Projecting The World Population

Projecting the World Population

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Projecting the World Population

World population rates are continuously changing and the never stay constant. Thus no one can predict the changing population rates. The UN has tried to speculate the rate for future world population through different levels of projection. Every projection involves the speculations regarding the future population rate, that how will they increase or decrease, or if they will stay constant. Different determinants are taken into account while making these projections. UN has given three projections regarding the trends of the world populations in the future.

These projections are high, medium and low. Higher projections are observed in the developing and underdeveloped countries. High projections refer to the increasing total fertility rate (TFR) or the TFR that is either increasing or not decreasing in a certain population. Higher TFRs refer to women having more than 5 children. Medium variant of projection refers to the non-increasing or non-decreasing birth rates; or the ones that are showing varying patterns in birth rates. While low projection rates refer to the lower TRFs in the populations. Knowing these projections help the communities to formulate policies to control the population growth or decline.

For example, according to the UN projections Niger had TFR of 7.6 children that is extremely higher than its previous records. UN has projected that the rate the TRF will decline to 5 children per women by the midcentury. Pakistan is an example of the medium variant country, where the TRF trend keeps changing. Fertility decline has been observed in Pakistan but considering the pats data, the rate of decline can get stalled after the particular decline. Germany is the country with an extremely low fertility rate and he TRF projections will continue to decline if the recovery measures won’t take place to increase the TRF. Thus the projections presented by the UN are really helpful in allowing communities to stabilize their future population rates ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BnRJmVLO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}United Nations Raises Projected World Population \\uc0\\u8211{} Population Reference Bureau,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“United Nations Raises Projected World Population – Population Reference Bureau,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1750,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/6U72ESJW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/6U72ESJW"],"itemData":{"id":1750,"type":"post-weblog","title":"United Nations Raises Projected World Population – Population Reference Bureau","URL":"https://www.prb.org/un-world-projections/","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“United Nations Raises Projected World Population – Population Reference Bureau,” n.d.).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY United Nations Raises Projected World Population – Population Reference Bureau. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2019, from https://www.prb.org/un-world-projections/

Proposal - Scoping Paper For Analytical Essay

Proposal - Scoping Paper for Analytical essay

difference and diversity in ableism

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Contemporary Issue

There is a growing awareness of the different types of discrimination that certain groups and minorities face in their day-to-day lives. For example, racism and machismo are examples of ways of thinking that result in unequal treatment of certain people for being as they are. Discrimination against people with mental health problems or addictions is often linked to prejudicial attitudes, negative stereotypes, and the general stigma of mental disorders and addictions. All of these concepts are interrelated. Negative attitudes and stereotypes about people with mental disorders or addictions, and the stigmatization of these people, are often based on belief systems that focus on capacity. " Ableism," refers to societal attitudes that devalue and limit the potential of people with disabilities (Imrie, 1997).

Summaries the issue

Ableism is: similar to racism, sexism or ageism, in which a person with a disability is less worthy of being treated with respect and respect, less able to contribute and participate in society, or less intrinsically important than others. Ableism can be exercised consciously or unconsciously and be embedded in the institutions, systems or culture of a society. It can limit opportunities for people with disabilities and reduce their participation in their community. Stereotypes are generalizations made about a person based on assumptions about the qualities and characteristics of the group to which that person belongs (Darrow, 2015). Common stereotypes of people with mental disorders include the perception that they are violent or unable to make decisions for their own benefit, even if they are not. Because of these stereotypes, some people or organizations may adopt overprotective attitudes and practices that create barriers for people with mental disorders.

But there are other concepts that refer to the ways in which it is currently discriminated. For example, the one of Ableism, referred to the unequal treatment that the people with functional diversity receive, often stigmatized and treated from the prejudices to be considered disabled. The ableism is the belief that some capabilities are intrinsically more valuable, and that those who possess them are better than the rest; that there are some trained bodies and others do not, some have disabilities or functional diversity and others lack them, this being a clear division (Friedman, & Awsumb, 2019).

My position in relation to Ableism

I believe that ableism is shaped by a medicalized notion of the "normal body" and a pattern of normative beauty that is central to capitalist society, based on compulsory heterosexuality and Western values of the acceptable, including racist or class notions about the racialized body. The intersectionality is a sociological theory that examines how the interaction of different categories of discrimination, created socially and culturally, contribute to a systematic inequality. According to intersectionality, traditional oppression models based on racism, gender, sexual orientation, religion, nationality, class and disability are related to each other creating a system of oppression that reflects the intersection of the various forms of discrimination (Borowska-Beszta, & Wasilewska-Ostrowska, 2019).

The functional diversity is a phenomenon in society that affects all members equally, a term that seeks to replace the negative terminology such as "handicapped" or "disabled". Understanding that within society there are people with diverse abilities, different from each other, we would understand that there is a functional diversity, such as a cultural or sexual diversity. One of the main challenges is to seek independence in all areas of life of people with functional diversity, so that each one controls their life from within (Friedman, & Owen, 2017).

Relevant to class

This issue is related to my class. Ableism is that form of ideological and material discrimination that is directed against people who are considered disabled. That is to say, that Ableism refers to the prejudices and stereotypes that lead to underestimating people with functional diversity, but is also reflected in laws and material structures (architectural, urban, etc.) that represent a barrier for this group. That is to say, that Ableism is both ideological and institutional, because it is expressed through thoughts but also through designs and forms of organization fixed and legitimized.

formulation of a personal position

The idea of Ableism is born from a new perspective that addresses the way in which socially and politically welcomes people considered disabled. This new paradigm is based on the concept of functional diversity, which is used as a substitute for "disability". And what is functional diversity? It is an idea used to avoid stigmatization of people with disabilities . These, instead of being seen as human beings "broken", incomplete or, ultimately, "wrong bodies", are considered representatives of another kind of functionality, neither better nor worse than what was considered "normal" (the which, from the perspective of functional diversity, ceases to be considered as such).

Critical reflection

In this way, Ableism points out as a fundamental problem the generalized assumption of the idea that people with functional diversity are a deviation from normality and that, at the same time, they do not have the same rights as other human beings. Ableism and the halo effect

One of the psychological phenomena that explain how Ableism works is that of the halo effect.

Feminism theory

Feminism emerged from women's struggles and has a long history that can be traced back to the first contestants such as Olympia de Gouges, Mary Wollstonecraft or Flora Tristan. The different waves of feminism, which coincide with the great struggles of the labor and socialist movement, then jumped to the universities with the first elaborations of Simone de Beauvoir and in the 60s of the last century with the North American and European feminist movement. Like all living movement, feminism gave birth to different theoretical currents in dialogue and debate with the diverse contemporary political and theoretical currents (Derby, 2016).

The halo effect is a tendency to value people based on one of their characteristics and extending to the whole of their person the value judgment that has been made on that initial trait. That is why, for example, that a person who gives much importance to stereotypes linked to politics can come to value neatly a behavior in a person dressed in a certain way (for example, with dreadlocks) and, instead, value positively that same behavior in another individual dressed in another way.

The halo effect hijacks our ability to evaluate in a reasonable and exhaustive way the different nuances and characteristics of a person , and makes us simply extend to the whole our opinion about a specific feature that has caught our attention. In addition, there are indications that the halo effect may be present in most humans. In this way, people with functional diversity are labeled by their biological characteristics and their point of view is minimized or considered an emanation of their condition of disabled individuals. The Ableismo is partly based on the typecasting: whatever is done, that will be interpreted as a direct consequence of the fact of being disabled, which makes the humanity of these people less visible. And this, of course, has a very negative effect on the self - esteem of many (Darrow, 2015).

Discussion

To stop the Ableism, mental health professionals from all areas (also clinical psychology) emphasize the need not to attribute all the problems of a disabled person to their individuality, as if it were a painful experience that should be carried in silence. As an alternative, a bio-psycho-social approach is proposed that takes into account the importance of the context (Hehir, 2002).

For example, tetraplegia does not generate so many problems if society adapts to it by creating access for wheelchairs and avoiding architectural barriers. Occasionally, the concept of disability can be used as an excuse to bring to the private and individual problems that must be addressed collectively. Thus, attention to people with disabilities does not only consist of treatments focused on the individual, but also on social education and networking so that the context also adapts to the individual, and not just the other way around. Eliminating Ableism implies a change in awareness and also the coordinated action of several people who intend to change institutions in the public and private sectors.

References

Imrie, R. (1997). Rethinking the relationships between disability, rehabilitation, and society. Disability and rehabilitation, 19(7), 263-271.

Borowska-Beszta, B., & Wasilewska-Ostrowska, K. (2019). Cultural Ableism in Poland during the Iron Curtain Period: Learned Helplessness and the Need for Reeducation.

Darrow, A. A. (2015). Ableism and Social Justice. The Oxford handbook of social justice in music education, 204.

Derby, J. (2016). Confronting ableism: Disability studies pedagogy in preservice art education. Studies in Art Education, 57(2), 102-119.

Friedman, C., & Awsumb, J. M. (2019). The Symbolic Ableism Scale.

Friedman, C., & Owen, A. L. (2017). Defining disability: Understandings of and attitudes towards ableism and disability. Disability Studies Quarterly, 37(1).

Hehir, T. (2002). Eliminating ableism in education. Harvard educational review, 72(1), 1-33.

Proposal And Annotated Bibliography For Final Essay

The portrayal of indigenous people on television programs

Introduction

The definition of indigenous derives from a valuation of ethnic-cultural and self-belonging carried out by people belonging to the national indigenous communities. This strategy has been used to prepare the last population censuses. It can therefore be observed that the characterization of the indigenous is the product of historical processes of identification, where only those who exercise power can impose the definition of themselves and others. The race categories such as “Indian”, “black”, “mestizo” or “white” represent the "birthmark of America and the very basis of current global power”.

Studies on the representation of minorities in the television have shown that minority groups are typically understated and stereotyped on television, with minor roles and low status occupations. Dixon, Azocar & Casas, (2003) points out, it is possible that the indigenous people still represent a problem of backwardness for certain Mexicans. In front of the admired ancestral indigenous, the present or current indigenous is ignored and discriminated against by a society that rarely catalogs it as an active factor (Dixon, Azocar, & Casas, 2003).

Literature Review

Dixon, Azocar, & Casas (2003) point out that these intra-group comparisons can be very useful if they are carried out constantly over time, as this would generate a better understanding of the evolution of the representation of social groups in the media. But, in addition, the comparisons made also make it possible to know the stereotypes that are transmitted in the media, which can generate particular psychological effects in the public. The indigenous person on television is a white person, with black eyes and hair, with standard physical appearance or, in any case, tending to fatness and of low or average height. Regarding the appearance, which involves the part of the set that works the external characterization of the character by designing aspects such as costumes or makeup, a clear general pattern is observed: the indigenous was normally presented in the programs analyzed wearing traditional Mexican clothing, a typical way to characterize the indigenous in the media

Although there is a certain conceptual ambiguity when defining stereotypes (Engstrom, & Semic, 2003), they are usually described as "more or less structured beliefs in the mind of a subject about a social group" (Engstrom, & Semic, 2003). It is observed, therefore, the important cognitive function that stereotypes maintain, which allows to define them also as "cognitive structures that contain the knowledge of subjects and beliefs about different social groups" (Lee, et.al. 2009). It is therefore assumed that the stereotypes come from a process of social categorization about the different groups with which one has contact or, even, with which there are no direct relationships. They are overviews that constitute, in a certain way, a rejection of the individual differences that characterize the members of the outgroups. That is, stereotypes get the variability of the members of the group ignored. In this way, when a person is categorized within a specific ethnic group, they are assigned certain attributes, often of a negative nature, although they can also have a positive value (Tan, Fujioka and Lucht, 1997).

Purpose

The present study examines what traits or stereotypes explain the presence of indigenous characters in different television programs such as (soap operas, series, movies, etc.).

Methodology

For this research, the data from past studies and research will use to examine the role of television in spreading stereotypes. A key concept in the studies about the process of generating media stereotypes and their effects on the public is that of the schemes. These are structures or cognitive categories used to evaluate groups and their members and constitute social stereotypes. These structures are formed from the knowledge, beliefs and expectations perceived by people about a specific social group (Dixon, 2003). Based on this idea, it is suggested that stereotypes contribute to generating mental schemas (schema) that "help people to simplify the social environment in which they live, quickly and efficiently processing incoming stimuli based on the presence of a few relevant characteristics" that are assigned to certain social groups (Lee, et.al. 2009). These schemes not only help to structure knowledge about social groups, but also contribute to generating expectations about the members that belong to these groups due to the characteristics that they must share due to their membership (Pomering, & White, 2011)

Hypothesis

Is there any relationship between television program and stereotypes against indigenous peoples?

research question

Are there differences in the characterization of the indigenous characters, depending on the type of character or role they play in the program?

Theoretical framework

Much of the knowledge that people have of the world around them does not come from their own experience, but rather from the stories they hear. In this sense, television is a medium with extensive experience in the transmission of stories, which makes it a cultural instrument of socialization through the cultivation of assumptions about social reality (Gerbner et al., 1996). From this assumption, from the cultivation theory, a wide research work has been developed in three strategic lines: a) the institutional analysis of the policies that determine the creation of the messages, b) the analysis of the system, that allows "to accurately delineate the selected characteristics and trends that the world of television presents to its viewers" (Gerbner et al., 1996, p.41) and c) the analysis of acculturation, that is, the effects of this representation in the audience that consumes it.

Within the second line of study, it has been pointed out that it is very important to know the cultural indicators present on television, which constitute a kind of barometer of importance on cultural issues, in a similar function to that performed by other indicators commonly used, as can be the economic ones.

Ethical Considerations

For this study, all the ethical issues will be considered. The research will be approved by the IRB.

References

Dixon, T. L., Azocar, C. L., & Casas, M. (2003). The portrayal of race and crime on television network news. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47(4), 498-523.

Engstrom, E., & Semic, B. (2003). Portrayal of religion in reality TV programming: Hegemony and the contemporary American wedding. Journal of Media and Religion, 2(3), 145-163.

Tan, A., Fujioka, Y., & Lucht, N. (1997). Native American stereotypes, TV portrayals, and personal contact. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74(2), 265-284.

Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M. and Signorielli, N. (1996). "Growing up with television: perspective of acculturation". In: Bryant, J. and Zillmann, D. (eds.). The effects of the media: research and theories (pp. 35-66). Barcelona: Paidós.

Lee, M. J., Bichard, S. L., Irey, M. S., Walt, H. M., & Carlson, A. J. (2009). Television viewing and ethnic stereotypes: Do college students form stereotypical perceptions of ethnic groups as a result of heavy television consumption?. The Howard Journal of Communications, 20(1), 95-110.

Pomering, A., & White, L. (2011). The portrayal of Indigenous identity in Australian tourism brand advertising: Engendering an image of extraordinary reality or staged authenticity?. Place branding and public diplomacy, 7(3), 165-174.

Annotation bibliography

Dixon, T. L., Azocar, C. L., & Casas, M. (2003). The portrayal of race and crime on television network news. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47(4), 498-523.

The article entitled, “The portrayal of race and crime on television network news” explains the role of the race and crime on television news channels. How they are portraying the news against the minority groups. This article is relevant to my research as it covers all the important concepts related to my topic. This article is reliable as it is selected from scholarly articles.

Engstrom, E., & Semic, B. (2003). Portrayal of religion in reality TV programming: Hegemony and the contemporary American wedding. Journal of Media and Religion, 2(3), 145-163.

Engstrom E., & Semic, in their articles explains the concept of religious differences on the reality television. The purpose to use this article is to examine stereotype in all aspects. This article is relevant to my research as it covers all the important concepts related to my topic.

Tan, A., Fujioka, Y., & Lucht, N. (1997). Native American stereotypes, TV portrayals, and personal contact. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74(2), 265-284.

In this article, the author explains the meaning of the sterotypes which is necessary to pursue this study. The author explains that, stereotypes get the variability of the members of the group ignored. In this way, when a person is categorized within a specific ethnic group, they are assigned certain attributes, often of a negative nature, although they can also have a positive value. This is an interesting article which important for my research study.

Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M. and Signorielli, N. (1996). "Growing up with television: perspective of acculturation". In: Bryant, J. and Zillmann, D. (eds.). The effects of the media: research and theories (pp. 35-66). Barcelona: Paidós.

“Growing up with television: perspective of acculturation” is an important article because it provides theoretical framework for the study. The author explains that the television is a medium with extensive experience in the transmission of stories, which makes it a cultural instrument of socialization through the cultivation of assumptions about social reality. This article is relevant to my research as it covers all the important concepts related to my topic. This article is reliable as it is selected from scholarly articles.

Pomering, A., & White, L. (2011). The portrayal of Indigenous identity in Australian tourism brand advertising: Engendering an image of extraordinary reality or staged authenticity?. Place branding and public diplomacy, 7(3), 165-174.

This study helps to raises many expectations about the effects that its consumption can have on the attitude of the audience, because beyond the traditional hypothesis of negative media effects by simplistically presenting social groups, it can be expected that certain positive representations such as detected in the content analysis generate more favorable attitudes towards the stereotyped collective. This result shows how in the repertoire of traits used to characterize the indigenous mediated coexist those who have a negative charge with those who maintain a more positive value.

Pros And Cons Of Postmodernism

Title: Pros and Cons of Postmodernism

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Contents

TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Pioneer of Postmodernism PAGEREF _Toc25923577 \h 2

Postmodernism Theories PAGEREF _Toc25923578 \h 4

Multiculturalism PAGEREF _Toc25923579 \h 6

Tolerates Difference PAGEREF _Toc25923580 \h 6

Social Constructivism PAGEREF _Toc25923581 \h 6

Pros and Cons PAGEREF _Toc25923582 \h 6

Characteristics PAGEREF _Toc25923583 \h 8

Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc25923584 \h 11

References PAGEREF _Toc25923585 \h 12

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Title: Pros and Cons of Postmodernism

Postmodernism is a late 20th century artistic and intellectual movement that is associated with a wide range of different conflicting interpretations. Postmodernism complexity stems from the main fact that it is linked to a wide variety of social, intellectual and artistic trends. Postmodernism in the late 1950s refers to the artist's work who challenged concepts and ideas that are taken for granted, specifically those that are promoted under the paradigm of modernism. Since then, different disciplines have deployed postmodernism and perceived it as a movement whose main objective was to drop those ideas that were central to modernism. The postmodernism foundations are placed in the philosophical current of anti-dualism, and anti-representationalism.

The concept of scepticism underlines much of the postmodernism ideas ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alvesson</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1312</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alvesson)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1312</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574967727">1312</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alvesson, Mats</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Postmodernism and social research</title><secondary-title>Order</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Order</full-title></periodical><pages>200</pages><volume>7</volume><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Alvesson). The roots of postmodernism lie in the work of some philosophers such as Martin Heidegger and Friedrich Nietzsche. The most famous postmodernism thinkers include poststructuralists such as Julia Kristeva, Jacques Derrida, and Roland Barthes. Some other thinkers that are not directly aligned with this movement include Gilles Deleuze, Gayatri Spivak, and Judith Butler. The postmodernism concept has been criticized for over-reliance, nihilism, and vagueness. Postmodernism is basically an intellectual movement that becomes popular in the 1980s. The ideas that are associated with postmodernism can be seen as a response to main social changes that occur with a shift from modernity to postmodernity. Postmodernists claim that social thinkers took their inspiration from an idea that history has shaped. According to Jean Francois Lyotard, this idea cannot be observed in real world. The postmodern world is not destined as hoped by Marx. According to it, the Marxism and its promise of a good future are no more relevant to the less predictable and complex postmodern age. Lyotard argued that scientific research is done vigilantly to uncover the knowledge which makes this world a better place.

It seems that the scientific knowledge search has made this world a riskier and dangerous place. For example, global warming and nuclear weapons are both the inventions of science. According to Jean Baudrillard, the postmodernism age is where individual respond more to images instead of real places and persons. For example, when Lady Diana died in 1997, there was a huge outpouring of grief all around the world but people were not mourning a real person. Most of the people knew Diana only through mass media and Diana’s death was presented as an event.

Zygmunt Bauman has made a clear distinction between two ways of postmodernism thinking i.e. Do we need postmodern sociology or sociology of postmodernity? According to the first way, the social world has moved very rapidly in the direction of postmodernism. The large spread and growth of new information technologies, development of multicultural societies, mass media and fluid movement of people across the world shows that we are living in a postmodern world. According to the second view, the sociology type which has analyzed successfully the modern world of industrialization and capitalization is no more capable of dealing with the globalizing, media-saturated, decentered pluralistic postmodern world.

Pioneer of Postmodernism

Postmodernism has its pioneer critics, philosophers, and theoreticians that are known for critiques of modern technology and media. Jean Baudrillard developed various other concepts like floating truth, and hyper-reality have a role in science fiction. Baudrillard has denied this concept of a distinction between the appearances. He broke down the difference between the signified and signifier. In his work,' Simulacra and Simulation," Baudrillard have explained these concepts and denied true existence as long as it is linked closely with media, imaginative rhetoric, language error, exaggeration metaphorical, and conjecture. According to him, the hyper-reality concept is that in which something is only real when it moves within a media. The postmodernism pioneer, Lyotard argues that knowledge cannot claim to offer truth in absolute terms and it depends on the language tricks that are always relevant to specific contexts. He claims that the spread of logic and enlightenment does not produce scientific arrogance. Jurgen Habermas has refused to accept this assessment in which it is believed that they are viable. Jacques Derrida is also one of the most renowned philosophers of postmodernism.

For the last two decades, the debate of postmodernism dominated both intellectual and cultural scene in the different fields throughout the world. The assaults of postmodernism produced new political and social theories and the multifaceted aspect of the phenomenon of postmodernism. Postmodernist advocates criticized tradition, politics, and culture whereas, modern tradition defenders responded either by attacking it in return, ignoring the new challenges or by attempting to come up with a new position and discourse. Emerging postmodern discourses raise issues that resist facile incorporation and easy dismissal in an already established paradigm. Postmodernism concept is not easy to define because to define this it would violate the premise of postmodernists that no definite boundaries, terms and absolute truth exists.

Postmodernist states that western world society is an outdated lifestyle that is disguised under faceless and impersonal bureaucracies. Post-modernists believe that western society should move beyond the primitiveness of ancient traditional practices. The concerns such as using and building weapons of mass destruction encourage the huge consumerism amount thus fostering violence at a sacrifice of environment and earth resources while at the same time, not serving the equitable and fair socio-economic needs of the population. According to postmodernists, the west claim of prosperity and freedom has not met the needs of humanity and it is nothing more than an empty promise. Post-modernists have defended and promoted new ways of conceptualizing and rationalizing progress of humans and life. Post-modernists are agnostic and atheistic, whereas, some practice eastern religion. Most of them are environmentalists, humanitarians and philosophers. Post-modernists do not try to refine their views about what is true or false, good or evil, and right and wrong. They think that no such thing as the absolute truth.is present. According to postmodernists, no one has any authority to define the truth or impose the idea of right and wrong on other people. The postmodern writer argues that every reading of fiction work creates a different text version in the mind of reader. Postmodernism states that the fictional world is mediated through different frames. The postmodern writer involves organization, selection, and interpretation in the narration. Postmodernism determined that the dominant form of modern rationality incorporates additional meaning to that of its practical, formal and instrumental ideas.

Postmodernism Theories

In 1950, structuralism, a philosophical movement, was developed by French academics in response to Existentialism and it is often interpreted as modernism. Those thinkers who have been known as structuralists include Marxist philosopher, Louis Althusser, anthropologist, Claude Lévi-Strauss, semiotician, Algirdas Greimas, and linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure. Those who start as structuralists but became post-structuralists include Julia Kristeva, Jacques Derrida, Jean-François Lyotard, and Luce Irigaray. Poststructuralists assumed that individual values, economic condition, and identity determine each other. The ideas of postmodernism in philosophy, the analysis of society and culture increased the importance of critical theory. One of the most important concerns of postmodernists is deconstruction ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McHale</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1313</RecNum><DisplayText>(McHale)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1313</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574967795">1313</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McHale, Brian</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Constructing postmodernism</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>1135083568</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(McHale). It is a theory for literary criticism for philosophy and textual analysis that is developed by Jacques Derrida.

From the 1980s, postmodernism emerged as the main area of academic study. It is a complex term and it is difficult to define exactly because the term postmodernism appears not only in art but also in other areas such as sociology, architecture, literature, technology, fashion, and science. It is not clear that when exactly the postmodernism movement started. According to some researchers, the best way to think about postmodernism is to start with modernism. The postmodernism movement encourages art that promotes humor, irony, and parody. One of the most renowned postmodernists is Leumund Cult. He has a unique style of work and also held several exhibitions of his artwork. In 2002, he held a recent exhibition in the Cabaret Voltaire for sharing ideas that were formed in 1916 by Emmy Henning and Hugo Ball ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Annells</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>1314</RecNum><DisplayText>(Annells)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1314</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574967839">1314</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Annells, Merilyn</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Grounded theory method: Philosophical perspectives, paradigm of inquiry, and postmodernism</title><secondary-title>Qualitative health research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Qualitative health research</full-title></periodical><pages>379-393</pages><volume>6</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1996</year></dates><isbn>1049-7323</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Annells).

According to C Wright Mills, postmodernism is a fourth Epoch and idea of freedom and reason has no practical significance. Michel Foucault stated that knowledge can be increased by increasing the will of power. Knowledge is a form of power and an individual is an effect of power. He focuses on how emotions and feelings of people are linked with power. According to this, truth is generated from power. Knowledge differs across societies and time. Each society has its truth discourse such as science, religion, etc. which shows social power associations. Some of the postmodernism disciplines include geography, history, art, civil engineering, anthropology, education, law, marketing, political science, sociology, economics, zoology, cultural studies, and psychology. In last last two decades, the debate of postmodernism dominated the intellectual scene in the different fields ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alvesson</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1312</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alvesson)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1312</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574967727">1312</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alvesson, Mats</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Postmodernism and social research</title><secondary-title>Order</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Order</full-title></periodical><pages>200</pages><volume>7</volume><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Alvesson). There is a consensus that despite different postmodernism interpretations, it is primary cultural phenomenon and various perspectives of postmodernism are present. For example, if someone recognizes marketing as part of the culture then the cultural characteristics of postmodernism become a crucial factor in the marketing context. The cultural aspect of postmodernism is explained below.

Economic

Forces of capitalism and globalization have resulted in enhanced production which in turn increases consumption and the world operates 24/7 and chaotically in this process

Multiculturalism

Postmodernism states that the world is comprised of diverse and multiple cultures. For example, class issues, increase awareness of minorities’ interest, the fulfilment of multiple roles, erosion of nuclear family, drive towards self-actualization, and reduced dependence on religion. Globalization can attribute to postmodernism's multiculturalism as some of its outcomes include increased knowledge of different practices, cultures, and societies which in turn enhances general public acceptance and deep understanding of diversity.

Tolerates Difference

Although the concept of postmoderenism tolerates difference, it does not eliminate preferences.

Social Constructivism

Values and truth are constructed socially.

Pros and Cons

In recent years, political, social theories and literary have emerged resulting from postmodernism debates. It covers a wide range of disciplines such as literature, communication, art, sociology, and film. Postmodernism is a concept that is used in different media text that aims to be controversial. Postmodernism has both advantages and disadvantages. The postmodernism concept originated as a reaction to modernism in which individuals thought that technology and science are improving their lives. However, during World War 2, most people realized that these new advancements and ideas were being used against them in the form of weapons and bombs. Post positivism is most likely to deconstruct different media texts so that they can be constructed through spoofs and parody using intertextuality. One example of this is when the comedy show “Brass eye" did news spoof by portraying something hyper-real or make itself fake though it was needed to be representing real life. In this, they were able to mock the newsreader structure sarcastically by mimicking the styles. It was followed by stereotypical codes and news program conventions such as meaningless figures and graphs. This can be seen as a positive for postmodernism as it shows that individuals can laugh on serious things. Further, it was represented in a comedy series: Family Guy". This uses a lot of outtakes and parodies from other texts by using different cross-references. For example, the main narrative such as Christianity is mocked as Jesus changes the water to wine for the party of teenagers. This provoked the controversy from religious leaders. One issue of postmodernism is that it uses generic blurring. This is defined as when different genres and styles merge into one text to create something new. This technique is used in the music industry and film. For example, Lady Gaga who is a pop artist uses generic blurring in her daily life activities and her live performances ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Murthy</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1317</RecNum><DisplayText>(Murthy)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1317</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574967954">1317</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Murthy, CSHN</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A critical overview of pros and cons of post-critical assumptions</title><secondary-title>The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power</full-title></periodical><pages>358</pages><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1317369378</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Murthy). This can be viewed as a negative aspect of postmodernism because by merging these genres sight of original text or genre is lost.

According to postmodernism, it is no longer possible to create something original. This states that everything is created by mixtures and blending of previous work. Postmodernism takes it to the extreme by using intertextuality and bricolage. It leads to many original narratives that are being treated with irrelevance. For example, the film "The Cabin in the Wood" uses intertextuality to showcase many creatures and monsters from other horror movies such as masked murderers from strangers and twins. By integrating these iconic horror characters and scenes into one movie creates a homage for the horror genre. The postmodernism concept rejects stratification theories and focuses on differences and identity ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hutcheon</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1315</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hutcheon)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1315</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574967879">1315</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hutcheon, Linda</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A poetics of postmodernism: History, theory, fiction</title></titles><dates><year>2003</year></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0203358856</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hutcheon). According to postmodernists, a class is not the main source of identity as identity is now derives from consumption and leisure and not from production and work. Postmodernism concept is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical knowledge ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alvesson</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1312</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alvesson)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1312</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574967727">1312</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alvesson, Mats</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Postmodernism and social research</title><secondary-title>Order</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Order</full-title></periodical><pages>200</pages><volume>7</volume><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Alvesson). Best argues that postmodern stratification is all about lifestyle changes and the seduction into consumer spending through control change and advertising. Friedrick Jameson had related postmodernism to the second and third phases of capitalism. The postmodernism era corresponds to the age of electronic and nuclear technologies and capitalism. Postmodernism can be viewed from post-colonial angles and feminists. The postmodernism concept, in its denial of objective reality and truth, forcefully advocates constructivism theory and that everything is constructed ideologically. Postmodernism also relies on deconstruction methods to analyze the socio-cultural situation.

Characteristics

Postmodernism had many flaws from the beginning. The concept of low and high culture is not descriptive. They are vague and provoke unnecessary ideological tensions which creates confusion. Because of similar characteristics of postmodernism and modernism, sometimes it becomes confusing to differentiate one from others. Postmodernism also believes that there is no absolute truth and truth is relative. Postmodernism states that truth is not mirrored in the understanding of humans and it is constructed. Therefore, falsehood and facts are interchangeable such as in a classical work "King Oedipus" there is only one truth that is "obey your fate". Modernism places faith in cultural norms, values, ideas, and beliefs of the West in contrast postmodernism rejects this. Modernism tries to reveal the profound truth of life and experience whereas postmodernism is suspicious of being profound as these ideas are based on values of Western systems. Modernism focus on central themes and a combined vision in a particular set of literature on the other hand postmodernism sees the experience of human as ambiguous, unstable, unfinished, discontinuous and internally contradictory. Postmodernism is characterized by broad relativism or scepticism and general suspicion of reason. It broadly focuses on western cultural values and norms and intellectuals are influenced by the elite and dominant group and indirectly serve their interests ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hutcheon</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1315</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hutcheon)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1315</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574967879">1315</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hutcheon, Linda</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A poetics of postmodernism: History, theory, fiction</title></titles><dates><year>2003</year></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0203358856</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hutcheon). Postmodernism rejects that there is one way to do anything. All practices and theories are subject to questioning and challenge. The book "Postmodern Challenge to the Theory and Practice of Educational Administration English" discusses various practices and theories that are used by educational administrators.

Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1.Characteristics of Postmodernism.

Berthon & Katskeas (1998)

Brown (1994,1995)

Firat & Dholakia (2006)

Hyperreality

Hyperreality

Hyperreality

Hyperreality

Antifoundationalism

Antifoundationalism

Difference

Fragmentation

De-differentiation

Pluralism

Decentering

Reversals of consumption and production

Paradox

differentiation

Fragmentation

Loss of commitment

Time and space

Chronology

Juxtapositions

Paradoxical juxtapositions

Fragmentation

Fragmentation

Decentering of the subject

Postmodernism is differentiated from modernism through its grand narratives of modernism such as progress and history, revolution and reason, freedom and truth and democracy and discovery. Western society progress with achievement in democracy and scientific discovery and capitalism. Different postmodernism interpretations across different disciplines have resulted in poor consensus on the precise postmodernism definition and characteristics which are inherent in it. The characteristics of postmodernism tend to coalesce into each other and not mutually exclusive. The postmodernism characteristics are presented in the table below. Postmodernism criticism is intellectually diverse and includes an assertion that postmodernism promotes obscurantism and is meaningless. Dick Hebidge criticizes the vagueness of postmodernism. Noam Chomsky argued that postmodernism concept is meaningless because it adds nothing to empirical and analytical knowledge. Douglas Kellner insists that the procedure and assumptions of modern theory must be ignored. Kellner analyzes this theory in real-life examples and experiences. Kellner uses technology and science studies as a major part of his analysis, and he states that theory is not complete without it. In sociology, postmodernism basically focuses on the truth of individuals and stays away from that information which is confined to groups, races, culture, and tradition and yet understands that individual experience is relative and does not yield universal truth. Postmodernism is a thought which does not believe in specific, unchanging, finite certain principles and according to it there is no theory that can explain almost everything for all human beings such as philosophical and religious truth ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hutcheon</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1315</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hutcheon)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1315</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1574967879">1315</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hutcheon, Linda</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A poetics of postmodernism: History, theory, fiction</title></titles><dates><year>2003</year></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0203358856</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hutcheon). One of the major issue with postmodernism is that it can be seen as idealistic, unrealistic, romantic and overly sentimental. Postmodernism gives voice to fragmentation, insecurities, and disorientation of the 20th century of the western world. Postmodernism is marked by an array of a historical and social phenomenon that shaped our contemporary worlds such as rapid technological progress, globalization, and capitalism. Postmodern texts are usually written in clear language but despite of this they have quite complex structure. Postmodern texts do not tend to engage in innocent and linear storytelling. Postmodernism usually works by perspective, multiple narrators and linear storytelling. This represents postmodern scepticism towards unitary, single and totalizing narratives.

Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2: Comparison of the orientation of knowledge between postmodernism and modernism.

Modernism

Postmodernism.

Objective knowledge

Roundedness knowledge

Objectivity

Subjectivity

Universal laws

Lack of universal laws

Spectatorship

Irrationality

Generalizations are meaningful

Generalizations have limits

Absolute truths

Participation

Conclusion

The postmodernism foundations are placed in the philosophical current of anti-dualism and anti-representationalism. Postmodernism is characterized by broad relativism or scepticism and general suspicion of reason. Postmodernism gives voice to fragmentation, insecurities, and disorientation of the 20th century of the western world. Postmodernism is marked by an array of historical and social phenomena that shaped our contemporary worlds such as rapid technological progress, globalization, and capitalism.

References

ADDIN EN.REFLIST Alvesson, Mats. "Postmodernism and Social Research." Order 7 (2002): 200. Print.

Annells, Merilyn. "Grounded Theory Method: Philosophical Perspectives, Paradigm of Inquiry, and Postmodernism." Qualitative health research 6.3 (1996): 379-93. Print.

Hutcheon, Linda. A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction. Routledge, 2003. Print.

McHale, Brian. Constructing Postmodernism. Routledge, 2012. Print.

Murthy, CSHN. "A Critical Overview of Pros and Cons of Post-Critical Assumptions." The Routledge Handbook of Soft Power (2016): 358. Print.

Prostitution, Pornography, And Sex Trafficking

Prostitution, Pornography and Sex Trafficking

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Prostitution, Pornography, and Sex Trafficking

Introduction

Our world is full of grave issues that need to address on the most priority basis. These issues arise either from the society, politics, economics or the geographical positioning of the world. Most of the issues currently prevailing in the world are due to the dysfunctional society or the faulty economic systems of the world. One of the biggest issues that are being faced by a large population of the world is Sex Trafficking.

Sex trafficking refers to the trafficking or smuggling of humans in order to exploit them sexually or use them for sex labor. The people smuggled through sex trafficking or human trafficking are used for the purpose of sex slavery or prostitution. The people brought through the trade of sex trafficking are also used for pornography, most of which is forced. There has been a long debate since ages that prostitution, pornography, and sex trafficking are interconnected and both have deep-rooted links with each other. The following piece of writing will look into the details the how these three are interlinked and how they are proving to be evil for the human world.

Discussion

The evil of sex trafficking started a long time ago, but the issue was highlighted in the early 1990s when the international organizations noticed mass levels of humans being smuggled and trafficked across the international borders. The countries that mostly suffer from this evil are the third world countries where there is extreme poverty, and the political conditions are also not stable. One of the most prominent regions suffering from this issue is the continent of Africa.

Porn Fuels the Demand for Sex Trafficking

There is a popular concept that the demand for porn fuels the demand for sex trafficking as well. The demand for new faces and fresh talent in the industry always give fire to the business of sex trafficking, and the demand for more and more “sex slaves” goes up. Many people do not agree with this concept and shun it that it is just a rumor, but facts and figures tell some other story CITATION Por19 \l 1033 (Drug, 2019).

Sex Trafficking Isn’t What You Think

Many people confuse sex trafficking with human trafficking, but in fact, both are completely different CITATION Sob16 \l 1033 (TEDxTalks, 2016). Although the “item or commodity” being transported in both the cases is human and most appropriately human body, the nature of trade in both the cases is entirely different. Sex trafficking is carried on to use that human solely for the purpose of the sex trade, to make them sex slaves or use them for pornography, while, on the other hand, human trafficking is carried on for the purpose of smuggling of organs or general slavery.

What A Sex Worker Can Teach Us About The Human Connection?

Although sex trafficking is a great evil and issue in society, there is just a little positive side to it as well. Most probably, a sex worker understands the human emotions and feelings more properly than any other human or relation in life. The most logical or understandable explanation of this can be because of the fact that most of the people vent out their most honest feelings during this process called sexual intimacy CITATION Emm18 \l 1033 (Talks, 2018).

Conclusion

Hence, in short, it can be seen that prostitution and pornography are deeply linked to the evil of sex trade or sex trafficking. People are smuggled across the borders, whether international or local to force them to work as sex slaves or prostitutes, and this is not only the case with the females, but males are also a victim equally in this crime. The only solution that has been found to be most effective in stopping the issue is raising awareness regarding the evils of sex trafficking and guiding the people to take as many precautionary measures as they can.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Drug, F. T. (Director). (2019). Porn Fuels The Demand For Sex Trafficking — Truth About Porn [Motion Picture]. Fight The New Drug. Retrieved October 11, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiRgwJebdC8

Talks, T. (Producer), & Talks, T. (Director). (2018). What a sex worker can teach us about human connection | Nicole Emma | TEDxSaltLakeCity [Motion Picture]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7xLfeTytns

TEDxTalks (Producer), & TEDxTalks (Director). (2016). Sex trafficking isn't what you think it is | Meghan Sobel | TEDxMileHighWomen [Motion Picture]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyhF7q3_bpk

Psychiatry By Prescription

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Psychiatry by Prescription

Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology in which classification of mental disorders is made both in categorical and dimensional terms along with their prevalence and prospective treatment interventions. It is important to note that various psychological schools of thought define abnormal psychology differently however the most common notion is highly statistical in nature and suggests that human behavior that lies at the extremes of bell-shaped curve can be considered abnormal whereas majority of the “normal” individuals lie at the center of curve (Bargh & Morsella, 2008). This rationale has common appeal for all and makes a great sense however achievement of universality in the psychological world is something next to impossible because of individual differences in perception; hence most of them disagree with this model. Some experts suggest that when we come to separate normal from abnormal, we do not actually mean to make distinction between good or bad. For example, an individual who is highly intelligent would be termed as “abnormal” because he lies at the positive extremes of the curve.

This model of deviance would consider highly intelligent individual as abnormal person requiring psychotherapeutic interventions instantly; which is something non-digestible is practical world (Jennifer, n. d.). Hence, psychological illness is not about “deviating” from the norms because falling beyond expected level of behavior is a good thing sometimes. Therefore, study results presented by the authors; “nearly half of all Americans will suffer a mental illness during their lifetimes” do not make a great appeal to me because author might have different view of seeing a behavior as normal and abnormal. Cutting long into short, universality in terms of defining and classifying a mental disorder cannot be achieved because every author has “deviating” opinion about psychological deviance.

Darwin’s theory of Individual differences propounded the most compelling notion about some cognitive and behavioral predispositions possessed by individuals that make them unique and distinctive from other individuals (Jennifer, n. d.). These predispositions enable them think and act differently in diverse situations and circumstances for example, when individuals encounter stressful or potentially threatening situation, they have two options in hand; fight or flight. Some individuals are innately programmed to fight (encounter the situation) whereas other as destined to flight (avoid the harmful situation) for ensuring their survival. It can safely be assumed that some behaviors are not learned; we execute them involuntarily without having conscious efforts; even identical twins exhibit distinctive patterns in thinking and behaving in similar situations (Becker, 1989). Hence, considering individual differences and unique patterns of thinking and behaviors as abnormal do not hit nail on the heads of most of us.

Besides individual differences, cultural factors also play significant role in determining the appropriateness of behavior; in a culture listening to odd voices and having “super natural” beliefs is considered as psychosis i.e., person is considered to have delusions and hallucinations however in some cultures these behaviors and thought patterns are the part of religion and we cannot call these behaviors as inappropriate and abnormal. Hence when psychologist attempt to define and classify mental illness, the factors that threaten their validity and reliability are cultural factors and individual differences.

The most recent classification of mental disorders—the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) Edition 5—has attempted to classify mental disorders in terms of a bunch of symptoms and duration i.e., individual would either have a disorder or not; there is nothing in between two extremes (Samuel, 2018). This dichotomy is highly alarming because individuals with even minute maladjustments are diagnosed and labeled with certain mental disorders i.e., anxiety or depression which reinforces social stigmatization. A person having feelings of sadness, lacking interest, hunger and sleep disturbance and reduce social urge is said to have depression regardless of the severity of symptoms; either he has mild, moderate or severe symptoms, he would be labeled as “depressed” individual. This is the point when credibility of current classification system falls apart.

This is an understood fact that personality disorders are mostly genetic in nature because environmental factors act as their subtle contributors. A person having a predisposed tendency of suspicion might develop paranoid personality disorder with the passing time. This fact does not require further elaboration that for ages, “shyness” has remained a natural element of individual’s personality. In various literature works, shyness was defined as a manner of self-attention and self-adequacy however in the past two decades, this trait is awfully being discussed in the books of abnormal psychology; considering it as “avoidant personality disorder” or “social phobia.” A condition with no medical status till 1993 was now being considered as a mental illness soon after first Edition of DSM was published and surprisingly its treatment—in terms of Antidepressants—appeared too. When we contemplate such events through historical lens, an immense discrepancy in clinical decision making is inspected (Garrett, 2002). As personality disorders are rigid, we can say that they are the part of their genes which cannot be eliminated; despite being full insightful, such individuals are given medical drugs to achieve some self-defined benchmarks of “normality” which is not a good idea though.

Neurological School of Thought stresses the involvement of brain and its associated structures in the onset of mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, psychosis, and hyperactivity. These theories suggest that certain neurotransmitters responsible for initiating responses become over-active and individual feels hyperactive, maniac or anxious without any external cause. On the other hand, reduced activity of certain neurotransmitters causes reduction in activity level such as in depression and schizophrenia (Samuel, 2018). Hence, according to these psychologists, brain and neurotransmitter activity needs to be fixed for attaining desired results through using medical drugs. This increased emphasis on neurological factors increases the demand of psycho-pharmaceutical drugs and such companies has benefitted a lot from it. Patients, too, find these dugs immensely relaxing and find them as suitable treatment option.

Works Cited

Bargh JA, Morsella E. “The Unconscious Mind.” Perspect Psychol Sci. vol.3, no.1, 2008, pp.73-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00064.x

Jennifer, Walinga. “Introduction to Psychology: 1st Canadian Edition, 2.3 Behaviorist Psychology – Introduction to Psychology."

Becker, HS. “Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance.” New York: Free Press. 1963

Garrett, P. “Language socialization: Reproduction and continuity, transformation, and change.” Annual Reviews, vol. 31, 2002, pp.339 – 361.

Samuel, D. B. “A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the five-factor model and DSM–V personality disorders: A facet level analysis.” Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 28, 2018, pp. 1326 – 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.002

Public Sociology

Public sociology

Social movements of Black Lives Matter Occupy Wall Street and the Me Too/ Time’s Up campaigns provide an example of public sociology. It refers to the protests that occur at the expense of society. The analysis of these movements depicts the people engaged across different platforms for protesting against social ills. These movements followed a common goal of standing for the rights and betterment of the society and its people. Public sociology basically refers to the expansion of the boundaries of sociology that means it is not limited to the academics. The three movements provide practical models for public sociology because they engaged the audience.

The misconception of sociology and lack of common sense has affected some of these movements negatively. It is important to understand the actual meaning of sociology that emphasizes research and focuses on the engaging the audience. This type of sociology has more practical role policy making and identification of steps that lead to the betterment of the society and its people. The misconception is visible because people often relate public sociology with theory. While in reality, it stresses on the interdependencies among agencies and the people.

Internet and social media have played a significant role in the development of these movements. This is because reaching millions of people across the world is more simple across social media platforms. The supporters of such movements create an agenda and then use the internet for targeting larger population. This is an effective platform that allows people to connect for common issues such as the war in Syria and the economic inequality of America. Internet was the dominant source in these movements that convinced millions of people to see the wrong happenings CITATION You173 \l 1033 (YouTube, 2017). Internet was the single most powerful tool used in these movements for engaging the audience and the public.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY YouTube. (2017). Public Sociology - Lecture 1: What is Public Sociology?, Michael Burawoy. Retrieved 05 16, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfhL1gzhzmQ&feature=youtu.be

Question 3. Critical Analysis

Critical Analysis

Author

Institution

Critical Analysis

Nonprofit Organizations are gaining popularity nowadays, and people are getting to know about their existence and the work they are engaged in. Nonprofit organizations are established for the purpose of social welfare rather than profit for the owners. They are usually found in healthcare, education, women empowerment, food, and farming sector ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0z4XQw9j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chan, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Chan, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1421,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/JSXN8VTJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/JSXN8VTJ"],"itemData":{"id":1421,"type":"article-journal","title":"Community-based organizations for migrant workers' rights: the emergence of labour NGOs in China","container-title":"Community Development Journal","page":"6–22","volume":"48","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Community-based organizations for migrant workers' rights","author":[{"family":"Chan","given":"Chris King-chi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chan, 2012). Most of the people are aware of the role played by nonprofit organizations in terms of welfare. However, they often ignore their impact on the economy as a whole. As autonomous bodies, nonprofit organizations are usually free from bureaucratic disadvantages and are able to fulfill their objectives in a short span of time. Their work in different sectors is usually aligned with the government plans when the indigenous government fails to bring about improvement in social sectors and asks NPOs for the cooperation. NPOs usually provides a lot of employment opportunities for people living in a country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UXmfcJCK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Huxham & Vangen, 1996)","plainCitation":"(Huxham & Vangen, 1996)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1415,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5ULBIPVY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5ULBIPVY"],"itemData":{"id":1415,"type":"article-journal","title":"Working together: Key themes in the management of relationships between public and non-profit organizations","container-title":"International Journal of Public Sector Management","page":"5–17","volume":"9","issue":"7","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Working together","author":[{"family":"Huxham","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Vangen","given":"Siv"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Huxham & Vangen, 1996). Though the salary may be less than the corporate, the work is engaging, and there are more chances of personal and career growth; hence, they help in decreasing the unemployment rate.

Nonprofit organizations provide efficient utilization of funds in the development of a nation by providing basic services by using donations from different organizations. They usually indulge in providing shelter to the homeless, food to needy, basic education, and healthcare services. Nonprofit organizations are often indulged in providing primary and secondary education, thereby increasing the literacy rate and improving HDI index of a nation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TRBnlfhm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bryson, 1988)","plainCitation":"(Bryson, 1988)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1413,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/F8YRQFIT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/F8YRQFIT"],"itemData":{"id":1413,"type":"article-journal","title":"A strategic planning process for public and non-profit organizations","container-title":"Long range planning","page":"73–81","volume":"21","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Bryson","given":"John M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1988"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bryson, 1988). With globalization in place, nonprofit organizations are working with many international organizations like the United Nations, thus creating a reputation for the nation globally. Nonprofit organizations do things that have value for people, in an economic sense: for example, people think it is worth educating children and the NGOs – which works for juvenile education – work for educating children. In general, NGOs and the likes provide public goods, goods that everyone (or almost everyone) can enjoy (directly or indirectly), and there is no feasible way to prevent them from receiving such goods ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YWIg7c7W","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chan, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Chan, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1421,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/JSXN8VTJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/JSXN8VTJ"],"itemData":{"id":1421,"type":"article-journal","title":"Community-based organizations for migrant workers' rights: the emergence of labour NGOs in China","container-title":"Community Development Journal","page":"6–22","volume":"48","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Community-based organizations for migrant workers' rights","author":[{"family":"Chan","given":"Chris King-chi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chan, 2012). Normally, the government provides such services, however not always: this is when the NGOs and the likes enter into action and impact the economy.

It can also be argued that people who undertake charitable works (for example, being a volunteer) consider NPOs effective for social development. People who do social work will appreciate the NPOs and their work, either because they feel good helping people, or because they like to interact with new people. In addition, such people see NPOs as an opportunity to increase their human capital and, in future, to have better jobs (this is particularly true to young people, say, college students) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bzJlUjXq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bryson, 1988)","plainCitation":"(Bryson, 1988)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1413,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/F8YRQFIT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/F8YRQFIT"],"itemData":{"id":1413,"type":"article-journal","title":"A strategic planning process for public and non-profit organizations","container-title":"Long range planning","page":"73–81","volume":"21","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Bryson","given":"John M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1988"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bryson, 1988). There is little profit incentive in NPOs because they are structured to maximize the input of donations and social work. "Nonprofit" just means that any income left over after paying expenses (like salaries, utility bills, etc.) is not distributed to owners of the organization, but is used for the (theoretically worthwhile) purpose for which the organization was formed. "Nonprofit" does not mean "no income"; it means no dividends. These organizations are contrasted with those that are “for profit,” meaning their purpose is to make money to distribute to their owners.

People who work for community-based nonprofit organizations are not immune to problems; in fact, people who work in/with nonprofit organizations would face financial problems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"W2KQ2teB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fast, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Fast, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1429,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/V25KMFYH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/V25KMFYH"],"itemData":{"id":1429,"type":"article-journal","title":"Characteristics, context and risk: NGO insecurity in confict zones","container-title":"Disasters","page":"130–154","volume":"31","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Characteristics, context and risk","author":[{"family":"Fast","given":"Larissa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fast, 2007). On many occasions, the nonprofit organization would be initiated without proper funding. The need to help often outweighs the finances to do so, which in turn cripples the effectiveness of the NGO. Besides, the lack of proper management is yet another gigantic issue faced by nonprofit organizations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZKhixWDC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Peck, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Peck, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1420,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/UW44W6LA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/UW44W6LA"],"itemData":{"id":1420,"type":"report","title":"PRTs: Improving or undermining the security for NGOs and PVOs in Afghanistan","publisher":"NAVAL WAR COLL NEWPORT RI JOINT MILITARY OPERATIONS DEPT","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"PRTs","author":[{"family":"Peck","given":"Scott R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Peck, 2004). In many cases, the funds nonprofit organizations receive would dry out before the timeline - the funds were allocated for. This is often caused by a lack of discipline in management or pure corruption. The nonprofit organization may be targeted by either criminal gangs or militia, as it is often viewed as a place of resources. Gangs or militias are often armed with military-grade weapons or at least with sharp harmful objects. NPOs will need to hire a security company, especially in regions like South Africa, to keep their personnel and equipment safe ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hXtCIX1Y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bratton, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Bratton, 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1426,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YBDLWSJ3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YBDLWSJ3"],"itemData":{"id":1426,"type":"article-journal","title":"The politics of government-NGO relations in Africa","container-title":"World Development","page":"569–587","volume":"17","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Bratton","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bratton, 1989). More often than not, the regions, where nonprofit organizations work, have poor infrastructure and transporting goods to remote areas become an Indiana Jones adventure. Even some communities get cutoff during seasonal rains, and roads become very muddy to use.

The most important issue that people who work in/for a nonprofit organization have to cope with is political interference ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XFQwWIX3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Anheier, Toepler, & Wojciech Sokolowski, 1997)","plainCitation":"(Anheier, Toepler, & Wojciech Sokolowski, 1997)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1417,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/DHQI7APL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/DHQI7APL"],"itemData":{"id":1417,"type":"article-journal","title":"The implications of government funding for non-profit organizations: three propositions","container-title":"International Journal of Public Sector Management","page":"190–213","volume":"10","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"The implications of government funding for non-profit organizations","author":[{"family":"Anheier","given":"Helmut K."},{"family":"Toepler","given":"Stefan"},{"family":"Wojciech Sokolowski","given":"S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anheier, Toepler, & Wojciech Sokolowski, 1997). Local politicians often view NGOs as agents of foreign influence; they are wary of the “real” nonprofit organizations’ objectives. They would often want to oversee every aspect of the organization to rest their suspicions. Also, keeping in mind that most of the regions NPOs work in are corrupt, and local politicians or militias view foreign NPOs as an opportunity of making income. There is also a likelihood that local politicians or militias may want some “compensation” to allow organizations to operate in their area. Besides, if the NPO distributes food parcels, then a local leader may keep some for himself as "compensation" ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yi0bE1T3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ahmad, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Ahmad, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1422,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPP6R95Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPP6R95Q"],"itemData":{"id":1422,"type":"article-journal","title":"Who cares? The personal and professional problems of NGO fieldworkers in Bangladesh","container-title":"Development in Practice","page":"177–191","volume":"12","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Who cares?","author":[{"family":"Ahmad","given":"Mokbul Morshed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ahmad, 2002). There is also political bullying where a local politician orders a local NPO to hire his friends or family members before funds would be allocated for it. In the end, there is a case where the NPO has to be part of local politics, NPO, which distributes food parcels, may be required to take part in election campaigns where it's food parcels would be used by the local politician(s) to score political points.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahmad, M. M. (2002). Who cares? The personal and professional problems of NGO fieldworkers in Bangladesh. Development in Practice, 12(2), 177–191.

Anheier, H. K., Toepler, S., & Wojciech Sokolowski, S. (1997). The implications of government funding for nonprofit organizations: Three propositions. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 10(3), 190–213.

Bratton, M. (1989). The politics of government-NGO relations in Africa. World Development, 17(4), 569–587.

Bryson, J. M. (1988). A strategic planning process for public and nonprofit organizations. Long Range Planning, 21(1), 73–81.

Chan, C. K. (2012). Community-based organizations for migrant workers’ rights: The emergence of labour NGOs in China. Community Development Journal, 48(1), 6–22.

Fast, L. (2007). Characteristics, context and risk: NGO insecurity in confict zones. Disasters, 31(2), 130–154.

Huxham, C., & Vangen, S. (1996). Working together: Key themes in the management of relationships between public and nonprofit organizations. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 9(7), 5–17.

Peck, S. R. (2004). PRTs: Improving or undermining the security for NGOs and PVOs in Afghanistan. NAVAL WAR COLL NEWPORT RI JOINT MILITARY OPERATIONS DEPT.

Question1. Essay Format

Essay Format

Author

Institution

Essay Format

Scientific management, Taylor's scientific management, or Taylorism, if applied in any business or organisation, makes the top notch of management cognizant of what their employees want to do. Besides, Taylorism is all about analysing whatever the employees do; they do it in the cheapest possible way ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"29ky64Rr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Aitken, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Aitken, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1392,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/8GLL5XZ4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/8GLL5XZ4"],"itemData":{"id":1392,"type":"book","title":"Scientific management in action: Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal, 1908-1915","publisher":"Princeton University Press","volume":"434","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Scientific management in action","author":[{"family":"Aitken","given":"Hugh GJ"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Aitken, 2014). The main objective of Taylorism or scientific management is to accomplish the works swiftly, attain organisational goals effectively and efficiently, and to improve economics efficiently; especially by labour productivity. Taylorism refers to economic optimisation approach, i.e. scientific management as a byproduct rendered the part of the workers to be no different from that of other raw materials in a production process ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bkczQrp1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jones, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Jones, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1396,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/Q2T3A4CR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/Q2T3A4CR"],"itemData":{"id":1396,"type":"article-journal","title":"Scientific management, culture and control: A first-hand account of Taylorism in practice","container-title":"Human Relations","page":"631–653","volume":"53","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Scientific management, culture and control","author":[{"family":"Jones","given":"Oswald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jones, 2000). The majority of responsibility and accountability were with the managers and not empowered into the people.

The main target of scientific management theory is; how effective the workers within the organisation and how do workers' performance render the production of any organisation. The most important tenet of Taylorism is that it incorporates technology, and therefore the workers are considered as the adjuncts to machines. Taylor’s theory of management includes an ideal workplace that includes a hierarchical structure, employee specialisation, and key performance incentives ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"i5VeKhRj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Waring, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Waring, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1393,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/F2F3LMM3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/F2F3LMM3"],"itemData":{"id":1393,"type":"book","title":"Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945","publisher":"UNC Press Books","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Taylorism transformed","author":[{"family":"Waring","given":"Stephen P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Waring, 2016). There are other versions, and disagreements to this baseline theory originated from Frederick W. Taylor in the mid 1800s, and some scholars refer to it as Scientific, Bureaucratic, and Administrative in nature. Scientific management looks for the right man for the right job, i.e. workers are assigned work based on their capability and motivation. Taylorism also seeks to train the worker for a specific job for maximum output ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mJvyOT87","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Landsberger, 1958)","plainCitation":"(Landsberger, 1958)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1400,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/FWG6X8DE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/FWG6X8DE"],"itemData":{"id":1400,"type":"article-journal","title":"Hawthorne Revisited: Management and the Worker, Its Critics, and Developments in Human Relations in Industry.","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Hawthorne Revisited","author":[{"family":"Landsberger","given":"Henry A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1958"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Landsberger, 1958). Taylorism distribute the work between the management and workers to ensure that both – managers and workers – use the most effective ways of working.

The impact of Taylorism on a nonprofit organisation is significant as long as the activities relate directly to their mission. Nonprofit organisations cover an enormous range of corporations, from the big private foundations like the Ford Foundation to hospitals that operate on government grants. Through scientific management, nonprofit organisations operate on endowments and use the income from investments to pay their staff and provide programs. Some charge fees for their services ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kiIglQFM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Anheier, 2000a)","plainCitation":"(Anheier, 2000a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1407,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2L3G98HC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2L3G98HC"],"itemData":{"id":1407,"type":"book","title":"Managing non-profit organisations: Towards a new approach","collection-number":"1","publisher":"Centre for Civil Society, London School of Economics and Political Science","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Managing non-profit organisations","author":[{"family":"Anheier","given":"Helmut K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anheier, 2000). All the ticket sales from a community theatre go into their operating budget, paying some of the costs for rehearsal space, the salaries of actors and lighting technicians, and administrative costs. Scientific management aids nonprofit organisations to earn money and many ways for them to spend it. Rent, utilities, supplies, transportation, salaries and benefits and payroll taxes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7GYHk3e2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Anheier, 2000b)","plainCitation":"(Anheier, 2000b)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1403,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/G3LGV6SC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/G3LGV6SC"],"itemData":{"id":1403,"type":"book","title":"Managing non-profit organisations: Towards a new approach","collection-number":"1","publisher":"Centre for Civil Society, London School of Economics and Political Science","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Managing non-profit organisations","author":[{"family":"Anheier","given":"Helmut K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anheier, 2000). The thing they can't do is pay board members or distribute dividends to stockholders. Any profits they make must be reinvested in the mission of the organisation in one way or another.

Human relations refer to the analysis of the behaviour of employees for improving interpersonal relationships among employees. Even though a company is an entity on its own, management is a group of individuals who takes care of the company's wellbeing. Human relations or HR is part of the management, and this approach seems to be due to the diverse function of management ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8FX33FJ1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1410,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/MXKW3RS5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/MXKW3RS5"],"itemData":{"id":1410,"type":"book","title":"Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage","publisher":"McGraw-Hill Education New York, NY","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Human resource management","author":[{"family":"Noe","given":"Raymond A."},{"family":"Hollenbeck","given":"John R."},{"family":"Gerhart","given":"Barry"},{"family":"Wright","given":"Patrick M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2017). On the one hand, aggression is part of manufacturing sales marketing and advertising, and a more sober approach is towards people management. Human relations management and scientific management are two opposite ends of the spectrum of management ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TaeWMjlj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Redmond, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Redmond, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1399,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/JSAEU2J3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/JSAEU2J3"],"itemData":{"id":1399,"type":"chapter","title":"Issues in human relations management","container-title":"Handbook of media management and economics","publisher":"Routledge","page":"125–154","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Redmond","given":"James W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Redmond, 2006). Scientific management, as explained earlier, solely focuses on how to get the work done by the workers. On the contrary, human relation management stresses upon the employee motivation, behaviour, and development of organisation.

In the contemporary job market, many nonprofits struggle to keep staff. Turnover can be a major challenge as many state governments have not fully recovered from the recession and have cut funds repeatedly for human services, in particular. This has kept wages at or just above minimum wage. Now that wages are beginning to rise in the private sector, there is added pressure on nonprofit HR departments to recruit and maintain staffing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WpkVS5eO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Anheier, 2000a)","plainCitation":"(Anheier, 2000a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1407,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2L3G98HC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2L3G98HC"],"itemData":{"id":1407,"type":"book","title":"Managing non-profit organisations: Towards a new approach","collection-number":"1","publisher":"Centre for Civil Society, London School of Economics and Political Science","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Managing non-profit organisations","author":[{"family":"Anheier","given":"Helmut K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anheier, 2000). Turnover also brings challenges to both onboardings (there is more of it) and training to build skills. Short term employees are very expensive in that training effort and expense is largely wasted. Ongoing struggles to provide some semblance of benefits is also an HR challenge, particularly with the destruction of the Affordable Care Act and reduction of subsidies for health insurance for low wage earners.

As far as the impact of human relations on the nonprofit organisation is concerned; The structure of a nonprofit organisation is almost similar to that of a for-profit organisation. However, nonprofit organisations run on a lean budget and the team roles more often than not overlaps with each other. Public relations team in nonprofit organisation consists of people with marketing and fundraising skills. They are responsible for keeping the organisation and its goals sustainable. This team also ensures that the Brand name of the Nonprofit organisation is recognised in the positive light by the public and more and more people believe in the cause. Besides, human relations management in any nonprofit organisation carries out the core goals and functions of the nonprofit organisation. It consists of people with various specialisations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2q7aGe16","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rojas, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Rojas, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1411,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/9VR88CNE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/9VR88CNE"],"itemData":{"id":1411,"type":"article-journal","title":"A review of models for measuring organizational effectiveness among for-profit and nonprofit organizations","container-title":"Nonprofit Management and Leadership","page":"97–104","volume":"11","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Rojas","given":"Ronald R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rojas, 2000). They organise various wellness and charity drives that benefit the community. Nonprofit organisations can get the majority of their funds through subscription fees and membership fees. The negative impact of human relations management on nonprofit organisations is; they risk their employees easily swayed by personal opinions while making decisions.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Aitken, H. G. (2014). Scientific management in action: Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal, 1908-1915 (Vol. 434). Princeton University Press.

Anheier, H. K. (2000a). Managing nonprofit organisations: Towards a new approach. Centre for Civil Society, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Jones, O. (2000). Scientific management, culture and control: A first-hand account of Taylorism in practice. Human Relations, 53(5), 631–653.

Landsberger, H. A. (1958). Hawthorne Revisited: Management and the Worker, Its Critics, and Developments in Human Relations in Industry.

Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. (2017). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. McGraw-Hill Education New York, NY.

Redmond, J. W. (2006). Issues in human relations management. In Handbook of media management and economics (pp. 125–154). Routledge.

Rojas, R. R. (2000). A review of models for measuring organisational effectiveness among for-profit and nonprofit organisations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 11(1), 97–104.

Waring, S. P. (2016). Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.

Questions

Client’s name

Professor’s title

The title of the course

09 May 2019

Sociology

Everything we wear, including how we wear our hair is an outward expression of our inner being. A dress may convey different sorts of social messages and information. For instance, there are some events that happen in life, where we confirm to what tradition dictates. Funerals usually involve black dark and dreary dresses. When ceremony is in a church like a wedding or baptism, the main person traditionally wears white and the witnesses wear celebratory colors. Respectively, other's cultures and religions wear the opposite. For instance, the same white colored dresses are worn in Eastern cultures particularly, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to mourn when someone dies. In the same lieu, the dress of Muslim women i.e. Burqa and hijab has been linked to different terrorism acts and a wide speculation among the audiences as a symbol of tyranny as women are forced to cover their heads. Clothes are not only symbols of aesthetic or practical ‘choice’ but of ‘belief’ and ideology too. So when I see a women in a hijab, then I’m going to assume that she probably holds views contrary to mine. Such views might include the following illiberal, beliefs such as homosexuality or apostatizing out of Islam are sins that deserve punishment, possibly even death, first cousin marriage is a good idea, and other religious / cultural practices. Also, the view that non-Muslims girls who don’t wear a hijab are immodest, and therefore shouldn’t object if they are assaulted. The theme is that in west a hijabi woman might be seen as oppressed while in eastern muslim societies such women are seen as pure and honest women who are faithful to Allah.

The purpose of semiotic analysis is to establish and absorb a full-spectrum cognitive grasp and understanding of something. That ‘something’ can be as singular, particular, and specific as a verse of Scripture, a political essay, a short story, novel, or book. It can also be the way one processes their experience of a musical concert, a theatrical performance, a movie or video, or a lecture or presentation, sports event, tour of a museum, cross country road trip, and so on. Most comprehensively, semiotics can be adopted as the basis of one’s entire philosophy or worldview, as a framework for meaning and truth, knowledge and understanding, in all their depth and breadth, including oneself and one’s relationships in life and one’s place in the world and the cosmos we inhabit. It is about the study of meaning, how we construct meaning and interpretation of that meaning. There are many ways that words, phrases and sentences get meaning. Some have a literal meaning to it. Some words have a figurative meaning to it. For example, the sentence "this is a pen" might just mean that the object being referred to is pen. On the other hand, consider a set of sentences like "I love pudding", "I love Paris", "I love my dad". in each of these sentences the word 'love' holds a different contextual meaning. Each person might construct, interpret and contradict the meaning of each sentence in different ways and this is what semotic refers to. When foucssing on clothing, it differs from systematic clothing perspective which might only focus on the current fashion trends at the time like fads like ripped off jeans or flared bottom trousers etc. However, a semiotic analysis involves focusing on underlying messages behind such clothing choices as there are certain aspects of yourself that can be transmitted to the world through the way you dress. For example, if you want to express your rebelliousness, you’ll use accessories like necklaces and rings, making you look like a rockstar (men’s fashion). Such choices may transmit the message that I’m rebellious, mysterious and powerful by nature which are the customary themes of rockstars.

What we wear tells people who we are and how to treat us. Indulging in fashion is our identity, sentiments/states of mind, an impression of our identity and how we need individuals to see us, put all in plain view by the garments we wear. The garments that we purchase show what sort of individual we see us as; however, can be affected by current patterns and what individuals we know prefer, blended in with our own taste and choices. Such dressing choices convey a lot of different social messages to the society. When we take time on our appearance, it shows. Other people will treat us better and we will feel better about ourselves. For instance, in a store a woman wearing a dress will almost always receive smiles and usually have the door opened for her. Her appearance is important to her and the effect she has on others is also important. But in contrast a woman who threw on what was handy would not have much people pay attention to her, or the attention paid is not positive. While the Woman who Dresses Provocatively is saying non-verbally, “Here I am, I’m available. Oh, btw, you can all see what my body looks like, I don’t need to have a relationship with you.” Even in the case of men when a man walks into a store wearing a suit, he gets more positive attention than the man who walks in behind him wearing ripped jeans and a t-shirt. We live in a world of people who believe they have the right to express themselves no matter how it looks to others however, the kind of clothes we wear continue to have an influence on the onlookers as each clothing item carries a nonverbal message of its own.

References

Barthes, Roland. The fashion system. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.

Bouvier, Gwen. "Discourse in clothing: the social semiotics of modesty and chic in hijab fashion." Gender & Language 10.3 (2016).

Croucher, Stephen Michael. Looking beyond the hijab: An analysis of Muslim adaptation to French culture. Diss. 2006.

Evans, Caroline, and Minna Thornton. "Fashion, representation, femininity." Feminist Review 38.1 (1991): 48-66.

Kuruc, Katarina. "Fashion as communication: A semiotic analysis of fashion on ‘Sex and the City’." Semiotica 2008.171 (2008): 193-214.

Shortell, Timothy, and Jerome Krase. "Seeing Islam in global cities: a spatial semiotic analysis." Seeing Religion. Routledge, 2015. 85-108.

Quiz

SOC-100

Short-Answer Quiz 5

Complete the quiz in a Word document. This is an open book quiz. The answer to each question must be 100-125 words.

Topic 5

Describe the difference between race and ethnicity. What roles do race and social class continue to play in the United States?

Answer: Race can be described as the physical characteristics that a person possesses such as skin, hair, etc. On the other hand, ethnicity can be described as the culture of a people living in a specific geographic area.  Social class refers to the social and economic status of a person. In the US the socioeconomic status of a person is determined by the stratification based on race and ethnicity (Henslin & Elder, 2015). Typically, racial discrimination seizes the upward mobility for racial minorities due to which they never escape poverty. This will further influence the attainment of education as most of the minorities are forced to let their children study in public institutes as compared to their white counterparts. Not only education healthcare facilities are extremely difficult to access for minorities. 

Describe a discriminatory situation that you experienced or witnessed. Identify the individual aspects of this discrimination. Describe any institutionalized racism that you have observed or experienced.

Answer: While working as a salesperson at a local shop I witnessed that one day a pregnant lady came to buy some groceries. Of course, most of the employees came to help her. This does not go well with the white lady who was also there to buy some groceries. She ranted on every employee and passed derogatory comments such as monkey etc for the pregnant lady. She even used the n-word for the baby and said that “this n will become criminal like many black people”. However, our manager took serious action and ordered the security to never let that woman enter the store while he apologies from a black lady for the worst experience she faced in the store.

What should society do to reduce the possibility of discrimination in the workplace? What policies would you propose if you were the CEO?

Answer: Society can play a significant role in reducing discrimination. Specifically, in the workplace, if I were a CEO I would conduct a training session for the employees regarding cultural humility. Secondly, I would build a friendly environment by providing equal opportunity to every employee regardless of their race. Also, I would hire people from different racial and cultural backgrounds to ensure diversity. Moreover, I would make strict policies regarding racial discrimination so that if anyone tries to pass derogatory comment on others must face severe consequences such as losing a job or de-promotion. This will make sure that every employee is comfortable in the work environment. 

What are the current cultural trends for the elderly? How does your personal culture influence how you will address the aging issues of your parents?

Answer: Discussing the current cultural trends for adults I think that life expectancy is increased. However, problems like depression, lack of shelter, lack of social involvement are still prevailing. 

Culture does influence how we address elderly people. My parents being pure catholic Christians believe that no matter what God will help them and will not put more on them than they can’t handle. So I can address the aging issues of my parents my having open friendly communication with them. This will help me in understanding their expectations regarding their healthcare, home, etc and what they desire to in their future. 

References

Henslin, J. M., Possamai, A. M., Possamai-Inesedy, A. L., Marjoribanks, T., & Elder, K. (2015). Sociology: A down to earth approach. Pearson Higher Education AU.

Quiz

SOC-100

Short-Answer Quiz 6

Topic 6

Compare and contrast the conflict and the functionalist perspective relative to the political system in the United States. Select one current issue such as healthcare, immigration, or one of your choosing and discuss the issue from both perspectives.

In the functionalism, four main functions of government are defined; managing international relations, maintaining law and order, fulfilling social needs of people and directing and planning society. In this system, government official cannot make decisions based on their “personal” desire or will; consensus is a must. On the other hand, conflict perspective attributes the powerful elite as the important decision-makers of government. These elites belong to the group of largest corporations and group of top leaders. For example, in healthcare scenario, if government pays substantial amounts for the wellbeing of people; functionalists would call it a democratic move whereas functionalists would think of it as a way of perpetuating the wealth of elite.

Describe your family dynamics from the functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist perspectives.

Symbolic interactionalism suggests that individuals make sense of their social life actively rather than just adapting the ongoing trend. On the other hand, functionalist and conflict perspective regard any authoritative move as public-friendly and self-interest based respectively. Applying this trend in my family dynamics, it can be said that my parents use functionalist approach with a substantial incorporation of interactionalism. They do not make any decisions without our desire and pay attention to our expressions and verbal cues for things to run smoothly.

What are the sociological characteristics of religion in the United States? Build an argument that religion is likely to remain a strong feature of life in the United States or why religion may not remain a strong feature in the lives of Americans.

Religion is incorporated deeply into the social lives of individuals because it directs our beliefs at the micro-level—to a great degree. For example, in Christianity and Islam, a substantial emphasis is laid on the “democratic” way of government in which government is responsible for all the aspects of wellbeing of public. Moreover, religion also directs individuals that how to meet each other, how to become pro-social and do something productive to the society. And, in my view, it will continue to be the strong feature of Americans’ lives.

Select one of the sociological perspectives, the functionalist, conflict, or symbolic interactionist, and analyze the problems facing K-12 education in the United States. Describe three or four solutions that you would like to present to your local school board to improve the educational system.

Limited use of audio-visual resources to foster students’ learning is the major problem K-12 children are facing in the United State—not all but majority of them. This problem is deep rooted as it is not only linked to the resource allocation but also to the teachers and institutional management. Many of the K-12 teachers do not have enough knowledge about the effectiveness and utilization of audio-visual teaching aids like projectors, PowerPoint presentation, models and colorful art and animation. Besides this, neither government provides enough resources to fulfill these needs nor does institutional management realize the importance of these tools. Following solutions deem effective in this situation:

Teachers must keep themselves updated about the recent happenings in educational and psychological literature

Management must organize training programs for teachers so that they could ensure the utilization of problem tools to foster their learning

Management must take active participation to contact government and ensure governmental intervention in terms of financial remittance

Periodical research must be administered so that AV effectiveness could be maintained and shortcomings could be identified and improvised.

Quiz 3

Quiz 3

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Quiz 3

Q.1 Describe your in-groups and your out-groups. Give an example of how your in-group has influenced the way that you see the world. Give an example of how your out-group either changed or reinforced your view of the world.

In my opinion, most people consider their friends and family are in-group. Generally, an individual before completely trusting an entire stranger would tend to trust their friends or family first (Henslin, 2015). I would ascertain whether a person belongs to my in-group or not by measuring their level of loyalty. Each individual is raised by their family with certain beliefs and ideology. Out-groups have a wider spectrum since I would not be associated with these groups. For instance, racists and atheists can be my out-groups. I consider my in-groups as a source of great positivity in my life. They celebrate my successes and care and love me unconditionally. My out-groups bear negative connotations which only creates stress and hateful views about the world.

Q. 2 What leadership style or styles do you respond to in a positive way? What type of leader is most effective in today’s bureaucratic environment? As the group leader, how would you lead your team or group through a project?

I feel that democratic leader would fare well. Hence, I would enjoy a leader democratic in nature. Although I like this type of leader, this kind of leader rarely pleases everyone. The reason behind this is that every individual in the society like to take commands on what to do or not to do instead of spreading ideas or sharing concerns (Henslin, 2015). Certainly, I would enjoy this leadership. It is because I might not be correct every time. However, my opinion would be listened, respected, and considered. According to me, it is effective leadership only because it provides others an ability to look and think why would their idea work for the group and why it would not work. This assessment is carried out either by trial or explanation. Lastly, everyone would feel they have done something positive apart from feeling valued after speaking up for themselves.

Q.3 Select a deviant behavior with which you are personally familiar (your behavior (s) or something that you know someone did) and choose one of the theoretical perspectives to analyze what happened.

Consider an individual living in Arizona. The respected individual can tell the awful driving skills most people possess in Arizona. In my opinion, speeding is a deviant act which is widespread in today’s world. Speeding demonstrates that an individual is breaking an actual law that has been enacted by the statute (Henslin, 2015). While I was growing up, I was involved in numerous situations in which my mother was pulled over by the law enforcement officers because she had a "lead foot". Only through these experiences, I concluded that speeding has detrimental consequences. Moreover, speeding can result in accidents and fatal injuries. Additionally, speeding results in multiple laws broken. For instance, often people run over a red light. Thankfully, my mother was never involved in an accident. However, this simple deviant act must not be overlooked as an innocuous act. Even if an individual is running late, they must consider the safety of other people on the roads around them.

Q.4 Describe a broken social rule that you observed. What was the reaction of others? Why did people react in that manner? What was your response to the situation and other’s reactions?

Personal space, more often than not, is a social rule that has been broken. For instance, one tends not to sit next to a stranger in a movie theater. Furthermore, holding conversations with strangers. Since the world has been dominated by technology and so are our interactions. We tend to enjoy social interactions taken over the internet but feel displeased at strange encounters like sitting next to a stranger in a movie theatre (Henslin, 2015). I greet many people on my way when I leave home and people feel very odd about it. Whenever I greet someone- they instead of greeting back- start to look on their smartphones. Unfortunately, I have become accustomed to this kind of behavior. Sadly, there is little I can do to change this situation.

References

Henslin, J. M. (2015). Sociology: A down to earth approach. Pearson Higher Education AU.

Race And Ethnicity

Race and Ethnicity

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Race and Ethnicity

Living on the shore of the 21st century, people face the issue of racism in society that is an unacceptable attitude. The cultural differences, physical appearances, and ethnic backgrounds lead to the problem of racism in the society. Many people face this grave and serious issue almost every single day of their lives and have to fight against it to finish the negative feelings and discrimination. In our everyday conversations we use words like stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. There is a difference between the meanings and contexts of these words but their relationship to racism is almost the same.

Stereotypes and Racism

Stereotypes are a group that is positive for its own people, but negative for the other groups. Mostly, the stereotypes develop negative attitudes and feelings towards the other groups on the basis of race. These racial stereotypes are developed in many different ways. They learn to develop a specific attitude towards people and objects by dividing them into categories and attributing vales according to that. The American society has a lot of racism and there is a large number of stereotypes in the society. The people are seen developing irrational and harsh attitudes towards the people who do not belong to their group. They are strict upon their beliefs about the concept of racism and do not like or prefer the involvement of people from the other race in their group ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NVvjC5xO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dame, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Dame, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":284,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/D8AKSF2E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/D8AKSF2E"],"itemData":{"id":284,"type":"webpage","title":"Overcoming Racial Stereotypes // University Counseling Center // University of Notre Dame","container-title":"University Counseling Center","abstract":"Providing counseling and crisis intervention to students, consultation services to campus, and supervision and training opportunities for future psychologists at the University of Notre Dame.","URL":"https://ucc.nd.edu/self-help/multicultural-awareness/overcoming-stereotypes/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Dame","given":"Marketing Communications: Web // University of Notre"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dame, 2019). I have seen that the stereotypes develop the feelings of hatred and aggression that leads to a wrong sense of superiority and entitlement.

Prejudice and Racism

The beliefs, feelings, attitudes, and thoughts held by someone about a specific group is referred to as Prejudice. One category of people is considered more superior than the other category without any specific or significant reasons. A racial majority mostly uses this set of practices for the disadvantage of a racial minority in the society. Racism is a major form of prejudice present in the American society. One type of skin tone is considered superior over the other without any other information related to his achievements or potential. Regardless of his capabilities and abilities, he and his group experience more racial prejudice than the other members of the society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BdIfsVrs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Noon, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Noon, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":292,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/HV4N26ZD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/HV4N26ZD"],"itemData":{"id":292,"type":"article-journal","title":"Pointless Diversity Training: Unconscious Bias, New Racism and Agency","container-title":"Work, Employment and Society","page":"198-209","volume":"32","issue":"1","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"The latest fashion of ‘unconscious bias training’ is a diversity intervention based on unproven suppositions and is unlikely to help eliminate racism in the workplace. Knowing about bias does not automatically result in changes in behaviour by managers and employees. Even if ‘unconscious bias training’ has the theoretical potential to change behaviour, it will depend on the type of racism: symbolic/modern/colour-blind, aversive or blatant. In addition, even if those deemed racist are motivated to change behaviour, structural constraints can militate against pro-diversity actions. Agency is overstated by psychology-inspired ‘unconscious bias training’ proponents, leading them to assume the desirability and effectiveness of this type of diversity training intervention, but from a critical diversity perspective (sociologically influenced) the training looks pointless.","DOI":"10.1177/0950017017719841","ISSN":"0950-0170","shortTitle":"Pointless Diversity Training","journalAbbreviation":"Work, Employment and Society","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Noon","given":"Mike"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Noon, 2018).

Discrimination and Racism

The actions against any group of people in the society is referred to as discrimination. It is a set of social problems that can be based on religion, age, health or any other thing. Racial discrimination has been a part of the long U.S history for a long time and is present even in the current era. The racial discrimination leads to providing benefits to the people who are privileged in their skin tone. These individuals are defined as dominant in the society and they spend their lives with a set of advantages given to them due to the color of their skin. On the other hand, the other group of individuals has to live in disadvantages because of the color of their skin. Sometimes the discriminators are harmful as they tend to ignore humanity and the uniqueness in other people.

Conclusion

The racism has been a major issue in the United States and is still common in practice even in this modern era. It is effecting the social, personal, emotional, mental, and psychological lives of people of in the society. The victims of racism have to face the issues like prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping every day in their lives. More awareness and knowledge should be given to people about this issue so that there comes an end to it and a society free of racism is created in which every individual is embraced, valued, and appreciated.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Dame, M. C. W. // U. of N. (2019). Overcoming Racial Stereotypes // University Counseling Center // University of Notre Dame. Retrieved October 31, 2019, from University Counseling Center website: https://ucc.nd.edu/self-help/multicultural-awareness/overcoming-stereotypes/

Noon, M. (2018). Pointless Diversity Training: Unconscious Bias, New Racism and Agency. Work, Employment and Society, 32(1), 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017017719841

Race And Racism

[Name of Student]

[Name of Professor]

[Name of Class]

[Day Month Year]

Race and Racism

The colored line has continuously been dividing the nation and the biggest problem of the twenty-first century. The US the minorities have unceasingly been facing lack of opportunities in access to quality education. The most visible evidence, in recent years, is the persistent attack on minority quality education. Therefore, affirmative efforts are required to protect the quality of education for minority students. In this regard, there is an assumption is that attainment of quality education for minorities is a function of their unequal access to major educational resources along with quality curriculum and skilled teachers. Based on their social and racial status, minorities have been receiving different learning opportunities.

Minority students are much less likely to attain quality education as their school is smaller with unconducive environment and facilities for learning. The black students are less in number than the white students in the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mtk5sNoB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(BARNUM)","plainCitation":"(BARNUM)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sj6ANS8g/items/FKXLZN3F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sj6ANS8g/items/FKXLZN3F"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Race, not just poverty, shapes who graduates in America — and other education lessons from a big new study","container-title":"Chalkbeat","abstract":"Black students are much less likely to graduate from high school and attend college than white students with the same family income.","URL":"https://chalkbeat.org/posts/us/2018/03/23/race-not-just-poverty-shapes-who-graduates-in-america-and-other-education-lessons-from-a-big-new-study/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"BARNUM","given":"MATT"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",3,23]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (BARNUM). While the most critical challenge is the lack of empirical evidence on quality educational attainment. In poverty lines, the number of white American is greater than that of blacks or any other members of any other group or race ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"c38FozSa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Elliott)","plainCitation":"(Elliott)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":47,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sj6ANS8g/items/EJFEKQQY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sj6ANS8g/items/EJFEKQQY"],"itemData":{"id":47,"type":"webpage","title":"Two American experiences: The racial divide of poverty","container-title":"Urban Institute","abstract":"A black child who grew up in poverty in the late 1960s was twice as likely as a white child who grew up in poverty to also be poor as an adult.","URL":"https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/two-american-experiences-racial-divide-poverty","title-short":"Two American experiences","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Elliott","given":"Diana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",7,21]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Elliott). The results estimate that the white Americans were 19.6 million compared to the black Americans were 10.2 million ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Dqcfq8SO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Elliott)","plainCitation":"(Elliott)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":47,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sj6ANS8g/items/EJFEKQQY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sj6ANS8g/items/EJFEKQQY"],"itemData":{"id":47,"type":"webpage","title":"Two American experiences: The racial divide of poverty","container-title":"Urban Institute","abstract":"A black child who grew up in poverty in the late 1960s was twice as likely as a white child who grew up in poverty to also be poor as an adult.","URL":"https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/two-american-experiences-racial-divide-poverty","title-short":"Two American experiences","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Elliott","given":"Diana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",7,21]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Elliott). After the brown's decision, African American have a considerable increase in educational attainment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pKkofcQD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Diamond)","plainCitation":"(Diamond)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":44,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sj6ANS8g/items/8YCJH9LK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sj6ANS8g/items/8YCJH9LK"],"itemData":{"id":44,"type":"article-journal","title":"Still Separate and Unequal: Examining Race, Opportunity, and School Achievement in \"Integrated\" Suburbs","container-title":"The Journal of Negro Education","page":"495-505","volume":"75","issue":"3","source":"JSTOR","abstract":"Recent research examines the Black/White achievement gap in integrated, affluent suburban schools. This gap is particularly vexing more than 50 years after the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision emphasized creating educational equity through school desegregation. Drawing on a case study of one suburban school district, this article details the structural, institutional, and symbolic inequalities that characterize such settings and contribute to educational inequality. The case reveals that, even in ostensibly integrated suburbs, Black and White students navigate a racialized educational terrain that provides cumulative advantages for Whites and disadvantages for Blacks. Implications for the future of race and educational achievement are discussed.","ISSN":"0022-2984","title-short":"Still Separate and Unequal","author":[{"family":"Diamond","given":"John B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Diamond).

To create a more equitable educational system following needs to be done. First, the state education departments need to recognize the address the overcrowding in the minority schools. Moreover, there need to be more funding to the schools on a priority basis apart from raising the standards of teachers and school environment. Lastly, the schools need to put curriculum-building and classroom-running decision in the hands of the local community.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY BARNUM, MATT. “Race, Not Just Poverty, Shapes Who Graduates in America — and Other Education Lessons from a Big New Study.” Chalkbeat, 23 Mar. 2018, https://chalkbeat.org/posts/us/2018/03/23/race-not-just-poverty-shapes-who-graduates-in-america-and-other-education-lessons-from-a-big-new-study/.

Diamond, John B. “Still Separate and Unequal: Examining Race, Opportunity, and School Achievement in ‘Integrated’ Suburbs.” The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 75, no. 3, 2006, pp. 495–505.

Elliott, Diana. “Two American Experiences: The Racial Divide of Poverty.” Urban Institute, 21 July 2016, https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/two-american-experiences-racial-divide-poverty.

Race And White Privilege

Race and White Privilege

Writer Name

Writer’s Institution

Word count = 312

Give a succinct explanation of the rise of white nationalism and the increase in the visibility of hate groups in the United States, after the election of Donald Trump

Donald Trump personified prejudice against particular racial and ethnic groups in his political campaign which led to a rise in white nationalistic rhetoric of the American public. After his election to the highest office in the country, he took policy decisions that targeted specific groups of people like the ‘Muslim’ travel ban. This prejudice against an entire community of 1.7 billion people based purely on a misplaced notion with no evidence led to a general anti-Muslim rhetoric among his supporters. This has inevitably led to an increase in number of hate groups and their activity, leading to stereotyping of all individuals of the group.

During the Charlottesville clashes, Trump’s failure to condemn racist groups and their activities could have been perceived by members of hate groups and white nationalistic groups as a tacit approval of their actions. Since stereotyping is usually associated with minority groups, it gives white nationalists a strong message that they can continue their hate-based activities with impunity. This also emboldens their belief that white people are inherently better than people of other races, a concept known as racism in Sociology. When the President of the United States refuses to condemn people and groups who are racist and prejudiced, it leads to an increase in implicit bias of white people: they unconsciously assume that some groups of people are less intelligent or more violent.

Due to this, white nationalist groups have grown in number since the election of Donald Trump and black nationalist groups have surged as a reaction. It is important to note the rising immigration in USA which has been perceived by Americans as a threat. Some people believe that their way of life and their employment opportunities have become scarce as a result – the Frustration-aggression theory – and this false belief pushed them towards white nationalism, leading to an increase in the number of hate based groups.

REFERENCES

Racial/Ethnic Prejudice & Discrimination: Crash Course Sociology #35. (2019). YouTube. Retrieved 10 April 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSddUPkVD24

Race Drugs And Policing Understanding

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Race, drugs and policing understanding

Introduction

In society, a number of activities can be observed which make people insecure and unsafe. It is not only the activities, rather it is the behavior, perspective or mindset that put the society in trouble. In society, there are certain things that create unrest i.e. drug markets. Racial disparities, policing and inequality promoted among people, make them feel inferior and drag them towards a life of crime. Inculcating in people, seed of rebellion threatens the society and the discriminating attitude and racial disparities are among the driving forces that urge people to go against the social norms, rules, and values for attaining their rights. Color has been one of the main elements that determine law enforcement.

Discussion

Many researchers raise their voice against the racial disparity and in the given article, "Race, Drugs and Policing; Understanding disparities in drug-delivering arrests" by Becket, Nyrop, and Pfingst also points towards the racial discrimination and stigmatizing of color with certain crimes. The purpose of this article is to make people aware of the racial disparities linked with certain drug arrests. The second purpose of this article is to show the impacts of intense drug law enforcement on colored people. The third major purpose this article communicated is to shine a light on the issue of racial disparity, how color and race are focused during drug arrests.

For conducting and completing this study, researchers used to survey and ethnographic observations SPD (Seattle Police Department) incidents and drug delivery arrests report as a method for collecting data. In order to compare the needle exchange data regarding Seattle’s drug deliverers with that of Seattle Police Department’s arrest records, researchers used the method of survey. Researchers conducted this study by practically collecting data regarding racial disparity, when it is about drug selling and arrest making. Researchers collected the data regarding the drug arrestees from departments like the U.S Census Bureau and Seattle Police Department who keeps the record of the drug and ethnic identity of drug arrestees.

Researchers used a quantitative method for conducting this research and they conducted this study seeking help from different departments and police, as it relied on the data provided by them. No questionnaires were used in this study, rather, data was collected from other departments. There were no participants and this study was run by gathering data from other sources and aligning it in the form of statistical data.

Data, for this study, was obtained from multiple sources and the results of this study show that the majority of those who are involved in the delivery of ecstasy, powder cocaine, methamphetamine and heroin in Seattle, are whites. The majority of blacks deliver only one drug; crack. In the case of arrests, the researchers found that 64% of offenders arrested in the delivery of any of the five drugs (ecstasy, powder cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin) are black. Three different factors influence the drug delivery arrests that focus on crack offenders; focus on outdoor drug activity and the difference in treating outdoor drug markets. Results show a racial disparity in drug delivery arrests and blacks are substantially over-presented among those who are arrested in Seattle. Organizational practices are difficult to explain in race-neutral terms, that produce an outcome (drug delivery arrests). Finds or results seem to be in line with researchers’ hypotheses.

The given study infers that people and institutes need to reconsider their policies for discouraging the stigmatizing on the basis of color. The first implication found in this article is, this research would also enable the departments and authorities to make some reforms for checking the drug delivery arrests, in which blacks are being victimized. Secondly, socioeconomic needs to be focused and improved, as they also create differences and force people to break laws. Thirdly, this research would pave the ways for those who wanted to study reasons; drug delivery arrests involve more African Americans than white Americans. Findings point towards the three main organizational factors (focus on crack offenders, blacks are over-presented even in the indoor arrests and outdoor markets blacks are threatened alike. For future research, they point towards the role of race and how it is linked with the implementation of laws that focus on anti-drug efforts enforcement. It points towards ending the drug war, policy formation that would not discriminate on the color of people with the passage of time, would focus on different drugs that might be notorious at the time when they would be conducting their studies in near future.

The strength of this study is that it used the data from reliable sources such as Seattle needle exchange surveys, ethnographic observation reports and police arrest records for conducting this research. The researcher did well; as he did not rely on self-observational data, but rather, he took help from the verified data. Previous researchers usually used their own data that they collected from different surveys (part of the methodology) and compromised the authenticity of the conclusion. The strengths of this study include data from reliable sources, getting help from the arrest records of various police departments and provision of reliable evidence of a racial disparity in Seattle. Though, I like the whole of the research. The thing that I liked best was that the researches proved all the pieces of evidence along with statistical data, and even mentioned that records from the police department showing when they were arrested and when they were set free.

The weakness of this study is that the researchers did not do any research on their own, rather they rely on the data that other institutes and departments have gathered. Researchers in this study missed mentioning, what should be the role of the higher authorities who did not pay attention to this racial disparity in the arrests. They should have included a self-conducted interview from the officers who arrest drug dealers, so that their research could have been more authentic. Weaknesses include, no self-observatory data, authorities are not blamed for ignoring this racial disparity in arrests, and nor are any suggestions being revealed, directly. The limitation of this study is, it is limited to Seattle only. The researchers generalized this study so that people belonging to every ethnic group, could be studied in it (Beckett Nyrop & Pfingst, pp.105-137). Limitations are, this study could not be used for any area other than Seattle, could be used only for mentioned drugs and mainly focuses on white and black Americans and Latinos, neglecting the other ethnic groups. Yes, the methodology supported well, this theory. The thing that I really disliked is, it could not be used at a broader level.

It is good research work, undoubtedly, but there are areas that could be improved. The researchers could include their own self-observatory work; they could also gather information from the police officers who arrest drug dealers. They could suggest the authorities of Seattle on how they could improve the conditions. They need to involve the concerned authorities as well, so that at advanced level things could be taken into consideration and also the researchers should give some suggestions on how this racial disparity could be minimized.

Conclusion

Taking a look at the above-mentioned discussion, it could be concluded that racial disparity has become one major issue due to which blacks are being over-presented and arrested in drug dealing cases. It has been observed that on the basis of color, blacks are targeted in the community and the arrest reports of Seattle Police Department show much relevance with the hypotheses of this study; that there is bias attitude towards some ethnic groups regarding drug dealing arrests.

Work Cited

Beckett, Katherine, Kris Nyrop, and Lori Pfingst. "Race, drugs, and policing: Understanding disparities in drug delivery arrests." Criminology 44.1 (2006): 105-137.

Race In Film

Race in Film

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Race in Film

Introduction

You don't fight racism with racism; the best way to fight racism is with solidarity (Bobby Seale). Racism is a well-known but vague terminology that we hear or read almost daily. A general perception about racism is that it is an old belief among the people who used to consider them superior/inferior because of their particular ethnicity and one group was marginalized by the members of the other community. They also believe that racism no more exists in this modern rather post-modern world. E. Bonilla Silva claims that the phenomenon still penetrates society but with different names. Matthew Desmond and Mustafa Emirbayer claim that racism is not determined merely by someone's complexion rather many other parameters are used to examine it. The race is based upon phenotype or ancestry according to the structure of society. Being a popular terminology, racism appears in the film also, a Hollywood film Hotel Rwanda (2004) portrays racism differently than mostly it is perceived as in the United States of America.

Body

Having a short overview of the film Hotel Rwanda (2004) is useful before starting the arguments. The film was released in 2004 and it mirrored a massacre that took place a decade in 1994 before the release of this film. A regional tribe Hutu massacred approximately a million people of another tribe Tutsi in 1994. The film is not a documentary about that horrible genocide but it presents a heroic character Paul Rusesabagina who was a hotel manager at Rwanda and he saved the lives of more than a thousand Tutsis albeit he was a Hut(Waldorf, L. 2009). He was a shrewd manager and he used all his skills to save as many people as he could. For example, he bribed the commanders of Hutu to keep them away from the people hiding in his hotel. He offered them gifts and apart from that he used his mind to blackmail them: he said to the Hutu commander that he should keep it in mind that the world would soon react harshly because of this genocide and only Paul is the man who can satisfy the international observers and investigators. This blackmailing worked and the Hutu commander did not consider killing Paul who was involved in some skeptic conspiracies according to the Hutus. The film also portrays the indifferent attitude of the western world during this terrible genocide although they were the actual cause behind this massacre. Belgians forced the two enemy tribes in one region and allowed the Tutsis to kill Hutus, but when they left the country suddenly without considering this issue of gravity, that genocide appeared as an obvious consequence. The movie gives glimpses of that large scale massacre but the story revolves around the reaction of a hotel manager who behaves calm but thoughtful when copes with this kind of circumstances.

Matthew Desmond and Mustafa Emirbayer have disbanded the myth that the age of racism has ended and there is no noticeable racism in contemporary society. They claim in their article “What is Racial Domination?” that racism exists but the sense to identify it does not. They define racism as a social terminology being perceived differently in different societies. According to this article, the race is based upon two phenomena: phenotype and ancestry. Phenotype refers to the physical appearance of some creature. All the Blacks have a phenotype similarity if a White observes, the same is the case with Whites. Almost every region of the earth has its distinct phenotype identification. The other parameter to determine someone's race is his/her ancestry. Peripheries are drawn among people considering their ancestry origin. All the killers and victims of the Rwanda genocide were having identical complexion, physique, language, culture, and almost everything. What was the cause behind this massacre then? It was a difference of ancestry: both the tribes were the lineages of two different chiefs. Interestingly, those two chiefs were the lineage of one ancestor who passed centuries ago, but this sense was too subtle to be perceived by those tribes with rough mentality.

Bonilla Silva writes in his article “Racism without Racists” that the Whites’ attitude towards racism is the same today as it was in the past. They claim that they are not racists but this claim becomes invalid when they reiterate that they are just concerned about the future of their children that is why they do not allow interracial marriages. Such marriages, they claim, can create complexities in the lives of couples and their children (Bonilla-Silva, E. 2006). One other argument of Silva is that the Whites’ racism appears when they blame the Blacks for using minority-card at every social platform instead of working hard to earn both money and respect in the society. Their concerns are undermined as being baseless and unreal. This attitude of the Whites has also been portrayed in Rwanda Hotel (2004). Paul (the protagonist) appeals to the head of the UN Mission in Rwanda Colonel Oliver to ask the UN to intervene with force and stop this terrible slaughter of the Tutsis. Col. Oliver understands the gravity of the issue and calls the UN authorities to send forces but his request is not given any importance. Had it any White country under such painful circumstances, the UN would have used all its powers to stop it immediately.

Mehrsa Baradaran’s article “The Color of Money: Black Banks and the Racial Wealth Gap” discuses an important aspect of racism. Black communities were having less than 1% of the total US wealth in 1863. Baradaran uses this gap to develop his argument that the root cause of all the US racial conflicts. He says that all the claims of condemning or curbing racism are useless if this issue is not addressed. He quotes Martin Luther King Jr. who stressed upon this issue saying that no peace can descend upon our land until the dawn of justice appears. Martin Luther King asked the authorities to see the Black unemployment with the same lens that they use to see White unemployment. Baradaran notes that president Nixon is credited with starting the trend of empowering the Black community through capitalizing the Black wealth, but the Blacks are still lagging notwithstanding every president after Nixon adopted the policy of enriching the Blacks. Baradaran notes that the reason behind this disappointing situation is cosmetic changes in the traditional American policy of keeping the Blacks less powerful by seizing their wealth.

The three primary concepts of Aguirre and Turner model of Unified Theory of Ethnic Relations that connect with the film Rwanda Hotel (2004) are discrimination,  identifiability, and distinctiveness (Aguirre, B. E., Saenz, R., & Hwang, S. 1989). These aspects claim that the conflicts occur in the communities when they identify themselves to a particular group and struggle to protect their distinctiveness. This feeling becomes the cause of peripheries among the communities. They alienate the other communities and discrimination occurs. Tutsis discriminated against the Hutus when they were powerful and the film portrays the counteraction of that discrimination that itself is discrimination albeit it ends in large scale bloodshed.

The film fails to engage with the notion of “White Privilege” or “The Ethnic Stratification” as it portrays only the rivalry among two Black tribes and it does not unveil the actual cause of that rivalry. It was the White Belgians who forced two rival tribes to settle in one area and make one group to oppress the other. Later on, they left the country with all its virtual wealth and the tribes came face-to-face which resulted in these atrocities. The viewer notices that no White person has any threat from any community in Rwanda but both the communities have threats from one another. The White people are portrayed as the well-wishers of the Blacks who are doing as much as possible to stop this genocide. Had the director considered filming a scene from the UN where the request of armed forces was being rejected, the viewer would have perceived the Whites differently. They entered Rwanda, looted its money and went away with no responsibility for what happened after their departure.

Conclusion

Racism is a phenomenon that is condemned and practiced at the same time in our country. The people have started condemning it and practicing it with a new variety of styles. I have discussed three articles by different scholars that prove that Racism is still in practice as it was in the past, but it has got some subtle and delicate forms. This phenomenon is so well-known and dominant that it has significant representation in the post-modern literature. Rwanda Hotel is a 2004 Hollywood movie that is dedicated to a hotel manager who acted heroically during the Rwanda genocide of the members of the Tutsis tribe at the hands of the members of the Hutu tribe from Eastern Africa. The consequences of promoting racism are apparent in this film, but it has missed a significant factor “The Ethnic Stratification” by the Whites as its main focused remained a black hotel manager Paul Rusesabagina.

References

Waldorf, L. (2009). Revisiting Hotel Rwanda: genocide ideology, reconciliation, and rescuers. Journal of Genocide Research, 11(1), 101-125.

Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Aguirre, B. E., Saenz, R., & Hwang, S. S. (1989). Discrimination and the assimilation and ethnic competition perspectives. Social Science Quarterly, 70(3), 594.

Reaction Paper

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

Reaction Paper

Immigration is one of the important aspects of the sociological realm in the United States. The debate about the assimilation of the immigrants in the American culture had been going on for decades and was also in full swing during the 2016 presidential elections. The key concern and question regarding this issue are about the integration of these people in American society and culture. The debate gives rise to a basic concern: Are these people (immigrants) integrate successfully into the American culture or would remain strangers inside the borders of the United States due to their cultural, economic and social norms.

Cultural assimilation of the immigrants can be studied by assessing their collected data about clothing, names, foods, and accent. Out of these factors, ‘names’ are collected systematically and hence can be used to understand the process of cultural assimilation. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (2017) published a report by studying the names of 2 million immigrants using records of the census from 1920 to 1940. The important finding of the research indicates that people who migrated between 1900-1910, they were very less likely to name their children as foreigners as they spent more time in the United States. The stats show that almost half the gap between the names of the Native Americans and that if the immigrants disappeared in 2 decades (What history tells us about the assimilation of immigrants | Public Policy Program). The sense of separation among immigrants weakened and the assimilation with American culture became comparatively stronger in the early 20th century.

It is a fact that America lacks any federally-driven agency or an effective policy for immigration integration. The criteria for assessing integration is the comparison of living standards, health, education, and income between Native and foreign population. Despite the absence of a well-established policy for the immigrants in the United States, the foreign population has become well-integrated and assimilated into the American culture (Rothenberg).

Works Cited

What History Tells Us about Assimilation of Immigrants | Public Policy Program. https://publicpolicy.stanford.edu/news/what-history-tells-us-about-assimilation-immigrants. Accessed 5 Jan. 2020.

Rothenberg, Paula S. Race, class, and gender in the United States: An integrated study. Macmillan, 2004.