Week 3 Discussion

Week 3 discussion post

In this case study, Betty a three years old girl scream and cry after her parents leave her in alone room. But when her mother hold her and tell her that everything is good then she stop cry. And when again they leave her alone to sleep she start crying. According to her father it is better to take her with them at down stairs and keep her with them till she sleeps. And after that it started happening daily, Betty stays clam with her parents or even during day but at night she start crying till her parents approach her.

Here question arises why Betty started screaming and crying and why she calmed down when her parents accompanied her? And this is not for one day she started doing it daily because she has learned that if she cries then her parents will give her attention and took her with them. The one factor can be fear that Betty developed to stay alone in her room and other is positive attitude if her parents that motivated her to do the same thing every night.

The concept of operant conditioning emphases on the application of reinforcement or punishment to influence behavior (Blackman, 2017). Operational learning is also called learning by success. While positive consequences increase the likelihood of behavior, negative consequences cause different influences. (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). Through this procedure, a connection is designed among the behavior and the consequences for such actions. Imagine, for example, if Betty’s parents teach her that she need to sleep alone in her room and in this effort, she will get some reward then this learning and reinforcement may help them to get rid of this issue. An individual shows a behavior (e.g. a loud burping at the table) and, depending on the reaction of the environment, will show this behavior more frequently or less often (no more) in the future. To associate a particular behavior with a certain consequence.

References

Blackman, D. E. (2017). Operant conditioning: an experimental analysis of behaviour.

Routledge.

Staddon, J. E., & Cerutti, D. T. (2003). Operant conditioning. Annual review of psychology,

54(1), 115-144.

WEEK 3 PROJECT

WEEK 3 PROJECT

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

WEEK 3 PROJECT

John B. Watson is an American psychologist and is considered as the founder of the psychology of behavior. He theorized that a person can learn emotional actions through experience(Watson & Rayner, 2000). According to him, human beings have the emotional responses because for certain environment stimulus that is present around can condition us by the type of responses. He conducted the experiment in order to find the theory behind his assumptions that was not only groundbreaking but also a most controversial experiment in the field of psychology. The main subject of his experiment is "Little Albert".

Basically, there are 3 stages that comprise classical conditioning. In all the stages, the responses and the stimuli are specifically given scientific terms. We will relate to these scientific terms with little Albert experiment.

The first stage is known as the stage of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that generates in an organism the unconditioned response (UCR). In the little Albert Experiment, the behavior is produced due to the stimulus in the environment and therefore it is called the natural response that is not told by anyone. In this regard, when the researcher of the experiment presented Albert with a rabbit, a white rat, a dog, a mask without and with the hair, and wool of white cotton, this instills no fear in him and thus is known to be a stage of the unconditioned stimulus. Initially, Albert looks curiously to the presented objects and animals and he even reached and touches them. He even did not show any sign of fear in his approach. This part is known as his natural reaction and scientifically referred to as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The stimulus is viewed as unconditioned in light of the fact that there is no learning required for the reaction of dread in the subject.

In the second stage of the experiment when little Albert is 11 months old, whenever the little Albert tried to reach for the object or the animal, the researcher produces a loud noise on back of his head. This is a stage where the unconditioned stimulus response is associated with the stimulus that generates no response and thus is known as the conditioned stimulus (CS). As expected this thing instills fear in little Albert and he started crying.

Now for every object, a loud noise is created that make him fearful of the objects. This means that after he had learned that every object makes certain noise when it is touched it creates a conditioned response of fear in him.

At the next stage, they wanted to know whether the process of generalization occurs or not to him. For this purpose, they presented him with a white fur coat, a dog, a cotton package, and even the hair of Watson. For all of the items, Watson had a negative response. Therefore it is interpreted by the researchers that in Albert's case generalization did occur.

In psychology, the term extinction is referred to as the conditioned response gradual weakening that would eventually result in the disappearing and decreasing of the behavior. We can say in other words that the behavior that is developed due to conditioning stops eventually.

Warner and Rayner show from their experimentation of classical conditioning that fear can be created by them. Over the period of the next few weeks and months, it was observed that little Albert fear of the rats after the ten days of the conditioning is marked much less. This learned response dying out is known as the phenomenon of extinction(Dibbets & Maes, 2011). However, it is evident that after a full month, that the repetition of the procedure that instills fear can renew the association if repeat few times.

References

Dibbets, P., & Maes, J. H. (2011). The effect of an extinction cue on ABA-renewal: Does valence matter?. Learning and Motivation, 42(2), 133-144.

Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (2000). Conditioned emotional reactions.

(Watson & Rayner, 2000)

(Dibbets & Maes, 2011)

Week 4 Discussion

Title page

Discussion

History of intelligence theories

The brief history of intelligence theory depicts that it goes back to the 1800s as the concept of intelligence was developed by Francis Galton. It was created for measuring physical characteristics and sensory qualities. The first intelligence test was developed by Frenchman Alfred Binet in the twentieth century that was considered as the modern intelligence test. The idea of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) was presented by Lewis Madison Terman in mid1900s. The need for intelligence tests became more evident when the military had to decide criteria for choosing the best citizens. Alpha and Beta tests were used by the military for the selection of competent people. The need for intelligence tests also increased in different fields such as in engineering, medicine and research (Blackman, 2017).

Intelligence tests

Different type of intelligence tests is described in the course such as the Stanford Binet intelligence test and Wechsler test. These tests are conducted for evaluating the level of IQ because they give overall scores and subscores. Staddon and Cerutti (2003) emphasize the behavioural and cognitive approaches for assessing the intelligence of individuals. These kind of tests are effective for evaluating the emotional strength and self-control of individuals CITATION Sta031 \l 1033 (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). Aptitude tests are also created for examining intelligence.

Views

Based on my knowledge of intelligence tests and course I believe that these tests are quite old and now used in different aspects of life. The tests provide an idea about the intelligence and performance level of individuals. I think today these tests are required in academics, jobs and career growth. Two common reasons for conducting tests is to evaluate the mental and emotional stability of individuals. The scores of the tests provide a better idea about the competency and performance level of people.

References

Blackman, D. E. (2017). Operant conditioning: An experimental analysis

of behaviour. New York, NY: Routledge.

Staddon, J. E., & Cerutti, D. T. (2003). Operant conditioning. Annual

           Review of Psychology, 54(1), 115-144.

WEEK 4 PROJECT

Larry's Story (Motivation in the workplace)

Author name

Affiliations

Larry's Change in his Work Performance

Larry has been working for five years as a customer service representative in a large nationwide insurance company. His job was the evaluation of workers' compensation claims in California and Louisiana and provide them assistance in accessing services and financial resources. He has to work five days a week in 8 hours shift. He was married and his wife was a nurse. Management was happy with his performance as he was proficient at completing his work in a timely and quality manner. He was also made a part of one committee that had to give ideas for improving customer's trust and customer satisfaction. He worked enthusiastically and his given recommendations were appreciated by management. However, after one month of his tremendous performance, he started overseeing his tasks. He even wanted to find a new job. Few members also made a complaint about his lack of attention to their cases. Conversely, he was still very active with his kids and friends.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Larry has been working as a customer service representative for five years. He has same nature of work daily that results in producing dullness in his job. He needs the motivation to complete these tasks. This motivation can be intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation will help him complete his tasks for personal rewards ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"V2XYLdSc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hennessey, Moran, Altringer, & Amabile, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Hennessey, Moran, Altringer, & Amabile, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2306,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/3G9EJCP6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/3G9EJCP6"],"itemData":{"id":2306,"type":"article-journal","title":"Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation","container-title":"Wiley encyclopedia of management","page":"1-4","author":[{"family":"Hennessey","given":"Beth"},{"family":"Moran","given":"Seana"},{"family":"Altringer","given":"Beth"},{"family":"Amabile","given":"Teresa M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hennessey, Moran, Altringer, & Amabile, 2015). He is required to set different achievable goals so he may get motivated to achieve them and may not get bored with the same routine. Moreover, extrinsic motivation will help him completing his tasks to avoid punishment or to get any reward ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YuO7uwIm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dysvik & Kuvaas, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Dysvik & Kuvaas, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2307,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y9J25NTI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y9J25NTI"],"itemData":{"id":2307,"type":"book","title":"Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation as Predictors of Work Effort: The Moderating Role of Achievement Goals","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Og8JvgEACAAJ","author":[{"family":"Dysvik","given":"A."},{"family":"Kuvaas","given":"B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dysvik & Kuvaas, 2012). In this regard, different incentives can be offered to him.

Recommendations

Larry is a hard worker but he is lacking the motivation to have a long-term career in an insurance company. The supervisor should help him in establishing his personal goals as well as setting different rewards for him to motivate him. In this way, they will not lose him.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Dysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2012). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation as Predictors of Work Effort: The Moderating Role of Achievement Goals. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Og8JvgEACAAJ

Hennessey, B., Moran, S., Altringer, B., & Amabile, T. M. (2015). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 1–4.

Week 5 Adolescent Psychology

Adrian C Rodriguez

Research Paper

6th April, 2019

Ethnic identity is derived from ethnocentrism as a principle of self-organization of perception when it reveals in those around it those or other properties that require ethno-identification. Ethnic identity is expressed in a set of behavioral automatism with their characteristic speech signs and gestures. It, respectively, manifests itself in the role-playing repertoire of the individual and is formed primarily at the early stages of its socialization as something that is common to all speakers of a given language and a given ethno culture. Ethnic identity attracts more and more attention of researchers in the modern world with its ever-increasing mixture of various ethnic groups as an ambiguous process, where centripetal and centrifugal forces act (Dubé et al., 1999).

Formation of ethnic identity

Already in 1876, at the St. Petersburg International Statistical Congress, it was found that in order to accurately determine the respondent’s nationality, it was necessary to clarify his identity, while removing any pressure on the respondent from government bodies, but the latter clause interfered with this principle in the population census practice. The same author indicates that national (ethnic) self-consciousness refers to “subjective” features, while “objective” signs of belonging to a particular ethnic unit are language, cultural characteristics, religion (Frable, 1997).

(According to Rosario et al., 2004), sexual identity is one of the five components of human sexuality, is defined as self-identification of an individual with people who have one or another sexual orientation, self-perception of themselves as an individual with a certain sexual orientation. Sexual identity is not equivalent to the individual’s true sexual orientation and does not necessarily coincide with it.

Formation of sexual identity

A person’s sexual identity is not formed as a result of any single factor, although some scientists and non-specialists may search for specific “causes” of sexual identity. () tried to detect and describe the biological processes that influence the formation of sexual identity. It is assumed that there is a large set of determining factors, but a single point of view on this issue has not yet been worked out. Probably, some factors affecting the formation of sexual identity are not yet open. The specific significance of various factors known or assumed at the moment has not yet been reliably established.

Intuitionism is a direction in philosophy, recognizing in intuition the most reliable means of knowledge and rejecting the formalization of the act of knowledge in other philosophical directions. Intuitivism occurs at the turn of the XIX — XX centuries and opposes himself to the positivist kind of technical study and the restriction of human experience exclusively to the sphere of sensory observation. In intuitivism, there are two main points. The first, developed by the French philosopher Henri Bergson, is characterized by the opposition of intuition and intelligence, which he interprets as an instrument for operating with “dead things” - material, spatial objects. The philosophy of life, developing at the same time in Germany, is close to this trend (Moshman, 2013).

Subjectivism is a concept introduced by Descartes, meaning a turn to a subject, that is, a view of consciousness as originally given, while everything else is the form, content or result of the creation of consciousness. Berkeley idealism is the most extreme form of such subjectivism. Kantianism can be considered as moderate subjectivity of the same variety. Many varieties of neo positivism also tend in part to such subjectivism. In the proper sense of the word, subjectivism is the doctrine of the exceptional subjectivity of intellectual truth, as well as moral and aesthetic values, the denial of their absolute significance. Subjectivism is a point of view that takes into account only one person. In extreme cases, such subjectivism in the theory of knowledge leads to solipsism and in ethics - to selfishness (Cowan, 2015).

The structure of the concept of trans-subjective existentialism is built on the basis of the principle of “hermeneutic circle” in relation to the problem of social practice and its parameters such as interconnectedness with other practices, the unity of spatial and temporal dimensions, the constitution of meanings, development (determinism) and projection (voluntarism) of possibilities. The significance of the differentiation of the concepts of trans-subjectivity and inter subjectivity are shown the reflecting, respectively, the ontological level of social reality with its characteristic transcendence, potentiality and dynamism, and the antic level of society, which is characterized by superficial actuality, objectivity, reification, static and empirical.

References

Dubé, E. M., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (1999). Sexual identity development among ethnic sexual-minority male youths. Developmental Psychology, 35(6), 1389.

Frable, D. E. (1997). Gender, racial, ethnic, sexual, and class identities. Annual review of psychology, 48(1), 139-162.

Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2004). Ethnic/racial differences in the coming-out process of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: A comparison of sexual identity development over time. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(3), 215.

Moshman, D. (2013). Epistemic cognition and development. In The development of thinking and reasoning (pp. 25-45). Psychology Press.

Cowan, R. (2015). CD Broad on Moral Sense Theories in Ethics.

WEEK 5 DISCUSSION

Title page

Discussion

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Syndrome (ADHD) is a psychological disorder that reflects a pattern of hyperactivity and impulsivity affecting an individual's ability to concentrate and work. The victims of ADHD encounter difficulty to pay attention that affects their daily routine.

There is a number of factors that causes ADHD such as genes, brain injuries, low-birth weight, excessive use of substance like a cigarette and alcohol. Exposure to toxic environments also leads to ADHD.

The symptoms linked to this psychological disorder include complexity in paying attention, overreacting to situations and lacking impulsivity in work. Children who are victims of ADHD are unable to focus on lectures in classrooms. They are unable to learn things or organize things. The disorder also affects their ability to perform tasks in a sequence or manage time. Sustained mental efforts encourage them to avoid or dislike tasks. They are also distracted in classrooms that undermine their learning capability. Forgetfulness is another possible symptom of ADHD.

Timely diagnosis of the disorder is crucial for improving the mental health of the patients. No single test is adequate for diagnosing the prevalence of ADHD. The commonly adopted procedure includes guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association (APA). The diagnostic and statistical manual is developed by APA that provides details about handling patients of ADHD. Teachers have a significant role in diagnosing children by observing them. In classrooms, they can identify students who are disturbed and fails to pay attention to the lectures. Such children are lost and less attentive. They also fail to meet instructions or participate in activities.

Medications like Adderall and Ritalin are used for helping patients of ADHD. The medications work to improve the concentration level of the children. Therapy and counselling are used for treating ADHD. The therapists focus on behavior modification programs at schools and at home.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Nilholm, C. (2014). ADHD: an educational challenge. Emotional & Behavioural Difficulties, 19 (3), 324-326.

Persson, C., & Benzein, E. (2014). Family Health Conversations: How Do They Support Health? Nursing Research and Practice.

Week 5 Quizzes #6 And #7

Week 6 Adolescent Psychology

Adolescent Psychology

Name

Affiliation

Date

Adolescent Psychology

One of the most important concerns regarding adolescent development is that if it is based on genes, the environment, or the individual construction. It has always been quite important for the psychologist, because genes, as well as environment, impact the development of the individuals. My thoughts on the matter are that adolescent development is the results of the genetic as well as environmental impacts. The genes of human beings play an important role in defining, as well as laying the foundation of the physical changes of adolescents. The time of the onset of puberty may be impacted by the genetic constructs of adolescents. On the other hand, the ideology and reaction of the individual towards puberty may be influenced by the environmental forces. The individual construction can also play an important role in this regard by defining the attitude of the person towards the development in their body, as well as the outer world (Dick, Adkins, Sally, & Kuo, 2016).

Nature vs. nurture debate is one of the most topics of psychology, which shed light on the main influencers of adolescent development. The main point of the debate is that the physical developments during adolescence, which includes puberty, change in height, change in voice and the change in the physique can be influenced by the genetic composition of the individual (Reiss, & Hetherington, 2009). On the other hand, the ideological development, as well as attitude and perceptions of the adolescents are greatly influenced by the environmental factors. Moreover, some of the later developments like attitude and perception may also be influenced by individual construction. So, it cannot be said that the adolescent development is solely based on the genetics or the environmental factors or even the individual construction, because it is the result of the combination of all the aspects (Newman, & Newman, 2017).

Psychological adolescent development is greatly influenced by the education they receive in the schools, due to which most of the psychologist argue that to promote advanced psychological adolescent development, secondary schools should facilitate access to all sources of information to students. Most of the times, the children below the age of puberty are not provided by the advanced education which can impact their psychological development. They are provided with basic knowledge, which hinders the details and makes them curious about the bigger picture. In some cases, it becomes the source of their confusion as well. In order to ensure better psychological development of the adolescent, they should be provided with all sources of information. It is also important because of the fact that it would enable the young children to become aware of the physical, as well as psychological developments in their own personality and not become confused by them (Caskey, & Anfara, 2014).

Early adolescence is the period of physical and emotional changes for the individuals. If the adolescents are provided with all sorts of education, this period can not only become less confusing for them, however, they would be more aware of their changes, which would also help them to identify any exception in their situation (Durlak, Weissberg, Dymnicki, Taylor, & Schellinger, 2011). Moreover, it would also help them to understand the world and its working in a more detailed manner. Allowing the adolescent to get access to all sorts of information and education would also prove beneficial for their advanced psychological development in the way that it would provide them the information and awareness about the psychological and psychical development, which would improve their experience of going through the changes (Schall, Wallace, & Chhuon, 2016).

References

Caskey, M., & Anfara, V. A. (2014). Developmental characteristics of young adolescents. Association for Middle Level Education.

Dick, D. M., Adkins, A. E., Sally, I., & Kuo, C. (2016). Genetic influences on adolescent behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 70, 198-205.

Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta‐analysis of school‐based universal interventions. Child development, 82(1), 405-432.

Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2017). Development through life: A psychosocial approach. Cengage Learning.

Reiss, D., & Hetherington, E. M. (2009). The relationship code: Deciphering genetic and social influences on adolescent development (Vol. 1). Harvard University Press.

Schall, J., Wallace, T. L., & Chhuon, V. (2016). ‘Fitting in’in high school: how adolescent belonging is influenced by locus of control beliefs. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 21(4), 462-475.

Week 8 Signature Assignment

Title page

Signature assignment

Key issues

The key issues identified by the article include incidence of non-erosive reflux disease (NERRD). It also highlights the mental and psychological factors that undermine their performance in every aspects of life. NERD has been increasing among middle-aged people and elderly women. Victims of NERD also suffer from anxiety, depression and emotional disorders. It is also a cause of some other problems such as visceral hypersensitivity, social and psychological stress. No single drug is adequate for treating NERD in patients. NERD is a critical issue that needs treatment because it deteriorates behavior and causes depression. The assumptions of the students are not quite different from that of the authors. The students also assume that adoption of CBT will lead to improvement in the behavior of patients and help them in overcoming emotional issues due to NERD. Delay in treatment increase the consequences of the disease. No specific treatment has been identified for addressing the problem of NERD patients individually.

Evidence

The article has integrated research studies on the relevant topic for providing evidentiary support to the facts. Research studies suggest significant correlation between NERD and psychological problems like depression, anxiety and emotional disorder. Previous studies on the topic have proved the relation of NERD with negative social behavior. Literature also suggests positive association between CBT and improved quality of life in patients of NERD. The adoption of CBT has also improved the conditions of gastrointestinal and esophagus. This benefits of therapy are not only limited to enhanced mental condition but it also improved medical health status of the people. The findings of different studies suggests that CBT is more effective compared to the drugs because it lacks side effects.

A primary study is also conducted for identifying how NERD impact patients. A questionnaire is used for identifying the issues and impacts of CBT on the patients. Patients with poor medical compliance are excluded from the study. The survey targeted 115 patients of NERD who meets the conditions of the reflectance disease criteria. Patients who received any precious treatment were not included in the study. Different scale measurements are use for assessing the role of CBT. RDQ Symptom Questionnaire is used as an integrated method for assessing the responses of the participants. Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale is also used for identifying how NERD leads to mental problems including anxiety, depression and stress. Different groups are formed for examining the role of various treatments of conditions of patients with NERD. Drug treatment group consist of 12 male and 23 females, psychotherapy group include 14 males and 26 females, a combined psychotherapy and drug treatment group include 16 males and 24 females. The patients in the psychotherapy group are treated with CBT only.

The results of the study are linked with the previous literary findings for adding reliability. Evidence suggests that cognitive adjustment and emotional adjustments are the results of therapies and apparent in the patients who have received them. Patients of NERD that are treated with these therapies exhibits better emotional and behavioral adjustments. On contrary, patients who receive drug treatment don’t show any significant signs of improvements.

Student and author’s assumptions

The authors of the article assumes that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) will improve the personality and behavior of people who develop NERD. This is an effective therapy that focus on cognitive education and behavioral skills for correcting distortions and patient errors. The authors also assume that CBT is an appropriate tool for alleviating psychological disorders and somatic symptoms. Psychological intervention programs can be adopted for treating the patients of NERD. The student assumes that the conclusion will explain clear relationship between cognitive therapy and improved behaviors.

Background information

NERD is one of the complex issues faced by the middle-aged and elderly women. Limited research is done to understand the role of psychotherapy in treating NERD. The negative outcomes of NERD are not only limited to mental state but also leads to other symptoms like reflux and non-esophageal symptoms. The worst outcomes include precordial pain, cough and asthma. This indicates that NERD leads to deteriorated quality of life. The researchers had attempted to identify methods for improving the health of such victims by adopting different psychotherapy. Cognitive Behavior Therapy is recognized as one of the most powerful technique for addressing the health issue in patients of NERD.

Evaluation of issues

Evaluation of the issues depicts that the patients of NERD needs proper treatment such as drug treatment and cognitive behavior therapy. The results indicate that cognitive behavior therapy is an effective tool for removing behavioral and psychological issues. The results indicate that CBT offers practical solution to the patients of NERD. It is due to fact that CBT provides opportunity to learn strategies for overcoming stress and anxiety. The results also suggest that no significant changes were observed before or after fourth week of the drug treatment. Significant difference was noted at the end of 4th, 8th and 12th weeks in the case of group that received CBT. No significant change was observed in the group that received combined drug and psychotherapy. The comparison of the results indicates that patients who received therapies were better than the patients who were treated with drugs. The findings of the study depicts that treatments improve the symptoms and patients’ quality of life. The drugs are not effective in changing the behaviors or helping patients in overcoming anxiety or stress. The findings confirms the positive implications of CBT on the behavior and emotions of patients. The cognitive treatment contributes to the mental and physical improvement. CBT focuses on changing the thoughts and behaviors of patients by convincing them to find solutions. The therapy is useful because the patients establish goals for alleviating negative emotions and feelings of stress.

Student’s position

The hypothesis developed for studying the article is; CBT leads to alienation of depression and negative emotions along with improved physical condition. The hypothesis was formulated for identifying the link between the dependent and independent variables. The conclusion of the article depicts that the hypothesis is accepted because significant relationship is determined between CBT and improved behavior of individuals. CBT is recognized as one of the most effective tool for improving quality of life in NERD patients. The implications of the article suggests nee for adopting CBT as an essential therapy for treating the patients with NERD. ICBT can also be made essential part of the treatment plan for the patients of NERD. However it suggests need for determining the gap in literature for finding practical implications of CBT and how it lead to better results than alternative treatments. The validity of the study is proved by relating the results of article with the findings of scholarly sources.

The article has some limitations because the results are based on a small sample size. This can impact the reliability of the study depicting the need for conducting future study by incorporating a large sample size. The study also suggests comparing the implications of CBT with other psychotherapies such as behavioral therapy or emotional therapy.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY Li, X., Ding, F., Luo, P., Yang, J., Liu, Z., Liu, J., et al. (2018). Study on the Therapeutic Effects of Drug and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Non-Erosive Reflux Disease Patients With Emotional Disorders. Psychiatry, 9, 115.

Weekly Article Summary



Weekly Article Summary

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Weekly Article Summary

A New Look at Why People Invade Your Personal Space

By

Susan Krauss

The article titled above is published on November 16, 2019, states that the new research shows what are the factors and lead people to get way too close to you.

Some interpersonal boundaries exist and which are different in different cultures but it can be witnessed even in same culture or group that many individuals violate the natural roles and expectations of the right and fine distance to keep in basic social interactions. The people who are engaged in such activities and behaviour and do not even the actual meaning of respect or lacks respects are known as “Space Vendors”. These factors are known as one’s personality, culture, background, context, gender, role, and social status etc.

The results of the new study conducted by the University of bologna and associated colleges recommend that the actual height of one influences that he/she perceive and regulate the place and distance that he/she place between oneself and others. despite this, the PPS also reflects the actual bodily perception of individuals and IPS and its rules govern that how close your body gets to others as well as how much closer you or one should keep his/her body to others. Regarding the key variables of these two, a difference is made by the manipulated body of people while the author's states that people are more preferring to see themselves as extending into space when they utilize ladders. In short, the people who use much personal space think that they consider their bodies as bigger and this is the thing which makes them confident to take space away from others around them.

Therapist

Yamel Sandoval (Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT)

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/tx/austin/312562?sid=5dd07daec2061&ref=9&tr=ResultsName

Weekly Article Summary



Weekly Article Summary

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Weekly Article Summary

Vaping and Acute Lung Injury: Are All E-Cigarettes to Blame?

By

Sara Gorman, and Jack M. Gorman.

The article chosen is about one of the major concerns and issues almost all over the world at present. The article states that should the e-cigarettes be blamed for the problem of Acute Lung Injury.

The article can be considered as a fine and effective study regarding its main objective. This can be considered so because it bases its study, analysis, and evaluation on the facts and figures while it gathers information and facts from the very credible sources such as reports of particular agencies.

In November 2019, 2,051 people have been diagnosed with lung disease which is secondary to the use of e-cigarettes which is also known as Vaping while 39 individuals have died from it. Hence, this lung disease or injuries are strongly connected to the Vaping.

In terms of causes, one thing is much clearer that the lung injury occurs due to the smoking of e-cigarettes which contains marijuana and THC components and this also one of the major reasons that marijuana and THC are illegal in many states. Despite this, it is not clear that which ingredients in the e-cigarettes really cause lung injury and there is some controversy that what type of psychological damage is found in the lungs.

As per the studies about the dominators, the around 40 million vapes all around the world that make the number of acute lung injuries so far a very less amount of portion of total exposures top e-cigarettes. By the regions, the issue can be witnessed with more presence in the US as compared to the UK.

Everyone needs to know the science behind a problem that is why it is stated that Vaping nicotine is safer than smoking it while we try to put every effort the lung injury and its causes to save lives more than we do today.

Therapist

Edward Dreslinski (Clinical Social Work/Therapist)

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/tx/austin/359029?sid=5dd07daec2061&ref=1&tr=ResultsName

Weekly Assignments

Title page

Weekly assignment

In chapter 9 Corey talks about the behavior therapy and the role of EMDR. I like the way in which Corey has explained the role of this therapy on changing the behavior of individuals. I think that the positive reinforcement is an effective way of building a positive behavior or habit in children. Similarly negative reinforcement is also an effective tool for removing a bad behavior. The most impressive part of this therapy is that it is applicable in real life situation and everyone can benefit from it. Another thing that I find more practical as it highlights one of the common problems of anxiety faced by humans CITATION Cor172 \l 1033 (Corey, 2017).

Systematic desensitization can be used for understanding why people become insensitive to anxiety-arousing situations. This is a behavior therapy process that offer numerous benefits to the people who are victims of anxiety and extreme depression. I like this therapy because it can be adopted by therapists for improving the behaviors of the clients and providing them solution for anxiety. There are some confusing things such as what are the appropriate social conditions for the best use of this technique.

This chapter raises some questions like; how therapist will choose the best behavior therapy considering the condition of the client? Does these treatments offer permanent solutions for changing negative behaviors? Is behavior therapy effective for controlling fears of clients?

I think the therapists can make best use of the behavior therapies if they study the behaviors and uncover causes of disturbances or mental instability. I also like the concept of exposure therapies presented by Corey in chapter 9 because it is one of the practical methods of controlling feelings of fear, trauma and insecurities. This also involve evaluation of the situations and circumstances.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY Corey, G. (2017). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 10th ed. Cengage Learning.

Weekly Assignments

Name

Professor name

Subject

Date

Behavior therapy

Corey discuses the significance of cognitive behavior therapy in chapter 10. The author explains that this is one of the best therapy that can be adopted for helping the people in transforming their behaviors. I like the therapy because it is focused on building problem-solving attitude in people who are suffering from stress or anxiety. The therapy is useful for people of all ages but commonly adopted for children and youth. I think this is an effective therapy because it allow people to learn the art of controlling their negative thought patterns. They build positive behavior by building short-term and long-term goals in life CITATION Dou102 \l 1033 (Jacobs, 2010).

CBT has changed my mind because I learned that it is capable of changing human behavior. My thinking changed because I was concerned about a lot of things that caused stress CITATION Dou102 \l 1033 (Jacobs, 2010). CBT helped me to change my thought process and overcome stress. I like CBT therapy because it emphasize on making people self-sufficient. By becoming aware of one’s problems people are able to adopt better strategy for overcoming them. I believe that the therapist has crucial role in CBT because he help clients to identify their problems by building self-awareness (Corey, 2017).

Through counseling the client develops the ability of overcoming negative thoughts by focusing on solution. This therapy produce positive result only when clients accept that they need to improve. Through discussions they develop goals and work on them. This leads to a positive change and help clients in overcoming stress. Negative behavior such as aggression, intolerance can also be controlled through cognitive behavior therapy. The goals are designed by engaging the client in the process of decision-making. Negative thought patterns are replaced with positive ones.

References

Corey, G. (2017). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Jacobs, D. G. (2010). PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE Assessment and Treatment of Patients With Suicidal Behaviors. American Psychiatric Association.

Weekly Assignments

241 bjbj .-l99999sP99 999Pzr0,e4eeXe  1. What is the theory/theories behind the experiment

This experiment was conducted to explore the validity of human memories with context to the criminal acts. The primordial framework behind designing this experimental research is the combination of inaccurate perception, inference, emotions, misinformation and misattribution that act collaboratively to induce a person to make false memories regarding criminal events. If the information is perceived and encoded erroneously, the outcome is obvious we develop inaccurate memories due to inaccurate perceptions. Emotions are strong enough to vandalize havoc to the memories because in an emotionally charged event we focus more on the emotions, not the trivial details of the event. The interference between older and newer memories threatens the validity of actual memories and we may report the event in the biased manner. Sometimes, in the absence of sufficient details, one fills the gaps through assimilating the wrong information without scrutinizing it and verifying its accuracy.

2. What is the hypothesis/hypotheses

The complete false memories of committing crimes involving police contact would be generated in the controlled experimental setting.

If someone informs the participants that they committed crime during adolescence, they are more likely to generate false memories regarding this event.

3. What is the method Be as succinct as possible.

The sample was drawn from the normal population using random sampling technique. After matching the inclusion criteria, seventy students were selected from Canadian University that were predominantly Caucasians females with the age ranging from 18-31 years and studying in the second year of their batch. Participants were paid 50 as the compensation of participation. The approach used by the researchers was modified familial-informant false narratives for convincing the participants that they committed crime when they were 11 to 14. Participants underwent three interviews in which they were not only convinced that they committed crime but also made to communicate both false and true memories of the event. In addition, questionnaires were sent to the caregivers of participants regarding their reporting about the participant that they did not commit crime and encountered police ever and have experienced at least one immensely emotional event. Based on the response from caregivers, eligible subjects were selected and underwent interview sessions that was approximately 40 minutes long. After obtaining the data, qualitative analysis was done through coding technique. Hence, both data collection and data analysis techniques followed qualitative approach.

4. Is there dissociation or a double dissociation

Dissociation is the state of incongruence between internal attributes (expectations) and external environment (reality). Participants had no memories about their involvement in the criminal activities and encountering police initially, when they were suggested by the interviewer, some of them made erroneous memories as a defense mechanism aimed at reducing emerging conflicts between their internal memories and external suggestions. This is how this study involved dissociation.

5. Is there a concept of a representation expressed or implied

Representation is referred to as the mental imagery of what does or does not exist in the real world an internal hypothetical cognitive symbol that is used to make sense of the external world. The concept of representation is applied here because initially they had no memories of their involvement in the criminal act and encountering police however when they were suggested with such potential happenings, their mental image was formed regarding this event based on the information being communicated. Hence, their erroneous memories were formed based on the cognitive elementmental representation.

6. Is there a concept of a process expressed or implied

Yes, the process of memory was expressed here as participants intended at expressing such suggestions as their memories that were not contained in the past memories. It can be said that memory is affected by suggestions and is highly dynamic in nature. Hence we cannot and must not rely on memories to verify something important.

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Weekly Assignments

FORUM POST: PART 2 (My Response)

Abnormality can be defined as a condition in which certain group of individuals think or act differently to the extent that it breaks the pre-established norms of society. Every society develops certain benchmarks of normality encapsulating the dos and don’ts of everyday life. Some benchmarks have universal acceptability i.e., one who demonstrates anti-social tendencies towards his fellows and exhibits frequent temper tantrums and violence is universally unacceptable, regardless of the society he belongs. On the other hand, some definitions of abnormality are holistically culture specific in nature as some behaviors are completely acceptable in some cultures and some are not; a person who shows body image concerns and controls his eating habits accordingly is said to be perfectly normal in some places whereas in other cultures this condition is termed as eating and other associated disorders. Abnormality can be defined as a deviation from the norms and etiology lies in the genetic, biological, neurological, psychological and social factors. Although all of these factors contribute to the abnormal behavior of individuals yet I personally favor cognitive and neurological model because it hits nail on my head. The cognitive approach suggests that abnormality is based on maladjusted thoughts, perceptions and rationality that contribute to psychological disorders with respect to every demographic i.e., age, gender, socio economic status, race and religion. On the other hand, neurological model stresses on the inappropriate or inadequate structure and function of brain and its associated structures such as neurotransmitters and hormones. Hence, these two compelling models enabled me to conceptualize the etiology of abnormality in my mind which can be changed as I would go through this course in future thoroughly. In psychological terms, abnormality can be depicted in form of psychological disorders i.e., mood, anxiety, personality, somatic, childhood, substance use, somatic and neural disability disorders. I wonder how the classification of mental disorders helps establishing an appropriate treatment plan for the affected individual.

Response 1 to Tami Sloan

Your personal life is an inspiration because there are so many lives that are being nurtured by you. You not only look after your children but also numerous pets and children in foster care homes. This notion depicts your pro-social orientation. Moreover, you explained abnormality with respect to all the possible models i.e., biological, behavioral, cognitive and psychodynamic. You started this discussion from presenting multiple etiologies behind abnormal behavior that is strictly situation dependent in nature i.e., sometimes abnormal behavior is caused by single factor whereas there might be incorporated so many etiologies in other situations. In some instances, individual commits certain actions and behaviors knowingly whereas in some instances he is driven by unconscious motives such as repressed thoughts, feelings and emotions. Moreover, it can be biological in nature too as individual might have neurological imbalance by birth and his brain finds it hard to function just like other individuals. Moreover, environmental factors might cause mental disorders as well as a soldier returning from war and having nightmares, a primary school individual being bullied by his classmates and a person suffering from constant rejection. In a nutshell, this post presented a through overview about abnormality and classification of mental health disorders.

Response 2 to Elias Duarte

Elias! Your intention behind studying abnormal psychology is quite captivating; understanding the cause of it, comprehending how psychopathology may help getting rid of it and to pass with Grade A. I would like to say that surprisingly, your third aim synchronized best with that of many of us. We all are here to learn and demonstrate this performance in terms of grade A and it is quite healthy to aim so for keeping ourselves motivated. Jumping towards your conceptualization of abnormality, you termed the behavior of majority of individuals as normal because it is socially acceptable. And those who show behavior that deviates from the norms is called abnormal; let me raise a point here; if this is actually the definition of abnormal behavior, do you think a person stealing things frequently would be termed as abnormal? The answer is no! Although stealing things is socially unacceptable behavior which is opposed by the majority; no one calls a thief as maladjusted or abnormal person. Hence, calling a behavior that is committed by a bunch of individuals and is unacceptable for society cannot be termed as abnormal. Moreover, highly intelligent individuals show deviated behaviors from the norms which must be called abnormal according to your definition that is not the case actually. However, I completely agree with the rest of your points that abnormality has multiple etiologies.

Response 3 to Kristen Pitlock

You propounded the most intriguing notion about the nature of normality; either it is personal or subjective in nature and human beings are the primary instruments to measure it because everyone experiences maladjustment with his own magnitude and intensity. Some people experience a very little stress but report higher magnitude of it whereas those with good coping skills control their out-of-proportion perception of immense stressful situation as less threatening and good to go. Hence, the definition of abnormality is highly subjective in nature. You also suggested that abnormality might have multiple etiologies which is completely true. In simple words, he stressed the diatheses model of stress that individual who has genetic predisposition regarding any maladjustment can lead a normal life is environment factors support his wellbeing; soon after environment factors or interpersonal relationships intervene the wellbeing of individual, he stats developing the same condition gradually. Besides this, I liked your question; is there any disorder that has single etiology? I guess no, because human being is the product of his genetics and environment; both of these factors affect his wellbeing and maladjustment. We cannot assume any disorder originating from single cause; if not genetic, personal and environmental factors might affect abnormal behavior to a greater degree.

QUIZ:

Weekly Assignments

Title page

Counseling theories

Initial post

Mindfulness based therapy is an effective psychological tool for treating the people who are undergoing psychological issues. I think this therapy relies on using the cognitive behavior therapy because the approach is same. The central focus of this therapy is on addressing the mindful maladaptive practices. I find this therapy very practical for treating young people and children who are unable to control their negative and unnecessary thought patterns. The most visible strength of mindfulness based therapy is that it allow transformation of behaviors. However the therapists needs to develop knowledge and skills for making best use of therapy. I believe it is possible to use this therapy for training the youth to focus on positive things and ignore the negative ones. I like the meditation techniques based on this therapy that rely on counseling sessions. This technique gives the therapist opportunity to study the thoughts of the clients and identify ways which could be effective for training their brains. The most visible advantage of this therapy could be helping clients to understand their relationship with themselves. They will come to a stage where they could take initiative of improving their personalities by changing their negative thoughts. I believe that the clients can use the techniques highlighted in this therapy for finding their negative emotions and also build competency for resolving them. The best way is by becoming self-sufficient in dealing with their problems and reaching the best solution. I like the concept of relational responding in which clients learn to react to each situation such as by making sense of it and building confident.

This therapy leads to further questions such as it is difficult to identify differences between cognitive and mindful therapy in practical sense. How mindfulness therapy can work in collaboration with cognitive therapy?

Reply 1

Hi Donal,

I like the your post because it explains the procedures of mindfulness therapy and how it can be used in real life. I like how you have related the therapy with your high-school. I agree that meditation can be a practical tool for getting rid of the anxieties and unnecessary thinking. The most important thing according to this therapy is to train self and build skills for managing stress or other negative thoughts. I agree that the best thing about this therapy is that it leads to the solution by making clients self-sufficient and independent. Even if they are not seeking help they can develop competency of improving their behavior by engaging in useful practices such as exercise and meditation. These are two most effective ways that can allow individual to overcome anxiety and depression. I agree that many colleges are also encouraging students to give time to meditation because it is important for the mental and physical health.

Reply 2

Hi Christina,

I like your views on mindfulness therapy as you have highlighted most important benefits. I agree that this therapy can be most beneficial in current times when the society is facing the issue of anxiety and stress. It is thus important to help the people by training them to feel better. I think that the best change can be experienced only when every individual accepts to improve themselves. Personal will and motivation can allow individual to make best use of this therapy. I also agree that most of us in this world are now damaging ourselves by engaging in dangerous activities like multi-tasking. I believe that everyone can learn to avoid such distractions and give some time to meditation or exercises which improve our thinking patterns and behavior. I agree that the therapists also have important role so they must show compassion.

Weekly Assignments

Title page

Weekly assignment

Post

Shedler’s The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Therapy offers distinctive features of treating clients that makes it different from other psychotherapies. The most striking impact of the therapy is that the beneficiaries of the therapy show significant signs of improvements. I therefore believe that this is an effective way of treating the people who are suffering from different mental complications. The most visible benefit according to my analysis is less frequent meetings. When clients meet therapists more often they start losing self-control and demand more often to meet them. This I believe is not a good sign because the purpose of the therapy should be to allow people to become self-sufficient. By keeping the number of visits to minimum in psychodynamic therapy the clients learn to build self-sufficiency. This is an effective way of resolving their personal conflicts and problems CITATION Jon102 \l 1033 (Shedler, 2010).

I think Shedler’s psychodynamic therapy is a practical method of uncovering the conflicting or disturbed thoughts of the people. This is because the therapy emphasize on studying the emotions of the clients. This allow them to find their hidden feelings and help them in maintaining cognitive focus. The therapist makes the best use of this therapy by allowing the clients to learn to avoid distressing thoughts. Acknowledgement of the depressed feelings bring them to a state where they learn to avoid them. I think the most visible strength of this therapy that makes it better than others is its focus on the concept of self. This therapy brings clients to a self-realization state where he manages to develop strength for overcoming negative thoughts and feelings. I think that the metric of effect size discussed by Shedler also proves the practical benefits of this psychodynamic therapy. Significant studies are conducted to evaluate it and provides evidentiary support.

Response 1

I agree with the viewpoints of Katharine R Forcier because she thinks that The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Therapy is an interesting way of treating patients with different psychological problems. I agree that the article is important for understanding the importance of psychodynamic therapy because before reading it we used to consider it as unreal. The medications and treatments offered by this therapy are different from cognitive behavior therapy. I like the part highlighted by Forcier by mentioning 0.26 effect of Zoloft. It is quite interesting to know her personal life is linked somehow to this therapy. I agree that the psychologists normally tell people to meet others and get social for overcoming their negative thoughts. However they ignore the other simpler ways as highlighted by Shedler in the article. I believe that this therapy could be of more use if the therapists learn to use it in the right manner and by focusing on studying the emotions.

Response 2

I agree with the discussion of Donal Keane who provides a good analysis on Shedler’s article. I agree that psychodynamic therapy is different from other therapies due to its distinctive features. The approach used in this therapy is based on one’s personal experiences. I like the point quoted in the post where Shedler highlights the need for learning one’s past. The reason in to use it for helping individual to overcome his disturbance by managing complex thoughts of the past. I think that without sorting out the old conflicts one cannot go easy on life. This is essential for moving forward and forgetting the harsh or bitter memories. I believe that the central focus of therapist according to this therapy should be on understanding the feelings and concerns of the clients. This could be used for dealing with anxiety, depression and mental illness.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY Shedler, J. (2010). The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. American Psychological Association, 65 (2), 98 –109.

Weekly Assignments

Chapter 4 Summary

What is the theory/theories behind experiment?

This paper defines the representation of “choking under pressure” with reference to the mathematical problem. Needless to say, working memory is the cognitive system having confined capacity that holds temporary information for at-the-moment processing such as solving a particular problem through applying learned skills. It plays significant role in the reasoning and guidance of important decision making. Hence it can be said that most of our formal practices and exhibitory performance encapsulate the action of our working memory. Now that we have realized the significance of working memory, there are some barriers that hinder its primordial working such as stress, lack of appropriate skills and training, pressure and poor coping skills. This experiment is based on the similar problem issue; how pressure affects the working memory and in turn performance of the students in math quiz. Those who make important decisions using their working memory; render unsuccessful in solving mathematical problems (learned attribute) when they are provided with substantial pressure or stress in form of time constraints or high expectations from the authorities or parents.

What is the hypothesis/hypotheses behind experiment?

Students with high working memory are more likely to be affected by pressure or stress while performing Gauss’s modular arithmetic task (MA)

Students with high working memory are more likely to score low as compared to the students of low working memory under pressure or stress while performing Gauss’s modular arithmetic task (MA)

What is the method? Be as succinct as possible.

This study used experimental method; 93 subjects were drawn from the undergraduate population of Michigan University through Random Sampling technique. Out of these 93 students, 47 students were included in low working memory group (LWM) whereas remaining 46 were added in the high working memory group (HWM). The selection criteria for low and high working memory groups were two memory tests. After division, both the groups underwent high pressure scenario induced through monetary incentives, social evaluation and peer pressure. The mathematical test was then administered and their scores were obtained on the computer.

Is there any dissociation or a double dissociation?

Yes, there was found a double dissociation in this process for example, memory is formed after skill development resulting from constant practice whereas we use these skills for problem solving based on the current context. Hence both the processes are interrelated with each other however, different brain parts control these executive functions such as hippocampus controls memory whereas front lobe of the cerebral cortex controls problem solving.

Is there any concept of representation expressed or implied?

Yes, an internal physiological and emotional response was driven under the influence of stress that affected the working memory of students, increasing the likelihood of poor performance.

Is there any concept of process expressed or implied?

Yes, the concepts of memory and problem solving were implied.

Chapter 5 Summary

What is the theory/theories behind experiment?

This article attempts to validate the risk-compensation phenomenon referring to the concept that individuals get more prone to act recklessly after they take precautionary measurements or use protective equipments. This concept is based on our perception of the situation as threatening or less threatening; we adjust our behaviors based on the perceived criticality of any behavior; when we perceive that we have taken the precautionary measurements, we are more likely to act as less carefully whereas if we perceive any situation more threatening, we are more likely to act carefully feeling less protected. In other words, our perceptions about the safety determine our risk-taking behaviors; more we feel protected, more the risk taking behaviors get strengthened. This experimental study examines the same phenomenon through applying it on adult population in terms of wearing bicycle helmet and indulging in risk taking activities during driving.

What is the hypothesis/hypotheses behind experiment?

Wearing a bicycle helmet is associated with the higher risk taking scores than wearing a cap

Those who wear helmet score high on sensation seeking scale as compared to the ones with cap

What is the method? Be as succinct as possible.

It was an experimental study in which 80 university students were selected through random sampling technique and were divided into two experimental groups; one who wore baseball cap and the other wore helmet. Individuals were first given STAI test to measure their level of anxiety then they were made to play a game in which risk takers were identified as the ones who focused more on obtaining scores knowing that they can lose all their points at any random attempt whereas those who played conservatively and preferred ending the game before all the scores were lost were identified as low risk takers. Sensation seeking scale was used to measure the sensation seeking behavior that was a five point Likert scale. They were then brought in the laboratory and made to wear the helmet or cap depending on the experimental group they belonged. They were falsely told that their eye movement is being tracked through a mounting device placed on their head (on the helmet and cap). They were again administered with STAI and eye tracking device was removed. In the end, they were asked about the frequency of bicycling and wearing helmet. It was found that higher risk taking was positively correlated with the frequency of wearing helmet while bicycling.

Is there any dissociation or a double dissociation?

Yes, the process of double dissociation was involved here for example, the perception of individual regarding his safety and his risk taking behaviors are interrelated with each other however perception of the individual is controlled by all the lobes of cerebral cortex whereas risk taking (decision making) is controlled by prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum.

Weekly Assignments

Title page

Assignment

Post

Chapter 5 highlights Alfred Adler’s perspectives about psychology and psychoanalysis. The focus of Adler is on personality of the people who are understood as complete beings. The behavior of humans is discussed that stresses on the struggles for life. Adler viewed humans as creators of their life who develop certain styles for moving towards expression of specific goals. Childhood experiences also have significant role in shaping the personality of humans. Adler and Freud offer different views on human nature. The focus on Freud is on instinctual determination while Adler believes that an individual develops approach towards life after first five years. Past plays dominant role in determining one’s present. The factors that motivate individuals include social relatedness, sexual urges and conscious and unconscious thoughts. I agree with the theory of Adler because the initial years of life are critical in development of individual’s personality. I like the concept of subjective perception of reality because it emphasizes on one’s thoughts, perceptions, values, beliefs and convictions. Subjective perception is different from objective reality. I like some of the points mentioned by Adler in individual psychology such as reductionism that stresses on indivisibility of people. This chapter is important for building understanding about the human behavior and goal orientation. It is based on the concept that human behavior is the result of some functions and fictional finalism is also an important concept discussed by Adler. I like the role of inferior feelings highlighted by Adler CITATION Ger11 \l 1033 (Corey, 2011). I think that these feelings cause an individual to struggle for attaining better status and role in life. One strives to find a better position in all aspects of life.

The chapter raises some questions such as: how unconscious urges become part of human personality? Is it possible for an individual to overcome unconscious urges or desires?

Response 1

I like the post of Katherine R. Forcier because she provides a brief overview of the chapter and also stresses on the need for psychoanalytic therapy. I agree that each therapy explains different aspects of human personality but Adlerian therapy is important for exploring the inferior feelings CITATION Ger11 \l 1033 (Corey, 2011). The most important part of Adlerian theory is that environment and childhood experiences play a significant role in formation of one’s personality. This states that it is important to identify childhood experiences that creates problematic behaviors in future. I agree that personality conflict arises when an individual has to struggle for recognition or power. During childhood, people who have experienced inferiority complex are more likely to develop disturbed personality. I like the post because it mentions the concepts of birth of order explaining how a same family could lead to different personalities of children. Environment plays most important role in that.

Response 2

I agree with the post of Miranda Brown because she has discussed important concepts of the Adlerian therapy. Circumstances remains important elements that shapes the behavior of humans. The post provides in-depth view on how Adlerian theory provides practical way of identifying the reasons behind one’s personality. I agree that the background and childhood experiences have significant role in formation of individual’s identity. I also believe that human beings continue to struggle for attaining perfection. When they realize that they are lacking, they develop feelings of inferiority. It thus convinces them to work hard for achieving the same superiority that they are lacking. I agree that human beings are motivated by their goal of perfection and for that they are ready to compete with others. I also think that one’s interaction with the family and people also has prominent role in formation of personality.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY Corey, G. (2011). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Cengage Learning.

Weekly Assignments

Initial post

Reply 1

Reply 2

Reply 3

Quiz week 7

Diagnostic paper