The Methods Of Psychology And The Biology Of Behavior

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Summary of chapter 2 Origins and methods of psychology

In this chapter, the focus will be on research methods that are used for analyzing the test theories and hypotheses. Different methods and theories have been mentioned in this chapter i.e. Darwins theory of evolution, among many others. It has also been claimed that research methods are used for solving problems, as exposure to low levels of mercury is neurotoxic for workers. Research methods also help in confirming the previous findings. In psychology, the goal of the research is to understand behavior as well as its causes so that the circumstances under which this behavior occurs can be controlled. Surveys are also conducted as they allow researchers for obtaining information from other people, in which a group of people represents the whole population and their response, interviews, or written answers reflect the behaviors and attitudes of the group they represent. Case studies also help in gathering the required information, involving in-depth exploration of the case(s) along with the limitations (it covers a small size sample in most situations). Statistics are also used in psychological researches as they answer about the relationship that other methods fail to explain. A relationship could be witnessed between the variables of interest. The observational method has also been mentioned in this chapter, in which the researcher observes his or her participants, and how they go about in their daily life in a natural setting (naturalistic observation). One of the major limitations highlighted in this method is the biased attitude of observers such as they may appear more than the actual. I questions are not answered by the above-mentioned methods, then the best possible results are derived by finding the correlation between variables, and this process is known as the correlation method. The experimental method is also highlighted in this chapter, in which participants under certain (controlled) conditions, confront specific stimuli and their reactions are measured. Ethics are given more consideration when experiments are being performed on humans and animals. For example, prisoners are treated with great care, following ethical behavior.

Summary of chapter 3 The biology of behavior

In chapter 3, different activities have been highlighted that reflect the biology of the behavior. i.e. feeling, moving, remembering and sensing, etc. All these activities are controlled by the central nervous system. This system consists of certain parts involving the brain and spinal cord that also helps in coordinating body functions. Biological structures such as neurons, endocrine system, etc. regulate and influence behavior. Neural transmission is one of the main processes that help in studying the behavior of humans (Flayer Sokol, 2020). Different substances are used in neurotransmission and are generally chemicals. Some of the famous neurotransmitter substances include acetylcholine (ACh), Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Gamma-Amino-Butyric Acid (GABA), Endorphins and Glutamate. Neurotransmitters are the main elements that influence the behavior and different psychological disorders that might occur because of the use of certain drugs. For example, one of the most striking disorders people are facing is depression that involves the interference of two main substances i.e. norepinephrine and serotonin, but relieving depression, other drugs are also prescribed as well.

The peripheral nervous system is also involved in controlling human behavior. The limbic system is an important portion of the brain that is linked with emotional expressions. It plays a significant role in memory, motivation, and learning and any damage to this system would affect expression i.e. excessive reactions or sudden reduction in the emotional responses. Magnetic Resonance Imaging uses radio waves that create a magnetic field change as compared to a CAT scan. It is used for pinpointing tumors and this technique could detect a reduction in blood flow in a vein or artery. This technique is mainly used for distinguishing cancerous and non-cancerous cells by collecting biochemical information.

Reference

Flayer, C. H., Sokol, C. L. (2020). Nerves of Steel How the Gut Nervous System Promotes a Strong Barrier.Cell,180(1), 15-17.

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