beginning of his life.

Rajan Mahadevan was born in India in 1957. He moved to Mangalore with his family in 1959. Rajan’s parents always knew about his extraordinary capability and always paid special attention towards him to enhance his this capability. Rajan also had the idea that he was not an ordinary boy, which is why he started practicing various skills and brain exercises to boost up his knowledge and memory.

Rajan discovered his extraordinary intelligence, when he was just 5 years old, while he was playing at a birthday party, organized by his family. Rajan wandered to the parking lot and noted the license number plate from, the cars parked there. He intended to recite them later. Rajan tried to pursue a career in engineering but got bored with it and left the degree. Instead, he started memorizing the substantial parts of pi. In July 1981, he recited 31811 parts of the pi, for the very first time (Ericsson, et. al, 2004). This secured him a position in the Guinness Book of World Records, 1984. Moreover, he has also been featured in TV shows like Larry King Live and Reader’s Digest.

Thompson et.al. conducted a detailed study on Rajan Mahadevan along with the collaboration of the subject in 1990 and got it published in 1991 (Thompson, et. al., 1991). The researchers found out that the subject, Rajan Mahadevan, had an exceptionally sharp memory, especially in the case of digits. The researchers used a number of series of experiments to test the memory and the accuracy of the subject. The researchers concluded that Rajan Mahadevan followed the typical pattern of the memories as elaborated by Chase and Ericsson in 1982 in their book “The psychology of learning and motivation”. It was discovered that the Rajan made use of the retrieval structure, and showed consistency with the reduction in practice time of the study. But in contrast to this, Rajan uses a modified paired-associate method instead of pre-existing knowledge procedure. The results were consistent with the facts that although Rajan’s qualities and traits were not that much unique as there is quite a number of people who possess this kind of memory, his memory patterns were different from rest of them.

Conclusions

In short, the studies conducted on the great mnemonist, Rajan Mahadevan, was in consistency with the memory theories already developed by the researchers working in the area of psychology, especially Chris and Ericsson. They concluded their research on the same note that Rajan had an exceptional level of memory and showed extraordinary skills while performing in the area of memory, especially in the area of digits. The only difference was found between the method and the memory patterns of the memoirist.

References

Ericsson, K. A., Delaney, P. F., Weaver, G., & Mahadevan, R. (2004). Uncovering the structure of a memoirist's superior "basic" memory capacity. Cognitive Psychology, 49(3), 191-237.

Thompson, C. P., Cowan, T., Frieman, J., Mahadevan, R. S., Vogl, R. J., & Frieman, J. (1991). Rajan: A study of a memorist. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(6), 702-724.

The Topic That I Choose To Learn More In Psychology ( You Choose, And Please An Es

Social Cognition

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Social Cognition

Introduction

Psychology is a diverse subject in which students learn about different behavior of other people, their ability to perform different tasks and mental abilities. Of all the topics studied in psychology, Social cognition is the topic that has always intrigued me. I have decided to carry out more research about social cognition and learn about it.

Social Cognition

Social cognition is an important topic in psychology. Social cognition deals with the ability of people to process, store, and apply any information about other people in society. The main focus of social cognition is the role of the cognitive abilities of human beings in everyday social interactions.

Description of Social Cognition

Following example would help to clear any doubts in understanding how social cognition is related to cognitive abilities in everyday interactions. For instance, when you meet a person for the first time, you are concerned about the impression you are sending towards that person. At the same time, you interpret the signals to send out by that person and form a perception about them.

Goal

The goal to pursue social cognition as a career in the future is to learn about the processes that are used by humans to think. I aim to become a cognitive psychologist and carry out comprehensive research to learn about the cognitive processes of human beings.

Strategy

The strategy in becoming a cognitive psychologist is quite simple. First of all, I would obtain a bachelor's degree in psychology. After that, I would get a Master's degree. Finally, I would enroll in a Ph.D. program.

Outcome

After gaining a Ph.D. in cognitive psychology, I would become a cognitive psychologist, able to carry out comprehensive research helping to understand the cognitive abilities of human beings in-depth.

Implications

Although social cognition captivates enthusiasts looking to pursue a career in the field, many psychologist researchers argue that social cognition focuses too much on the behavior of individuals.

Q/A

What is a cognitive ability?

The cognitive ability of an individual is the way they perform different activities that require mental capacity.

Why social cognitive intrigue me?

I was always interested in knowing how an individual thinks and store information about other individuals during social interaction.

References

American Nurse Today. (2019). Americannursetoday.com. Retrieved 11 August 2019, from https://www.americannursetoday.com/how-to-create-an-effective-poster-presentation/

Theories Of Personality

Theories of Personality

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Introduction

Sir Francis Galton was a well-known anthropologist and explorer, for his work in eugenics and human intelligence. Born on February 16, 1822, in Birmingham, England, he earned a name as a progressive, polymath, psychologist, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, anthropologist and psychometrician. He is known to be the first one who studied the properties of human selective mating. As a child, he rejected the orthodox teaching methods and started to study medicine in his teens. Soon, he developed a passion for traveling using the wealth he got from his father. Being the cousin of Charles Darwin, he researched the implications of his theory, focused on selective mating and human genius ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a14veio6n3d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}Francis Galton as Differential Psychologist,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“Francis Galton as Differential Psychologist,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1657,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/2QFJTCEN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/2QFJTCEN"],"itemData":{"id":1657,"type":"webpage","title":"Francis Galton as Differential Psychologist","URL":"http://galton.org/psychologist/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,18]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Francis Galton as Differential Psychologist,” n.d.). He has produced over 340 papers and books. Sir Galton is also known for developing the statistical concept of correlation and promoting regression towards the mean. He was the first one to use the statistical analysis tools for studying human intelligence and also introduced researchers with the concept of using questionnaires and surveys for data collection which he required for his own genealogical, anthropometric, and biographical studies.

Nature vs. Nature

Sir Galton coined the term “eugenics” and “nature vs. nurture” himself. His work “Hereditary Genius (1869)”, is credited to be the first social scientific effort to study genius. He is one of the leading experimental psychologists and founder of Differential Psychology, a new field of study. Differential Psychology highlights the psychological differences between people rather than just focusing on their personality traits ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"akf3h4i0pp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}Francis Galton as Differential Psychologist,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“Francis Galton as Differential Psychologist,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1657,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/2QFJTCEN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/2QFJTCEN"],"itemData":{"id":1657,"type":"webpage","title":"Francis Galton as Differential Psychologist","URL":"http://galton.org/psychologist/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,18]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Francis Galton as Differential Psychologist,” n.d.). He started from scratch, and he invented the tools that he needed, himself. He needed statistical tools such as correlation and regression, developed after his study, now consider as nuts and bolts of empirical human disciplines. One of the major obstacles that he faced was the treatment of differences on measures as measurement error, rather than as a natural change. To understand and examine the impact of heredity on intellectual abilities, he made the first systematic attempt of Hereditary Genius (1869). It is noteworthy to mention his usage of bell-shaped Normal Distribution, to describe the dissimilarities in intellectual ability and utilization of pedigree analysis measure heredity effects.

The History of Twins, As a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture

By 1857, Galton had been struggling to find out the role of nature and nurture. He conducted a study on twin and summed up his findings in one of his articles, “The History of Twins, As a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture”. His article was published in Fraser's Magazine in London. This study of twins was characterized to determine the differences between the characteristics with which people are born from the characteristics which they learn from their circumstances and life. He named these factors like nature and nurture. He concluded that the impact of nature is higher than that of nurture by studying these factors on people born with similar characteristics, referred to as twins, who had similar traits. Darwin’s theory was the foundation of Galton’s study of twins. At that time genes were not fully understood and it was under study that if people are born with some traits or they learn these traits with time from their life experiences.

His article “The History of Twins, As a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture”, he mentions the reason what why he chose to study twins and gives his own definition of twins. He used different studies to collect data about twins, their mental and physical characteristics, and based on that he reached at the conclusion of his study ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ab5bpcuuaa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Galton, 1875)","plainCitation":"(Galton, 1875)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1660,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/8VMTZATH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/8VMTZATH"],"itemData":{"id":1660,"type":"article-journal","title":"The history of twins, as a criterion of the relative powers of nature and nurture.","container-title":"Fraser's Magazine","page":"566-576","volume":"12","issue":"71","author":[{"family":"Galton","given":"Francis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1875"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Galton, 1875). He stated that studying unrelated people to understand the concept of nature and nurture was highly difficult. He notes that individual success is always attributed to his efforts and their life experiences, though it is very reasonable to say that an individual inherits intellectual traits from their parents. He explains that individuals inherit similar traits from their parents and the study of twins will tell if nature has more impacts or nurture. He examined two twins, who were very identical to each other, who studied together to determine if they became different as they grew up ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a14bece7r4f","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burbridge, 2001)","plainCitation":"(Burbridge, 2001)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1659,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/J7FJNUN6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/J7FJNUN6"],"itemData":{"id":1659,"type":"article-journal","title":"Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class","container-title":"The British Journal for the History of Science","page":"323-340","volume":"34","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Burbridge","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burbridge, 2001). He could also have family members about the causes of dissimilarity. He also studied the twin who was not similar during their youth and as they grew up they became similar. For the purpose of his study, he obtained data by sending 200 different questionnaires to families having twins’ kids. He also asked numerous questions about their mental and physical traits. In his study, he also included asylum superintendents to obtain data about the occurrence of insanity among twins.

According to Galton, twins can have two different definitions. First, twins are more than one children born at the same time, for instance, animals who give birth to more than one children at a time. The subset of twins as he defines is, more than one offspring who took birth from double yoked eggs occurring due to the two germinal spots. There are three groups of twins, according to Galton twins can be classified into three groups, extremely dissimilar, exactly similar, and moderately similar. His findings based on observations and analysis indicates that if the twins are of different sexes, they are not exactly similar and they are also not born from one double-yolked egg.

He continued to explain the data that he received, he also tells in his article that only a few twins are highly similar to each other. Most of the twins that he examined were identical in terms of their hair color, height and weight. With all the similarities, there was a slight difference. In some cases, parents were not able to distinguish between their twin children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ab5bpcuuaa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Galton, 1875)","plainCitation":"(Galton, 1875)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1660,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/8VMTZATH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/8VMTZATH"],"itemData":{"id":1660,"type":"article-journal","title":"The history of twins, as a criterion of the relative powers of nature and nurture.","container-title":"Fraser's Magazine","page":"566-576","volume":"12","issue":"71","author":[{"family":"Galton","given":"Francis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1875"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Galton, 1875). There was high variation in terms of similarities and dissimilarities in the cases of twins that he observed. His study also indicated that the children who were similar during their childhood showed no dissimilarity when matured, despite the fact that they were raised in distinct environments. After observing a number of cases, he reached a conclusion that nature has a great impact on an individual and his development rather than nurture ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hTXiPtg0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burbridge, 2001)","plainCitation":"(Burbridge, 2001)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1659,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/J7FJNUN6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/J7FJNUN6"],"itemData":{"id":1659,"type":"article-journal","title":"Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class","container-title":"The British Journal for the History of Science","page":"323-340","volume":"34","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Burbridge","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burbridge, 2001). His study made a major contribution to this area of heredity. Such as in 1905, Edward Thorndike, a psychologist based in the United States also conducted research on a group of twins to study and reached a conclusion that similarity among twins is inborn and not learned from life and environment.

Another dermatologist, Hermann Werner Siemens, also used the method of twin in scientific studies to examine the role of genes in various skin diseases. All these studies which included twins made the study of Galton as the foundation and provided more details about heredity. Many authors credit Galton in their books for his theory of twins such as Horatio Newman, Karl Holzinger, and Frank Freeman. His study became the first one to incorporate twins to determine the relationship between nature and nurture. Heredity was a topic which gained popularity in the mid to late 1900s. After his study, many researchers tried to comprehend the difference in people's intelligence, height, and awkwardness. It was a way forward to evaluate the ways environment impact heredity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7rLidYTP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burbridge, 2001)","plainCitation":"(Burbridge, 2001)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1659,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/J7FJNUN6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/J7FJNUN6"],"itemData":{"id":1659,"type":"article-journal","title":"Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class","container-title":"The British Journal for the History of Science","page":"323-340","volume":"34","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Burbridge","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burbridge, 2001).

The ‘The History of Twins’, is the major achievement of Galton and it is not suitable to call it the substandard science of the past. His article must be classified as the classic piece of its time. First, some of the evidence suggests a lot of valuable insight even if it is away from the concluding remarks. According to the data that Galton obtained from questionnaires and observation, mentioned all of that in his article offers valuable information about nature and nurture and twins. The results which show that unfamiliar twins will never get similar despite they are brought up in the same environment, given the same education and raised by the same parents. This makes a major contribution to the point that twins who were similar in childhood were due to the factor of heredity rather than the influence of their parents.

The article, “The History of Twins”, sets out a firm conviction that nature is something that matters most and it is the most important study of psychology. Galton study is also significant because he tried to be as systematic as possible. He obtained a large amount of data, subjected to the necessary quantitative data analysis and he looked for real-life examples from his data. He faced all the difficulties in his research study and did not act like those who waded into unfaithful waters. That is why his research is based on ingenuity. His work must be considered very remarkable for the study of twins and statistical tools as it was not generated as a result of unscientific statements and it pleased most of his peers and colleagues. The modern practitioner of twin studies always looks up to the work done by Galton. His work also identified the basic questions in twin studies which were refined by later generations. The studies after that understood the complexities involved in such studies. This research program has been regarded as one of the most significant fields of behavior genetics.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. The British Journal for the History of Science, 34(3), 323–340.

Francis Galton as Differential Psychologist. (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2019, from http://galton.org/psychologist/

Galton, F. (1875). The history of twins, as a criterion of the relative powers of nature and nurture. Fraser’s Magazine, 12(71), 566–576.

Theories Of Personality

Theories of Personality

Your Name

Institution

Freudian defense mechanisms

Freudian defense mechanisms are numbers of psychological strategies which are used by a person to overcome anxiety. These mechanisms are unconsciously used by individuals to protect them from unacceptable feelings and thoughts.

Repression

Repression is a type of defense mechanism in which a person’s ego is unconsciously stopping threatening and disturbing thoughts from becoming conscious. In a repression mechanism, the though which may result in guilt are repressed by a person’s unconscious mind. This mechanism is not effective in the long run as the repressed thought may create anxiety CITATION Fre22 \l 1033 (Freud, 1922). The repressed thoughts and memories may also reflect unconsciously in a form of dream or slips of the tongue.

Regression

Regression is another type of defense mechanism in which a person’s ego unconsciously direct him to a time where the problem has not developed. In this technique/ mechanism, a person’s unconscious mind retreat to a point in life where he felt safer. In this mechanism, a person may act in a childish manner in a stressful situation CITATION AWa15 \l 1033 (A Waqas, 2015).

Rationalization

Rationalization is a defense mechanism in which a person’s cognitive skills helps in protecting against a threatening situation. In this mechanism, a person consciously makes an excuse for a stressful situation. A person justifies his behavior by believing their own lies and by making excuses. When it is difficult for someone to accept a situation, he/ she will make logical reasoning of why the situation has happened CITATION SCL17 \l 1033 (SC Lin, 2017).

Real-life situation

My old school friends were in town and we were planning a get together at night. Knowing that my father was not in a good mood, I informed my mom that I will be meeting my old friends after so long and I will be late. Although I haven’t informed my parents that I want to spend the night at the gathering, but I changed my mind. Ignoring my mom’s texts and even a few calls from my dad, I knew I was in a tough situation. After an hour I called my dad back, which he declined in anger and he went to sleep. After another 30 minutes, I knew that my dad will be asleep and he had put his phone in silent. I called my dad several times and eventually texting him that “Dad where are you? I am standing at the front door and its almost an hour”. After this, I spend the whole night at friend’s place playing the game and the next day I came back to home. My dad was guilty that he declined my call and I was alone outside in the middle of the night. In this situation, I have used each three of the techniques unconsciously, and now I realize that I have done wrong that day. My father was extra nice to me the next day and I repressed by negative thoughts that I have wrong the previous night. Being treated nicely by my father I used regression to set my mind in a time when I and my dad were connected. I have used rationalization mechanism to make me believe that for so long that my dad is an unreasonable person and what I did was wrong ethically.

I have used these defense mechanisms to get a quick escape from a threating situation in my life. At some point, I even defend myself by saying that I was too young at that time. But the act was unethical and was simply a defense mechanism for protecting myself from the consciousness of my actions. It is a common human nature to use these defense mechanisms to protect him/ herself from negative thoughts. I have used these defense mechanisms make myself believe that I am right and nothing I did was wrong in any way. Moreover, I even repressed my memories from that time so that I don’t feel bad about myself.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY A Waqas, A. R. (2015). [HTML] Association of ego defense mechanisms with academic performance, anxiety and depression in medical students: a mixed methods study. Cureus. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4627837/

Freud, S. (1922). Repression. The Psychoanalytic Review. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/98b0b2ae835a059633461b6b9f53868f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1820903

SC Lin, J. Z. (2017). Moral traps: When self-serving attributions backfire in prosocial behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com.pk/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2015&q=A+person+justifies+his+behavior+by+believing+their+own+lies+and+by+making+excuses.&btnG=

Theory Presentation

Existential therapy

Brief introduction

This therapy laid extraordinary emphasis on the nature of human personality as a whole. Other therapies were aimed at addressing the maladjustments and mental illnesses but it specifically focused on the aspirations, capacities and limitations of individuals in the most balanced way. Due to these components, this approach shares super-colossal similarities with other psychotherapeutic approaches such as relational, depth, experiential and humanistic psychotherapy (Yalom, 1980). This therapy emphasizes on the free-will, meaningfulness, and self determination—often focusing on whole humanness rather than a single symptom. This approach favors the capacity to explore rational choices and generate maximum potential to overcome potential threats to wellbeing (Yalom, 1980).

Main body

Foundation stone

Existential therapy was developed in response to the philosophy of holistic wellbeing propounded by Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche who were in view that internal wisdom and coping is the only way to overcome human discontent. Later on, the idea of existentialism was further elaborated by Nietzsche who was a notable proponent of personal responsibility and free will. Further, Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Heidegger contributed to this approach through exploring the role of interpretation and investigation in the process of healing. After the next several decades of early 1900s, other contemporaries appeared and attempted to explore the significance of understanding of experiencing as a method of achieving balance and psychological wellness (Prochaska & Norcross, 2003).

This discipline was actively pursued by Otto Rank till the twentieth century whereas Rollo May and Paul Tillich were two of the therapists who brought this therapy in mainstream through their teachings and writings by the middle of 20th century. After this deliberate literary working, this therapy influenced other therapies such as Victor Frankl’s logo-therapy and humanistic psychology. Furthermore, Philadelphia Association—aimed at helping individuals to manage their mental health disorders—also expanded the scope of existentialism when British philosophers used experiential therapies to treat above mentioned patients. Society for Existential Analysis (1988) and International Community of Existential Counselors (2006) were some other institutions that embodied the theory of existentialism into practice.

Fundamental Principles

The fundamental principles of existential therapy emphasize the existence of givens—certain innately predisposed intra-psychic conflicts in human existence formed in response to the interaction with particular conditions. Four primitive existential givens include: meaninglessness, isolation, death and freedom with associated responsibility. Existential therapists state that whenever an individual encounters aforementioned conditions, he is filled with a type of fear or dread typically referred to as “existential anxiety” (Prochaska & Norcross, 2003). This anxiety is having quite detrimental effects on individual’s personality because it reduces his spiritual, social, psychological and physical awareness leading to long term consequences. For example, it is a proven fact that we all have to die at some unknown time; this might act as a source of immense anxiety for him and his awareness of death as an integral part of human reality is diminished to great extent. Under the influence of this ignorance, one fails to make important decisions that ensure the safeguard of individuals. On the other hand, those who are excessively conscious about the reality (death) might develop psychosis or neurosis (Yalom, 1980).

Hence, the key of existential therapy is to maintain a balance between being overly aware and ignorant about reality principles. Those who become successful in maintaining balance between these two extremes make such decisions that influence their lives positively. In essence, we are encouraged to take opportunities when we realize the importance of death thinking that life is a blessing and a treasure of God to us. Likewise, weighty responsibilities to make life-changing decisions, the threat of isolation and perceived meaninglessness in life are some other sources of acute existential anxiety. According to the theories of existential therapy, the fashion in which individual operates these internal conflicts and makes relevant decisions determine the present and future circumstances of individual.

Therapy process

Therapists who embrace existential therapy focus less on the past of individual because only present is important in exploring and discovering choices that ensure his wellbeing in future. Past of the individual is only discussed to understand the implications of choices and beliefs that help creating profound insight into the self (Hoffman, 2017). For that matter, therapists and clients work collaboratively through retrospection. The past is used as a tool to promote newfound assertiveness and freedom. Only those individuals who intend to explore the underlying reasons for intra-psychic conflicts and associated decisions that affected their current situation can benefit from this therapy. Research studies demonstrated that various mental health and behavioral issues can successfully be treated using this therapeutic approach including post traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, interpersonal violence and life threatening experiences (Hoffman, 2017). Individuals who benefit from the treatment find it easier to realize the purpose and meaning in their lives and often encounter increased self respect, self understanding, self awareness and elevated self awareness. This is because existential therapy makes them realize that they are solely responsible for their own state of mind and recovery which increases the likelihood of people to see treatment as much more than just recovery and therapeutic process. It is based on the following assumptions: All individuals possess innate capacity of self-awareness; every person is having a peculiar identity which can be estimated through the nature of interpersonal relationship with other individuals; individual must re-create themselves continually because meaning of life is in constant flux and is highly dynamic in nature and anxiety is an integral part of human conditions (Ackerman, 2017).

Effectiveness

As mentioned earlier, existential therapy is focused on the anxiety that is developed in response to the confrontation with inherited conflicts and the role of therapist is to minimize his anxiety and to foster his personal responsibility in making ultimate decisions. For example, Yalom theorized the role of therapist as a fellow traveler that supports in eliciting choices and insights in clients using empathy and non-judgmental attitude. Although a range of approaches are used in existential psychotherapy yet major themes centralize their focus on freedom and responsibility (Hoffman, 2017). Therapist helps the client finding out meaning when he is completely doomed by anxiety through thinking and acting responsibly and encountering devastating internal thoughts rather than expecting something from external forces such as luck or societal pressure. Existential therapists were in view that transformation is the ultimate goal of therapy which is attained through fostering free will, love, authenticity and creativity (Ackerman, 2017). Hence, this therapy can yield better results for those who want to gain a deeper state of wellbeing which is much more than just getting treated for prospective symptoms.

Conclusion

For better results, therapists usually combine this therapy with other talk therapies in order to make the client successful in finding purpose, meaning, job and unique goal of life. It recognizes the fact that life is not just a series of disjointed and unrelated unpropitious happenings rather our present and future circumstances are directly related to the decisions that we made in the past. Besides this, it targets cognitive and behavioral maladjustments due to which primary issues are not directly addressed by this therapy hence combining other approaches with this therapy helps yielding maximum effectiveness and promoting great and paced recovery. In addition, penetrative and in-depth approach which is used to explore the intra-psychic elements in existential therapy may not be appealing for some clients who do not favor such exploration and only want to fix their mental health issues quickly.

References

Ackerman, C. (2017). Existential therapy: Make your own meaning. Positive Psychology Program. Retrieved from https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/existential-therapy/#what

Prochaska, J. O. & Norcross, J. C. (2003). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis, 5th Ed. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole.

Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Hoffman, L. (2017). Common misperceptions of existential-humanistic therapy. Retrieved from https://existential-therapy.com/common-misperceptions-of-existential-humanistic-therapy

Think Twice Before Saying

Think Twice Before Saying "Thanks"

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Think Twice Before Saying "Thanks"

By

Hal McDonald

The Polite Act of Saying "Thank You" May Have Unexpectedly Harmful Consequences.

The work done and titled above is about the concept Think Twice before Saying "Thanks" which is mainly based on the Eudora Welty’s short story “A Worn Path”. Here, an elderly African American woman visits a health clinic to get medicine for her ill grandson. As the lady enters, the attendant at the front desk starts dealing impatiently with her.

She has been offered a gift by the attendant as it was a Christmas season. In response, the lady offers some pennies to the attendant for the gift while the attendant was expecting that the lady will respond with a grateful “Thank You” but accepted without “Thank You” and leaves the clinic.

Saying Thank you is a polite gesture that makes both parties happy, but this may lead to unexpected harmful consequences in some cases. Like when the Thanks is given from a low level (e.g. African American) to one of high status. The research findings of the University of Osnabruck find that gratitude and its expression by a lower status individual to one of a high level or status can demobilize the individual of low power group to challenge the status quo.

Another example is when an employee with his/her manager to solve a problem for which he/she would be rewarded with lottery tickets. The manager assigns the easy task to himself which he/she complete comfortably while the subordinate struggles (Hal, 2019).

In most of the cases and studies, those who say Thank You in response to the help given by one is not much likely to protest the offense than those who do not say Thanks. An analysis (mediation analysis) states that forgiveness was a major influence relating the expression of “Thank You” and decreases protest intentions (Hal, 2019). Hence, saying “Thank You” to one having more power than we are making us more accepting of power imbalance that split us from them and not much likely to guard oneself when that individual gets the advantage of inequity of power for committing a sort of prejudice on us.

References

Hal, McDonald. (2019). Think Twice Before Saying "Thanks". Retrieved 14 December 2019, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/time-travelling-apollo/201912/think-twice-saying-thanks?eml

Thinking Styles

Thinking style

Statements

Scores

1. I don’t like to have to do a lot of thinking.

1

2. I try to avoid situations that require thinking in depth about something.

1

3. I prefer to do something that challenges my thinking abilities rather than something that requires little thought.

4

4. I prefer complex to simple problems.

4

5. Thinking hard and for a long time about something give me little satisfaction.

5

6. I trust my initial feelings about people.

4

7. I believe in trusting my hunches.

4

8. My initial impressions of people are almost always right.

1

9. When it comes to trusting people, I can usually rely on my “gut feelings.

2

10. I can usually feel when a person is right or wrong even if I can’t explain how I know.

2

The analysis of the scores depicts that I possess an analytical thinking style. This is because I don't always rely on my instincts but believe in finding facts. Thinking hard gives me the satisfaction that also reflects an analytical thinking style. Analytical thinking prevents me from relying on my feelings when it comes to trusting people.

Analytical thinking style offers many benefits such as the ability of problem-solving, managing complex tasks and believing in facts. Analytical thinking style also involves some disadvantages because this demand more time and accuracy. Analytical thinkers spend more time even on simple things.

The knowledge of my thinking style will help me in performing common human tasks such as managing work in a challenging environment, solving problems and the ability to make the right decisions. This style will permit to adopt a step-by-step process for performing tasks that will guarantee accuracy.

My friend, John relies on a convergent thinking style. This is because in every situation he is inclined to consider limited options. While analytical thinking style encourages me to look for broader options. Convergent thinking limits John’s potential of thinking outside the box. The comparison of the two styles makes it clear that analytical thinking is better and offer wider benefits. Convergent thinker on the other hand face difficulties to find appropriate solutions in challenging situations.

However, both styles when working in a relationship leads to some benefits. Convergent thinking stresses more creativity while analytical thinking helps in solving complex problems. Combining two thinking style improves the efficiency of the task. Convergent thinking relies on logic rather than instincts that are also a feature of analytical thinking.

The differences between the two thinking styles encumber the relationship. Analytica thinker stresses on considering more options that are against the philosophy of convergent thinker. It thus makes the decision difficult.

Reference

Feldman, Robert S. Understanding Psychology. McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.

Thought On Family Therapy And The Genograms/Discussing The Different Family Therapy Concept And What You Think Would Be Your Preferred Practice

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Family Therapy and Genograms

A Genogram is used to maintain and illustrate the medical history of patients as well as their terms with their families. A patient suffering from any mental or psychological disorder may not be able to overcome such issues. However, family therapy is used to improve the relationship with family members to ensure better communication with the member suffering from a psychological disorder. This therapy is also used to resolve the conflicts between family members. Most of the time, family therapy is suggested by the psychologist, psychiatrist, a clinical social worker or a licensed therapist.

Family is the basic unit and this institution works as an emotional unit. The family helps to understand the environment and the conflict. With the help of such narratives, professionals involve family members and they illustrate these conditions on the Genogram. The family therapy concept is better because it involves the family members and helps to improve the communication gap between the members. Lack of communication with the suffering individual may lead him to an environment of isolation, therefore, to avoid this, it is important to overcome such issues.

I believe that rather than prescribing medication and making changes in the environment, it is better to involve the family to treat the suffering individual. Making improvements in communication and troubled relationships may create a peaceful environment for the suffering individual. Such environments are preferable for treating them. However, in case of addiction, family therapy may be helpful in the positive engagement of the addicted individual. Family therapy can be implemented without the concerns of the person. However, this helps to overcome the conditions of grief, stress, anger, and conflicts. Moreover, a Genogram can be helpful for the depiction of problem solution and involvement of family members.

Thyroid Gland, Its Hormones And Effect On Behavior



Thyroid Gland, Its Hormones, and Effect on Behavior

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Thyroid Gland, Its Hormones, and Effect on Behavior

Introduction

(1) Ritchie and Yeap conducted research on thyroid hormones named "Thyroid hormone: Influences on mood and cognition in adults”, which reveals the relationship between a person’s mood and cognitive dysfunction with respect to overt hypothyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism. (2) Khurshid, Pervaiz, Akhtar, and others studied the status of thyroid function in suicidal psychiatric patients and then compared it with that of the psychiatric patients who did not attempt or ideate suicide. Their research article was titled "Changes in thyroid function status of Suicidal Patients". (3) Another study “Role of thyroid hormones in the effects of selenium on mood, behavior, and cognitive function” was conducted by L. Sher, which determined the influences of selenium status as well as the effects of thyroid function on mood, behavior, and cognition. The recent studies have indicated a link between thyroid hormones and a person’s mood, behavior, and cognition. Therefore, the researchers have inclined to explore further knowledge in this particular dimension. The three scholarly articles published in recognized journals discuss the effects and influences of thyroid hormones on psychology and behavior from different perspectives. This paper tends to review and evaluate the three aforementioned articles in order to develop a comprehensive view of the topic.

Summary

The first article is based on the previous research done on the subject that examines the impact of disparities in thyroid hormones, considered within the normal reference range, specifically in elderly people. The article presents evidence that assesses the impact of thyroid hormone on a person’s mood and cognitive function in overt hypothyroidism, considered within the reference range, as well as in overt hyperthyroidism. The authors articulate that the related disturbances in mood and cognition can be resolved considerably through the treatment of overt thyroid dysfunction. The harmful effects on cognition in overt hypothyroidism may, however, not be fully undone. Poor cognitive results can be caused by subclinical hyperthyroidism and FT4, within the normal range. The aforementioned second article related to the suicidal patients was aimed at determining the association of thyroid dysfunction with attempts of suicide in patients. The study is based on the fact that the suicide attempts are mostly done out of some psychological disorder, as the existing research supports this standpoint. In view of the recent researches conducted that explores the effects of thyroid dysfunction on individuals’ mood and behavior, Khurshid and his team studied the relationship between suicidal behavior of depressed patients and the thyroid hormonal activity. Their study is part of a larger study that aims at exploring the role of thyroid hormones in patients with psychiatric disorders. The study conducted by L. Sher describes the effects of changes happened to the thyroid function on individuals’ mood, behavior, and cognition. Since selenium is a pre-requisite to synthesize, activate, and metabolize thyroid hormone properly, it is concluded that selenium status also affects behavior and cognition. The study suggests that behavior and cognition can be slightly affected or altered by selenium deficiency or supplementation in the thyroid function of a person. Their study summarizes that patients showing symptoms of susceptibility to viral diseases, hypothyroidism, and depressive disorders can be examined in view of the selenium deficiency problem, and should be prescribed accordingly.

Review and Evaluation

Article 1

The article reported that previous research on the issue indicated a relationship between thyroid disease and mood disorders and dysfunctions of cognition. This article presents a comparative study of the recent researches done on the subject to find out the effects of thyroid dysfunction by examining the link between cognitive dysfunction and mood in the setting of overt hypothyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism.

The research presents recent researches in tabular form to make the analysis easier. Four tables have been given mainly, describing overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hyperthyroidism, and subclinical hyperthyroidism. Each table mentions the author's name, year, type of study conducted, method of study used to find out the results, age of participants, duration of follow-up of the study, and the results obtained, with respect to each particular study mentioned therein. Further, the studies given in the table for comparing and evaluating have been categorized with respect to mood, cognition, and effects of respective treatments. The article gives plenty of insight into the topic by presenting various cases and researches and analyzing those studies through comparison and deductive methods (Ritchie & Yeap, 2015). The article has used a comprehensive approach in dealing with the subject. It informs the reader with the research done to date and guides the path of future research on the subject.

The research found that women having high levels of TSH have increased risk of acquiring depression, even the variables of body mass, age, smoking habit, and race have been adjusted. Patients with hypothyroidism show more severe symptoms of anxiety and depression. With thyroxin treatment, these symptoms tended to increase. It was found that hypothyroidism is necessarily and predominantly found in patients with major depressive disorders. Conversely, patients with hypothyroidism do not necessarily display severe depressive disorders. Similarly, the research concluded many useful points regarding different scenarios of patients described in the report. The key findings of the report include that neuropsychiatric dysfunction associated with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can be resolved by appropriate treatment. Cognitive dysfunction and dementia are linked with subclinical hyperthyroidism as well as higher FT4 concentrations while considered within the reference range.

The research suggests further study to determine if mood or cognition could be improved by hormonal intervention in the subclinical thyroid disease. It is yet to clarify if higher FT4 contributes to poor cognitive outcomes in elderly people. Since dementia is a major health issue in elderly people, these issues hold significant value for future researches.

Article 2

The country of research indicates a severe deficiency of iodine and about seventy percent of the population has been estimated to be at risk of iodine deficiency disorder. The current research is based on the assumption that most of the psychiatric patients might have inherent thyroid abnormalities due to a lack of iodine supplementation. This study focuses to determine serum levels of free thyroxin, free triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone among the patients who commit suicide attempts and suicide ideation (Khurshid, et. Al. 2018). The study makes a comparison of results found for psychiatric patients with suicide attempts or ideation and those who did not involve in such activities. The study initiated with a selection of psychiatric patients from the Institute of Mental Health, having suicidal attempts or ideation. Their psychiatric history was penned down by qualified psychiatrists, and each of these patients underwent a thorough thyroid examination. The study was conducted in an efficient way by distinguishing psychiatric patients based on psychiatric illness or suicidal behavior. However, the study has certain limitations such that the number of patients selected for the study was not large enough to avoid the chances of producing replicable results. The patients who underwent sampling and research were also not absolutely free of thyroid medication that can affect the reliability of results.

Article 3

The research is based on the fact that selenium is needed by thyroid glands to function properly. The research focuses on exploring the influences of selenium on thyroid function as well as on a person’s mood, behavior, and cognitive function. To establish results, the researcher studied blood levels of free thyroxin and the thyroid-stimulating hormone in the patients who had the seasonal affective disorder as well as matched controls in winter. The author also relies on recent researches on the subject and makes a deduction based on the findings presented in those studies (Sher, 2001). In the end, the author describes the status of research done on the subject and future prospects as well. The study found that blood levels in free thyroxin were lower in patients as compared to healthy volunteers. The disparity between thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in patients and controls was not significant statistically. The study opined that even the small disparity between patients and controls can be significantly meaningful in clinical terms. The study found that deficiency of selenium mitigates immune-competence and promotes viral diseases. Viruses can become detrimental in a host that is deficient in selenium. The study reflects that the existing research on the subject is in its initial stage. The issues to be considered for future studies include individual differences, research design, changes related to the nutrients, and sizes of effects. Future studies should answer the question if selenium supplementation would be needed as well besides the iodine prophylaxis while determining the function of thyroid hormone in both healthy people and the patients.

Conclusion

The three articles reviewed in the aforementioned discussion provide information as targeted in their research questions. All have certain limitations, but these reports reflect ample insight into the topic under discussion. Article 1 attempts to find out the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and mood of a person with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism perspectives in overt and subclinical dimensions. It provides sufficient research information to date to pave the way for future research. Article 2 presents an experimental study that successfully differentiates between the participants having suicidal attempt or ideation and those without these inclinations. Article 3 deals with a new topic of research, effects of selenium on thyroid dysfunction and cognitive function. It suggests further extensive research on the topic.

Works Cited

Khurshid, S., Pervaiz, M., Akhtar, S., Elahi, S., Zaidi, A., Saeed, Z., & Bukhari, S. M. (2018). Changes in thyroid function status of suicidal patients. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 45(1), 12-14.

Ritchie, M., & Yeap, B. B. (2015). Thyroid hormone: Influences on mood and cognition in adults. Maturitas, 81(2), 266-275.

Sher, L. (2001). Role of thyroid hormones in the effects of selenium on mood, behavior, and cognitive function. Medical hypotheses, 57(4), 480-483.

Tiger Parenting

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Psychology]

[Date]

Tiger Parenting

Introduction:

Parents as a role model, attitudes, cognitive beliefs, and parenting style create an impact on the general socialization of their children. Parenting styles are known as being different from parenting practices. The children having a high risk of anxiety disorders due to tiger parents. Different research studies reflect a parenting styles "topology of behavior and attitudes that describe the interaction of parents with their child in domains of parenting" and discuss the general acceptance, typical interaction or warmth with the child as a parenting style example. Parenting practices are more dependent on the context and they are less like traits. With all children, parents may use similar styles but have changed parenting practices with every child. There are two dimensions of parenting styles, demand for control and parental acceptance which are used to form four typologies of parental practices. The first topology is authoritative (high control-high acceptance), the second one is authoritarian (high control-low acceptance), third is permissive-indulgent (low control-high acceptance and forth one is disengaged- neglectful (low control-low acceptance). Authoritarian parenting style as compared to authoritative parenting style generally leads to worse social, psychological and achievement outcomes in adolescents and children (Fuemmeler et, al. pp. 441). Studies show that lower median income parents are ineffective because they have to spend less time with their children and they are spending an insufficient amount of money to make successful grooming of their children. Research shows that the sample having 30 % of parents from the above median level of income. Excepting the level of education of parents, tiger parenting is less effective as compared to children who have supportive parents. The Chinese immigrant mothers can't help their adolescent child in homework because they have some social commitments. It is also found that the immigrant parents children have faced fewer economic resources and due to their low socioeconomic status, they are unable to provide sufficient amount of money and facilities to their adolescent children which help in their outperform development (the study was conducted on 90% immigrant parents).

Discussion

During Schoolwork and extracurricular activities of children, there is a common observation that Asian American parents have mostly used authoritarian behaviors and they excessively challenge their children both at home and academically. Aggressiveness used by parents to discipline their children and the stress on the significance of academic achievement and family obligations use by these parents are recently known as Tiger parents. Relatively less affection and warmth showed by these parents towards their children and their values at running household are not democratic. The tiger parenting has raised a question that whether it is appropriate to exert control over their children or these practices of parents are creating a positive or negative impact on the development of their children. The research will refuse to support these concerns through empirical evidence. To examine the parenting profile the study uses the Chinese American parents and adolescents longitudinal data that may specifically exist within this group, and the outcomes of an adolescent may be linked with every evolving parenting profile (Kim, Yeong et, al. pp.7).

Research shows that parenting style, as considered by dimensions of behavioral control and observed parental acceptance is linked with changes in BMI from the phase of adolescence to young adulthood (aged 13-19 years). The result shows that the largest percentage of parents have found supportive of each data collection wave. It is also found that the children with having tiger parents have score low grades as compared to children having supportive parents. The best development outcomes have found in children who have supportive parents. Harsh parents children have found the worst development outcomes. Children having easy-going parents are shows more potential outcomes as compared to children having harsh parents. The parents who use permissive style having children with less self-control but high confidence. General parenting style and child and adolescent diet are evaluated in research and risk of obesity have concluded mixed results. Behavioral control and authoritative parenting have been linked with greater intake of vegetables and fruits in some studies but they are not linked in other studies. There is no association found in some studies of BMI, parenting style and weight outcome. Research shows that children have a high risk of obesity whose parents don't care about them well. The relationship among parenting style in a phase of childhood and adolescence and its weight-related consequences at the time of adulthood have not examined. Research of weight-related outcomes and parenting styles from the diverse community like ethnicity, race, and gender have been insufficiently examined. Recently, the permissive parenting style is highly associated with physical activity in boys but not in girls. By creating groups on the two dimensions of control and acceptance from high (over the median) or low (below the median) in traditional parenting style has been quantified. The individual at extremely over the median are equated with those who are slightly over the median. Mixture modeling of latent class modeling data-driven methods have not been applied on research previously to identify the parenting style topologies but to find the latent population subgroups these methods have been applied in other fields (Fuemmeler et, al. pp. 441).

Development niche framework found that the child of culturally constructed environment involves in social and physical settings in which the child lives, it involves psychology of the caretakers and culturally controlled customs of childcare. These three components function together as a system, but they are embedded functionally in the larger culture. Young children of immigrant parents have a unique impact on immigrant context, acculturative experiences, traditional parenting customs, and larger stream culture parenting values. The parents are likely to aware of some obvious impact of their traditional cultural values when they migrate to a new country on child development socialization goals, family relationship, and child-rearing practices. Immigrants parenting acculturation involves continues negotiation among the values and practices of the heritage and host culture. Researchers rarely ask parents about their parenting values and practices of the heritage and host culture. In the recent decade, the United State has a large number of immigrants make it important to learn about these families. Cultural variations are important to understand for those mothers who are immigrants that which culture should be adopted for parenting. This understanding is difficult because of the lack of knowledge about the culture and it may create confusion, misinterpretation, and misunderstanding about new culture parenting. The knowledge of parenting is important so that educators, psychologists, and practitioners can efficiently help acculturing families and support their healthy development of children and wellbeing (Cheah, Charissa, Leung & Zhou, pp.43).

Multigroup framework of LGM analysis was used to match six groups of female Hispanic, female black, female white, male Hispanic, male black, male white. Group membership moderating effects have evaluated by using this method. Significant group differences test of the quadratic function, slope, and intercept of the unconditional LGM of BMI has performed an initial analysis. Series of nested models for testing of equality parameters (slope, intercept and quadratic function for the first analysis and variable of parenting style for second analysis) was used to find the statistical significance of the moderating effect of race, gender and ethnicity across the various groups. The results show that Hispanic and black females adolescent at the age of 15 is more havier as compared to White female adolescents and they have a low rate of BMI trajectories. The black male adolescent has also found heavier as compared to White male adolescent and their BMI rate increases more gradually. The relationship between black and white adolescent have found almost the same except their BMI rate (Cheah, et, al. pp.43).

Parents having positive parenting dimensions has successful and well-adjusted parents and they always come out on top as compared to children having parents with negative parenting dimensions. The parents who use supportive parenting technique are more encouraged because their adolescent children show more potential outcomes. The good parenting strategies include to monitor the activities and whereabouts of children and allowing children to be independent, parents should try to stop yelling and shouting at their children, comparing them with other children, blaming their adolescent children on their past mistakes and expecting unquestioned obedience.

Western parents encourage their adolescent children true passion, respect the individuality of their child, provide their child with a nurturing environment and supporting the choices of their children. Chinese think that the best way to take care of your adolescent child is to prepare them for future, arming them with skills, enhance their inner confidence, work habit and enhance their capabilities that no one can take away.One of the most important obligations of parenting is to make an adolescent child an educated person and make him able to contribute well in society. The studies have found rigorous Chinese tiger parents with having very high goals for their adolescent children academic achievement. They are expected that when one goal is achieved the new one is immediately set by them and there is no break in demand of parents which create a bad psychological effect on the health of the children. Some times they are unable to bear that burden of stress and they collapse. Among Chinese American, Tiger parents have shown the extensive level of shaming as compared to supportive and easy-going parents. Chinese parenting style shows that tiger parenting has high-level f shaming but they also have a high level of warmth and love as well. Some of the traits of authoritarians have been used by Chinese parents but they are having selfless love for their adolescent children. Chinese tiger parents adolescent children especially teenager lose their sense of agency or sense of control which create a bad effect on their motivation and also affects their academic-related outcomes.

The adolescence children have low self-motivation due to parenting bribes and threats and they also suffer from the anxiety and other side effects of the high-stress environment. The children are unable to bear this stress and they may become a rebel and also entirely giving up on healthy goals in their young age. The researchers interview both child and parents to access the mental health of adolescent child having instructive parents. The results found that high level of self-criticism has correlated to a high level with anxiety and stress.

Conclusion

The studies concluded that the stress and tiger parenting method is correlated with anxiety, depression and high mental issues. There is a long run high risk of obesity in adolescent children having authoritarian parents. There is a need for general parenting styles which helps to incorporate strategies related to food and eating habit of adolescent children. The cultural attitudes and beliefs create an impact on specific parenting style and parents need careful attention towards appropriate culturally tailored parenting styles (Fuemmeler et, al. pp. 447). Through qualitative interview present study address the Chinese immigrant mothers parenting beliefs. The Mothers have used both techniques of parenting from both cultures and create a balance in the development of their child regardless of making familism and relatedness in their parenting. In the US, Chinese mothers are more flexible in accommodating and balancing cultural techniques of parenting across different area to promote their adolescent child development. The Chinese immigrant mother faces complex dynamic challenges to adjust to the new culture. The results also found that immigrant mothers are facing financial issues in the development of their children and they also face lower performance outcomes. The tiger parenting is increased in father as compared to mothers and performance outcomes of adolescent children are relatively low having tiger parents. The children having supportive and easy-going parents have experienced the best performance outcomes. The children having supportive parents have scored high grades as compared to children having tiger parents. Adolescent children face a high risk of mental issues, anxiety, and stress due to Tiger parenting and children hiding their emotional expressions from them which may affect child psychological and mental health.

Parenting style has classified into four groups which include authoritarian, permissive, disengaged and balanced. There is a greater increase in BMI in adolescent children having authoritative and disengaged parenting styles. Research also shows that for child-rearing Chinese parents and Chinese American tend to implement supportive approach over tiger parenting. Parents who put pressure on their children can damage their self-belief and confidence and it has increased over time. The overall happiness can be affected by the approach of parents that everything has to be perfect and nothing is good enough ever. The parents use strict rule and tiger parenting for the academic success of their child and because of this stress child is suffering from high stress and anxiety.

References

Cheah, Charissa SL, Christy YY Leung, and Nan Zhou. "Understanding “tiger parenting” through the perceptions of Chinese immigrant mothers: Can Chinese and US parenting coexist?." Asian American Journal of Psychology 4.1 (2013): 30.

Fuemmeler, Bernard F., et al. "Parenting styles and body mass index trajectories from adolescence to adulthood." Health Psychology 31.4 (2012): 441.

Kim, Su Yeong, et al. "Does “tiger parenting” exist? Parenting profiles of Chinese Americans and adolescent developmental outcomes." Asian American Journal of Psychology 4.1 (2013): 7.

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Unknown Realities of Gander

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Date

Channel of Peace stranded in gander on 9/11 is an autobiography of Kevin Tuerff. In which he tells how he face event of 9/11. The author was travelling from France to New York at 11 September. He was not known that everything will be going to change in next few hours. Kevin along with a many other passengers from different regions need to spend time at Ganders at small town. This book narrates a story about the residents of Gander ,who show hospitality and generosity with those unexpected guests. It is a story of good will, hope and of high spirit. The culture, language and customs of Newfoundlandis very different. Kevin Tuerff hopes his new book helps to heal current political divide.

While air traffic was closed in the United States for fear of further attacks, 38 aircraft had been ordered to land at Gander Airport that day. Immediately, residents organized themselves to best accommodate these people "come from outside" ("come from away", as the islanders of the province call those who do not live there) and completely lost. (Tuerff, & Sankoff, 2018).

The authorities, overwhelmed by the situation, asked for help on the radio . And as there is God who received thousands of people from Gander and all the surrounding villages left everything they were doing and rushed to help. The emotional impact of the images of the Twin Towers falling had been so devastating that when the population received the news that there were collateral victims of the attacks waiting to be helped, they had no doubt of what to do.

On the planes the situation was dramatic. Not only had they landed in a town in the middle of nowhere on the island of Newfoundland but in many cases they didn't even know why . And even worse: they could not get off the aircraft, nor could they do so for more than 24 hours. When they went down, physically and mentally exhausted, they also received the news that they would have to stay at least 48 more hours in that place, until the airspace opened again. The panorama was very dark. Until the people of Gander arrived.

The residents of Gander distributed sandwiches, "loaned" their shower and especially offered words of comfort. Questioned by AFP, the mayor of the city Claude Elliott, in office since 1996, has not forgotten these moments out of the ordinary. While fraternization and mutual help occupy the greatest place in this work, the creators also wanted to show the hardest moments. There are some tensions, such as those around a Muslim passenger, stigmatized because of his religion.

A thousand families opened their homes to accommodate more than three thousand people, who also supplied everything they needed. Several thousand more people donated clothing, personal hygiene products, food or diapers after a radio request. The telephone company installed two dozen free call centers so desperate passengers could talk to their families. The schools closed to enable their facilities as dormitories. Hundreds of people arrived from all the villages in the region loaded with snacks prepared by themselves, precooked food, bottles of water and everything that occurred to them that could be missing from the people on the planes. The basic needs of the plane's refugees were covered by local citizens and merchants.

When the passengers returned to their planes once the airspace was open they told each other their experiences as if they were talking about a cruise. Some had actually gone on a cruise invited by their hosts. Eternal friendships were forged in those days when a city overturned with thousands of strangers. In gratitude, one of the passengers opened a fund to pay for the university of Gander students. He hoped to raise thousands of dollars. He raised a million and a half .

Gander won a place in history, but above all in the hearts of all those displaced who were trapped by unreasonableness in a town thousands of kilometers from their homes. Gander is a symbol of good .

References

Tuerff, K., & Sankoff, I. (2018). Channel of peace: stranded in Gander on 9/11. Canada: House

of Anansi Press Inc.

To Be Given By The Author

Gender roles and Mental Health of Sexual Minority Groups

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

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Gender roles and Mental Health of Sexual Minority Groups

It has been established and observed from several studies that individuals belonging to the sexual minority groups e.g. gays, queers and lesbians face a higher risk of mental health and stability problems, as compared to their counterparts belonging to the heterosexual majority in a given society CITATION Fei17 \l 1033 (Feinstein, 2017). Gender identity and self-awareness are quite often deeply complicated for people in minority groups and to their relations as well.

A plethora of literature and concentrated research has been examining the conditions and perceptions regarding the mental states of the LGBTQ+ population and their well-being which is a direct outcome of their psychological health. Personality attributes and traits related to gender play a pivotal role in the societal response towards these minority groups.

The article in consideration which this research paper attempts to summarize, describes the emergence of psychological traits from the lens of ‘gendered self’ in a minority group of Chinese Lesbians. It contributes to the literature by examining the effect of gender roles and norms on the members of a minority group. The review of existing studies demonstrates that gender traits have been relegated to some specific attributes uniquely. For instance, there is a tendency among lesbians that they perceive their personalities to be more masculine than their heterosexual counterparts and on the other hand, the gays describe their gendered self to be more feminine than straight men CITATION Lip05 \l 1033 (Lippa, 2005). Most of the associated aspects of life regarding the sexual orientation of sexual minority groups have largely been probed into, yet there is a lack of research findings that highlights the effects of gender on the psychological well-being of homosexual individuals and the LGTBQ+ communities.

This research specifically targets the Chinese lesbians on a geographical basis and the emergence of symptoms associated with depression and anxiety in them. Gender roles and their direct and indirect effects on the apparent symptoms of depression have been tested with self-esteem, acting as a mediating variable. Various studies have established that if an individual arrives at the threshold of low levels of self-esteem, the situation easily paves the way for depression CITATION Ort08 \l 1033 (Orth, 2008). The integration of self-esteem, as a subjective evaluation by an individual of their self, makes this research and its findings distinct among other studies illuminating the same dimensions of gender and psychology.

In many cultures across the globe, there is a prevalent understanding that masculinity and femininity are diametrically opposite to each other and the individuals’ perceptions about their gendered self and the roles that they have to acquire and manifest in the society largely develop from the theories of gender schema CITATION Bem81 \l 1033 (Bem, 1981). From mankind’s beginning, communities and societies have had a propensity for associating instrumental roles with men and communal roles with women. Until recent years, gender traits like strength, leadership, and courage were affiliated with men which emphasized on the power and the dominance exerted by men in the world. On the other hand, there are widely accepted judgments about women regarding their personality traits, domestic behaviors, physical appearances, and occupations.

Diversion from the socially accepted theories and content of the gender schemas was perceived as a transgression from the norms and values of a heteronormative society and the accused had to undergo some form of punishment. However, the recent emphasis on the correct use of all the labels pertaining to gender and sexual identities has also drawn the attention of psychologists and researchers of social sciences to assess the mental health of individuals in the sexual minority groups as a direct result of genders.

This research assesses self-esteem as a mediator in the relationship between gender roles and depression.

The study had three hypotheses:

The relation between masculinity/femininity and depression where:

Masculinity and/or androgyny would have a positive link with self-esteem and a negative link with depression

Femininity would have a negative link with self-esteem and a positive link with depression

Association of gender roles with depression would be through the mediation of self-esteem where:

Masculinity and high levels of self-esteem would have a significant association resulting in low levels of depression

Femininity and low levels of self-esteem would have a significant association resulting in high levels of depression

Each type of gender role would have impacted differences in the direct and indirect outcomes of depression.

The method of the research constituted the recruitment of participants from five local LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual) organizations in Hong Kong and the University of Hong Kong between December 2014 and March 2015. The ethics committee of research centers in the University of Hong Kong and the LGBT organizations approved the study.

The research methodology revolved around the dissemination of an online survey through social media networks and electronic mail. Utilizing the method of snowball sampling, also known as chain sampling or referral sampling, an ample number of participants became part of this study to arrive at congruous results. Snowball sampling is a preferred technique for sampling in this kind of study because it recruits acquaintances of the initial participants, thereby increasing the likelihood of locating hidden populations having the same traits and low cost of time and resources.

Female citizens of Hong Kong between the ages of 18 and 35, who identified their gendered selves as lesbians were the target subjects of this study and prior consent was taken from all the participants. The total number of participants who completed the online survey turned out to be 438, and all of them were associated with different occupations. A majority had a full-time job (54.3%), a significant chunk was full-time students (35.6%) and others were part-time employed (5.5%) or unemployed (3.0%). There was also a variation in the religious preferences and inclinations of the participants.

20 masculine gender role items and 20 feminine gender role items forming the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) CITATION Bem81 \l 1033 (Bem, 1981) were employed in the online survey for the assessment of the respondents' identification and endorsement of the gender traits. A 7-point Likert Scale, ranging from 1 (never true) to 7 (always true), was used to measure the degree to which the respondents could associate their gender traits with the prevalent stereotypes.

For incorporating the mediating role of self-esteem in the model, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) CITATION Ros65 \l 1033 (Rosenberg, 1965) was used, as it has gained the status of being one of the most widely used tests for evaluating personal feelings attributing to self-esteem. The outcome of the gender roles, depression was gauged using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) CITATION Zig83 \l 1033 (Zigmond, 1983) that determines the emergence, presence, and severity of the symptoms of depression in an individual.

According to the results generated through ANOVA and structural equation modeling (SEM), the hypothesis was largely supported as the respondents with strong androgynous and masculine traits delineated significantly high levels of self-esteem. On the other hand, the participants who had feminine traits exhibited low levels of self-esteem.

This research paper makes use of a recent research finding which casts light on the prevalence of depression as a causal outcome of gender roles in sexual minority groups CITATION LoI19 \l 1033 (Lo, 2019). Being a scarcely examined dimension of ‘psychology of gender’- mental health associated with gender identity was the potential choice for this research paper and this article fulfilled the criteria.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 354.

Feinstein, B. A. (2017). A weekly diary study of minority stress, coping and internalizing symptoms among gay men. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 1144.

Lippa, R. A. (2005). Sexual orientation and personality. Annual Review of Sex Research, 119-153.

Lo, I. P. (2019). The Gendered Self of Chinese Lesbians: Self-Esteem as a Mediator Between Gender Roles and Depression. Archives of sexual behavior, 1-12.

Orth, U. R. (2008). Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of personality and social psychology, 695.

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg's self-esteem scale (SES). Society and the adolescent self-image.

Zigmond, A. S. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,, 361-370.

To Be Given By The Author

Teaching Styles Effects on Children

Teaching Styles Effects on Children

While considering different teaching styles, it is evident that the most significant factor for children is the effects various approaches have on their education. The association between the dropout and teaching approach is often neglected in communities. Various studies have indicated, there is more likelihood of dropouts when learners sense that they are not part of the standard and traditional culture of the school. The potential to produce a healthy community is strongly linked with the teaching style ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1ndihstcan","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Kikas, Silinskas, J\\uc0\\u245{}gi, & Soodla, 2016)}","plainCitation":"(Kikas, Silinskas, Jõgi, & Soodla, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":509,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"itemData":{"id":509,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of teacher's individualized support on children's reading skills and interest in classrooms with different teaching styles","container-title":"Learning and Individual Differences","page":"270-277","volume":"49","author":[{"family":"Kikas","given":"Eve"},{"family":"Silinskas","given":"Gintautas"},{"family":"Jõgi","given":"Anna-Liisa"},{"family":"Soodla","given":"Piret"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kikas, Silinskas, Jõgi, & Soodla, 2016). The negative influence of school and community has produced a meaningful decline in the number of students who fail. An outline of bad teaching conduct has been associated with an increase in the dropout of children from schools (Meadows & Cashdan, 2017). The academic studies associated with social relegation have suggested that it depends entirely on the teaching method for students to stay or leave education. It has resulted in universal teaching practices that have delivered the requirements of the leading and positive culture for the students to decrease the number of dropouts. Schools that have a higher ratio of dropouts are associated with more strict disciplinary policies.

Executive Summary

By detecting the influence of school policies and rules on learners’ achievement and their connection with the teaching style, it is exposed that around 6 in 10 children were suspended or detained at least one time among their primary school years. Disciplinary actions such as strict policies have resulted in detaining children, frequently African and American children due to ethnic discrimination. These inferences pointed to the disciplinary approaches and teaching styles that have a notable influence on the consequences for children dropouts. Opposite results have been observed with similar strategies but adequate teaching styles such as motivational and student-centered approaches. It has been observed that students' dropouts are associated directly with the teaching method and teacher’s treating behavior in the classes, therefore, it is important to observe and evaluate different teaching styles and their impact on children.

Teacher-Centered Teaching Style

In a teacher-centered teaching style, children set all of the attention on the instructor. Teachers talk in teacher-centered style and the learners completely attend their session. In-class activities, students have to do everything by themselves alone and without the collaboration of teachers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a27fo31oq4u","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":509,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"itemData":{"id":509,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of teacher's individualized support on children's reading skills and interest in classrooms with different teaching styles","container-title":"Learning and Individual Differences","page":"270-277","volume":"49","author":[{"family":"Kikas","given":"Eve"},{"family":"Silinskas","given":"Gintautas"},{"family":"Jõgi","given":"Anna-Liisa"},{"family":"Soodla","given":"Piret"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kikas et al., 2016). Students have to stay quiet and class discipline is maintained appropriately in this teaching style. However, this teaching style is appeared to be boring for students and they do not effectively participate in their lessons. Teachers used to direct and deliver lessons in a way that students have to listen to attentively ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2krurrr3pl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"itemData":{"id":511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research","container-title":"Review of Educational research","page":"981-1015","volume":"86","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Zee","given":"Marjolein"},{"family":"Koomen","given":"Helma MY"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zee & Koomen, 2016). Since scholars acquire knowledge on their own and they study individually and create their results, this teaching style is proved to have a bad impact on students.

Student-Centered Teaching Style

In a student-centered approach, the students and teachers mutually participate in learning and teaching. This teaching approach includes working in groups, collaboration, and communication to deliver information and knowledge. This method allows students to participate attentively and interestingly and it also encourages students to collaborate and communicate with other students and teachers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a562uoqhe5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":509,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"itemData":{"id":509,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of teacher's individualized support on children's reading skills and interest in classrooms with different teaching styles","container-title":"Learning and Individual Differences","page":"270-277","volume":"49","author":[{"family":"Kikas","given":"Eve"},{"family":"Silinskas","given":"Gintautas"},{"family":"Jõgi","given":"Anna-Liisa"},{"family":"Soodla","given":"Piret"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kikas et al., 2016). By utilizing this approach, teachers indirectly help children to learn and adapt communication and collaboration skills and capabilities. It helps them to participate in discussions and group activities which ultimately, help them to take interest in studies and school. This approach is most significantly involved in creating attention, concentration, interest in studies and schooling. Students show attentiveness and concentration towards questions, answers and complete tasks without any trouble. Good communication between students and teachers is important essentially for those students who have the least interest in studies and have poor academic results.

A positive interaction among students and their classmates is developed with this approach and the students needs to develop acquaintances among them. Student activities, classwork, group discussions, and problem-based learning is enhanced by the approach of student-centered teaching. It is substantially important and helpful for those students taking poorer grades in academics to work individually after their return home. Different studies have shown that schools with higher proportions of dropouts have teacher-centered approaches and strict disciplinary policies for students ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a11mejc1gbq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"itemData":{"id":511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research","container-title":"Review of Educational research","page":"981-1015","volume":"86","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Zee","given":"Marjolein"},{"family":"Koomen","given":"Helma MY"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zee & Koomen, 2016). Certain synchronized approaches at schools, teacher-level collaboration, student facilitation, helping and encouraging environment can significantly reduce the number of dropouts from schools. Student counseling, modifications in specific impaired behaviors would be helpful for children to stay at schools. Student-centered approaches can help children to complete their elementary education successfully.

Problem-Based Teaching Style

Problem-based teaching styles include approaches that specifically focus on understanding and communication skills of children. It develops competence and creativity among students. Student level approaches are always helpful in generating academic skills and novel ideas in children to solve their problems. It helps children to think favorably, constructively and positively. This approach usually develops the cognitive thinking of children that ultimately helps them adapt to constructive behaviors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2l0mme18om","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":509,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"itemData":{"id":509,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of teacher's individualized support on children's reading skills and interest in classrooms with different teaching styles","container-title":"Learning and Individual Differences","page":"270-277","volume":"49","author":[{"family":"Kikas","given":"Eve"},{"family":"Silinskas","given":"Gintautas"},{"family":"Jõgi","given":"Anna-Liisa"},{"family":"Soodla","given":"Piret"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kikas et al., 2016). These students will always look for solutions, explanations, and answers. Once they develop their cognitive thinking, they can easily adapt to any kind of situation and circumstance in their surroundings. This teaching style should be adapted at all school and college levels to integrate and grow children in a positive and constructive environment.

Technology-Based Teaching Style

The technology-based teaching style is effective in engaging students in schools and colleges to complete their studies successfully ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2fpac5o3vi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":509,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"itemData":{"id":509,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of teacher's individualized support on children's reading skills and interest in classrooms with different teaching styles","container-title":"Learning and Individual Differences","page":"270-277","volume":"49","author":[{"family":"Kikas","given":"Eve"},{"family":"Silinskas","given":"Gintautas"},{"family":"Jõgi","given":"Anna-Liisa"},{"family":"Soodla","given":"Piret"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kikas et al., 2016). Various studies have shown that there are an amplifying request and constraint of today's learning organization to assure that scholars are well-equipped for the workgroup and can adjust in a multifaceted world. According to various surveys, technology-based training approaches assist and support education, cultivate the abilities of critical thinking, examination, and systematic analysis in children. Children learning objectives are significantly achieved through technology-based learning ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a3kthb6ir3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":509,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"itemData":{"id":509,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of teacher's individualized support on children's reading skills and interest in classrooms with different teaching styles","container-title":"Learning and Individual Differences","page":"270-277","volume":"49","author":[{"family":"Kikas","given":"Eve"},{"family":"Silinskas","given":"Gintautas"},{"family":"Jõgi","given":"Anna-Liisa"},{"family":"Soodla","given":"Piret"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kikas et al., 2016). Also, the interest and motivation for technology-based teaching are effective to engage students in education and studies. It boosts children's approaches to understand and grasp the information and knowledge more appropriately. For example, students with poorer academic results when placed to use technology in their education such as computers, smartphones, and other accessories will ultimately develop an interest in their studies and school. Engaging them in projects that enhance their capabilities and strengths for quality writing and study methods. Students who participate in technology-based projects have more collaborative skills, a higher level of understanding and information, more aware of solutions and have productive thinking. This method helps children to actively participate in classes and have access to real-world problems and solutions to motivate themselves for education.

Direct Teaching Style

Various studies support numerous features and aspects of direct teaching methods. Studies have identified that students learn more from a structured curriculum and syllabus instead of the randomized and unstructured syllabus. Teacher's lecture in structural form is very important to deliver appropriate information and knowledge to the children. Lectures should be in a collaborative approach rather than a teacher-centered way. Demonstrations with the help of videos and technology are significantly helpful for the learning of children. Teachers delivering lectures in the form of groups is a more effective way of improving the cognitive thinking of children. This method will develop collaboration among students ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aq476t1vjt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"itemData":{"id":511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research","container-title":"Review of Educational research","page":"981-1015","volume":"86","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Zee","given":"Marjolein"},{"family":"Koomen","given":"Helma MY"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zee & Koomen, 2016). Through this method and approach, children will learn that they all are the same, equal and important. It will ultimately result in good communication among them and they will positively approach each other. This approach can lead to a positive and collaborative class environment. It will discourage discrimination among children and also would help create social interaction between students. Teachers working with the group and their lectures about knowledge building can improve grades and results of students in assessments.

Effects of Teaching Styles on Children

In most of the circumstances, students develop their skills in social life such as critical thinking, self-confidence, self-efficiency, self-control, and cognitive style. School going children need both school-based and home-based attention to adapt to healthy behaviors. Educational dissatisfaction, exclusionary punishment principles, and disappointment have been documented as essentials for students who often drop out of schools ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2h0k0c2g9s","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"itemData":{"id":511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research","container-title":"Review of Educational research","page":"981-1015","volume":"86","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Zee","given":"Marjolein"},{"family":"Koomen","given":"Helma MY"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zee & Koomen, 2016). However, studies have conducted to find out the risk factors that contribute to the increased number of dropouts from schools. The characteristics such as sympathetic management, devoted and friendly workforce, and good educational practices also assist in the reduction of youth delinquency. It has been observed that various school-level features can significantly support decreasing the number of dropouts.

Majority students suffering from inner dissatisfaction or disappointment have higher proportions of dropouts due to one-sided philosophy that may include immature or developmentally halted opinions, bad judgment or absence of hope from teachers, incapability to regulate feelings and use of power and fierceness to attain achievement. Institutes implementing better policies and better management have significantly reduced the threats and risks of the dropouts. Those schools that device better administration policies concerning discipline have better outcomes in academics and reduced dropouts’ rate.

The research and studies have shown that school-level disciplinary policies, teaching methodology, punishment practices, and the organizational role are very influential to control several dropouts in academic schooling. The examination of different studies has recommended that primary and elementary level syllabus should be intended in such a way that it must upsurge protective relationship to reduce anti-social behavior. The curriculums that are developed and have the strength to improve student’s cognitive thinking are significantly helpful to develop students’ interest in studies and school ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"avcl5iuq96","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"itemData":{"id":511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research","container-title":"Review of Educational research","page":"981-1015","volume":"86","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Zee","given":"Marjolein"},{"family":"Koomen","given":"Helma MY"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zee & Koomen, 2016). Curriculum and syllabus should be designed to improve a student's learning abilities. Sympathetic feelings and better teacher-student relationships will ultimately result in a student’s interest in schools. Social, economic and environmental factors also influence and modify behaviors of school-going children. Concentrated efforts and struggles from teachers and parents can improve student's attitudes towards education.

Teachers need to engage students in learning activities. The teacher has to decide what should be learned in class. The skills, attitudes and positive learning environment of the class will motivate students to learn. Teachers need to adapt the student-centered approach to teaching children in schools. Teachers should assist children in learning, class lessons and assessments to improve their skills and abilities. Teacher centered approach should be avoided in schools particularly for poor grade students. It will ultimately encourage them to skip classes and schools.

Behavior is a noticeable consequence of the educator that influences the children's performance in various activities in schools. Behaviors of children can be positive or negative, it can also be ineffective or effective. A positive and constructive behavior yields the necessary results in academics. Children's responses are different in different circumstances. Behaviors affect the performances and activities of children. The most obvious and prominent behaviors in children are doing, feeling and thinking ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a3mrrikfk9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"itemData":{"id":511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research","container-title":"Review of Educational research","page":"981-1015","volume":"86","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Zee","given":"Marjolein"},{"family":"Koomen","given":"Helma MY"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zee & Koomen, 2016). The development of cognitive thinking and positive feeling is important for students to learn. The major domains that need to be developed through teaching style positively and progressively are cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains. Cognitive thinking is associated with intellectual abilities, thinking, and knowledge. Affective domains are linked with an individual's ability of interest, attitude, and adjustment. Psychomotor is a domain that is developed with motor skills and perceptual skills.

Teaching with Motivation

A motivating instructor can escalate the understanding of the learner and improve their abilities and individual features. It comprises of socio-emotional and mystical thinking along with cognitive performance, which is additionally required to be fixed in children through teaching. Individual characteristics are embedded in spirits and opinions that cannot be perceived openly through the outdated approaches and are challenging to recognize. An educator should be capable to establish the tutorial room, have comprehensive knowledge of the classroom and examine analytical questions that target student's characteristics. Active educators have comprehensive and complete information on the topic. They spend time with students individually to motivate them for studies. They establish a considerate and affectionate atmosphere for the children. These teachers give importance to every child in the class. An educator must recognize the talent of collaboration and communication ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1h49d3vl1j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"itemData":{"id":511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research","container-title":"Review of Educational research","page":"981-1015","volume":"86","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Zee","given":"Marjolein"},{"family":"Koomen","given":"Helma MY"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zee & Koomen, 2016). An enormous number of researches have exposed that personal relationships among students and educators are very significant for children's inspiration and success in all matters. Therefore, the strong teacher-children interpersonal association is significant and mandatory for scholars to participate in learning and education.

In learning psychology, children's motivation is a significant element that subsidizes the education process. Numerous examinations have been accompanied that analyze the importance of motivation in education. The fundamental inference of children’s motivation seems to place the procedure of "how" children are trained instead of "what" they are taught. It is often described as an influential element to develop the interest of students towards learning and education. Motivation has been designated as a method that comprises of the directive and inspiring qualities in teaching. It ultimately, give children direction for the cognitive and investigative behaviors to persist and flourish in the right direction. If the motivation of a student drops down or develops negatively, the entire process of cognitive development would be disturbed and halted.

Teaching with Passion

Perhaps it is more important for teachers to select teaching as a profession if they are passionate about it. Several studies have shown that "passion for students" as an important attribute for a successful teacher. This passion creates the teaching truthfully operative and is more close to determination ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a16auhkb67q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"itemData":{"id":511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research","container-title":"Review of Educational research","page":"981-1015","volume":"86","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Zee","given":"Marjolein"},{"family":"Koomen","given":"Helma MY"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zee & Koomen, 2016). To become an elementary and primary level teacher is not constantly easy. Teachers of this level usually have many challenges particularly physical and psychological. Though, if the teacher feels that they can make a difference in a student's life, they should opt for this profession. With passion, teaching would be a sense of achievement and satisfaction for them. With this enthusiasm, the teacher will deliver their lectures and take their classes with concentration and will sustain it throughout their career of teaching. There is a need for such passion and enthusiasm for teachers to educate students and children. It would help students to be able to take interest in their studies and education.

Teaching with Perseverance

It is another important characteristic of teachers which is mandatory for passionate teaching. It is also termed as dedication and tenacity. Researchers have shown that tenacity is required to fight for routine challenges and after strength to cope with these challenges. Dedication will improve teacher’s teaching skills and capabilities. Children are closer to those teachers who show empathy, dedication, and care for their children. Teaching with perseverance will prepare a teacher as a good advocate that would ultimately result in a long-term relationship with children. Students and children with poor grades need attentive and dedicated teachers.

Teaching with Willingness

Another associated distinctive characteristic of teachers is the readiness to take risks. Prosperous teachers are keen to take every kind of challenge and risk to accomplish their teaching goals and objective for their children. Taking risks is not always easy, it is a no answer for not settling in situations that can improve the quality of education delivery to children.

Findings

It is observed that major and significant characteristics required for teachers to make a difference in children's lives are perseverance, empathy, dedication, passion and truthfulness to teaching. It is all in teacher's hands-on how some students get their education with achievement in schools and some fail to manage their education. Problem-based learning and technology-based learning should be encouraged to promote in schools among children because these methods will develop cognitive and creative thinking in students ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a291t29v12d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Kikas et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":509,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LJRZIUFH"],"itemData":{"id":509,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of teacher's individualized support on children's reading skills and interest in classrooms with different teaching styles","container-title":"Learning and Individual Differences","page":"270-277","volume":"49","author":[{"family":"Kikas","given":"Eve"},{"family":"Silinskas","given":"Gintautas"},{"family":"Jõgi","given":"Anna-Liisa"},{"family":"Soodla","given":"Piret"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kikas et al., 2016). By utilizing these approaches, students with bad grades, inferiority complex and other related psychological issues would be able to take interest in studies. A student-centered approach and direct teaching methodology would be the best teaching approaches for children of growing age. The knowledge and learning are not always student's preferences; however, a good teaching style can make learning a stimulating thing for the children.

The characteristics of perseverance, empathy, passion, and willingness can make a classroom the most favorable setting for children. These characteristics will encourage teachers to apprehend the specialized approach in teaching children. It is significant to consider a specialized approach because it helps in various valuable ways to develop student’s cognitive thinking ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aebh9iqdo8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"itemData":{"id":511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research","container-title":"Review of Educational research","page":"981-1015","volume":"86","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Zee","given":"Marjolein"},{"family":"Koomen","given":"Helma MY"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zee & Koomen, 2016). With these qualities, a teacher can handle all kinds of students as some children are intelligent and some children are very idle in education. Those who fail to accomplish success and fail to complete their education are very much under the influence of bad teaching, racism, and discrimination. Teaching is a profession where these elements should be discouraged. The teacher should know how and where to apply which theme to get the best from the students.

Conclusion

Educational organizations of any republic can deliver the assurance of achievement and success for their countries. The educators can pass the qualitative modifications in nurturing the values of learning, which certifies the wellbeing, development, and success of a country. For this determination, it is essential to perform the study in the relative arena so that the training abilities can be enhanced. This study will support a lot to comprehend how the performance of the instructors and scholars can influence the learning development of the children. Educators who have interactive abilities and optimistic behavior can significantly influence the knowledge and accomplishment of the children in classrooms. The study will assist teachers to opt the specialized approach to help in various valuable ways to develop student’s cognitive thinking. Some children are sharp and intelligent while some children are very idle in their academics. In such circumstances, the educator should collaborate with their children, and effort for the progress of children in their education ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1er8ma4l1j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zee & Koomen, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/29NCXXGH"],"itemData":{"id":511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research","container-title":"Review of Educational research","page":"981-1015","volume":"86","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Zee","given":"Marjolein"},{"family":"Koomen","given":"Helma MY"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zee & Koomen, 2016). However, it is understood that the behavior and teaching approach of a teacher can have the strength to modify students and also have the power to destroy a student's futures. Teacher's motivation and interest towards their children can essentially increase the motivation of students, their learning capabilities, completion of their education successfully and interest in their education that will ultimately result in success.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Kikas, E., Silinskas, G., Jõgi, A.-L., & Soodla, P. (2016). Effects of teacher’s individualized support on children’s reading skills and interest in classrooms with different teaching styles. Learning and Individual Differences, 49, 270–277.

Zee, M., & Koomen, H. M. (2016). Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 981–1015.

To Be Given By The Author

RTQ_ Vbjbj,E,E 4N/N/08T,f DE5v,4 K0  Running head Parkinsons Disease

Parkinsons Disease

Type your first name, middle initial, and last name

The State University of New York College at Old Westbury

In partial fulfillment for completion of PY3610 in the Department of Psychology.

Mentor/Advisor Wei Zhu, Ph.D.

Abstract

Parkinsons Disease

Introduction/Background

Parkinsons disease (PD) is generally characterized as a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It was first founded by James Parkinson in 1817 therefore it is named after him. Clinically, Parkinsons disease is defined as the disorder related to the alteration in a movement of a person, but sometimes cognitive decline is also accompanied by motor problems. The dysfunctional movement and motor issues occur due to dopaminergic neurons selective degeneration in the Substania Nigra region of the brain. It is clinically characterized as bradykinesia which is the slow movement and resting has increased the chances of cure and survival even with this neuropsychological disorder. tremor. As the progression occurs in pathology, loss of movement starts happening and the development of postural instability. Motor dysfunction mostly occurs due to loss of olfaction, also known as hyposmia. Other symptoms in relation to non-motor dysfunction which develops with the progression of the disease, include hallucinations, dementia, depression, autonomic dysfunction, and sleep disturbances.

The Parkinsons disease has many different symptoms and ways of treatment and not everyone goes through the same condition or problem, therefore it varies from person to person. It took many years in getting rightly diagnosed by the neuropsychologists. The treatment and interventions were also poorly managed in the past, but now advancement in healthcare. It is a commonly occurring disease, such that everyone person in 10 goes through this disease in America. Parkinsons disease is generally described as an illness related to balance and posture. Therefore this paper will explore the neurological disorder of Parkinson disease in relation to other diseases and neuropsychological, neurobiological and neurochemical considerations.

2.0 Psychological Considerations

2.1 DSM-V Classification of the Biopsychological Disorder and its Associated Disorders

It is classified under the sub-section of major or mild neurocognitive disorders due to Parkinsons disease. It is included in criterion B and the deficits due to this disease are included in criterion C. the associated disorders of Parkinsons disease are as follows

Lewy bodies

Alzheimers disease

Vascular neurocognitive disorder

Another medical condition, i.e., delirium and neurocognitive disorders

Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism

2.2 Psychological Symptoms

The only psychological symptoms related to this disease are depression, apathy, insomnia, hallucinations, delusions, anxiety, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, personality changes, and excessive daytime sleepiness.

2.3 Behavioral Symptoms

It is a progressive degenerative disease therefore it affects the nerve cells in the deep parts of substantia nigra and basal ganglia in the brain. The symptoms include bradykinesia which is impaired dexterity, slowness of movement, drooling, decreased blinking, and expressionless face. Furthermore, resting tremor is characterized as involuntary shaking and rigidity and instability of posture (Trster, Jankovic, Tagliati, Peichel, Okun, 2017).

3.0 Neuropsychological Considerations

As Parkinsons disease is a neurocognitive degenerate disorder, the neuropsychological dysfunctions are associated with this disease. Apathy, along with the anxiety and depression is frequently occurring neuropsychological symptom in the patients of Parkinson disease, such that it is the higher in apathetic patients. Therefore, Pathophysiological indications suggest that the apathy in Parkinson disease is mainly due to dopaminergic denervation of the mesolimbic region, regardless of its well-known association is with the pathogenesis of anxiety and depression. Many studies indicated that the patients with apathy show a high level of serotonergic and dopaminergic degeneration in the putamen, bilateral caudate nuclei, pallidum and thalamus, ventral striatum, and a specific disruption in the bilateral dopaminergic region occur within the substantia Nigra and ventral tegmental area complex. Therefore, it reveals that serotoninergic degeneration is vital in neuropsychological considerations of Parkinsons disease (Ramdave, Dawson, Carter, Dissanayaka, 2019).

Furthermore, a study reported that in addition to apathy anxiety and depression are also commonly linked to Parkinsons disease. Due to the advanced neuroimaging, the area related to Parkinsons disease in the brain has been studied by the psychologist to be associated with the increase neural activity the regions of prefrontal cortex and limbic networks in the patients with depression. The functional imaging is inversely correlated with the density of dopaminergic activation in the putamen and caudate with the anxiety in the patients of Parkinsons disease.

4.0 Neurobiological, Neuroanatomical Neurochemical Considerations

Many studies and researches related to the considerations of neuropsychology in Parkinsons disease indicated towards the impairment in the cognitive task of the patient. The early onset of Parkinsons disease is detected through neuropsychological testing which can easily detect the dysfunction in executive tasks, attention, and memory. It is a systematic disease which represents various symptoms related to non-motor and motor functions. According to many studies the executive performance is dependent on the prefrontal cortex and structures related. The patients of Parkinsons disease have more activation in the cortex in relation to the lower deactivation this usually results in impaired motor functioning.

Moreover, other studies suggested that the deep brain stimulation surgery of a patient with Parkinsons disease exhibit the motor complications, intolerance to the treatment with drugs and unsatisfactory control. The age factor contributes to this matter, as patients with young age showed beneficial results. Other studies have shown that the patients of Parkinson disease are more prone towards dementia and they may develop dementia syndrome, and it is characterized by cholinergic and non-dopaminergic dysfunction of the cortex (Belaidi, Bush, 2016). This was possibly explored by the advancement in genetic research and neuroimaging. It revealed the substantial heterogeneity in the patients of Parkinson disease with the cognitive deficits range.

5.0 Neurochemical Considerations

The older patients with Parkinsons disease and major depressive disorder have altered levels of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal, monoamine levels, axis dysfunctions, brain decreasing neurotrophic-derived factor, neuroinflammation and morphologic alterations in certain regions of the brain (Sampson, Debelius, Thron, Janssen, Shastri, Ilhan, Chesselet, 2016). According to the recent studies, the retina may be controlling functions of the deep brain and is prominently involved in the progression, etiology, and treatment of Parkinsons disease. Therefore, a certain study determined how dopamine, serotonin, and melatonin neurotransmitter systems in the retina, are individually involved in the control of the movement (Ascherio, Schwarzschild, 2016). Hence, the chemical pathology of Parkinsons disease relates to the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal track and it reduces the striatal dopamine. The distribution of dopamine is higher in the striatum and the depletion through reserpine also the dramatic effect of l-DOPA in reversing reserpine-induced tranquilization, resulted in dysfunctional ptosis and motor activity in rabbits and mice (Leo, Sarmento Silva, Santos, Ribeiro, Silva, 2015).

Consequently, the dysfunctional movement and motor issues occur due to dopaminergic neurons selective degeneration in the Substania Nigra region of the brain, and also other above-mentioned regions of the brain. The pathway of these neurons is towards the basal ganglia and is interconnected with other core structures of the brain. Various neuroscientists have utilized the functional and structural techniques for accessing brain functioning during the onset of Parkinsons disease. The advanced method or technique used is microdialysis, in which a small tube-like catheter is induced into the brain to explore the roles of glutamate and GABA during the tasks involved memory.

6.0 Discussion

There exist a wide range of aspects that contribute to the pervasive existence of the disease. As deliberated above, it is imperative to identify the symptoms and risk factors of Parkinsons disease thoroughly. Tremor, rigid muscles, speech changes, and the impaired posture and balance are the prominent symptoms which indicate that a person has established the disease. Primarily, the neurons in the brain slowly die or break down which initiates the disease. The loss of neurons further incites a chemical messenger called dopamine in the brain. Besides these facts, environmental triggers and genes are the prominent implications causes of Parkinsons disease. It is a contentious debate where the researchers are skeptical about the plausible changes that take place in mind.

A critical appraisal of the research highlights that the risk factors associated with the disease. Heredity plays an instrumental role in such circumstances. For instance, close proximity to the disease enhances the likelihood of the development of the disease. Men are prone to establishing the disease in comparison to women. The complications that surface after establishing the disease are detrimental and adverse. The emotional changes and depressed state of mind are the dominant impediments in the neurological system.

7.0 Conclusion

Consequently, this paper explored the neurological disorder of Parkinson disease, its symptoms etiology, and treatment in relation to other diseases and neuropsychological, neurobiological and neurochemical considerations. It is classified under the sub-section of major or mild neurocognitive disorders due to Parkinsons disease. The Parkinsons disease has many different symptoms and ways of treatment and not everyone goes through the same condition or problem, therefore it varies from person to person. As Parkinsons disease is a neurocognitive degenerate disorder, the neuropsychological dysfunctions are associated with this disease. Furthermore, a study reported that in addition to apathy anxiety and depression are also commonly linked to Parkinsons disease. The dysfunctional movement and motor issues in Parkinsons disease occur due to dopaminergic neurons selective degeneration in the Substania Nigra region of the brain, and also other above-mentioned regions of the brain. The advanced method or technique used such as microdialysis and many others are introduced in the patients to overcome the disease.

References

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Belaidi, A. A., Bush, A. I. (2016). Iron neurochemistry in Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease targets for therapeutics. Journal of Neurochemistry, 139, 179-197.

Leo, A. H., Sarmento Silva, A. J., Santos, J. R., Ribeiro, A. M., Silva, R. H. (2015). Molecular, Neurochemical, and Behavioral Hallmarks of Reserpine as a Model for Parkinsons Disease New Perspectives to a Long Standing Model. Brain Pathology, 25(4), 377-390.

Ramdave, S., Dawson, A., Carter, A., Dissanayaka, N. N. (2019). Unmasking neurobiological commonalities between addictive disorders and impulse control disorders in Parkinson s disease. Brain imaging and behavior, 1-14.

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Trster, A. I., Jankovic, J., Tagliati, M., Peichel, D., Okun, M. S. (2017). Neuropsychological outcomes from constant current deep brain stimulation for Parkinsons disease. Movement Disorders, 32(3), 433-440.

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(),-.0123456789@BCDEFGHJKLMNOPSRoot Entry F75 U1Table/WordDocument4SummaryInformation(ADocumentSummaryInformation8ICompObjr F Microsoft Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q

Topic Approval

Topic Approval

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Topic Approval

Perception

PERCEPTION is the process of identification, organization, and clarification of sensory information in order to understand and represent the presented info or environment. In other words, Perception is one’s ability to see, listen, or become aware of something or happenings by the senses.

Research Question

How do effective, reading, listening, and observation influence learning capabilities of high school students?

Thesis Statement

Effective Reading and Listening are more crucial for students to improve learning skills than observation.

As stated above, perception refers to the process sensory information are organized, understood and experienced consciously. Perception include top down and bottom up processing of human beings. The way how human beings understand and interpret that the sensations have been influenced by the thoughts, experiences and available knowledge is known as top down processing (Miller, & Johnson-Laird, 1996). While, the concept of bottom up processing refers to the reality that perceptions are developed from the results of all outside sensory inputs.

As per my personal perception about myself and my personality, I found myself highly interest in psychology as well as I usually keep thinking about how we live our lives, how we think, how we act and interact. While, perception is the topic in psychology which clearly clarifies the way that how we the information (inputs) are organized, understood and then experienced (Atwell, 2007). So, researching and studying this topic (Perception) would clarify my usual thoughts in the way which cannot be done learning and studying something else and that’s the topic has been chosen.

Questions

Do you feel that repeatedly soothing an infant is beneficial or detrimental to development? Why or why not?

Repeatedly soothing infant is beneficial to his/her development because it grows infant’s health as well as it develops skin-to-skin contact that become an early language for the infant.

What issues do developmental theorists claim may arise on either side of the debate? How might attachment theory fit into this debate?

The developmental theorist claims that strong attachment of infant with one individual arise the isolation issue for the infant if the infant is emotionally and physically attached to one care giver. The theory fits to the debate because theory also states that emotional and physical attached to one care giver is critical to personal development (Goldberg, Muir, & Kerr, 2013).

References

Miller, G. A., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1996). Language and perception. Belknap Press.

Atwell, N. (2007). In the middle: Writing, reading, and learning with adolescents. Heinemann Educational Books, 316 Hanover St., Portsmouth, NH 03801.

Goldberg, S., Muir, R., & Kerr, J. (Eds.). (2013). Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives. Routledge.