Reaction Paper

Reaction paper

Joseph F. Healey in the chapter explains the prevalence of race, class and ethnicity in America. Jim Crow era implemented harsh rules for the blacks and they were treated brutally. I agree with the viewpoints of Healey that survival was difficult for the blacks. They were confined to low-level jobs such as labor. Although they provided numerous benefits to the farm owners including high productivity and profits but they continued to live in segregation. The racial classification of blacks exhibits the darker side of America.

The industrial revolution did not change the status of African-Americans. Minority groups found work only in agrarian communities. Revolution impacted blacks negatively. With the increase in competition, the environment became more hostile for the blacks. Attacks towards minority population also increased. Many firms hired black workers as cheap labor. I agree with the author’s point that a clear line was drawn between the dominant and inferior class. White Americans earned supernormal profits and attained advantage of cheap labor. While on the other hand blacks struggled for basic necessities.

Segregation was apparent in every aspect of America such as schooling and work. The kids of blacks lacked access to education that affected their futures. The chapter also highlights gender inequality. I agree that women in America experienced gender discrimination in work. They had fewer opportunities for growth compared to males. Similarly, they were paid low salaries and remained at middle-positions. Males on the other hand enjoyed wider benefits and pay scale.

I agree that the status of blacks changed from slavery to segregation and there continued to suffer the consequences of discrimination. Majority of the black population engaged themselves in fields work for meager wages. Opportunities were limited in other sectors.

Did civil war ended black segregation or African-Americans continued to suffer racial disparity?

Reaction Paper

Your Name

Professor Utzman

ENGL 2331-#

Day Month Year

Reaction Paper

The subjugation of basic rights, ethnic degradation, stereotyping whatnot that the race of Indian

Americans have faced. While the widespread of America as a continent, there were many tribes

that were affected due to the superiority claim of the Americans. Anti-Black and anti-Indian

pride was the reason for what most of the tribes faced crucial circumstances and most of them

had to sacrifice their lands and were deprived of all their valuables. My understanding of this

topic includes the fact that the Americans proved their dominance over everything through

captivation of lands along with their people. Americanization was the moment which started for

including all nearby lands in America and American culture was imposed on the people living on

those lands. Everything including even the culture if American-Indians was assimilated to prove

their dominance. The cultural diversity of once called land of spices ended. American Indians

were allotted lands for aggregation purpose but the lands were barren and were of no use.

Similarly, most of the facilities provided to them in the name of Americanization were mere

deceptions as nothing was worth their genuine notions of culture or of land. What I perceived

from this chapter from the book "Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class" by Joseph Healy is the

phenomenon of invasion of lands in the name of new land but not providing people with the

expected circumstances. Even then, American-Indians were not given proper rights instead were

sent to lands with incomplete resources and the pace set up them was being enjoyed by the

invaders. Though they sacrificed their lands and all their valuables still their identity was of

“un-American”. There were eminent differences among social and cultural values of the

Americans and American-Indians and this element put them at the clash with each other. The profit

was gained by America and America is still enjoying that profit.

Reading Response

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Reading Response to Learning from the Outsider Within: The Sociological Significance of Black Feminist Thought

Question: Why does an "Outsider Within" location give black women the capacity to develop insights outsiders and insiders are less likely to develop?

Answer: Patricia Collins has developed new insight into the roles of the Black women and their societal positions, considering the aspect of racism. The black women who work anywhere are still according to the author are Outsiders Within. The outsiders she referred to them as they are observed is not an active participant of the communities they work in. She mentions that these Outsiders work with their strong resolves and they every time try to earn the attention by being the active participants. Still, after putting best efforts, they are not able to earn the position they desire. Such attitudes with them are worse ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"M8k7kZH5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Collins)","plainCitation":"(Collins)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":104,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/9SB99L7E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/9SB99L7E"],"itemData":{"id":104,"type":"article-journal","title":"Learning from the outsider within: The sociological significance of Black feminist thought","container-title":"Social problems","page":"s14–s32","volume":"33","issue":"6","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Learning from the outsider within","author":[{"family":"Collins","given":"Patricia Hill"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1986"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Collins). They deserve the attention of the hierarchies and the respect they need, but despite doing all this everything is not good for them. She has done a thorough study into the working conditions of the Black women and has concluded that these conditions had helped them in building within them a new perspective.

She has mentioned that such an attitude with the Black Women’s everywhere have developed in them a new ability, which is a thinking ability. She mentions that when the outside conditions are not conducive for them, they develop some inside abilities. These inside abilities surround around an inside man of them, which sometimes becomes the permanent resident within them. This Insider, first of all, guides them much narrowly about how to remain in a defensive position in a certain environment. It guides them about the ways of their improvements, which are crucial for their developments. She has observed that when they develop an understanding with their inside abilities, they prefer listening to those feelings and not allow those feelings to work for the betterment of the environment outside. This unknown man within the Working black women has instilled in them a new feeling of creation of hard work and of working with full zest. Patricia mentions that such unknown inside creature happens to be everywhere, where there is a little sense of ignorance or in some cases the grief.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Collins, Patricia Hill. "Learning from the Outsider Within: The Sociological Significance of Black Feminist Thought." Social Problems, vol. 33, no. 6, 1986, pp. s14–s32.

Reading Response

Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

6March2019

Title: Reading response

One of the main postulates that Burawoy (2003) outlined with regards to Sociological Marxism is that civil society is distinct from the economy and the state yet exists alongside it. The first postulate views capitalism not as a system that plants its own demise but rather as a system which is not able to end a society’s tendency towards contradiction and crisis. The second postulate suggests that class struggle organizes itself within the terrain of the civil society or active society instead of its intensity being based on class polarization. The third postulate suggests that if the forces of production within capitalism are restricted, then it does not necessarily lead to socialist conditions maturing; however different political projects within capitalism can form within it.

Both Polanyi and Gramsci hail from two different traditions of Marxism yet agreed on the criticism as well as relative superiority of Classical Marxism. They converged on a common framework despite trotting down different paths and made contributions that serve as complementary to Sociological Marxism when synthesized.

The synthesis helps provide valuable insights to the workings of civil society and an active society with regards to their appearance and origins. Moreover, their works on hegemony and counter-hegemony together provide an understanding of how they occur as a function of class struggle and production. Moreover, a synthesis of Polanyi and Gramsci's works provides an understanding of the factors that shape political trajectories. Polanyi’s works discuss these factors at the local as well as global level, while the analysis from Gramsci demonstrates how class forces in crises or historic legacies shape political trajectories on a national scale. Thus the complementary nature of their work together resolves a number of questions that may go unresolved while presenting Sociological Marxism as an alternative or evolved form of Classical Marxism.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Burawoy, Michael. "For a Sociological Marxism:." Politics and Society 31.2 (2003): 193-261.

Reading Response

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Reading Response

The taste is central to the class structure of the French society because of its modern meaning and the etymological facts represented through the revolution. There taste more objectivism focused which depends on systems, practical knowledge, and relationships. The Bourdieu thinks that the legitimate manner and their ostentatious avoidance hurt due to the determination of the movement of approaching communicating means (Bourdieu, pp. 54). The powerful women are ready to face humiliation based on the widespread ostentatious expressions in deviant street-corner society what Bourdieu meant by the three-dimensional space was the miraculous and supernatural apparent formation. It represents a more decipher picture of the space with competent beholders of our society. It aggregates natural and empirical visionary. The education failed to deliver the results because of the condition associated with habitus. Its predisposed position reflects on the practices represented in the aim for objectivity whereas the habitus way of performing tasks is operation based.

The youths response and the social dynamics behind this response illustrates that the French represent a different degree of nature of things. It represents a more significant compared with today's world and the precise formation of the conscious selves. It recognizes the vivid legitimate demands and recent acquisitions. They work in terms of the same class habitus and individual habitus. It requires experience with integration and statistical class. The author of this book criticizes the variable based statistical analysis by representing its own statistical experiences with common class members. It represents a more imaginary experience with less social realities and more practical faith. The methodology alternative is through conversely approaching a detour of dissimulation. This is what represents the French Society and the Bourdieu in the passage. The author tries to emphasize the statistical analysis presented in this response.

Works Cited

Bourdieu, Pierre. The logic of practice. Stanford university press, 1990.

Reading Response 1

Reading response

Liberalism undermines society because it promoted the idea of a market system. Fanaticism was also the result of the liberal creed that deployed the market economy. This gave birth to the labor market and gold standard. The principles were focused on maximizing monetary gains that caused the exploitation of labor. Freedom from regulation in production gave more power to the owners. Traditional monopoly was also created under liberalism. Freedom from regulation allowed the owners to engage in exploitative practices. The poor law affected the manufacturing class due to the burden of massive productions. The wages of the employees fell irrespective of enormous profits generated by the landlords.

Free trade was only effective when countries enjoyed equal security. Benthamite liberalism focused on replacing parliamentary actions with administrative organs. The concept of self-regulating markets had caused more harm to market systems. Liberalism was more in favor of the owners, but the labor continued to suffer the consequences. Impatience, greed and high profits were the main incentives of business organizations. The firms were focused on maximizing revenues that motivated them to exploit the position of workers by demanding high work against low wages. They were also capable of exploiting the supplier's power that affected the quality of goods.

The free-market system was also criticized for promoting unemployment. Liberalism was defeated in the 1940s that created an illusion of dictatorship. Businesses in Britain and America were operating on the principles of laissez fair. It proved that without government intervention of market principles the firms would promote unfair business practices. The society and the communities were affected by market expansion. The society suffered the adversities as the poor were getting little wages that affected their lifestyles. Liberalism also gave birth to capitalism that undermines laborer power. The absence of social legislator and factory laws were also the outcomes.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation. Beacon Press Books, 2001.

Reading Response 1

Marxism is the socioeconomic theory that evaluates the class based differences and relationships within the society that become the cause of social conflicts, instability and other challenges.

It is the main objective of Marxism to eradicate class differences and poverty as it is stated in Communist Manifesto that yet "all nations to adopt the middle class mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilization into their midst" (Marx and Engels 51). However, this objective is too good to be true and practical.

Following are the three main postulates of Marxism and the way they highlight the ideologies of Gramsci and Polanyi:

Rather than the capitalist economy heading towards its collapse, capitalism makes a functioning society or common society that contains yet does not end inclinations toward emergency and logical inconsistency. Though Gramsci makes common society vital to his investigation, he has little perception of its beginning, why it may show up in certain countries and not in others. By viewing society as a response to the market, Polanyi focuses to a hypothesis of its causes.

Rather than class battle increasing with the polarization of class structure, class battle is composed on the landscape of dynamic culture or common society. Though Gramsci has a persuading investigation regarding authority as the association of class battle inside cutoff points of capitalism, he doesn't have a hypothesis of counter authority. While Polanyi does not fathom the intensity of capitalist authority, his uprooting of understanding from generation to trade makes the reason for a potential counter authority.

Rather than the unconstrained developing of the states of communism as capitalist powers of generation are chained, communism is a political undertaking—the subjection of the economy to automatic culture. Given that there is no unavoidable last emergency of capitalism and class battle does not really heighten, so differing political ventures structure inside capitalism—one party rule, social majority rule government, just as communism. For Gramsci, three variables shape political directions: notable heritages, the equalization of class powers in natural emergencies, and national models as conveyed by learned people. On the off chance that Gramsci's investigation focuses on the national dimension, Polanyi's examination of responses to business sectors works at neighborhood, national, and worldwide dimensions.

Work Cited

Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederick. Manifesto of the Communist Party. New York, NY: Cosimo, Inc., 2006.

Reading Response 1

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Reading Response 1

Bourdieu explained three fundamental types of capital; social, economic and cultural capital. In his article ‘Forms of Capital,' Bourdieu devised and focused on the term cultural capital. Basically, this term refers to the accumulation of behaviors, skills, and knowledge which is able to be tapped into the demonstration of a person's cultural competence and social status (Bourdieu, p.10). Cultural capital is also known as cultural competences, and it is subdivided into three forms, such that embodied, objectified and institutionalized. The existence of cultural capital in an integrated state means that the knowledge acquired by an individual, through education and socialization, eventually resides within the person.

Bourdieu perceived the types of capital as equally accumulative, such that the economic money is able to afford the resources and time for investing in the children’s cultural capital development that is linked to the future of education and career accomplishment, thus contributing to the accretion of the capital economically (Bourdieu, p. 13). Likewise, the success related to socio-economic status is connected with more prominent social capital, such that the social interactions within the community get influential, extensive, and increasingly helpful for gaining opportunities and further improvement with regard to economic wealth.

The more secure certain types of embodied social capital, similar to the learning the state of established music or hip-hop, the more it gets us prepared to look for getting a greater amount of the things like these. As far as standards, mores, and aptitudes, like social elegance, gendered conduct, and language, they carry on and show the cultural capital which encapsulated while the people travel through the world, and performs it as in collaboration with others.

However in a study conducted by Lareau ‘invisible inequality', she emphasized that the family life has a greater impact on the life-chances of their children, but it is more impacted through the transfer of cultural capital from the family to the child. She explained about the difference of childrearing between parents of middle-class, working-class and lower-class through a study conducted on white and black children (Lareau, p.58). Such that parents of working class take part in coordinated development by encouraging the child’s abilities through recreation exercises and broader thinking. Whereas the parents belonging to working and poor class take part in the achievement of regular development, giving the conditions under which they can develop yet leaving relaxation exercises on the will of their children (Lareau, p.76). The directive style of parenting is used rather than a logical manner. Irrespective of the race of middle-class children, they gain a sense of achievement and qualification from their family life, such that the social class is effectively more than racism.

Moreover, this difference of logical rearing of children culturally provides the differential assets to parents and children for attracting on their associations with the whole community or society. The children of middle-class exclusively gain unimportant but accumulative benefits from this style of upbringing. Whereas, the children from lower or working class background did not show a similar feeling of privilege or benefits from society. I identify more with the middle-class practice of childrearing as I am privileged enough to receive the cultural capital and a reasonable upbringing from my parents. This benefitted me in the sense that I was not discriminated at school or bullied due to a powerful person I gained from my family background and grooming. Since childhood and reaching to the college my parents gave me autonomy and confidence in myself, they poured down my mind that I am no less than anyone in any way. Thus they contributed greatly towards my social and economic stabilization in the community.

Works Cited

Bourdieu, Pierre. "The forms of capital." (1986): 10-24.

Lareau, Annette. "Invisible Inequality: Social class and childrearing in black families and white families." American sociological review 67.5 (2002): 54-83.

Reasearch Project Writing Paper

Miriam Bartley

Enter the name of Instructor

Sociology/ SOCY 101

September 12, 2019.

Research Projects with Guide for Writing Papers

Part 1: Subject Matter of Society: Society and Culture

The general in the particular

Patterned behavior is easily observable in our daily routine. Mill’s idea of patterned behavior in daily life is reliable in each aspect. In order to substantiate his argument about patterned or recurrent manner in behavior, one needs to consider the example of the dietary choices or musical nodes, as one becomes habitual with his choices whether it be diet or music. It is the most common and easily comprehensible phenomenon which take place around us.

I have observed the daily routine of a friend who accompanies his father to the religious congregation five times a day, to a mosque designated for them. I think that by no means they are referred or characterized for their gatherings five times a day. Such routine of him or anyone cannot be the justification to categorize individual or community with specific social characterization. I derive an individual identity from this pattern, which is what I am easy at calling him.

Riesman’s interpretation of general pattern in social institution is based on the notion that social institution forms an element in a more general concept. Riesman therefore simply adheres to categorize gender as social structure ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QFU7Vccq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Donald)","plainCitation":"(Donald)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":154,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/XBDIFDN5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/XBDIFDN5"],"itemData":{"id":154,"type":"book","title":"The Norton Mix Sociology Reader","publisher":"Norton Custom Library","author":[{"family":"Donald","given":"Tricarico"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Donald). In light of this argument of Riesman, one might conclude that social trends which remain most obvious and perceptible govern the general pattern of social media. For example, every day we notice that social media posts are based on what is the most general trend of society and nothing else.

Heavy metal reflects the rebellion by young males against adult authority. This reflects that distinctive feature exists between young people and adults. By no way it should be interpreted as a rebellion, for the reason that society in their (young male) is premeditated in such way. By no means certain choices of the particular group define or decides nature of attitude of a certain group with others.

The Group and the Individual

I believe that Riesman’s concept of social classification is more general. In light of his argument about social institution, I believe that my involvement in a social media network is influenced by societal trends. For example, being a social media handler, I never go against the general trend. I criticize what I believe is against societal norms. Secondly, I prefer social collaboration not just on the platform of social media, rather in a more practical form as well.

Being part of a community or more generally as part of a social structure, one surely becomes a reflection of societal norms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8kaOkZeK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Donald)","plainCitation":"(Donald)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":154,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/XBDIFDN5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/XBDIFDN5"],"itemData":{"id":154,"type":"book","title":"The Norton Mix Sociology Reader","publisher":"Norton Custom Library","author":[{"family":"Donald","given":"Tricarico"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Donald). But, not at every time or not in one’s personal space that social reality or so-called, social structure should influence. The social reality constrains my behavior in the way I dress up or what music should I listen too. Other than this, I have not observed myself getting influenced by the social reality whether it be Durkheim's ‘external’ reality or Riesman’s social structure.

I fit into such social constraints for the fact that ‘Social Media’ provides a platform to interact with some of my close friends. It also connects individuals to the fashion bloggers or designers which from to time influence their way of dressing and attires. So by such ways I am constrained to such social strictures. It is the most noteworthy fact that social media provides such opportunity to each person and not just to one specific individual or group of people.

Constrains and conformity leaves the room for individuality. In no manner, the social media influencers constrain the behavior of any individual, nor does it provide a certain set of guidelines to conduct social affairs. Individuality is just compromised, if one becomes vulnerable or accessible to each social norm, whether it be the social media, any blogger or any famous personality.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Donald, Tricarico. The Norton Mix Sociology Reader. Norton Custom Library, 2016.

Reflection

Siria

Instructor Name

Sociology

27 December 2019

Reflection

This book called Race, Class and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study is about the issues that are commonplace regarding the concepts that are mentioned in the title. It also talks about the historical backgrounds of all these concepts and the process of their steady evolution, turning into what we encounter today in these contemporary times.

On a personal note, I am personally intrigued to learn more about these concepts and this collection of articles has provided me with ample food for thought. I am a __________ by birth, and I would certainly like to know how the people belonging to my faith ended up in the US. Also, the concept of diversity has formed new questions in my mind related to my own ethnic and racial heritage. But one thing that the author has done is she has created a storm in my mind regarding the concept of racism, class differences and gender and sexual identities that I have managed to take for granted in this world. We, as the citizens of the US, are not as free from racism that we often think ourselves to be.

There are certain things on which I have divergent views from the author. For one, diversity is a strength that needs to be used. There should be no doubt that the US is the nation build on the sweat of the immigrants of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, and the portrayal of the author of this diversity as a weakness is somewhat disturbing.

In the end, I would like to stress that although these concepts have evolved, we still find them difficult to understand due to our religious beliefs. These sets of beliefs have made me clear about my ethnic and racial identity and that is all due to my parents and close relatives. But this does not mean that we have the right to persecute the people with beliefs that seem off the beaten path. I still have friends with different racial and ethnic beliefs, which is the thing that led me to perceive diversity as a strength in the first place.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Paula S. Rothenberg, Soniya Munshi. Race Class and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study. Ed. 10th. New York: MacMillan Learning, 2016. Ebook. <https://4.files.edl.io/1c97/05/06/19/170057-b1a94e75-3a11-42ee-aecd-0fe284f6d19e.pdf>.

Reflection # 5

Reflection #5

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Reflection #5

Ageism is a term that can be defined as discrimination against people based on their age. This also includes the prejudicial attitude not only towards older people but older age and the aging process. The discrimination based on age is an issue that is often neglected by our society. Even today, people have the same stereotypical thinking regarding the age of people. Typically, many people discriminate older because of their physical and mental abilities. However, I believe that if given a chance that many older people, despite their age, can still be a functional member of society. Discrimination based on age is very common in the workplace as well. It has been observed that most of the companies prefer younger employee rather than overage people. Thus discrimination older people. Despite having experience and qualification required for the companies do not consider that are overage (Kendall, 2019).

In the context of racial discrimination, many African-Americans and immigrants are not able to earn as much as most of the white people do. Due to this, the retirement package of white people is sufficient for them to lead a life without any difficulties. In contrast, the black people and immigrants do not have access to a suitable retirement plan due to which they struggle to find to bear their expenses. Additionally, not only older people face gender discrimination; many adolescents also face age discrimination. People consider adolescents as adults and treat them accordingly. Even in adulthood, people face discrimination based on their age. For instance, women are supposed to get married and have children at an early age (Kendall, 2019). Also, pursuing education after a specific age is not possible, as many educational institutes have strict policies regarding age. Thus, discrimination continues in every field of life.

According to the functionalist perspective, all the elements of society are interdependent upon each other. Similarly, the discrimination based on age at an early childhood continues till the old age. As it is perceived that attaining education guarantees a promising future, but due to racial discrimination and social inequalities, people are not able to attain education. This results in a lack of job opportunities hindering the chances of a good retirement plan. Thus it is necessary to finish the age-based discrimination so that a society can flourish.

References

Kendall, Diana. Social Problems in a Diverse Society. Pearson, 2019.

Reflection # 5

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Reflection #5

The most interesting topics that I have learned are the racism, invention of heterosexuality, and masculinity as homophobia. The concept that I have learned in racism is that it is not limited to any specific group of color. It can be any of group based on their personality traits, physical appearances, and their belongingness. With the help of the invention of heterosexuality, it has allowed me to understand the sensitivity of different gender-oriented actions and behaviors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7KGG2Wfc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rothenberg)","plainCitation":"(Rothenberg)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1489,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/FJNZVNB9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/FJNZVNB9"],"itemData":{"id":1489,"type":"book","title":"Race, Class, and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study","publisher":"Worth Publishers","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=6Cu2CwAAQBAJ","ISBN":"978-1-319-08189-8","author":[{"family":"Rothenberg","given":"P. S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rothenberg). Lastly, masculinity as homophobia has made me able to learn the traditional perspective of masculinity in society.

It is important to allow college students to learn about multiculturalism and diversity. This is important to avoid any stereotype and discrimination of any gender and sexes. With the change in time and more freedom, more genders have emerged, and to create a clear understanding; it is important to decrease the gaps in communication. While diversity and multiculturalism will allow the students to overcome these gaps and understand different perceptions to allow college students will allow them to understand the stereotypes in the society that are created by the different actions and perceptions of different genders. Diversity will allow them to experience different gender orientations and make them able to differentiate between assumptions and realities that are important.

According to my reflection about the topics that are necessary to be studied are different concepts of feminism that have led to discriminations against men. I am suggesting this for a reason that, new waves of feminism have changed orientations towards the real meaning of feminism. It is also important to study homophobia of masculinity and religion because men in some religions relate to patriarchal concepts that have been considered in our traditions. Creating a clear understanding of religions and genders is important to avoid discriminatory behaviors.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Rothenberg, P. S. Race, Class, and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study. Worth Publishers, 2016, https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=6Cu2CwAAQBAJ.

Reflection 2

02/_ bjbj,E,E 4N/N/ 8j4RRRdRRR3PR 0,(33YLRX B Firstname Lastname

Dr. Miskec

ENGL XXX

28 December 2019

Reflection 2

There are many aspects of differences among ethnic and racial groups in the United States and these factors rise through the history of each group and influence the minority/dominant relations at the present day. Racial formation is one of the important factors as in the United States, the division based on skin color is defined rigidly historically where white color is the symbol purity and mastery while blacks are mostly looked down upon. The concept of the race lies in the physical characteristics of a person like skin color and other physical attributes. In southern culture, white privilege was a common practice and was a cherished aspect. This discrimination resulted in tension and increased bitterness in different sections of the society especially in North and make divisions among the working class of the society.

Racism is manipulated and dictated by institutional policies and agendas where a state decides which race or ethnicity should be treated in a certain way as obvious from the example of Jews in the United States. The author suggests that the success of the Jewish community in the United States is not solely because of their abilities and hard work but also due to the absence of social barriers for them to its realization. Gender is also an important aspect so much so that it is almost assumed to be bred into our genes and is a kind of human production which that depends constantly on everyone. The gendering process and the associated outcomes are legitimated by science, law, religion and entire set of societal values. The heterosexuality is also an influencing factor in this regard as after the transformation from producer to consumer family unit and the change in the members of the family, the human body was perceived as a novel economy. In this background, sex started to be considered as a mode of pleasure and consumption rather than just reproduction. Considering gender roles, masculinity is perceived as a symbol of hatred and negative prejudices against homosexuals, hence causing barriers for heterosexuality and related practices. All these factors discussed above are responsible for racial and ethnic differences among different groups and sections of the society and influence dominant/minority relations.

Works Cited

Rothenberg, P. S. (2004).Race, class, and gender in the United States An integrated study. Macmillan.

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Reflection Crime And Criminal Justice

Reflection: Crime and Criminal Justice

Siria

Reflection: Crime and Criminal Justice

Any action that violates a set of rules described by the judiciary or human rights is known as Crime. In light of classic criminology theory, crime is a behavior or attitude that one chooses to adapt, after analyzing the gain and consequences CITATION Bla14 \l 1033 (Black, 2014) .These rules or laws vary from one region of the world to the other. Consequences of delinquency includes imprisonment, fines, and restrictions to avoid such activities in the future. Minor crimes, also known as Misdemeanors include breaking traffic laws, shoplifting, trespassing, and simple assault, etc. Whereas serious delinquencies include aggravated assault, arson, manslaughter, murder, rape and animal cruelty, etc. Punishment for any crime is according to the intensity of that crime, which also varies in different regions of the world. Criminal justice, as the name suggests, means to deliver justice to criminals. The criminal justice system of any country includes multiple government organizations including police, jury and prison and rehabilitation centers. The main purpose of establishing this system is to provide a safer environment, correcting the behavior of criminals and limiting crimes. A large number of civilians come in contact with these organizations every day. Thus, a proper and transparent criminal justice system is important for any society because it guarantees its security.

Criminal justice has been a highlighted topic for a long time. Improper and biased criminal justice has negatively affected all walks of life. CITATION Dia19 \l 1033 (Kendall, 2019) I think greed for wealth, hunger for power and will to maintain social inequality is the main reason for corruption prevailing in criminal justice. According to conflict theorists, people are divided into two classes: Working for lower class and powerful Elite class. The laws are fashioned to suit the high class but these laws do not let the working class get away. The elite class has set different rules for each class. Only the poor of the society is convicted, sometimes lawfully and sometimes illegally. Even when, rich people are accused or found guilty, they have the privilege to hire lawyers or using influence, they get away with punishment. Conflict theorists elaborate on the kind of crime both categories commit. The upper class is mostly involved in larger embezzlements, White collar crimes, and property thefts. While lower class tends to engage in delinquencies like burglary, murder or assault. I have observed that sometimes, lower-class commits crimes on order of elites. But when it comes to punishment, only the lower class has to face the consequences. From this, I interpret that the elite class exploits the lower class and then sacrifices them to maintain their supremacy.

Rehabilitation programs are conducted to offer therapies to criminals, to understand their psychological issues and provide assistance. In this way, not only a criminal is reformed but the probability of repetition of crime and financial burden of prison decreases. Considering the conflict approach, to decrease the crime rate, it is important to diminish factors like power accumulation within a class, social injustice, and economic inequality. According to the Marxist approach, there is an agreement that serious felonies like murder, arson, and rape are hideous crimes, some less-aggravated crimes are a risk to only people who belong to a higher class, intending to accumulate wealth and gain power. This can be described as people who have lesser opportunities to learn and grow tend to choose the criminal path more than the people who have better prospects and resources. In conclusion, criminal behavior is developed in a person because of discrimination, injustice, and inequality, that person has faced. However, a question arises, why people who do well, still engage in delinquencies. I believe the reason is they have fear to lose their wealth and property or have a hunger to gain more. This practice again is because of the mindset that believes in inequality and injustice. In my view, the crime rate can decrease and the criminal justice system can improve when social justice and equality are employed.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Black, P. (2014). Conflict theroies of Crime. Willey Blackwell.

Kendall, D. (2019). Social Problems in a Diverse Society. Pearson.

Reflection Journal

Reflection Journal

[Name of the Student:]

[Name of the Institution:]

Reflection Journal

Summary

Societies have formal and informal ways to control negative behaviours (harmful, destructive, irritating, or abusive) that originate in individuals or groups. A Sociology Professor at Princeton University, Sarah Mclanahan, disagrees with the fact that a family's disruption leads to increase crime rates. She associates crimes with the effects of long-term social contacts and ties that they establish with others in their lifetime (WeTransfer, n.d.). Negative behaviours can be classified as deviance or crime. Deviance and crime are two distinctive words that may be confused, however, with each other sometimes. Deviance can be any divergent behaviour against the established norms and moral principles of a society. Crime is a violation of the law enacted in a particular region or state. James Houston, Associate Professor at Appalachian State University, has done extensive research on gang psychology and activities. He comments that individuals in a gang have the goals the same way as other social groups do. He argues that the gang members innovate things, like other people do. The difference emerges when a dispute arises about the acceptable or unacceptable behaviours. Deviant behaviours are controlled by society’s powerful groups, or through informal social control, that is, common people’s appreciation or depreciation, referred to as cultural transmission. Crime is controlled through formal social control, such as power of state, police, court, employers, and administration. An individual or group is given law-defined punishment (physical, financial, or other) for committing a crime. Both deviance and crime commonly share 'stigma' as a response of the society toward an individual or group that is an expression of disgrace, shame, and devaluation (Witt, 2012). Research indicates that disrupting interpersonal social relationships can lead to deviance or serious crimes. Michelle Jensen, a teenage girl, was murdered by her six fellows in 1993, who got enraged by her denial of lending her car for a convenience store robbery. The culprits were all teenagers, showed no regret at the time of arrest, were high school dropouts, and only one of them lived with both parents. Experts suggest that young teenagers should be affiliated with some responsible adults who could guide them in interacting with the society. The young ones should be nourished with moral values that get deep-rooted in their psychology. Gang prevention programs must originate on the local levels.

Reflection

The reading and the ‘gang’ movie provide ample insight into the social issues of deviance and crime. The two terms have been differentiated through definitions, implications, and instances. Experts, in the video, have given valuable comments to disclose the facts relating to crime and gang practices. It provides explanations by professionals with different backgrounds, enabling the viewer to understand the issue from different perspectives. The reading gives explanations to plenty of related, interesting terms such as control theory, stigma, anomie, social disorganization theory, labelling theory, white-collar crime, victimless crime, and others. It makes useful connections between the causes, treatments, and effects of the two social phenomenon, deviance and crime. The interesting thing in this module was learning about the topic through various media and getting informed on the topic by the expert inputs of various seasoned professionals. Another interesting information was the suggestion of movies related to deviance and crime. Evidence presented in support of the arguments was informative as well as heart-wrenching. It created serious, committed, and thoughtful attitude toward the issue. The learning in this module provokes certain questions that should be thought of as well. What initiatives organize the social ties and relationships between individuals in a way that prevents any deviance or crime to occur? How values be inflicted in the minds of young people such that they avoid any negative behaviours on their own? Why do the present law and order in the country not successfully mitigate the rate of crimes?

Works Cited

WeTransfer. (n.d.). RPReplay_Final1573093040.MP4. Retrieved November 11, 2019, from https://wetransfer.com/downloads/61c42446bba3107253cdeaf1a92b83fe20191111000136/64bcca

Witt, J. (2012). SOC 2013. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Reflection Journal # 2

Reflection Journal 2

[Name]

[Institute]

Author Note

Reflection Journal 2

The rising population and the inabilities of most countries around the world to adequately manage their resources is taking this planet towards its doom at a much quicker pace than anticipated earlier. Throughout the history of mankind, especially after the twentieth century, the degradation of the environment in an effort to improve the present quality of food, comfort, clothing, and shelter has only made our lives worse. This improper utilization of resources often leads to useless production of materials and even the degradation of the environment as a result of population growth. This causes a divide between the rich and the poor countries and the situation is further exacerbated by technological developments, resource mismanagement, and consumption habits ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aX1w7LdU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kendall, Thompson, & Nygaard, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Kendall, Thompson, & Nygaard, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":877,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/2MT7LNZP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/2MT7LNZP"],"itemData":{"id":877,"type":"book","title":"Social Problems in a Diverse Society","publisher":"Pearson Education Canada","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=1tIXQgAACAAJ","ISBN":"978-0-205-66390-3","author":[{"family":"Kendall","given":"D. E."},{"family":"Thompson","given":"E. G."},{"family":"Nygaard","given":"V. L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kendall, Thompson, & Nygaard, 2010).

The responsibility for such devastation can be attributed to developing countries as well as developed countries alike. However, the developed countries are more at fault for this, considering that 85% percent of the gross world product and 23% of its population are responsible for consuming most of the world natural resources. This causes a divide within society that is much similar to the class conflict that was highlighted by Karl Marx.

In my opinion, the next world war would not occur because of land, or oppression, but because of the blatant the mismanagement of resources which is depriving many parts of the world the basic human needs i.e. clean water, nutritious food, and even shelter. Growing environmental changes are only adding to these problems which are further exacerbating the situation with the availability and management of natural resources. It is these resources alone that are making certain individuals, and their countries by proxy, richer while making other countries or units of society poor, with some even plunging below the poverty line.

Thus, it is high time that both the developed and developing countries in the world own up to their responsibilities and reorient their productive activities into one that is more harmonious with nature. In my opinion, while this challenge may become all the more difficult, owing to the uneven stages of development the countries are in at present, the attainment of positive outcomes is more possible than ever before. In this regard, the areas that would need work are increasing the food production and extensive recycling of natural material through unconventional and unorthodox means could be the thing that could ultimately save the planet. Furthermore, the use of alternative modes of energy can also prove to be relatively helpful in this regard and enable large segments of society to even the odds created through the unequal distribution of resources.

The application of all these means is more or less essential in an effort to ensure that the finite resources available on the planet are not pushed to their limits, which may result in the devastation of the planet as a whole with the human population at one another’s throats for basic human needs. Thus, at present, our common goal should be improving the quality of life for the people living on the planet in a manner that can enable individuals to improve their quality of life. Furthermore, the implementation of policies that guarantee the social, economic and personal well-being of individuals. This is also essential in order to assure that they will be given their fundamental human rights under all conditions, which allows them to live a life where they can feel at peace and one with the world. I firmly believe that this is one goal that can be achieved at all costs and ensures that the human population is willing to undertake the necessary challenges to ensure the sort of social change which can change the life of people on the planet for the better.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, D. E., Thompson, E. G., & Nygaard, V. L. (2010). Social Problems in a Diverse Society. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=1tIXQgAACAAJ

Reflection Paper

Racial Discrimination

Institutional Affiliation

Student’s Name

Instructor

Course

Date

Racial Discrimination

Bonilla Silva’s Argument

Bonilla Silva argues that racial discrimination is one of the things most blacks face in white dominated nations. The blacks are discriminated in various places like in the institutions. He claims that you would find people saying I could not find a job because I was black. The education system has also discriminated the blacks. This is why you would find better schools have most white students as opposed to the blacks. The basis of racial difference has been used in white nations in determining the kind of person who would be given access to certain resources. Bonilla also states that the blacks are also discriminated when it comes to geographical settlement. There are various areas which are only preserved for the blacks in the white dominated nations, and in such areas you could only find very few whites, especially those who are poor or they don’t have real citizenship in such nations (Monnat 2010).

In general, Bonilla tries to demonstrate the extent to which the blacks have been discriminated. This kind of racial discrimination is one of the things people gave been fighting against for a very long time, but this still exists. This is because the blacks are seen as people who do not have value as opposed to the whites. This is the reason as to why most whites would be found in institutions with better facilities and vice versa. Cultural racism also happens, where the blacks are viewed as lazy people. Such perceptions among many others highly contribute to denied chances among the blacks. The whites feel there is need to provide opportunity to the group of people who deserve, which in this case are the whites. I feel it is high time that people need to be educated on the need to practice equality. The whites should understand that it is through working together that great things can be achieved.

References

Monnat, S. M. (2010). Toward a critical understanding of gendered color-blind racism within the US welfare institution. Journal of Black Studies, 40(4), 637-652.

Reflection Paper

The Talk- Race in America

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

The Talk- Race in America

The Talk- Race in America, is a documentary directed and produced by Sam Pollard, was telecasted on PBS which pertains to an increasingly essential discussion taking place in communities across the country between Black & Latino Parents and their children about their interaction with law enforcing bodies and police. I found six different stories in the film, each offering different perspectives on how the community is affected by violence and racism in America.

The documentary makes my attention towards an idea of Double-Consciousness. The term was first used by W. E. B. Du Bois in his book “The Souls of Black Folk”. He described “double consciousness” as a peculiar sense, in which the individuals look at themselves through the eyes of others and critically measure their souls from worlds perspective of contempt, amused and pity. In my opinion, Double-Consciousness is a conflict of perception and reality experienced by minority groups in domineering society.

In the third segment of the documentary, Mohammed Kamal from Ghetto gave his opinion that he could not save his children from racism, even if he is doing nothing wrong, earning a good amount of money and living in a well-off neighborhood. There is a reflection of Double-Consciousness in his thoughts that he thinks of himself and his family as good as any other but not in the eyes of society they are living in. Another segment features a mother of 12 years old boy Tamir Rice, who was shot dead by police just for playing with a toy gun. I am sure if he was a white child, he remained alive. Samaria was Double-Conscious in her thoughts. She assumed the world would see at her 12-year-old son a kid, but the officer that shot him thought he was a man above 20. I feel that this is possibly the most painful aspect of “the talk,” that the people of color acknowledging their children that they are living in an immoral world where they are always judged with suspicion just because of their skin color.

Reflection Paper

Reflection Paper

Name (First M_Last)

Institution Name

. It is true that without socializing a person feels lonely and depressed, but when many social factors significantly start affecting the life of a person, it gets chaotic for sure. The society that I lived and still live in is a complex structure of humans and their interactions with the surroundings that they live in. When I learned about functionalism, I realized that there are many elements of culture that are taken by people from different sociological perspectives. I noticed that people are judged on the basis of their color, creed, country, religion, and sexuality. And there are people who talk about the rights but in the same society, there is kind of people in majority too which is desperate to go against those who speak of rights and bully them for their inner satisfaction which they never get ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a59o1erfk8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}Functionalism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“Functionalism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":563,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/2RJg7y7G/items/CKGTQXX6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/2RJg7y7G/items/CKGTQXX6"],"itemData":{"id":563,"type":"webpage","title":"Functionalism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy","URL":"https://www.iep.utm.edu/functism/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Functionalism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,” n.d.).

I observed that there is so much negativity in the society I am living in. I learned that being too much friendly and available for help is not good for one’s life too because people are always in the hunt of advantage. From the very beginning, I loved making friends and socializing where ever I went but where it gave me so much love, I fought with too much hatred from the society too. And even now, I find myself on the horizon of chaos every single day of my life. I work hard enough in my office to establish a good career for myself, I have made good relations with my colleagues too, having them is great but most of the times they push me to do their tasks, and for the sake of friendship I do that for them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a19peotpqmh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM THEORY,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM THEORY,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":561,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/2RJg7y7G/items/U8C76VFJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/2RJg7y7G/items/U8C76VFJ"],"itemData":{"id":561,"type":"webpage","title":"SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM THEORY","URL":"https://www.communicationtheory.org/symbolic-interactionism-theory/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM THEORY,” n.d.). It has caused me so much trouble at work, my entire time management was disturbed, and it affected my relation with family too. In short, symbolic interaction affected my life bad. Now, I am trying so hard to stop it and try to be straightforward when they come to me like that.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Functionalism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2019, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/functism/

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM THEORY. (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2019, from https://www.communicationtheory.org/symbolic-interactionism-theory/

Reflection Paper

Name

Professor name

Subject

Date

Reflection

Baradaran has highlighted many issues such as racial wealth gap. This argument influenced me because it provided clear distinction and factors behind the wider gap between the blacks and whites. I agree that blacks have contributed to survive in deprived conditions and rarely found any chances of improving their financial status. Compared to blacks, whites enjoyed better statuses and also maintained wealth throughout history. The author for such evident wealth gap also criticizes the banking policy. This encouraged blacks to demand equality resulting in the creation of black banks. The purpose of black banks was to show resistance against the social inequalities. The blacks claimed that whites are non competent to run the banks in black communities (Baradaran 8).

Blacks believed that the whites running banks have been the reason for blacks poverty. To overcome wealth gap blacks decided to open black banks. Baradaran has evaluated black banks through critical lens stating that they have never contributed to their improvements. These banks according to the author have been the cause of poverty. The statistics are used for proving this claim such as 60% of the black population is under banked and unbanked (Baradaran 8). Blacks have been caught into the debt trap which they are unable to escape. On small loans they have to pay high interests which minimize their possibilities of paying back debts. This is because they are relying on black banks which are fringe banks. They are also paying high fee from small services. The author has argued that all these factors are thus contributing to black poverty. However they are inclined to rely on black banks due to their irrational belief that white banks are looting their money or are insincere with them. If black banks were effective they would have eliminated poverty by now.