Lesson 5 Writing Assignment - Social Structure

Lesson 5

Organic solidarity is the result of the division of labor as the members of society become dependent on each other. The common example is of a hotel that needs different people for performing different functions. The characteristics of Organic solidarity that defines modern community includes division of labor, people rely on others for the achievements of goals and achieving common goals. The common example is an organizational success depending on the collective work of employees. The architect is responsible for constructing the building; the administration manages the organizational affairs, managers supervise the employees. The labor is divided among chefs, wait staff, finance officers, etc. The hotel services and its operations are dependent on the collaborative output of employees CITATION Pet121 \l 1033 (Thijssen, 2012). Organic solidarity also explains that people have different beliefs and they take independent roles for performing complex tasks.

Mechanical solidarity refers to the same beliefs and core values shared by the people. It was prevalent before the industrial revolution when people were performing similar jobs. Mechanical solidarity stresses more on similarities that changed after industrialization and modernization CITATION Hea97 \l 1033 (Griffiths, Keirns, & Scaramuzzo, 1997).

Gemeinschaft stresses on the personal connection of individuals with social values and traditional rules. The dependence of the people in these values leads to cooperative social organization. The tradition and social norms hold significant power of influencing people’s actions and behaviors CITATION Ash181 \l 1033 (Crossman, 2018). The actions produced by the people of society is the result of subjective feeling.

Gesellschaft emphasizes on the impersonal and indirect connections of the people with society. Formal values and beliefs are more important and supported by the rational mindset. The common examples include different organizations taking independent roles like bureaucracies and judiciary. The organizations are working for maintaining social order in societies.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Crossman, A. (2018). The Concept of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft . Retrieved 02 17, 2019, from https://www.thoughtco.com/gemeinschaft-3026337

Griffiths, H., Keirns, N. J., & Scaramuzzo, G. (1997). Introduction to Sociology 2e. 12th Media Services.

Thijssen, P. (2012). From mechanical to organic solidarity, and back: With Honneth beyond Durkheim . European Journal of Social Theory , 15 (4).

Lifetime Changes

Lifetime Changes

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Lifetime Changes

Although most of the time we don't think about the social norms but it is also a fact that these norms impact our life one way or the other. These are the norms which are considered acceptable for a specific setting or a given situation. There are two main types of social norms which are formal and informal norms. The formal norms are the ones which are based on societal laws. These laws are created for us in society so that we can live peacefully. No matter what type of the norm it is, they change over time and at the beginnings, we will feel odd but with the passage of time, one will get used to it. For example, at first we were told to sit properly in the classroom in a more organized manner, we were told not to speak in front of the teacher but with the passage of time, these norms change a lot. Now if we want to sit at the front row or back row we are sitting in a circle or not it depends on us.

Likewise, we were told to behave in a certain manner while entering the classroom that was more civilized and disciplined. One of the most prominent informal norm that I personally noticed the informality of how very few people dress up. Workplaces are business casual or uniforms for a specific portion of jobs. When I was a kid a dressy outfit was required for the church and if a person does not dress up like that he/she was looked down by the crowd. But today I am so comfortable that I can wear anything that provides modest coverage which is truly acceptable. As far as I am concerned I am ok with the trend and I can even wear jeans to the church. Although at first I feel uncomfortable and it took me a lot of time to convince myself that it is fine to wear jeans but slowly I became comfortable and now I am totally ok to wear jeans or in case of a classroom I am ok to enter the classroom without following the instructions of the teacher as far as I am taking care of the norms and also respecting my teachers.

Linking Sociology Theories To Biomimicry



Linking Sociology Theories to Biomimicry

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Linking Sociology Theories to Biomimicry

Theories and Bio-Mimicry

Structural Functional Theory is a social theory which is also known as functionalism. This theory looks society and community as a designed structure with numerous interrelated parts aligned for meeting the social and biological needs and wants of people or individuals in the society. The theory has seen similarities between the human body and the society or community of his or her living (Thompson, Hickey, Thompson, 2016).

Symbolic Interaction Theory is a micro level theory which is concerned with the focus on relationships of people or individuals with society. In this, communication is the main exchange of meaning by the help of symbols and knowledge which are used by the individuals in the society to communicate with each other as well as to convey their messages and ideas (Thompson, Hickey, Thompson, 2016). This theory sees individuals are the active people who shape the society or social world than only being acted upon.

Biomimetic or Bio-Mimicry is the detailed examination of nature and natural resources, its systems, models, elements and all other processes to eradicate or take motivation for solving all of the human issues or problems.

Linkage of Structural Functionalism Theory and Symbolic Interactionism Theory to Bio-Mimicry

Structural Functionalism and Symbolic Interactionism Theories are linked with the Bio-Mimicry and its concept in many ways but the major and strong point which link them is the core concepts of these theories are similar with the concept of Bio-Mimicry. In short, Structural Functional Theory sees society as a structure that meets social needs of individuals and Symbolic Interaction Theory focus on relationships of people with the society, while Bio-Mimicry is the examination of nature for solving human issues or problems (Thompson, Hickey, Thompson, 2016). It means that all of these three are concerned with meeting the needs and expectations of individuals and to solve their potential problems.

Effects of Green-Washing and its Negatives

Green Washing affects us in the way it harms our environment. Greenwashing concept sometimes seems more environmentally conscious and green for the people but in reality, it is not as it claims.

References

Is Greenwashing Destroying the Environment? - MaintenX. (2017). MaintenX. Retrieved 11 June 2019, from https://maintenx.com/greenwashing-destroying-environment/

Thompson, W. E., Hickey, J. V., & Thompson, M. L. (2016). Society in focus: An introduction to sociology. Rowman & Littlefield.

Literature Review

Literature Review

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

National Disability Insurance Scheme

Introduction

The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) assists individuals with a disability to have choices of their own in order to lead meaningful lives by establishing a network of person-centered support. People with psychological disability can achieve significant positive benefits through potential aspects of the NDIS. It is one of the most important reform in the facet of disability services in Australia to increase funding for disability services. The basic purpose of this disability scheme is to design particular aspects in order to deliver effective care for disable persons in Australia (Mansell & Beadle‐Brown, 2004). It is notable to mention that the NDIS is constructed on an actuarial insurance model. The NDIS provides no-fault insurance cover for Australian who are born with or acquire any disability including psychological, cognitive, or physical. It is noteworthy to mention that the Australian government provides support and bear all the expense of disability-related care under the National Disability Insurance Scheme. However, people often argue about the efficiency of NDIS that it is built around the needs of the service system instead of catering to the needs of eligible individuals. Here, the focus is to determine the effectiveness of the NDIS in the Australian community.

Literature Review

It is notable to mention that the literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, journals, and other sources to provide a critical evaluation of these works in order to discuss essential paradigms of any specific issue or theory. A literature review provides a foundation of knowledge on any specific issue that helps in determining the significance of any topic. It also helps in identifying inconstancies in previous researches to provide context for new research. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the work of various authors on the National Disability Insurance Scheme to reveal gaps in this scheme. Evaluating these sources will provide potential solutions to ensure the best outcomes for people with various disabilities.

John Walsh and Sarah Johnson made extensive research on the National Disability Insurance Scheme to document the chronology of the actuarial developments leading up to the NDIS. The Australian government increased the Medicare levy in order to increase the funding for disabled persons. Walsh and Johnson illustrate that the NDIS is based on a very well tested model in accordance with the work of Sir Owen Woodhouse in 1967. According to these authors, the NDIS resemble the principles of Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) of New Zealand. With the passage of time, the Australian government introduced a new scheme in 1974 to cover the broader disability as well as injury. Walsh and Johnson emphasize the failure of the wood-house scheme following the change of government in 1975. It is important to mention that reforms in the disability scheme were based on Woodhouse's principles. Walsh and Johnson demonstrate that later reforms in disability scheme include real compensation, comprehensive entitlement, community responsibility, and administrative efficiency, which were basic principles of Wood-house scheme. It is noteworthy to mention that the development of NDIS concepts determines the deep history of insurance for disabled persons in the Australian community (Walsh & Johnson, 2013).

Theresa Williams and Geoffrey Smith demonstrate the significance of the National Disability Insurance Scheme in their article to provide a better understanding of the importance of this scheme for people. According to Williams and Smith, national disability long term care and support scheme lacked some important values that were crucial for providing effective health care services to disabled persons. Due to certain ambiguities in that scheme, the government introduces the NDIS in order to provide people with greater choice and control over disability care services in a certain community. All the Australian under the age of 65 are eligible for the NDIS if they are born or acquire a permanent disability which reduces their functional capabilities to perform certain routine tasks (Williams and Smith, 2014). According to Williams and Smith, the NDIS often work with each individual once eligibility of that individual is determined. It helps each participant with an individual plan based on his/her specific aspirations and goals. Williams and Smith emphasize on the significance of NDIS due to its person-centered approach. They demonstrate the working of the NDIS to provide a better insight into its effectiveness. It is notable to mention that the individual plan made through the NDIS specifies the amount of funding and the supports to be approach in order to make it a success for a specific individual. Williams and Smith illustrate that a disabled person can easily receive the amount of care from NDIS or he/she can manage these funds through an approved third party. It is notable to mention that the Commonwealth Government funded the Mental Health Council of Australia in order to enhance its capabilities to ensure the effectiveness of the services. Williams and Smith illustrate the importance of the NDIS due to its promising start, but they highlight certain challenges faced in terms of mental health. Williams and Smith suggest that capacity building initiatives for mental health are compulsory in order to improve the overall scheme. The NDIS needs to develop the approach of ‘learning by doing’ in order to trail innovative solutions regarding mental health cases.

Morrie O’Connor made broad research in order to determine the efficiency of the NDIS for people with mild intellectual disability. The NDIS is a radical restructuring of disability support in Australia for those disables who experience a substantial functional reduction in self-management, learning, social interaction, mobility, self-care, and communication. O’Connor highlights certain drawbacks in the NDIS program that can undermine its integrity. The major concern in the functioning and operation of this scheme is the degree of heterogeneity in the Australian population who are suffering from various disabilities. O'Connor specifically focuses on mild intellectual disability and states that the NDIS is difficult to operationalize due to the significant difference in the situations of people. The environment in which intellectually disabled persons have grown up, their socio-economic standing, and level of intellectual disability distinguish each individual. Potential problematic area for intellectually disabled persons is their limited knowledge about the eligibility criteria and services of NDIS (O’Connor, 2014). A handful of people are aware of the services of NDIS, while the majority of intellectually disabled persons are not aware of the protocols of receiving the facilities of NDIS. It is notable to mention that individuals with intellectual disabilities are often socially marginalized, hence they are unable to receive potential information about the NDIS. O’Connor emphasizes on the invisibility of the NDIS as mainstream and specialist services for an intellectually disabled person. It is important to mention that the efficiency of the NDIS is linked with the identifications of the disabled person and their satisfaction. However, incompetence of mainstream and specialists services make it hard to identify intellectual disability in the Australian community. People with intellectual disabilities often adopt fairly passive ways of communicating as they do not have physical makers of their disability (Reddihough et al., 2016). Mainstream and specialist services need to understand the fact that intellectually disabled persons often misrepresent their abilities and understanding. O’Connor emphasizes that mainstream and specialist services should be competent enough to determine such responses from intellectually disabled persons.

Greg Marston, Sally Cowling, and Shelley Bielefeld explore contemporary tensions and contradictions in Australian social policies such as the NDOS. “Every Australian Counts” campaign originates the National Disability Insurance Scheme in order to enhance the working capabilities of various organizations for effective care services for disabled persons. Marston, Cowling, and Bielefeld have warned that transferring "responsibility for choosing services to the individual" is crucial for the deliverance of services. This statement carries the risk that the market will not provide essential services to a disabled person, which can undermine the integrity of the whole scheme. Marston, Cowling, and Bielefeld illustrate that individuals who are advantaged by English literacy, education, family supports, and financial resources are more likely to get benefits from the NDIS. It is a well-known fact that the market is under no obligation in order to fulfil the needs of an individual unless they are getting an economical advantage. It is notable to mention that administrative errors can occur in the income management for disabled persons through the NDIS which leaves welfare receivers unfairly impoverished (Carey et al., 2017). Marston, Cowling, and Bielefeld suggest that a ‘bottom-up’ policy in association with the NDIS is critically important as it helps in identifying problems and possible solutions. The material benefits of income support are crucially affected as the administrative burdens are increasing with the increment in the number of a disabled person for the NDIS funding (Marston, Cowling, and Bielefeld, 2016). It is worthy to consider the role of social workers who dealt with individuals eligible for the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Social workers face the challenge in terms of disability service system such as to demonstrate the added values and unique contribution of the profession. There is an immense need for social workers to reflect its contribution to stake its claim in association with the NDIS.

It is notable to mention that the NDIS often fund eligible candidates with therapeutic support, transportation to enable participation in economic, social, and community activities, help with household tasks, and home construction and modification design (Stephens et al., 2014). The NDIS support helps eligible persons to increase their independence, pursue their objectives and aspirations, develop their capacity to engage themselves in social interactions and increase economic participation (Bigby, 2013). The NDIS is developed to increase the funding for people with certain disabilities such as physical, mental, or psychological. It is noteworthy to mention that eligible persons receive special from the NDIS which ease their living standards. Majority of people provided positive feedback about the services of NDIS as they experience a significant reduction in the waiting lists for services. The NDIS is offering greater opportunities for choice through its potential to self-manage funds (Warr et al., 2017). It is important to mention that the recipients of NDIS can either manage to fund by their own, while others prefer to take help from a third party, usually nominated by the NDIS for sourcing and coordinating their services. The major concerns of political officials of Australia in this paradigm are access to choice and control (Smith-Merry et al., 2018). The NDIS was developed with the idea of enhancing choice and control of an eligible individual to use funding according to their best interest. The success of these objects is collectively positive as eligible individuals are getting more independence in choosing services for themselves. Choice and control are central to the NDIS so people can be in the driver's seat of their own lives. It is important to mention that people need aspiration and vision for what is possible, which is only possible through encouragement and support.

NDIS is efficient among all the insurance schemes for disabled persons in Australia as it provides the opportunity to make decisions regarding the delivery of their care and design of their care plan. Stakeholders reported difficulties of individuals due to the overwhelming complexity of the NDIS process. People with certain psychological disabilities are often unable to navigate the complexity of this whole process, which is highly stressful and at times traumatizing for them (Thill, 2015). There is an immense need for advocacy or support in order to go through the application process without stress. In the Australian community, there is a lack of specific support for aboriginal people due to the insufficient aboriginal workers in this paradigm who can provide the pre-planning support to a disabled person in order to engage in the NDIS. It is also reported that the cost of acquiring reports is often too much for disabled persons (Howard et al., 2016). Eligible individuals often need to pay for specialist assessment and private consultations in order to collect acceptable evidence. It is notable to mention that some people are unable to apply for the NDIS due to their fear of this scheme. Lack of effective communication with these individuals often promotes anxiety and fear of losing what they already have (Andrews, Henderson, & Hall, 2001). There is a number of stories about the inefficiency of NDIS services such as delay time in getting through the 1800 NDIS helpline, which is undermining its integrity.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, the National Disability Insurance Scheme is effective in providing funding and control of designing one’s own care plan. Choice and control are the significant aspects of the NDIS in order to promote the vision and aspiration of disabled persons. It is essential to mention that the disabled person is getting more independence in choosing services for themselves with the help of the NDIS. However, lack of advocacy and support is undermining the integrity of this scheme as people are unable to understand the complex application process. The government needs to diminish the number of individuals for the NDIS through proper identification programs in order to provide effective care services for a disabled person who has legitimate claims for state assistance.

References

Andrews, G., Henderson, S., & Hall, W. (2001). Prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service utilisation: overview of the Australian National Mental Health Survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(2), 145-153.

Bigby, C. (2013). A National Disability Insurance Scheme—challenges for social work.

Carey, G., Malbon, E., Reeders, D., Kavanagh, A., & Llewellyn, G. (2017). Redressing or entrenching social and health inequities through policy implementation? Examining personalised budgets through the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme. International journal for equity in health, 16(1), 192.

Howard, A., Blakemore, T., Johnston, L., Taylor, D., & Dibley, R. (2015). ‘I’m not really sure but I hope it’s better’: early thoughts of parents and carers in a regional trial site for the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme. Disability & Society, 30(9), 1365-1381.

Mansell, J., & Beadle‐Brown, J. (2004). Person‐centred planning or person‐centred action? Policy and practice in intellectual disability services. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17(1), 1-9.

Marston, G., Cowling, S., & Bielefeld, S. (2016). Tensions and contradictions in Australian social policy reform: compulsory income management and the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 51(4), 399-417.

O’Connor, M. (2014). The National Disability Insurance Scheme and people with mild intellectual disability: Potential pitfalls for consideration. Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 1(1), 17-23.

Reddihough, D. S., Meehan, E., Stott, N. S., Delacy, M. J., & Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group. (2016). The National Disability Insurance Scheme: a time for real change in Australia. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 58, 66-70.

Smith-Merry, J., Hancock, N., Bresnan, A., Yen, I., Gilroy, J., & Llewellyn, G. (2018). Mind the Gap: the national disability insurance scheme and psychosocial disability. Final Report: Stakeholder identified gaps and solutions. The University of Sydney, Sydney.

Stephens, A., Cullen, J., Massey, L., & Bohanna, I. (2014). Will the National Disability Insurance Scheme improve the lives of those most in need? Effective service delivery for people with acquired brain injury and other disabilities in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 73(2), 260-270.

Thill, C. (2015). Listening for policy change: how the voices of disabled people shaped Australia’s National Disability Insurance Scheme. Disability & Society, 30(1), 15-28.

Walsh, J., & Johnson, S. (2013). Development and Principles of the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Australian Economic Review, 46(3), 327-337.

Wark, S. (2015). Ageing, end-of-life care, and the National Disability Insurance Scheme: what can we learn from overseas?. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 40(1), 92-98.

Warr, D., Dickinson, H., Olney, S., Hargrave, J., Karanikolas, A., Kasidis, V., ... & Wilcox, M. (2017). Choice, Control and the NDIS. Service users’ perspectives on having choice and control in the new National Disability Insurance Scheme. Melbourne: Social Equity Institute, University of Melbourne.

Williams, T. M., & Smith, G. P. (2014). Can the National Disability Insurance Scheme work for mental health?. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(5), 391-394.

Literature Review

Literature Review:

Veteran's academic success in college*

Name

University

Word count = 2258

OUTLINE

Research Question:

What factor's impact on veteran's academic success in college?

Conceptualization:

Veteran

Employment

Education

Disability

Integration

Operationalization:

Did they serve in the U.S. military?

                                                    i.     Yes

1.     Army

2.     Air Force

3.     Coast Guard

4.     Marines

5.     Navy

                                                  ii.     No

1.     Do they have someone in their direct family who served?

a.      Yes

b.     No

What is the source of their income?

                                                    i.     New employment

                                                 ii.    Savings

                                                iii.    Unemployment Benefit

                                                iv.     GI Bill

                                                 v.     No source of income

What is their level of education before and after getting out of the military?

                                                  i.     Do they have some college?

                                                  ii.     No college?

                                                 iii.     Completed college?

What makes them want to go back to college?

                                                  i.     To get a degree?

                                                  ii.     To use their GI Bill benefits to earn some income as they finish school

What issues do they encounter when they go back to school?

                                                  i.     Difficulty concentrating

                                                 ii.     Difficulty learning and adjusting

                                                iii.     Cannot relate with the students/professors

                                                iv.     Need to work and support self/family

What helps with their student success?

                                                 i.     Military training helps with obtaining goals

                                                ii.     Veterans Resource Centers

                                               iii.     Fellow Veterans

                                               iv.     GI Bill benefits help them focus on studies and not on bills

Do they have some form or disability that could make it difficult to return to college?

                                                 i.     Physical Disability (loss of limb, loss of vision, loss of mobility)

                                                 ii.     Mental Disability (anxiety, adjustment disorder, PTSD)

What factors make it easy or hard for them to integrate back to society after the military?

                                                 i. Military help prepares them to adjust to civilian life

                                                 ii.     Mental Health preparedness

                                                iii.     Mental Trauma

                                                iv.     Physical Trauma

                                                 v.     Family support

                                                vi.     Employment readiness

                                               vii.     Education plan

Concepts

Variables

Indicators

Veteran

Did they serve in the US Military

Army, Air Force, Coast Guard, Marines, Navy

Employment

What is the source of their income

Have a job ready, Savings, Unemployment Benefits, GI Bill Benefits

Education

Do they have college experience

Some, Yes, completed college

Disability

Do they have disabilities connected to their military service

Yes, Do they have access to physical and mental health care, Do they utilize Disability Resource Centers, Do they connect with the Veterans Resource Center

Integration

Factors that make it hard or easy to integrate back to society after the military

Military prepare them before getting out, no family support, nowhere to go after the military, no source of income after the military, no mental and physical health access,

INTRODUCTION

Continuing studies and completing them is as essential as it can get. Students all around the world are enrolled in educational institutions to complete their studies and land a job that is unique to their field and study. Veterans, however, are a different case. Conventional students or regular students have different viewpoints of educations than those of veterans. There have been many studies suggesting that the number of veterans enrolled in an educational institute will increase as the time is passing and this will continue for many years (Ghosh and Fouad, 2016: 99-111). These veterans face many issues and difficulties while continuing their studies. Veterans experience numerous impediments, for example, the absence of help from administrations, regulatory hindrances, the helplessness to fit in with conventional undergrads, and trouble progressing from the organized military environment to the casual and less strict environment of a civilian. There can be more problems, but these are the most common of the issues, and they persist everywhere.

DISCUSSION

Veteran students can be from anywhere from the branch of military services. They can be serving or retired. Even military bureaucrats can be considered veteran as they enroll in colleges to complete their education mostly after their service. the measure of the organization assumes a basic job in helping understudy veterans succeed. Indeed, although state schools appear to be reasonable, are exceptionally positioned, and offer an undergrad scholarly ordeal equivalent to non-public schools, a few factors adversely impact educational achievement. State colleges, in contrast to their private partners, are financed by the state government. The wellbeing of these colleges is dependent upon state backing, and they are worked by strict state guidelines. Classes at open establishments fill rapidly, so undergrad veterans probably will not most likely get the precise timetable they need or desire. Most state-funded colleges give a predetermined number of areas for each course, and class sizes might be exceptionally extensive, which implies that the earth may not be as customized or as sustaining as it may be at private or small educational institutions. Access to personnel likewise might be constrained, on the grounds that every worker at bigger organizations might be in charge of training many students, bringing about less, or possibly restricted, time accessible to commit to every and every student.

Furthermore, a few personnel might be more centered around directing examination and distributing than instructing, further constraining their accessibility. At last, if veterans are independent or not slanted to join student and educational associations then going to a bigger school places them at a significantly higher danger of feeling forlorn or secluded (Semer and Harmening, 2015). These social, individual, calculated, and passionate components are bound to proceed for a drawn-out period of time at bigger educational organizations, where classes are extensive, the student body might exceed thousands, and students frequently stay secretive. Crosswise over time, these variables may normally detrimentally affect GPA and furthermore affect the overall studying conditions for veteran students.

Moreover, the availability of all the student services has been low in public institutions as compared to the private ones. State establishments have proclaimed themselves and been perceived as "veteran cordial"; in any case, this signature does not ensure that veterans will persevere and succeed scholastically and will be able to pursue their dream to completing their education. Cases that foundations are "veteran compassionate" and that they have bigger and more advantageous veterans' affiliations have pulled in veterans. However, these equivalent organizations may have neglected to hold them because of lacking help and support. This has failed many public or governmental institutions to provide veterans with the education they desire. The facility and services are poor, and most specifically the societies are not eager to help and accept veteran students. Proper guidance is an essential part before one can enroll in any college or university. Veterans are misguided at all the time about the benefits that the institutions will provide them to complete their studies. Lower GPA, low confidence level, no proper guidance on how to use their education and in which field will they suit best after completing their studies are the most problematic issues that colleges fail to provide (De La Garza, Wood and Harris III, 2015: 293-298). This results in bad decisions.

It has become a common theme to keep overhauling the academic ethics after each couple year. This theme is followed worldwide and kept inside the boundary walls of the colleges. This trend puts up difficulties for students especially veteran students to utilize their time and energy for the right college. Moreover, a study suggests that once the selection phase is passed and a veteran is pursuing his degree, the issue he or she faces is related to his professional career. As most of the veterans have spent of their lives in the military, they get suspicious and less confident about their academic career which sometimes results in giving up on studies and leaving them in between. Some veterans are still serving personnel, and they become nervous about utilizing their education before or after their retirement. Proper counselling is required for making up to these individuals and guiding them about their educational career must become an important part of education for veterans in every institution. This counselling will result in a better understanding of their emotional needs and will guide them to participate in classes and seminars actively, so they can feel , and the stereotyping can end. The case of stereotyping is present as some student do question their need for continuing education after such a big gap. There are other such questions that might not be intended to hurt their emotional state, but it does give them the concern of whether or whether not they should study.

Veteran students are tough as they have gone through a strict routine of physical and mental exercises. Their whole life they have been on borders or away from home to another country, their mental state is different from their non-veteran counterparts. Just considering this little factor by teachers and instructors, can change the overall concept of how to guide the veterans. When we translate the consequences of information investigation, we start to comprehend the examples of school encounters and results for studying veterans. In another study, it is promptly observed that veterans report lower school GPAs and lower dimensions of the feeling of having a place on grounds regardless of having more elevated amounts of scholarly cooperation and connection, scholastic time, and shared work contrasted with their partners who are not veterans (Ahern et al., 2015). Further, according to a study, it was found that a veteran adversely and altogether influence one of these results—school GPA—even in the wake of controlling for the dimensions of scholarly support and connection, scholastic time, shared work, extracurricular commitment, and time utilized, alongside a lot of precollege qualities and other school encounters. The results come out the same.

It was analyzed that the veterans who indulged in extracurricular activities, attended the seminar, actively participated in classrooms and educational forums were suffering from lower GPA scores. The proper guidance was missing. The faculty who were engaging with the veterans were not so educated about the conditions and issues that the veterans faced. It was also suggested that veterans who were not participating in any of the activities and were feeling isolated, had a better GPA score than the later ones. Faculty members must be educated enough on these issues, so the veteran students can achieve more in terms of academic achievements and further their studies to even higher education. The basic thing that was established from all the studies and researches was that proper guidance was not given to the veteran students. These students tend to pick institutions that are cheaper and are at close range to them rather than opting out for more prestigious and career driven colleges. This ultimately leads to lower academic achievements and low career growth (Perkins, 2019: 1-15). Guidance from teachers and instructors and the factor of isolation are the factors on which the veterans face difficulty pursuing their higher education.

Student Veterans of America is an organization that helps veterans to engage and communicate with experienced students' veterans. This helps them understand the university and college life and how they can get a better education without feeling isolated or deprived, just like this organization. There are many other organizations that are helping veterans to enroll themselves in the educational institution by giving them proper guidance and sharing their experiences. This, in turn, has given a ray of hope to many military personnel to achieve their educational dreams and further their studies under these programs. Also, many universities and colleges are also offering special programs and counseling to the veterans and military personnel under which they can get their desire education and feel a sense of relief by connecting with their peers. This factor of communication was essential in dealing with the problems that the veterans were facing. The stereotype factor was not an issue as it was a figment of imagination because of low self-esteem among the veterans while pursuing their educational path. This organization also helps the teaching staff and faculty about understanding the issues being faced by the veterans and how they can help resolve them (Reyes, 2018: 37-48). This organization has spread all across America, and many such other organizations are rapidly evolving. Proper orientation for the veterans is being held in many educational institutions for guiding them and giving them help related to their student course. This great change in the educational sectors has resulted in more veterans enrolling in universities and colleges, and it has been seen that these little efforts has help veterans to graduate with better GPA scores. This trend is being widely appreciated as many veterans are retiring at an early age and only through getting a proper education, they can run their families and land a job. Serving their motherland and now serving their families, veterans are devoting their lives for others.

CONCLUSION

This change has allowed more veterans to enroll and get higher education and as a result, more universities are getting ready to entertain them at all possible levels. Many studies have suggested that colleges and universities are accepting more veterans by providing them proper guidance about the educational environment and how they will experience a different lifestyle from the military one. The focus is to make their experience good and give them the basic necessities of a college student. Without discrimination or stereotyping. Veterans who feel agreeable and associated with grounds are more probable to be held, graduate, and seek after further instruction. Similarly, essential, veterans who trust they are in a safe spot can give a remarkable point of view to classroom dialogs, indispensable for the improvement of all understudies. It should be understood from the start that who veterans are, what have they experienced in their life as military personnel or as a member of services and how they can be supported as a student so that they can achieve their goals as a simple college student.

REFERENCES

Ghosh, A. and Fouad, N.A., 2016. Career transitions of student veterans. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(1), pp.99-111.

Semer, C. and Harmening, D.S., 2015. Exploring Significant Factors that Impact the Academic Success of Student Veterans in Higher Education. Journal of Higher Education Theory & Practice, 15(7).

De La Garza, T., Wood, J.L. and Harris III, F., 2015. An exploratory assessment of the validity of the Community College Survey of Men (CCSM): Implications for serving veteran men. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 39(3), pp.293-298.

Ahern, J., Worthen, M., Masters, J., Lippman, S.A., Ozer, E.J. and Moos, R., 2015. The challenges of Afghanistan and Iraq veterans’ transition from military to civilian life and approaches to reconnection. PloS one, 10(7), p.e0128599.

Perkins, D.F., Aronson, K.R., Morgan, N.R., Bleser, J.A., Vogt, D., Copeland, L.A., Finley, E.P. and Gilman, C., 2019. Veterans’ Use of Programs and Services as They Transition to Civilian Life: Baseline Assessment for the Veteran Metrics Initiative. Journal of Social Service Research, pp.1-15.

Reyes, A.T., Kearney, C.A., Isla, K. and Bryant, R., 2018. Student veterans’ construction and enactment of resilience: A constructivist grounded theory study. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 25(1), pp.37-48.

Low Income And How It Effects Children's Education

Low income and how it effects children's education

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Low income and how it effects children's education

Introduction

Income is defined as the financial timeline of a family. It would not be wrong to say that poverty is one of the stubborn and harsh acts of life. Poverty and low income has been one of the continuing concerns for a number of years taking into account that there is no permanent solution that could address it. It is evident that wealth and income can cast a direct impact on the accessibility and affordability of life resources, taking into account that education is one of the resources and necessity. Having better economic resources can allow an individual to access a wide range of resources, leading to variety of life experiences that can empower learning. The other paradigm of economic timeline, “poverty”, refers to the lack of resources taking into consideration that it can have a direct impact on all the aspects of life. It is also evident that lack of economic resources will pave way for hindrances in approaching educational resources. High income families have the potential to be more versatile in the child’s cognitive development, as compared to those who live in poverty. Although there are several government initiatives that have been taken to facilitate people with low income, still low income hampers the stance of child’s education.

In accordance with the Connecticut Commission on children, about 40% of American children are living below poverty line and they aren’t able to get themselves enrolled in kindergarten by the time age fellows of such students are engaged in academic activities. There are a number of factors that are associated with “low-income”; taking into account that “readiness gap” is posed as one of the serious threats that could hamper crux of learning. A child feels alienated from his social setting and become a victim of insecurities because education is one of the flower that embellish personality. Side by side, there is an enduring and constant feeling of powerlessness because deprivation is one of the factors that act as a catch line of economical setup, playing a major role in formulating the educational and academic aspects of a child’s life.

Problem

In accordance with an article, “Conflicting education”, referring to “conflict theory” has highlighted that there is no way out to highlight the gap between institutions, “public and private”. The stance of sheer inequalities has directed attention towards a complex situation where income has become major factor in determining the future of students. It is asserted that low income refers to low standard institutions while high income directs students to good institutions, taking into account that institutes reflect the future aspects of ambitions. (Neuman, et, al. 2018).

Hypothesis

Sociological as well as comprehensive research has paved the way to opt for exegetical analysis, in order to know how low income impact child’s education. In order to understand the measure of impact, data will be gathered by EBSCO and other databases taking into account that different survey reports and quantitative research methodologies would be used to identify the relationship and measure the “intensity” of relationship.

Literature Review

According to psychological research by Szewczyk (2005), it is asserted that starting from the birth of child, relationship that is formed between children and parents is actually a clear indication of the quality of relationship that a child will have with his teachers and peers. There is a significant role of parent child relationship in determining social function such as, arousal, social competence, curiosity and emotional regulation. Any child who is deficit in these areas face inability of the brain cells, taking into account that the path of maturation, and reworking of healthy neural activity and circularity in the brain of a child. It paves the way for an undermined emotional and social ability paving way for emotional dysfunction. It is significant to note that families who are earning low income are actually over-whelmed by a diminished self-esteem, accompanied by depression and a strong sense of powerlessness. There is a great influence on the inability of the parents to cope and address feelings that are passed on to children in the form of regressive attributes and a failure to focus on comparative subject and impart concentration. A comprehensive study on the child education highlights that the stress of poverty increases the rate of depression among mothers that results in an increased influence of physical punishment. A child is himself doomed to depression and other low familial attributes that are then prevalent in a classroom where child is shy and reluctant to all incentives. Students who are raised in poverty are a greater subject to stressors that actually undermine the behavior of a child in school and his performance. (Thomas, et, al. 2018).

A common example is a girl who is exposed to child abuse will be more towards mood swings in academic setting, side by side a boy who experiences a conserve social setting is more towards impairment in terms of memory, curiosity and learning. It is significant to note that middle class families are more attracted towards economic and social development that affirms low-income households are actually not voluntary. There is an increased uncertainty of children about future; these oscillations are compounded with stress loads coupled by social interactions both in academic environment as well as community. It is asserted that despite being one of the most empowered and developed countries, Unites States has a high rate of global child poverty. It is highlighted that a child born or raised in poverty faces a number of disadvantages, one of the most evident stance in education. Poverty reduces the readiness of a child taking into account that it leads to poor motor skills and physical health accompanied by the inability of child to remember information and concentrates on information, referring to curiosity, motivation and attentiveness. A child belonging to low income families are more likely to have complex background referring to low test scores, they are at a greater risk of being dropped out of school as well. It is also observed that a student’s belonging to middle class families are less likely to attend college as to student who belong to a family of higher income families. (Neuman, et, al. 2018).

Another research has highlighted that an assessment of income-related disparities can arise in a child as young as infancy. According to a research, about 46 percent of 3-6 years old children who are living in poverty are able to write their names in contrast to those “64 %” of entities living above poverty. The difference of cognitive skills between high income and low income children is evident when a child enters kindergarten. In a simplified form, the growth of socioeconomic achievement gap has appeared to be versatile because affluent parents are investing more time and money on their kid, taking into account that sole aim is to infer educational enrichment primarily at the beginning of child’s life. Thomas (2007) has highlighted that there is a direct association between decreased readiness for school and low income households. It is observed that children who have weak socio-economic background score are very low in terms of communication and vocabulary. There is an increased ratio of symbol use and copying taking into account that the students are less confident. Students having below average income are more towards an analysis of circumstances rather than opportunities. (Thomas, et, al. 2018).

Analysis

In accordance with literature review, it can be asserted that low income and low educational standards are interlinked in fact directly connected. There are several other factors that are associated with it, such as lack of personality attribute leads to depressed standard of living. There are several steps that can be opted by government in order to prevent long term future goals of children such as free education program, measure of equivalence and prime focus on the analysis of the child’s need in terms of readiness. Minimized economic standards affect learnability of children by imparting inferiority complex. It is significant to note that the other impacts of low income such as depressive home environment, effect on children’s nature and harsh attitude of parents are equally devastating and destructive when a student enters the realms of education institution. It is asserted that a student fails to put himself into “academics” adhering to the impression of abuse and physical violence. Government and other authorities can make efforts to address children’s need at first edge in terms of education and forbidding the stance of economic obsession that discourages other students. Education institutions should be scheduled on certain parallel bases that could allow equal participation of all the student void of social classes.

Conclusion

In accordance with critical theory of education as well as conflict theory, it can be highlighted that society is a universal platform, education being a social institution should also be equally balanced. Although low income impacts education, still this conflict of long term hampering can be addressed by incorporating certain universal educational setting and introducing strategies that could allow deprived people to take part in education. Incorporation of sociological perspective can also administer to incorporate certain strategies that can allow deprived students to play their role in society by achieving education equivalent to those who belong to higher class.

References

Business Source: Main Edition | EBSCO. (2019). EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | origin.ebsco.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019, from https://origin.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/business-source-main-edition

Education Abstracts | EBSCO. (2019). EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | origin.ebsco.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019, from https://origin.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/education-abstracts

Neuman, S. B., Kaefer, T., & Pinkham, A. M. (2018). A double dose of disadvantage: Language experiences for low-income children in home and school. Journal of educational psychology, 110(1), 102.

Social Work Reference Center | EBSCO. (2019). EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | origin.ebsco.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019, from https://origin.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/social-work-reference-center

Thomas, K. A., Mederos, F., & Rodriguez, G. (2018). “It shakes you for the rest of your life”: Low-income fathers’ understanding of domestic violence and its impact on children. Psychology of Violence.

M1 Essay Quiz

M1 Essay Quiz

[Writer’s name]

[Institution name]

M1 Essay Quiz

Historically, America has always supported the efforts for the provision of financial assistance to the poor in society. The first settlements of the New World had their policies about social assistance based on English heritage. These practices for aiding the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Massachusetts were primarily derived from Elizabeth Poor Laws 1594 and 1601. According to these laws, the poor were classified into two classes; the worthy poor and the unworthy poor. The orphans, widows, elderly and handicapped were categorized a worthy poor while the lazy and drunkards were categorized as unworthy poor. These poor laws were used as means for maintaining the system and dealing with both categories of the poor ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zUOiwwYz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Buck, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Buck, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":174,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/NSP75NMP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/NSP75NMP"],"itemData":{"id":174,"type":"webpage","title":"American colonial governments used to auction off poor families to the lowest bidder","container-title":"Medium","URL":"https://timeline.com/outdoor-relief-poverty-colonial-america-33a59ed910e5","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Buck","given":"Stephanie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Buck, 2017).

Poverty has different expressions and explanations as there are for different religions. Several studies have been published that present an unprecedented platform for comparing diachronically that how Islam, Judaism, and Christianity have defined and dealt with poverty throughout history ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RIx0Yyhl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Beyers, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Beyers, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":178,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/JZ5YW3Y4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/JZ5YW3Y4"],"itemData":{"id":178,"type":"article-journal","title":"The effect of religion on poverty","container-title":"HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies","page":"8","volume":"70","issue":"1","source":"hts.org.za","DOI":"10.4102/hts.v70i1.2614","ISSN":"2072-8050","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Beyers","given":"Jaco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",8,14]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Beyers, 2014). Jewish and Christian writings have recognized poverty as an innate part of human nature regardless of society and culture. In the middle ages, the philanthropy was entirely religious based which involved spiritual welfare of the charity givers. Their motive was never eliminating poverty. In Christianity, the bishop was considered as the nourisher of the poor. Judaism school did not have sound ideological and economic grounding. However, the concept of poverty and charity is much more complex in Islam and is considered as purification of the believer’s soul and wealth and Quran became the guideline for the economic sphere ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"n1SPUPgU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cohen, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Cohen, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":181,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/4GA9UJ48"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/4GA9UJ48"],"itemData":{"id":181,"type":"article-journal","title":"Introduction: poverty and charity in past times","container-title":"Journal of Interdisciplinary History","page":"347-360","volume":"35","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Cohen","given":"Mark R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cohen, 2005).

In the early colonial system, poverty was seen as a justification for social classification. The English laws of the poor lingered into the American colonies and originated the concepts of poverty, social segregation, and slavery. Isenberg said that independence did not eradicate the British system of class. George Washington also believed that the lower class should serve as foot soldiers. Thomas Jefferson believed that ranking humans within society was a natural phenomenon. John Adams too had a passion for distinction. This distinction and disparity still exist in a society deeply embedded ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"R7SyUO0e","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(ProPublica & Macgillis, 2016)","plainCitation":"(ProPublica & Macgillis, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":182,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/K8BBNRW8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/K8BBNRW8"],"itemData":{"id":182,"type":"article-magazine","title":"The Original Underclass","container-title":"The Atlantic","source":"The Atlantic","URL":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/09/the-original-underclass/492731/","ISSN":"1072-7825","author":[{"literal":"ProPublica"},{"family":"Macgillis","given":"Alec"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",9]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (ProPublica & Macgillis, 2016).

The colonial government established the parish and made them responsible for administering the law. They were in charge of taxing and managing almshouses and providing food for the worthy poor. They also provided means for the labor of able-bodied and vagrants were put in jails for refusing to work. The aid system was established which included the auction of the poor, outdoor relief and contract system for the dependent people. This system led to the ill-treatment of the poor and abolition of their basic rights. The segregation of the poor in the society led to permanent discrimination, poverty and the civil revolt ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EAwcrWld","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hansan, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Hansan, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":176,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/G49VYFGJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/G49VYFGJ"],"itemData":{"id":176,"type":"webpage","title":"Poor Relief in Early America","container-title":"Social Welfare History Project","URL":"https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/poor-relief-early-amer/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Hansan","given":"John E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hansan, 2011).

The cases of Lydia and Rhoda are a useful example for describing social welfare practice in the nineteenth century. The children of the poor needed support but at the expense of certain social implications. The aid assistance system did help the poor child and had received all the rights as an ordinary citizen. But with improvement in the social, economic and philosophical ideologies of the nations, it altered the approach of the welfare policies radically. This progression led to the study of several study corners of poverty and its consequences. Problems such as poverty were subjected to mental illness, character trait and disability ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zXpWatrP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Popple, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Popple, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":189,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/7SR5RXNZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/7SR5RXNZ"],"itemData":{"id":189,"type":"book","title":"Social work practice and social welfare policy in the United States : a history","source":"http://worldcat.org","archive":"/z-wcorg/","ISBN":"978-0-19-060732-6","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Popple","given":"Philip R.","suffix":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Popple, 2018).

In the 1800s, the workforce in America revolutionized towards urbanization, agriculture, and industrialization. Commerce increased with a diverse workforce and helped uplifting the economic development. The farmers got the opportunity to increase their exports of foodstuff to Europe. But before the civil war, a magnificent increase in transportation introduced an intricate network and labor-saving technology enhanced the segregation of classes in the society. These revolutionary changes improved the market of America but new class conflicts, immigration, child labor, and slavery emerged as the consequences and ultimately the ratio of poverty even increased in the coming decade before the start of the war ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MV8pyaM2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Goodall, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Goodall, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":186,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/LNP6LKAY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/LNP6LKAY"],"itemData":{"id":186,"type":"article-journal","title":"The US: Colonial America to 1877","author":[{"family":"Goodall","given":"Jamie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Goodall, 2017).

The perception of poverty and welfare has transformed dramatically over the past two centuries. In the 1700s and 1800s, poverty was considered to be an inevitable societal component which was necessary to maintain the class system and division of the economic strata. And the welfare workforce did efforts to provide assistance to control poverty. However, now the concept of poverty is considered as a constraint in the economic development and welfare practices tend to reduce and even exterminate poverty from society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dyEp1fbs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ravallion, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ravallion, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":187,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/8TU9MAXB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/8TU9MAXB"],"itemData":{"id":187,"type":"webpage","title":"Poverty: the past, present and future","container-title":"World Economic Forum","URL":"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/poverty-the-past-present-and-future/","title-short":"Poverty","author":[{"family":"Ravallion","given":"Martin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ravallion, 2016).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Beyers, J. (2014). The effect of religion on poverty. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 70(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v70i1.2614

Buck, S. (2017). American colonial governments used to auction off poor families to the lowest bidder. Retrieved September 19, 2019, from Medium website: https://timeline.com/outdoor-relief-poverty-colonial-america-33a59ed910e5

Cohen, M. R. (2005). Introduction: Poverty and charity in past times. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 35(3), 347–360.

Goodall, J. (2017). The US: Colonial America to 1877.

Hansan, J. E. (2011). Poor Relief in Early America. Retrieved September 19, 2019, from Social Welfare History Project website: https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/poor-relief-early-amer/

Popple, P. R. (2018). Social work practice and social welfare policy in the United States: A history. /z-work/.

ProPublica, & Macgillis, A. (2016, September). The Original Underclass. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/09/the-original-underclass/492731/

Ravallion, M. (2016). Poverty: The past, present, and future. Retrieved September 19, 2019, from the World Economic Forum website: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/poverty-the-past-present-and-future/

M4 Essay

Name

Professor name

Subject

July 03, 2019

Illegal and prescribed drugs

The social patterns of prescribed drugs are different from illegal drugs. Prescribed drugs are the pharmaceutical drugs prescribed by the physician for treating patients and are legal. Illegal drugs are banned that include heroin, marijuana, cocaine and hashish. These drugs are consumed for enjoying the euphoric effects. However, these drugs have many harmful impacts on the health of consumers. Prescribed drugs are legal because they are used for treating patients. There are adverse impacts of illicit drugs on users including cough, respiratory infections, risks of heart failure, impaired balance and coordination.

Illegal drugs are used by people who exhibit deviant behaviors. Psychoactive substances consist of chemicals that influence the functioning of the brain. These drugs produce atypical behavior while addiction causes health damages. Immediate effects include relaxation, feelings of joy and satisfaction. Youth is more inclined to take the illicit substance for overcoming depression. Dangerous exotic drugs commonly used by young Americans include marijuana. The patterns of consumption of illicit drugs are more common among Americans having ages between 18-30 years. The consumption is even high among males compared to females CITATION Eri162 \l 1033 (Goode). psychoactive substances also include alcohol that is common among people of different age groups including youth, middle-aged and older population. The facts depict the marijuana is consumed ten times more compared to other illicit drugs.

Prescription drugs are taken for the purpose of treating illnesses however its addiction can have adverse impacts on the health of individuals. "Humans also use drugs as medication, of course, a number of which, when taken at larger than therapeutic dosages, are psychoactive and, at even larger doses, cause serious bodily harm, even death” CITATION Eri162 \l 1033 (Goode). The central reason for prescribing drugs is for controlling pain in the case of chronic illnesses. Substance drugs are made legal in various states with the aim of assisting patients in coping with severe pain. However, states have passed laws and created guidelines for the rightful use of such drugs. Overdose or wrong prescription can cause the death of patients. It exhibits the responsibility of staff to administer the rightful dose of prescribed drugs. Increased consumption of prescribed drugs can also cause addiction to a substance. An opioid is one of the commonly prescribed drugs that was used in hospitals for treating patients of chronic illness. However, the overdose caused many patients to die. This reflects the need for following guidelines in prescribing opioids to patients. Many states in America have nabbed opioids due to its deteriorating impacts on the people.

The social patterns that encourage people to use illicit drugs include poverty, crime, discrimination, lack of tolerance, aggression and violence. Psychology reveals that deviance is one of the common factors that convince people to take illegal drugs. Youth and teenagers who fail to accept social values are motivated to take such drugs. Youth that experience negative social events such as torture, violence, inequality or isolation are more likely to use illicit drugs. These people fearless about their values or social norms and take drugs from attaining a sense of freedom CITATION Eri162 \l 1033 (Goode). People connected to low socio-economic status exhibit a high likelihood of taking drugs.

Illicit drugs are harmful that are damaging youth and their health. It is thus important to influence the youth by adopting education and awareness programs on illegal drugs. Awareness campaigns on marijuana and other harmful drugs could be an effective step for preventing the use of illicit drugs among youth. The healthcare providers must also monitor the rightful use of prescribed drugs that prevent patients from developing an addiction for substance.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Goode, Erich. Deviant Behavior 11th Edition. Routledge, 2016.

Major Essay

Introduction

Countries should make some policies that would help for closing the gap between people would be having differences among them. These difference could be of any kind i.e. social, cultural or religious. Governments have to pay special attention to gap-closing policies for maintaining a good environment. The Australian government is more concerned about closing the gap among different groups. Taking a look at both history and evidences, it has been seen that Australian culture has the most ancient history when it comes to aboriginal people who are still following their primitive ways and set norms.

Indigenous Australians have been experiencing health issues as compared to non-indigenous Australians. According to the reports presented in parliament, the life expectancy of the indigenous women was around 72.9 years that is 9.7 years less as compared to the life expectancy of non-indigenous women. On the other hand, the life expectancy of Indigenous males was 67.2 years that was 11.5 years less than the non-indigenous males (Altman,et,al,2018). There were various causes (diseases) of Indigenous mortality such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and other external causes such as injury, endocrine disorders and respiratory conditions. Rate of injuries and infection was greater for Indigenous Australians who were living in remote areas while the Indigenous population that was in non-remote areas was facing more mental disorders.

Another major thing noticed was that the usage of preventive health services in Indigenous population was less than the non-indigenous population. Poor access to the appropriate primary care service was the main reason behind this huge difference of health issues between both the populations. For improving the health conditions of the indigenous population work should be done on certain areas such as improved identification of Indigenous patients, delivery of better health services, allocation of resources, proper medication and hiring well-trained workforce.

In the Social Justice Report that was presented in 2005, Commissioner of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Tom Calma raised voice and urged the Austrian government for providing equality to the indigenous people in the field of health and life expectancy for coming twenty-five years. Calmas appeal was responded and most of the non-government agencies developed a campaign in 2006 called National Indigenous Health Equality Campaign that helped in launching Close the Gap campaign in about 2007 (Brown,et,al,2017, pp.78-95). This campaign of right awareness, gave rise to a national day call that was named as National Close the Gap Day. This national day helped a lot for inspiring the cross-government actions. In March 2008 both government and non-government delegates signed National Indigenous Health Equality Summit.

In July 2008, the National Indigenous Health Equality Council was established by the Rudd Government. In November, COAG approved National Indigenous Reform Agreement in which six targets for Closing the Gap were presented and that are

Closing the life expectancy gap within a generation

Making the gap halve in mortality rates for the Indigenous children who are under five within a decade.

Assuring early childhood education for all the indigenous children who are above four within the next five years particularly in remote communities.

Making the gap half in reading, writing and numeracy achievements of children in the coming decade.

Making the gap half for the Indigenous students in year 12 attainments rate by 2020.

Reducing the gap to half between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians when it is about employment outcomes in the coming next decade.

Closing the Gap is a social policy that claims social justice for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people by 2030. Prime Ministers cabinet took some steps for securing the rights of some groups that were facing issues. Looking back in 2008 it would become clear that Council of Australian Government (COAG) aimed for closing the gap between both indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. Council started putting its efforts by 2008 for forming a formal partnership for the Indigenous people for giving a formal shape to the Closing the Gap Refresh (Doyle,et,al,2015,pp.166-174). COAG focused its attention mainly on early childhood education, health, economic participation, schooling, healthy homes, safe communities, leadership and governance for achieving its set goals. COAG for closing the gap facilitated many Indigenous National Partnerships that were working on specific projects, like Health outcomes, remote housing, early childhood education, economic participation, and access to the internet, service delivery, along with closing the gap between Northern Territory. These partnerships were assigned the task to look at the issues that the indigenous population was suffering from.

Report of the COAG Reform indicates that progress has been made in three different targeted areas and these three areas are child mortality rates, early childhood education and year 12 or equivalent attainment. Sources social policy that are monitoring its progress claim that the rate of progress is not satisfactory as per the expectations.

Discussion

Key issues and issue driver in the policy

The Australian government has learnt many lessons from the social policy Closing the Gap and one of the most important lesson learnt is, different programs and services should be designed in collaboration with Torres Strait Island and Aboriginal population. Its a national level policy that aims to protect the specific populations. Both government and non-government agencies are trying their best for closing the gap between the aboriginal and non-aboriginal populations (Fisher,et,al,2019, pp.169-189.). Council of Australian Government (COAG) aims to achieve the life expectancy by 2030 by introducing Closing the Gap strategy. Evaluation of this social policy shows that there various things that are causing issues at national level. Numbers of issues have been highlighted in the literatusre literature that has been written for evaluating this social policy.

Failure in achieving the main of the policy depicts that there are various issues that need to be addressed for closing the gap in literal sense. According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare report, presented in 2007, despite shirking the gap between mortality and life expectancy has widen up. The force behind this issue is the accelerating non-indigenous population gains in the areas.

Common challenges that have been witnessed in this policy of closing the gap are because of the structural factors that are listed below

Social detriments

Institutional racism

Quality of housing

Access to appropriate primary health care.

If the government want to improve the present conditions, it has to fight and eliminate above-mentioned challenges. The factors being described above are raising challenges and issues. Next key issue that has become an obstacle in the way of the progress of Closing the Gap policy was lack of cultural awareness. Workers and the institutes that were training and dealing the indigenous populations were facing issues for understanding each other. Culture was the driving force behind this key issue that Closing the Gap policy was facing (Ring,et,al,2016). Population and the staff both found it difficult to communicate with each other as both the parties were unfamiliar with each others culture. Lack of awareness and sensitivity in mainstream care were the main key issues found in the evaluation report presented by Olga Anikeeva.

Deborah Cobb-Clark revealed in her analysis that particular challenges that policymakers are facing for implementing it are data limitation. They dont have organized data that they need for implementing this policy properly. Likewise, there are other challenges that Closing the Gap strategy is facing such as lack of appetite for randomized control trials and difficulty for establishing the causation among multiple cultures.

Knowing the life expectancy is almost unpredictable and it was one of the key issues that were highlighted by the critics and researchers who critically analyzed Closing the Gap social policy. Report presented in 2019 claimed that the target of closing the gap is not on the right track. Measuring life expectancy would use various datasets that are affected by the ways Indigenous people are counted.

According to an evaluation journal, one of the major challenges that this policy faces is the annual cycling in which the policymakera and those who are working for it come across new challenges that add a lot in the issues (Markham,et,al,2018). One year they focus on one issue and the very next year that come across a new issue that diverts and divide their attention. For example, child morality seems to be no longer on the track as per the report presented in 2019 but this was on track last year. Fluctuations in plan and strategies for coping things make it hard for the management and workers to focus their attention on one issue. Evidences have shown that fluctuation makes it is hard to gauge the effectiveness of a policy in the long-term.

One of the central issue drivers that have been advocated by the experts is the difference in needs. It is hard for the authorities to identify the needs of Indigenous Australians. Current reports show that outcomes witnessed in remote Australia are different from that of non-remote areas (George,et,al,2019, p.4). Major cities and regional areas are mostly occupied by the Aboriginal Australians and this becomes the reason for tension between absolute and relative needs. Unfortunately, it has become difficult for the government to maintain a balance by responding to the needs of Aboriginal people that are being highlighted in the policy.

Evidence shows that most of the Aboriginal students live outside the remote areas and this fact is being ignored in the policy. Taking a look at the signature policy, it could be found that HECS debt was cancelled for teachers who work in remote areas. Difference in services provided to students in remote and non-remote areas becomes a reason for the difference of outcomes at the end. Needs of the Aboriginal people continuously change with location, not all of them have the same needs. Difference in needs affect the overall outcomes. This issue of not knowing the main issues and needs of these population/groups would be solved, as the Prime Minister said last year, For coping all the issues the best thing would be asking the communities that are representing these groups (Howard-Wagner,et,al,2019, p.3). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities need to play a vital role for identifying the needs and issues that these people are facing so that effective changes could be made in the policy that would not only help Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders for improving their health conditions and life expectancy but also with time other major needs and issues would be addressed and resolved.

Budget is another major issue driver as it has been seen that needs and problems that are being pointed in this social policy require more funds as compared to the funds that are being announced by the government. Budget issues are being put forth but the response mof authorities is not satisfactory. According to the reports of Parliament of Australian, the total expenditure estimated was 25.4 billion which was 5.6 of the total direct government expenditure. The Australian government was spending 44,128 on Indigenous population as compared to the other Australians on whom authorities are spending 19,589, but still, the budget is insufficient for meeting the needs that have been pointed in this policy.

Ideological differences between Aboriginal s and non-Aboriginal Australian and political constraints could be said other issue drivers that need to be addressed for achieving the best outcomes and results (Partner,et,al,2018). There is a need to educate people of Aboriginal culture that they have to think about what is necessary for them. Political constraints could be seen as another major issue driver as all the political parties have their own interests. These political parties must leave their personal interests and should focus on things that would strengthen them as a nation. All the political parties must support this social policy so that the lives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders could be improved.

Strength and weakness of the policy (government and non-government views)

Strengths

Creating awareness about things that people are unfamiliar with, is the main aim that any public policy could have. Making people aware of their right and things that would improve their life in some ways is the main purpose that any social policy wants to achieve (Heffernan,et,al,2019, pp.1-14). A sense of realization has been incorporated in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. It is the fisrt public plicy made for improving their health conditions and life expectancy and its one of the strength of this policy. It wont be wrong to say that being fisrt gap closing policy is the most celebrated achievement of this social policy.

Another achievement of the Closing of Gap policy is that it helps in making positive changes in selected and targeted areas. Experts calimed in their evaluation papers that family violation was reduced to a great extent though this issue was not the part of the agenda. According to the evaluation report of July 2015, the stats showed that family violence was reduced greatly by the implementation of this social policy of closing the gap. This policy helps for making society better than what it was.

Every year cabinet of Prime Minister presents a report highlighting important point about this policy. For making this report, many departments are being assigned the task to take a check on things. These departments ensure that things that are being targeted are going according to the policy (Gwynne,et,al,2019,). Representation of the annual report has been declared as the greater strength of this policy by most of the non-government agencies.

Annual upgrading of this policy is another major strength of this policy in which those areas are targeted which remained unfocused. Every year this policy targets things in new ways that were ignored previously. New strategies used to be planned for dealing problems in better ways. With the advancement of time Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are being MADE familiar with this policy.

Weakness

Government is trying its best to achieve the set goals that would improve the living of the aboriginal Australians. According to various critics, this policy has improved the life of aboriginal people but for some critics, condition of Aboriginal people is getting worse in the field of health and life expectancy. According to the government and non-government agencies, critics and experts there are various strengths and weakness that have been highlighted in this policy. Jane Dixon and Colin Sindall noted that health indicators and some techniques used for measuring the shift behaviour and attitudes do not give authentic results and stats. This lack in measuring changes cast impacts on the broader social dynamic (Green,et,al,2018, pp.400-406). Another major weakness that Dixon and Colin observed is that statistical indicators which measure the progress consider particular groups (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) as a population, not as the part of society.

According to Whitehall study, when all the affecting factors such as health behaviour, social detriments and environmental conditions are equalized then those who are of a lower degree of control over their conditions and circumstances will be affected drastically than those who are of higher status.

Non-government analysis claims that racism and social inequality could be considered as one of the major social cause of the excessive rate of cardiovascular mortality that is hard to measure at the individual level.

As per the report of the Australian Human Rights Commission, funding myth has become a challenge for the policymakers and those who are working for achieving the set targets of Closing the Gap policy. Experts suggest that if the Australian government is serious about achieving equality in the field of health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders then it should ensure equal investment so that funding would help them (Aboriginal people) in growing like the other non-Aboriginal people. According to the stats given by the agencies that are monitoring the weakness and strengths of this policy claims that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are burden with diseases 2.3 times more than non-indigenous people and it looks like a weakness of this policy as still the difference in the stats of diseases is so high.

Conclusion

Closing the Gap policy was made for helping populations that are facing some social and health issues. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are the people for whom this policy was made. Government is trying its best for solving the health issues of the Aboriginal community. There could be witnessed various benefits that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders got after the implementation of this policy. Efforts of non-government agencies for narrowing the gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people took the form of a national movement that was supported by government for bringing the Aboriginal people closer to the other Australians.

References

Altman, J., Biddle, N. and Hunter, B., 2018.How realistic are the prospects for closing the gaps in socioeconomic outcomes for Indigenous Australians. Canberra, ACT Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), The Australian National University.

Brown, L., Osborne, K., Walker, R., Moskos, M., Isherwood, L., Patel, K., Baum, F. and King, D., 2017. The benefits of a life-first employment program for Indigenous Australian families Implications for Closing the Gap.Journal of Social Inclusion,8(1), pp.78-95.

Doyle, K.E., 2015. Australian Aboriginal peoples and evidence-based policies closing the gap in social interventions.Journal of evidence-informed social work,12(2), pp.166-174.

Fisher, M., Battams, S., Mcdermott, D., Baum, F. and Macdougall, C., 2019. How the Social Determinants of Indigenous Health became Policy Reality for Australias National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan.Journal of Social Policy,48(1), pp.169-189.

George, E., Mackean, T., Baum, F. and Fisher, M., 2019. Social Determinants of Indigenous Health and Indigenous Rights in Policy A Scoping Review and Analysis of Problem Representation.The International Indigenous Policy Journal,10(2), p.4.

Green, S. and Hugman, R., 2018. Collective Choice and Social Welfare Considerations for Indigenous Australians.Ethics and Social Welfare,12(4), pp.400-406.

Gwynne, K., Rojas, J., Hines, M., Bulkeley, K., Irving, M., McCowen, D. and Lincoln, M., 2019. Customised approaches to vocational education can dramatically improve the completion rates of Australian Aboriginal students. Australian Health Review.

Heffernan, T.A. and Maxwell, J., 2019. The medias coverage of Closing the Gap in Australian education.Discourse Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, pp.1-14.

Howard-Wagner, D., 2019. Success in Closing the Socio-Economic Gap, But Still a Long Way to Go Urban Aboriginal Disadvantage, Trauma, and Racism in the Australian City of Newcastle.The International Indigenous Policy Journal,10(1), p.3.

Markham, F., Jordan, K. and Howard-Wagner, D., 2018. Closing the Gap Refresh papering over the gaps or structural reform.

Partner, C., Wilson, S. and Hartz, D.L., 2018. The Closing the Gap (CTG) Refresh Should Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture be incorporated in the CTG framework How.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health.

Ring, I., Dixon, T., Lovett, R. and Al-Yaman, F., 2016. Are Indigenous mortality gaps closing how to tell, and when.

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Marijuana Is Serving So Many Purposes Should It Be Sold Like Cigarettes?

Marijuana is serving so many purposes should it be sold like cigarettes

Name of the Writer

Name of the University

Marijuana is serving so many purposes should it be sold like cigarettes

Around half or even more number of adults currently present in the United States of America or 128 million individuals have tried marijuana in one form or another, Per year around six hundred thousands of Americans are put into jails due to marijuana possession. All this information has been the basic building block for the support of legalization of marijuana. Furthermore, the support for legalization of marijuana even increased till sixty six percent from twelve percent. These are some of the reasons why it is important for the government in the United States of America to go ahead and legalize marijuana.

Taking the case of Canada, which has also just recently legalized the recreational use of marijuana. The country is using this to give pardons to people who had been arrested on possession of small amounts of marijuana (Gonchar, 2019). This way they are solving their jail overcrowding problem and are further making the system towards monitoring of marijuana use more transparent. Furthermore, by legalizing marijuana they are also able to monitor that harmful content that is most black market marijuana. Most of the government store bough marijuana is devoid of any harmful contaminants. This way they are also securing the health of their countrymen as well.

Furthermore, health wise marijuana is as harmful to the health of an individual just as alcohol or tobacco are and both of these substance are legalized. It is also very beneficial for people suffering with many illnesses such as glaucoma, Aids and cancer. Legalizing marijuana could also be another way of controlling crime both within and outside or at the borders of the United States of America as it would impede any selling or buying of marijuana illegally (Hurd, 2017). It is also one of the most top selling agricultural product of the USA economy. Additionally, the billions spent yearly by the government in order to fight drugs is being questioned.

References

Gonchar, M. (2019). Should Marijuana Be Legal?. Retrieved 9 November 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/18/learning/should-marijuana-be-legal.html

Hurd, Y. L. (2017). Cannabidiol: swinging the marijuana pendulum from ‘weed’to medication to treat the opioid epidemic. Trends in Neurosciences, 40(3), 124-127.

Marriage And Family

Marriage and Family

[Name of the Student]

[Name of the Institution]

Marriage and Family

Introduction

Recently, a US news agency “TIME” published an article entitled “The Silent Shame of Male Infertility” (TIME, 2019). The respective article described infertility and its causes, particularly in men. It pressed on the issue as to why infertility cannot be associated only with women when their male counterparts can experience the same disease. It featured the current situation of Mr. Bradley Goldman who is suffering from the anxiety of not conceiving children. This is due to infertility caused by the steroids he had been taking for a long time. The issue of infertility among married couples in the USA is thoroughly addressed in the chapter, “Becoming a Parent” in the book related to marriage and family class (Lauer & Lauer, 2019).

Discussion

Every married couple has a different opinion regarding becoming a parent. Some couples don’t want to have children due to their personal preferences towards a career, more focus on the marital relationship or having doubts about being a good parent (Lauer & Lauer, 2019). On the other side of the picture, there are numerous American couples want to have few or more children. Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Goldman is one of those couples as well who wants to reproduce and raise children (TIME, 2019) naturally. However, the quest for a muscular body through steroids resulted in an opportunity cost of ending up with the extinction of testosterone in Mr. Goldman.

The article described that at first, like every grown-up adult, he was more ambitious to build-up a perfect muscular body. The pursuit towards that aim leads him to the use of steroids, a decision he very much regrets now. Mr. & Mrs. Goldman now wants to have children of their own, but Mr. Goldman's low sperm count and the inability to produce testosterone naturally has to lead the couple to live without children so far. According to Lauer & Lauer (2019), this vital issue is known as "involuntary childlessness" where the married couple faces a daunting time in which they live without having natural reproduction. Although the married couple makes an outcry to have their children like Mr. & Mrs. Goldman, sometimes the mistakes of the past become the regret of the future.

Such a couple in which one or both the partners experience infertility does find it very hard to face the societal pressure. The family of Mr. Goldman is going through that same pressure situation where they can’t meet their near relatives or general public openly. They can expect people to ask them “how many children do you have?” as Mr. Goldman has been married for some time now. This question the unfortunate victim of infertility in depression and anxiety. Therefore, it is not just the lack of reproductive abilities that is the current physical disease in Mr. Goldman. This biological disability which is the core characteristic of the male gender has seeped in the mental disorders as well in the cognition of Mr. Goldman.

It was an absolute surprise and shock for Mr. Goldsmith when he found out that his sperm-count was "flat zero" (TIME, 2019). Lauer & Lauer (2019) has also mentioned this in their book that coping with infertility may come as a surprise for some couples. When Mr. Goldsmith started to opt for fertility medications, his sperm count although gradually started to increase but he longer has that pleasant sex drive that a married man should be having for his female counterpart. The last nail in the coffin was the appearance of fat tissues overtaking his muscular body. All the efforts he did along with the help of steroids went in vain. Not only he lost his manhood but also ended up being fat which describes how much useless those steroids have been to him.

In the spotlight of the recovery options stated by Lauer & Lauer (2019) for the infertile couples, Mr. Goldsmith should work on to continue with his fertility medications to develop testosterone within him. However, this treatment will come at the expense of his muscular body. He may eventually reach to normal sperm count after successful medical treatment but may increase in weight and be out of shape. Another option for Mr. & Mrs. Goldman can be the adoption of children (Lauer & Lauer, 2019). They may achieve temporary satisfaction through the feeling of having a child. However, this may not be the permanent solution to the problem. Sexual intimacy is the key to a successful marriage, and thus when the particular couple does not indulge in any such marital activity, the relationship will eventually end up in separation or divorce. The adopted children will also be negatively affected as an aftermath.

Conclusion

In the US, muscular men are considered a symbol of independence and capability (TIME, 2019). However, the story of Mr. Goldman suggests that this is not always the case. He built-up his muscular body and thus followed the stereotypes American society holds regarding men. However, he now realizes that he is a living example for every stereotypical male who thinks masculinity lies in muscles. In actual, manhood lies in the ability to reproduce and satisfy the marriage partners through sexual intercourse. This is the basic foundation of masculinity. Becoming a parent of a child is real masculinity. American society needs to promote these realities mentioned above so that the men recognize what should be the top priority for them – muscles or high levels of testosterone.

References

Lauer, R. and Lauer, J. (2019). Marriage and Family: The Quest for Intimacy – 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education.

TIME. (2019). The Silent Shame of Male Infertility. Retrieved 9 January 2019, from http://time.com/5492615/male-infertility-taboo-society-shame/

Marx

Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

Author

Institution

Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

Part 1

Karl Marx in his well known Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (which were never published in his lifetime) Marx, in what could be regarded as a prophetic vision of the sort of commercial, advertisers' world we have to suffer today, expanded on the point about the pursuit of money becomes the main aim of life in private property society. Economics is not about being correct or incorrect, it’s about being beneficial by describing what an economy will do, and in that regard, Marx has been both. There are of course the disasters of the communist and socialist states, a trail of abject poverty in its application, However, there is also the fact that Marxian economics are still used as complementary theories to this day.

Marx managed to form a coherent set of ideas based on the merging of ideas by among others his friend Engels, by philosopher Hegel, political philosopher Vicon, and economist David Ricardo. But it’s important to remember that Marx is largely about ideas, questions that needed to be asked at that time, and his works feature little scientific discipline. His theories are still a popular analytical tool to this day. In economics, however, very few to nearly none of the influential economists practice Marxian economics, nor call themselves Marxists, and many former Marxian economists have since changed their economic beliefs. It’s therefore not very controversial to say that Karl Marx’s influence on economics alone has largely been reduced to a complimentary position, even the Marxists from for example the Frankfurt school have largely supplemented Marx with new theories, and it remains questionable whether they really follow Karl Marx or rather have taken his ideas into a different direction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gpt3x7qB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Su-ping, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Su-ping, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1469,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/MT85VJPK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/MT85VJPK"],"itemData":{"id":1469,"type":"article-journal","title":"Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844: The First Sign of Conservation Culture [J]","container-title":"Academic Exchange","volume":"6","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844","author":[{"family":"Su-ping","given":"X. U."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Su-ping, 2008). There’s thus very little that remains of orthodox Marxian economics, the labor theory of value, for example, is the sine qua non of Marxian economics, and has been since disproven by the efficiency of other economic theories. Marx’s belief that factory machines were the real enemy of the workers, but just before book one of Das Kapital was published the Marginalist school of economics published their proof that capital investment introduced technical innovation into its products and production, and that it wasn’t possible to introduce technical innovation without. Hence why for example the USSR started to lag behind in technology, as did North Korea which still looks like the cold war never ended. Marx abandoned his works after book one and Engels himself published book two and three based on Marx’s notes.

The most beneficial thing Marx did for us today was inspired movements such as the social democrats that rose out of Marx’s works, and have assisted in creating the welfare state that had Marxian characteristics in France, England, but most importantly Germany under the conservative Bismarck. Marx was right about capitalism, he largely wasn’t, and very little of what he said about its future is still beneficial in an economic environment where economists seek to describe how economies behave, rather than how they ought to behave ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fPsRS15J","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Su-ping, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Su-ping, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1469,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/MT85VJPK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/MT85VJPK"],"itemData":{"id":1469,"type":"article-journal","title":"Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844: The First Sign of Conservation Culture [J]","container-title":"Academic Exchange","volume":"6","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844","author":[{"family":"Su-ping","given":"X. U."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Su-ping, 2008). We can spend all day talking about where he was right and where he was wrong, but Marx spend a lot of time predicting outcomes, but never finished his work nor wanted to work on book four which would explain his own economic system. But Marx lives on, and his analytical outlook on capitalist economics does too. 

Part 2

The ideas reflected by Karl Marx in economic and Philosophical Manuscripts 1844 proposes that business owners (capitalists) exploited the ‘surplus value’ of their workers/laborer’s and that exploitation is was the profit business owners (capitalists) made off the unpaid labor of others. It’s clear that Marx believed all economic value was rooted in labor. (In his day this would almost exclusively be manual labor). So, for instance, a worker is paid $10 to make 10 “widgets” in an hour. So, after an hour the worker produces $10 worth of widgets but the capitalist/business owners sell the widgets for $15. So, if the owner is paying the worker $10 but is making $15 there is a $5 profit being made for the business owner. Marx believed that extra $5 belonged to the worker and that the owner was clearly stealing from the worker. Marx believed the worker was shafted in the transaction and because the worker needs a job, he can’t do anything about being exploited. Maybe it is convincing for someone who doesn’t understand how business works and Marx really didn’t understand business or even labor. Marx basically got a free ride from Engels while he wrote his stuff. Engels inherited his own family’s wealth thanks to a business they had in England.

Marx erroneously believed that all economic value is the result of labor and not much else. Marx believed that all goods in an economy have static and ‘objective’ value-based pretty much exclusively on how much labor was put into it. Marx had his own theory of value, labor theory of value. Marx wasn’t the only one to propose a labor theory of value. Some economists before him proposed their own labor theories of value and it’s likely that Marx borrowed ideas from them. Ironically in Marx’s critique of capital he almost totally neglected capital value at least in the production process. Thus based on Marx’s view of value tied to only labor he couldn’t or wouldn’t see the value added by an owner/investor in terms of capital and why that little $5 profit for the owner might be perfectly justifiable based on the work the capitalist/owner did to not only bring the good to market but also created the job for the worker in the first place and did not merely ‘exploit’ the worker. Marx also completely ignored the consumer side of the equation believing that consumers were merely deterministic and programmed to trade for things based on their ‘class.’ So, he didn’t see that value is actually determined by the consumers (not the laborer or even the capitalist/owner) and that value is subjective to each and every individual consumer and can’t be quantified objectively.

Marx also proposed the idea of ‘historical materialism’ as a ‘scientific’ way to explain social and economic relations between people. It was borrowed from the Hegelian theory of ‘thesis, antithesis, synthesis.’ When the thesis which is the current way of doing things meets the anti-thesis or the objections to the status quo there comes conflict. The conflict turns into revolution and a solution (synthesis) is ushered in or new way of doing things ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"auzBqiDp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Su-ping, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Su-ping, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1469,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/MT85VJPK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/MT85VJPK"],"itemData":{"id":1469,"type":"article-journal","title":"Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844: The First Sign of Conservation Culture [J]","container-title":"Academic Exchange","volume":"6","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844","author":[{"family":"Su-ping","given":"X. U."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Su-ping, 2008). Marx believed this was repeated like deterministic cycle throughout history and capitalism was the synthesis from the conflicts caused by feudalism. Marx proposed that socialism would be the solution to capitalism, in the same way, being as a superior solution. However, history didn’t work out that way. Socialism and its synthesis Communism didn’t take root in capitalist nations as Marx predicted but rather in the feudal monarchy of Russia and now Russia is capitalist coming from socialism in the past breaking the deterministic predictions of Marx yet Marx is still seen as a good analyst of society and economics.

Part 3

Economics is not about being correct or incorrect, it’s about being beneficial by describing what an economy will do, and in that regard, Marx has been both. There are of course the disasters of the communist and socialist states, a trail of abject poverty in its application, but there is also the fact that Marxian economics are still used as complementary theories to this day. Marx managed to form a coherent set of ideas based on the merging of ideas by among others his friend Engels, by philosopher Hegel, political philosopher Vico, and economist David Ricardo. But it’s important to remember that Marx is largely about ideas, questions that needed to be asked at that time, and his works feature little scientific discipline. His theories are still a popular analytical tool to this day. In economics, however, very few to nearly none of the influential economists practice Marxian economics, nor call themselves Marxists, and many former Marxian economists have since changed their economic beliefs. It’s therefore not very controversial to say that Karl Marx’s influence on economics alone has largely been reduced to a complimentary position, even the Marxists from for example the Frankfurt school have largely supplemented Marx with new theories, and it remains questionable whether they really follow Karl Marx or rather have taken his ideas into a different direction. There’s thus very little that remains of orthodox Marxian economics, the labor theory of value, for example, is the sine qua non of Marxian economics, and has been since disproven by the efficiency of other economic theories. In my opinion, Marx will have greater impact on the future of human social psychology than global politics. He has tried to explain something fundamental about human nature… about the subtle (very subtle) differences between greed and self-preservation, as it is played out in labor relationships and in group dynamics.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Su-ping, X. U. (2008). Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844: The First Sign of Conservation Culture [J]. Academic Exchange, 6.

Marx And Commodification

Marx and Commodification

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Marx and Commodification

Commodity Fetishism is a concept presented by Karl Marx. It was a criticism of capitalism when Karl Marx said that in a capitalistic society social relationships involved in the production are economical. Under this framework, Karl Marx opines that capitalism transforms all the subjective aspects of the economy and human life into objective commodities which can be bought and sold ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QUkVW8DV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Communist Manifesto (Chapter 1),\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Communist Manifesto (Chapter 1),” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":248,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/8JHXIW7P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/8JHXIW7P"],"itemData":{"id":248,"type":"webpage","title":"Communist Manifesto (Chapter 1)","URL":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm#007","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Communist Manifesto (Chapter 1),” n.d.). The word Fetish is used to describe inanimate objects that possess fantastical powers in indigenous cultures. Based on this understanding he stated that commodities exist in two states one is the physical presence and the other lie in the heart of social relations. In the capitalist world, these social relations are not identified in the commodities and this is called commodity Fetishism.

In the contemporary world, there are numerous examples which represent the notion of commodification. The first example is of the products sold on E-commerce sites. The sellers don’t have any information about the manufacturers of the products. Another example is of big shopping marts where commodities of different brands and use are present. And the last example is of Uber which provides cab service to the users. Uber commodifies the service of transport in exchange for money and there is no social link present between the user and the service provider. So these are the best examples of Commodity Fetishism. With reference to these examples, it will not be wrong to say that these examples are of big brands and thus the concept of commodification is related to the term "branding" in popular culture. In addition to this, it is cardinal to note here that the internet is playing a vital role in promoting the products and services in an effective manner. The use of internet has made it easy for the consumers to buy products according to their ease. Thus the internet, especially social media has improved the future of consumerism.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Communist Manifesto (Chapter 1). (n.d.). Retrieved April 2, 2019, from https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm#007

MATE SELECTION AND FAMILY FORMATION

[Name of the student]

[Course]

[Name of the instructor]

[Date]

Mate Selection and Family Formation

According to the mate selection and the marriage criteria in different cultures and geographies around the world, the process can be of three different types. Marriages can be performed via capture, arrangement or free-choice selection of the mate. There are many regions around the world such as Africa, Asia, Middle East and Caucasus where marriage by force is practiced. It is done by taking a wife without her or her family’s consent. The groom provides a ‘Brides money’ to the family or impregnates the woman thus claiming to have her in his courtship. It was a common practice during the times of the war as Bible encouraged men to take wives of the captives that they found them attractive. The other form of marriage is by arrangement where it is planned by the families of the both bride and the groom. The partners have very little or no say in the matter of selection of the mate. It is a very common practice in many societies and can be done by the parents, professional matchmakers, families or social media in some societies. It also includes the ‘Brideprice that the groom pays to the bride’s family in order to compensate them for their loss of her services to the family. In other societies, the concept of ‘Dowry’ also exists where the bride’s family pays the groom as an incentive to relieve the family of the financial burden. While in the ancient Greece, Rome and modern Asian and Middle East societies consider as an important element of an honorable marriage. There is also a concept of ‘Groomprice’ that the bride’s family pay to the groom so he may use it as he sees fit.

The arranged marriage also deals with the notion of ‘Sororate’ and ‘Levirate’ and these are applied when the first spouse dies. In the practice of Sororate, a sister, cousin or any other close female relative of the previous wife has to marry the man and compensate the place of the first wife. While Levirate is a norm where the brother of the deceased husband has to marry his widowed wife. Sororate is mainly used in the case of the marriage transactions in terms of money and is comparatively less common than Levirate. Marriage by free-choice includes the selection of mate by the consent and choice of two individuals. However, in majority of the societies, it is not entirely free choice as there are certain marital regulations involved namely exogamy and endogamy. Exogamy prohibits people to marry within their group or close family members and is considered as incest taboo. Endogamy, on the other hand, limits people to marry within their group based on the race, religion, ethnicity and social class. Propinquity is the concept of marrying within closer geographical proximities.

The mate selection is also based on the courtship and sexual relationships of the individuals. It includes the dating and meeting stages of initiating any relationship with whom one feels compatible. The purpose of courtship is to allow individuals to get to know each other on various levels while prohibiting the act of kissing and having sex from obscuring their judgement. It helps building the spiritual, emotional, intellectual and physical bonding before sexual experience. However, in modern Western societies, people engage in sexual relationships upon puberty and is considered as part of life without being seen as societal taboo ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GlIcILuT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ingoldsby)","plainCitation":"(Ingoldsby)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":337,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/6UJ2NDUT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/6UJ2NDUT"],"itemData":{"id":337,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mate Selection and Marriage Around the World","container-title":"Seeing Ourselves: Classic, Contemporary, and Cross-cultural Readings in Sociology","page":"320","author":[{"family":"Ingoldsby","given":"Bron B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ingoldsby).

In every society, the marriage culture, traditions and practices are different based on social classes, ethnicity, religion and even gender. In my family, I interviewed my uncle’s wife who is Italian. Due to her cultural affiliations, I always wondered to have asked her about the mate selection and marriage traditions in Italy. They got married some 23 years ago in New York when my aunt was here on her medical practice. My uncle and aunt met each other and fell in love with each other and wanted to marry, however, their families did not get along due to cultural differences and my aunt’s parents did not allow her to marry someone out their Italian brotherhood. She had to fight and it took a very long time to make her family agree over this relationship. Italian families are well integrated and important decisions are only taken by the elders of the family. Moreover, in their culture, the say of the females in marital affairs is not as much as compared to males. Females are obliged to listen to their fathers, brothers and uncles. The relationships in their culture are mainly initiated with dating and courtship and the family basically approves of the date. When the couple gets along fine, the families then move forward to set the marriage with the blessings of the elders.

The Italians primarily practice the concept of endogamy and there are several social constraints as who shall date whom. They need to date one of their own as the traditional families often discourage marrying outside of their people. There is also a difference in following the marriage pattern as males still can get some leverage and marry a woman from outside of their group. To this date, Italians undergo two different wedding ceremonies; civil and ecclesiastic. It is done in order to provide some time lapse for the young couples so they can get to meet and understand each other while their families get to negotiate over several stuff such as other marriage rituals and dowry. It can be generalized from their experience that Italians are family oriented people and their marriage rituals are based on very old traditions and even counterparts of my generation in their families tend to follow and respect then. This case lies in the middle grounds as the partners are allowed to choose each other while following certain family traditions while in the Medieval Italy, the pattern of arranged marriage is still followed strictly. As far as my family is concerned, the matter of my marriage shall be entirely based on the romantic-companionate marriage. My family supports marriage by choice without any restriction of exogamy or endogamy.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ingoldsby, Bron B. “Mate Selection and Marriage Around the World.” Seeing Ourselves: Classic, Contemporary, and Cross-Cultural Readings in Sociology, 1998, p. 320.

Max Weber Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Max Weber Essay

Max Weber believed that society is formed as a result of rational and goal-oriented actions of human beings. Weber argued that general laws cannot be used to study social reality as a whole but also advocated to rationally analyze human society. He believed that research in social sciences requires specific consideration. The social sciences methodologies should be able to address the question of values, judgments, and empirical knowledge. Webber differentiated between the concept of value freedom and value relevance. The main purpose of the essay is to analyze Weber’s statement, “It cannot be our purpose to replace a one-sided materialist causal interpretation of culture and history with an equally one-sided spiritual one.” It is significant for a one-sided materialist understanding of history and society. The statement was given after the analysis of influence of ascetic rationalism on social and historical development of the people.

Webber assumed that at the beginning of the research, the values of the researchers are depicted by the selection of investigation topics but suggested that, “While making analysis, the social sciences should become value-free.” Objectivity, for Webber, constituted to be the moral commitment for the sake of knowledge. He explained the term objectivity in such a way that the social researchers themselves seem responsible for being conscious of their own perspectives and observations shaped by their ideologies and individual beliefs. He believed that research should be committed to the cause of knowledge and truth. He also stressed that research in social sciences includes the moral choices of the researcher and the sociologists should explain those moral choices. Furthermore, in the presence of infinite kinds of realities, without the formulation of proper presuppositions, chaos of judgment will be created. The consideration of meaningful findings is always a cultural construct for a researcher in social sciences and the development of the judgment about relevant and meaningful accords with cultural values.

Webber stated that “it cannot be our purpose to replace a one-sided materialist causal interpretation of culture and history with an equally one-sided spiritual one.” By this statement, he meant that while criticizing the one-sided materialistic interpretations of culture and history, we cannot advocate a one-sided idealist or positivist approach of spiritual interpretation of the human culture and history. Instead, we need to formulate a method that involves both objective as well as subjective interpretation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rLbLVFPw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bratton and Denham)","plainCitation":"(Bratton and Denham)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1775,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/3A6GX2ZR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/3A6GX2ZR"],"itemData":{"id":1775,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"SOCIAL THEORY","language":"en","page":"441","source":"Zotero","title":"Capitalism and Classical Social Theory, Second Edition","author":[{"family":"Bratton","given":"John"},{"family":"Denham","given":"David"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bratton and Denham). Culture helps to change the economic conditions whereas, Marx assumed that it is the economic conditions that are manifested in the culture of human society. The method of historical analysis of Marx where individuals differed in their perception of the process which involved the development of history. He advocated for a theoretical understanding of history which is also for social contextual. He does not support a methodology that aims to make strong predictive claims, rather suggested a more descriptive approach of history and social realities which included objective and subjective interpretations of the phenomenon. He looks for subjective meanings by means of observation of the objective reality. The sociological approach of Weber was existentialist in nature. He stressed the need to understand social reality as it actually exists and considers theories as tools that help us understand the world.

Weber learned that in order to understand the social sciences, the motivations of the people involved in the research process should also be considered. The historical context should be taken under investigation. He also rejected the idea of the formulation of universal laws because according to his thought, free will of the people exists, which prohibit the formulation of any kind of universal social structures ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rLbLVFPw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bratton and Denham)","plainCitation":"(Bratton and Denham)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1775,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/3A6GX2ZR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/3A6GX2ZR"],"itemData":{"id":1775,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"SOCIAL THEORY","language":"en","page":"441","source":"Zotero","title":"Capitalism and Classical Social Theory, Second Edition","author":[{"family":"Bratton","given":"John"},{"family":"Denham","given":"David"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bratton and Denham). It is important to examine the empirical data selected and interpreted carefully. By this process, the researcher develops out of empirical data, sociologists’ developed concepts and generalized uniformities of empirical processes. Webber did not support the idea of making laws to understand social phenomenon, rather he endorsed the complexity of human society and the possible difficulties for understanding society as a whole. He did not develop a single theoretical model to understand society rather based his concepts and methods more specifically and less generally, applicable to a wide range of social issues.

Max Weber proposed two basic types of understanding which include the subjective as well as the objective nature of the social subject being studied. Firstly, he discussed the direct understanding which according to him can help us to understand the meaning of the social phenomenon by interpretation and observation of the physical and symbolic characteristics. Whereas, the explanatory kind of understanding helps us to interpret the unobservable, non-physical and subjective processes as he emphasized for an explanatory and rational understanding. The first and second types of understanding represent the direct information, which means understand the meanings of social action through symbolic and physical characteristics for example; the facial expressions and movements of the body. These kinds of understandings have evidence which is directly observable and enough for interpretation.

Webber believed that for the interpretation of the subjective actions of an individual, a methodology will be needed which could assess interpretive hypothesis as causes. The methodology of the explanatory kind of understanding is not correct normatively rather it requires the researcher to think profound to the context where the researched and the researcher is positioned. Explanatory understanding is different from direct understanding because it requires many intellectual efforts. Within a context, it aims to comprehend the social actions based on relevant experiences, facts, and involvement of judgment.

The methodology of Weber is concerned about conceptualizing and generation of meaningful selections among the infinite social realities. He developed the concept of “ideal type” which he defined as an emphasis, which is one-sided with intensifying or more aspects of a given event. The abstraction of ideal-types recommends itself not as an end but as a means where ideal types serve three main functions in theorizing social reality. Firstly, they help to conceptualize the thinking patterns of modernity. Secondly, they help in the formulation of the empirical research queries along with with with suggestion possible casual relationships. Finally, the ideal types help social research by underscoring the role of the researcher for the interpretation of social action. Webber believed that social sciences can accomplish the subjective understanding of the individual actions of our subject, which is not achievable in natural sciences. Human society is considered to be too complex to be comprehended because of the complex nature of the human activity. He struggles to change this fact into an advantage for the social sciences.

Analysis of Marx Weber enables to fill the gap between the large social structures and the individual level of social action and interaction. He argued that sociologists can develop an understanding of the actions of individuals and groups, and hence become able to develop an understanding of human history as well. He described this as “Verstehen” or understanding, which meant that the researcher feels empathetic to the individual being studied, developing an understanding of the meaning that individuals attach to various courses of action. Comprehension and formulation of meanings are the basic components of methodological approach of him. For Weber, these are not just intuition or sympathies for the individuals being studied, but a product of systematic and rigorous research.

Work Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bratton, John, and David Denham. “Capitalism and Classical Social Theory, Second Edition.” SOCIAL THEORY, p. 441.

Max Weber Essay

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Max Weber Essay

Introduction

Human beings are social animals, no human is completely free or independent. Every person and even things on this planet Earth are dependent upon each other for their survival and growth. Since the initiation of human life on this blue planet, humans have been living in groups, tribes and communities. Sometimes these communities are organized and sometimes not much organized, but in every case, it has depicted the interdependence of the people on each other for survival and thriving. The study of how humans live in a society and interact with it and the members of the society is known as sociology. Max Weber was one of the most notable sociologists, philosopher, political economist and jurist has ever seen. The reason for which he got fame was his views on the economic sociology and sociology of religion. These views profoundly left a great impact on society and social research.

Discussion

Early Life and Works

Max Weber had a very troubled, to be more precise a very confused childhood. Weber was born to Max Weber Sr, and Helene (Fallenstein) in Erfurt, Province of Saxony, Prussia on April 21, 1864. The Weber family moved to Berlin shortly after his birth. He was the eldest of the seven children in his family. Max Weber’s father was an influential civil servant, politician and lawyer and his mother was a devout Calvinist.

The reason for his disturbed childhood was the complete opposite nature of his parents. Although, Max Weber belonged to a wealthy family, and his parents never let him cringe for anything, still his psychological development lacked many peaceful aspects. Weber’s father was a completely materialistic man who believed in earning more and more money. He led a hedonistic lifestyle indulged in social gatherings and partying. It is believed that he was stereotypically Victorian, and an arrogant man, who showed no emotions towards his wife. Contrary to this, his mother was a complete opposite of this. She believed in leading an ascetic and life of piety, and it was her puritanism beliefs that shaped his moral ethics.

Max Weber and Methodenstriet

Methodenstrist the intellectual history of the German-language discourse over the period of time. This phase started in 1180 and lasted for almost a decade. This was basically an economic controversy. In contrast to Durkheim, Max Weber dismissed the thought of objectivity and positivism since Human creatures, as opposed to objects have hidden inspirations and emotions, which may go amiss a Human from anticipated conduct. His focal thought of dismissing positivistic view is that not normal for objects, people have a cerebrum and they partner emotional importance to their activity. Investigation of Max Weber covers a wide region, however focal topic what I comprehend is 'subjectivity' which people may connect with their activity. That is the explanation dissimilar to numerous other social researchers, he gave impressive significance to the person's conduct, which most others like Durkheim in his investigation of 'Suicide' didn't consider of critical significance.

Definition of Sociology according to Max Weber and Various Methodologies

One of his most lasting contributions is his methodological work, some of which was only published after his death. Weber was part of the first value-dispute and was very active in debating questions such as the "logic" of the social sciences, what role value should have in research, and general epistemological questions. Sadly the intricacies of his thought have been somewhat lost on the ages, but his use of the "ideal-type" has lived on. Ideal types are theoretical constructions which serve as models of society. They are not meant to represent reality directly, but rather be a good stepping stone to an understanding of it.

Aside from such trivialities, Weber seems to have greatly influenced Karl Popper, though Popper himself rarely acknowledges it. Popper's "logic of the situation" is straight out of Weber's methodology, and so is his "methodological individualism", though this may be said to have several sources. Weber also advocated a version of falsificationism very similar to Popper. His "understanding" sociology, is actually an expression of the making of hypothesis, which was thereafter to be tested against hard data (Bratton). This contribution is almost invisible to us today because Popper didn't write about it. Besides his methodological work, his most famous contribution is about the protestant work ethic and the growth of capitalism. Both this and his work on religion helped, together with Durkheim and Marx to shape sociology's view of itself as interested in "grand shifts" and "religion".

Max Weber. Capitalism and Society

Weber’s thesis in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905) is one of the best-known ideas in all of sociology, but most people who comment upon it oversimplify and even misrepresent it. Weber’s thesis is actually complex, subtle, and motivated by the very deep problem of understanding why the values and institutions of the modern world (individual freedom, the rule of law, secularism, democracy, market economics), though claiming universal validity, in fact, emerged only once in human history, and then within a very specific cultural context. I might add that Weber’s analysis sheds light on why those values and institutions, though by now ostensibly adopted throughout much of the world, fail in practice in a great many places.

The key idea in Weber’s thesis is that certain strands of Protestantism (Weber singles out Calvinism, the English non-conformist churches, and German Pietism) introduced the notion that asceticism, which had until then always been reserved for a spiritual élite of monks whose lives were entirely guided by other-worldly aspirations, was actually the universal calling of all good Christians, who ought to practice it in the course of ordinary lives that embraced worldly goals.

Modernity and the “Iron Cage”

Iron cage holds great value in the subject of sociology. It was a concept introduced specifically by Max Weber, in order to explain the hike in the rationalization that is inherited y the society in the social life. This idea has impacted humanism, prominently the human science of work and associations. It connects to basic ideas of control and the domineering intensity of a tip top to force a belief system and perspective which subsumes the person into an 'iron pen of subjugation'. This servitude is for Weber a characteristic result of innovation. Since with innovation comes administration. The accomplishment of organization is to create a 'specialized predominance' in light of the standard of law, workplaces of rule, a progressive system of authorities/officials all interlocked inside some tremendous, self-supporting, however an altogether sensible and reasonable machine. The individual is simply a cog in this impersonal, potentially tyrannical machine, in which case the best one can hope for is to become a bigger cog.

One might expect, Weber’s concept has been used especially effectively by (neo)Marxist theorists and connects nicely with the theories of, for example, Althusser, Gramsci, and the earlier Foucault. It also links with Kafka (The Trial, 1956). Whether one is a (neo) Marxist or not, it is entirely possible to see the ‘iron cage’ operational in most countries. Just don’t get trapped in it.

Conclusion

Hence, in a nutshell, it can be concluded that the contributions of Max Weber have proved to be guiding light in many areas. The famous sociologist presents this theory in all the areas of sociology, economics and religion and developed a link between them. Although Weber presented his theories a long time ago in these areas, still these ideas are considered valid and many great experts, scholars, philosophers and researchers take help from them in order to mold and put forward their research.

Works Cited:

Bratton, John, and David Denham. Capitalism and classical social theory. University of Toronto Press, 2014.

MEDIA ANALYSIS

Media Analysis

Hope Springs

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Media Analysis

Hope Springs

Romance, weddings, and heterosexuality, along with homosexuality and other sexual concepts have been among the most important subjects for the film contents. One of the basic purposes of making films on the subjects is to help the general public become aware of their sexual identity, as well as explore the issues related to sexuality and marriage. American director named, David Frankel presented a romantic comedy film in the year 2012, which was entitled as “Hope Springs.” The movie sheds light on the life of an elderly couple who have lost all the charm and spark of their married life over the course of years. They have slept in separate rooms for years and did not have any sexual interaction, which dried their relationship to the brink of break up. Instead of filing for divorce and separating their ways, the couple makes an attempt to reignite their love and affection towards each other by taking marriage counseling. The film “Hope Springs” may have been the depiction of reigniting the love among an elderly couple; however, it sheds light on the complexity of maintaining the sexual relationship in the later part of the married life.

According to the plot of the movie, Kay and Arnold have been married for decades and numbers of years have passed since they had any physical or sexual interaction. The lack of passion and sexual relationship in marriage is disturbing for Kay, as she contacts a marriage counselor and book session with him. on the other hand, Arnold finds the idea quite ridiculous, as he thinks that there is nothing wrong with their marriage. However, in his attempt to make his wife happy, he attends the session with an annoyed and aggravated mood, which becomes even more aggressive when the counselor, keeps asking them questions about their sex life. The session ends on a bitter note, as the coupe is not in a good mood. Later that night, the couple spend their night in the same bed after the number of years and Kay finds herself in the arms of her husband when she wakes up, which makes her happy and reassured about the progress of counseling and their marriage. In the later events, they make an attempt to rekindle their physical relationship, however, fail in that due to the unfavorable circumstances. The couple continues receiving marriage counseling and finally reignites their love and marriage by having a physical relationship in years. This not only brings them closer to each other but also assures them of the need and importance of the sexual relations in the marriage. After getting that pleasure, the couple is able to find a new meaning in their marriage and renew their marriage vows in order to support and love each other till death and even after that (Frankel, 2012).

Rubin (1984) has explained in his article that sexuality is one of the definite realities of the human beings and sex is the most basic need of the human beings, which they have to satisfy in order to lead happy and healthy lives. According to the author, the concept of sexual essentialism which sheds light on the fact that sex is an undeniable natural force has been a part of the human life and their relationship since the time of their inception. The sexual essentialism has been supported by the social institutions of the society, which also promote the reproduction of human beings, in order to increase the prosperity of society. The author has also argued in his article that sexual derive may have been biologically constructed in the bodies of human beings, however, it is also inculcated by the social constructs of the society. The point is evident in the light of the film in the way that with the increase in age, the sexual derive of the couple keeps decreasing. In the case of the film, the couple was also passing through that phase of their life; however, sex is a basic need of the marital relationship, its absence was creating a conflict in their relationship. When the couple sought the counseling for their issue, they were not told to come to terms with it, as it was due to the lessening of the sexual drives of their bodies. However, the counselor guided them to get closer to each other which depict the role of the social construct in the matter (Rubin, 1984).

Maclaran, (2017) has talked about hegemonic heterosexuality in his article while shedding light on the fact that the people belonging to the two genders have their own competencies as well as drawbacks, which they have to carry along, in order to make a sexual relationship strong and happy. He has mentioned that the interests of the men and women are completely different from each other most of the times; which can become an important source of conflict among them. However, the couples work their difference due to their mutual attraction, love, and dependence on each other and make their lives happier. The author has also described that women desire more of the emotional intimacy and less sexual activity, while the men want more sexual activity and least emotional intimacy as their respective desire increase their level of satisfaction. However, the couples work out their difference in order to support each other. In the case of the film, the absence of a physical connection from the marriage was not a big issue for the husband; however, it affected the wife. So, even after having conflicts, they worked out their differences and found the key to a happy and satisfied life (Maclaran, 2017).

Stein, (2013) has talked about social control in a society in terms of sexuality and sexual relationships. The author has argued that society has defined some rules and practices which have to be followed by all the individuals of the society keeping in view the social control of the society. The social control of the society in terms of sexuality had been quite strict in the previous times when the gay, lesbian and transgender couples were not allowed to reveal their orientations to the society. The society also maintained the social control that physical relationship should be an important part of the marital relationship and the couple should seek a separation in the case it is missing. However, the movie depicts that social control has become bit relaxant in modern times as it gives more freedom to the couples to make and follow their own decision. In the case of the film, the couple made an effort to reignite their relationship, instead of following the social control of separating (Stein, 2013).

Sexuality and physical relationships are important parts of the life of human beings, which have been portrayed through the medium of films. The films try to challenge the notions of society and present the public with a new point of view. On the other hand, the films also help the individuals to explore the concepts related to sexuality, in order to become more knowledgeable and work towards making their relationships happy and successful.

References

Frankel, D. (2012). Hope Springs. Mandate Pictures.

Maclaran, P. (2017). Judith Butler: Gender Performativity and Heterosexual Hegemony. Canonical Authors in Consumption Theory, 227-233.

Rubin, G. (1984). Thinking Sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality. Social Perspectives in Lesbian and Gay Studies; A reader, 100-133.

Stein, E. (2013). Forms of desire: Sexual orientation and the social constructionist controversy. Routledge.

Media And Body Image

Media and Body Image

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Media and Body Image

In the fast-paced world media and body image are closely related. The other sources as well that affects the individual perceptions about the body image, but the mainstream media has a larger contribution. Nearly thirty percent of the television airtime is occupied by the advertisements. In advertisement campaigns, perfect bodies are portrayed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1eub8vh3qk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lanzieri & Hildebrandt, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Lanzieri & Hildebrandt, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1708,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/IQ8F5R54"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/IQ8F5R54"],"itemData":{"id":1708,"type":"article-journal","title":"Using objectification theory to examine the effects of media on gay male body image","container-title":"Clinical Social Work Journal","page":"105-113","volume":"44","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Lanzieri","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Hildebrandt","given":"Tom"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lanzieri & Hildebrandt, 2016). Depending on the time people spend watching these advertisements account for the negative body image perceptions of individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2iadj02hrb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Grogan, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Grogan, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1707,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/3T3R3TZ6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/3T3R3TZ6"],"itemData":{"id":1707,"type":"book","title":"Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-317-40043-7","author":[{"family":"Grogan","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Grogan, 2016). Media is portraying body images and shapes that are not realistic. It is not possible for every individual being influenced by the media to attain a body like celebrities. The result is increased tension in social interactions.

Only five percent of the people have the perfect body images being portrayed by the media. It is not only the television that is creating negative body images, but the same can be found on billboards, magazine covers, etc. Females are the most affected by the negativity being forced by the media because they are in search of a perfect body after watching the beautiful outfits and celebrities.

Moreover, in the last decade, social media has taken the world by storm. Social media added to the already present negativity of body images created by the mainstream media channels, e.g. television, magazines, etc. Social media affected teenagers in the first place ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1v7216acjo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fardouly, Diedrichs, Vartanian, & Halliwell, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Fardouly, Diedrichs, Vartanian, & Halliwell, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1709,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/CJXZ4ILM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/CJXZ4ILM"],"itemData":{"id":1709,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood","container-title":"Body Image","page":"38-45","volume":"13","author":[{"family":"Fardouly","given":"Jasmine"},{"family":"Diedrichs","given":"Phillippa C."},{"family":"Vartanian","given":"Lenny R."},{"family":"Halliwell","given":"Emma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fardouly, Diedrichs, Vartanian, & Halliwell, 2015). Most of the young minds are thinking that what it needs to be liked by friends. They are trying to capture a perfect profile picture instead of critical thinking. To curb the negativity related to body image of individuals by the media, other institutions such as education and parenting must be utilized effectively. These practices can help in forming the positive body image for individuals that the media has failed to create during decades.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women’s body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38–45.

Grogan, S. (2016). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children. Routledge.

Lanzieri, N., & Hildebrandt, T. (2016). Using objectification theory to examine the effects of media on gay male body image. Clinical Social Work Journal, 44(1), 105–113.

Media Review

Media Review

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Media Review

Introduction

Changing times have caused the rise of numerous social issues which have a global impact. If a person asks their parents how the world was when they were younger, the answer will be completely different from how the world is like today. Now, the difference is evident in-between just one generation gap, imagine how far the world has come from when the first life form graced it. Technology and the advancement associated with it might have made human life easier, but it has also taken a toll on the world and all the other living creatures living on it. Human beings have proven to be catastrophic from the beginning of time. Initially, Mother Nature found its way to heal the world, but things are beyond repair looking at the damage that our race has caused (Brisman, McClanahan, South, & Walters, 2018). There are people out there who have realized the importance of balance and are trying to make a difference in the condition of the world but it takes more than a few individuals to bring a difference. One of the major social issues that are being faced by the world today is water pollution, hunger and malnutrition, climate change, violence, pollution, population and so many more. This paper will shed light on three serious social issues with a global focus with the help of media articles.

Discussion

There are many social issues that have been rising on the double as we have stepped into the 21st century. However, the three issues that were chosen to base this paper on are; "water pollution, global warming and hunger and malnutrition." One of the main reasons to choose these problems was the media attention that these problems have been getting lately (Winkler, 2017). To support the seriousness associated with the mentioned issue, a media article will be used. Below are the three social issues discussed in light of an article.

Australian Waters Polluted by Harmful Tiny Plastics by Julia Reisser and Charitha Pattiaratchi

Summary

Judging by the main title of the article it might seem that is only focused on Australia, but it reflects on one of the most significant social problems which have quite the global impact. Plastic has always been deemed as poison, but now it is adding into the water pollution majorly as well. The authors of this article are Julia Reisser and Charitha Pattiaratchi. The article was not easy to find as the issue I was mainly concentrating on is very broad. However, with thorough research over the internet, this article was selected because of the intricacy of the detail that it provided. The main reason of this article is to show the society how far reaching the impact of water pollution is and the target audience being worldwide. The article was released in partnership with The University of Australia and was published by "The Conversation." It was interesting how the plastic produced in one country alone can have such a global impact. Both the authors after thorough research made the statement that every square meter of the Australian sea’s surface has been polluted by an approximate 4000 small pieces of plastic. These pieces might seem and look small, but they are disturbing the ecosystem significantly (Reisser & Pattiaratchi, 2013). Majority of the marine life is negatively getting impacted by these toxic pieces of plastic. Hence, the issue that is being faced by the Australian sea is not just restricted to Australia alone but is impacting the ecosystem and marine life as a whole.

Main Issues

The authors of the article state that it is unfortunate that a huge chunk of the plastic waste that us humans make somehow end up in the seas and oceans. If plastic is not disposed of properly it can travel via rain, wind, storms, tides, flooding and sewage into the seas and oceans. It is not necessary that the plastic starts off small, the journey that it makes from manmade areas to the oceans and seas breaks it down to smaller pieces which are up to 5mm. Now, these plastic particles can be inhaled by the smallest marine organism like planktons to the whales. Let us not forget the fact that the food web of marine life is also impacted by it as the bigger the marine life gets the smaller the organism they pray on. All in all, this toxic plastic impacts all marine life as the food chain helps transfer it from the smaller fish to the big one (Brisman, McClanahan, South, & Walters, 2018). It is a known fact that at least one ingredient used in making plastic is said to be harmful and cause health-related issues. Additionally, the plastic pollution in the water paired with oil leaks is one of the most toxic contaminations possible. Now, how does marine life getting impacted by plastic has an effect on human beings? Again, the food web. Man hunts marine life and uses it for food-related purposes. Now, what does that mean? That the plastic toxins that are present in the fish are reintroduced to the humans in the form of food. As unfortunate as it is, the saying "what goes around, comes around" fits very well in this situation. Due to the improper dispose of plastic the whole ecosystem suffers badly. In fact, the tuna that was captured from the Tasmania for the sake of human consumption was said to have small plastic particles. Now, what is the root cause of the plastic that ends up in the Australian waters? Mainly, the trash that is left on the beaches by the people (Ruzol, Banzon-Cabanilla, Ancog, & Peralta, 2017).. The researchers of this article state that the plastic that was found in the water was not just hard plastic, but soft plastic like wrappers were also seen when they were trying to get the sample of the pollutants found in the Australian waters. The area of the water which was near bigger cities like Sydney was found to be more densely polluted as opposed to other areas. So, it is a fact that the plastic that reaches the water has many sources like international and domestic populated areas accompanied by maritime operations.

Solutions

There are many solutions that the social workers have come up with and there are still possible solutions that they are working on. One of the main things that a lot of individuals pinpoint is the fact that the plastic that is made by the help of gas and oil is said to be cheaper, this is deviating people from using natural easily decomposable materials. The first thing to do here is to focus on the use of easily disposable materials. However, the cheaper way of creating plastic has contained people from reusing it. This fact is just aiding to the growing plastic contaminating the waters across the globe. People should be made aware and charged a significant amount of money on the purchase of plastic, so they feel more accountable disposing of their next water bottle and shopping bag. The main things that need to be done pretty simple but not simple at the same time. There needs to be a decrease in an altogether production of plastic so people can stop purchasing a chunk of the toxic material on a daily (Ruzol, Banzon-Cabanilla, Ancog, & Peralta, 2017). Another important step that needs to be taken is the disposal of the material on both a national and international level. Further, one of the best ways to make a difference is to involve the law. While all of these things are somewhat being made possible by the social workers, but not on a level that they can make a greater impact. For change to occur on a bigger level, more awareness needs to be created and the actions to take down the water pollution need to be reintroduced in a more robust manner so, people start taking them more seriously.

Hunger and Malnutrition in the 21st Century by Patrick Webb and Colleagues

Summary

Another major social issue that is faced by the world today is hunger and malnutrition. It is unfortunate, that even after all the advancement made by science there are still people who do not get the needed nutrition to get by. This article is mainly written by Patrick Webb with the help of his colleagues. This article was chosen after a good amount of research as it explained the current social issue of hunger and malnutrition very well. The purpose of this article is to tell the people the causes and solutions of hunger and malnutrition. They main target audience is the general public. Again, like the previous article the research behind finding this article was more internet based. The article was published via “thebmj.” The author of this article and his colleagues talked about how as the world has progressed further, famine and malnutrition have returned like the old days (Webb, Stordalen, Singh, Wijesinha-Bettoni, Shetty & Lartey, 2018). The author of this article shed light on the fact that both national and international evidence has made it evident that adequate food supply is still an essential factor to eradicate hunger. Having said that, generating more food in the form of tubers and grains is just not going to cut out for it. In order to get good nutrition and end the problem of hunger for good, it is important that every individual has a proper diet.

Main Issues

A recent report that was made by the World Committee on the Security of food argued on the fact that malnutrition in every form is a problem. Either being underweight or overweight, malnutrition is malnutrition regardless of the form. It is essential that every single issue associated with malnutrition is reflected on with the same seriousness. These issues are not just restricted to the underdeveloped or the developing countries alone, even the developed countries fall victim to the problem. There are certain determinants that need to be understood in order to have a better sense and awareness of malnutrition. Malnutrition can range from unbearable hunger to being overweight to the point that an individual cannot even function in daily life properly (Kent, 2015). Additionally, it is a known and researched fact that malnutrition is found in all the countries across the globe and are not under the influence of the economic position of any country. Wherever the individuals suffer from lack of good quality diets, there is going to be a hunger and malnutrition problem. This social issue is given a lot of importance as the impact is indeed global and if there is no health stability, there is uncertainty when it comes to the lifespan of individuals.

Solutions

It is a fact that the solution of hung and malnutrition is not the abundant reproduction of grain, the main way that the issue can be eradicated is that quality diet is provided to the individuals. Back in 2016, a new record was made when around 2.5 billion metric tons of grain were produced 20 years prior (Kent, 2015). However, creating a substantial grain supply had no substantial contribution to the reduction of hunger and malnutrition. Having said that, when the countries who saw a significant decrease in regards to the concerned social issue are taken into consideration, they portrayed a few characteristics. For starters, these countries were more politically stable and balanced. Further, they were making investments in providing the public with clean drinking water, healthcare and good education. Lastly, they believed the fact that the responsibility that was associated with responding to shocks regarding environmental, economic and conflict should be catered to in a timelier manner. This fact helps lessen the human suffering making it easier to take down a social issue like hunger and malnutrition.

A successful way to deal with nutrition-related issues is to look at the bigger picture and cater things through a wider lens. Further, there are many social workers that are focusing on creating awareness regarding how to tackle malnutrition issues. There are certain programs and policies that can be followed to make a difference as well. When it comes to food and agriculture one of the best factors is the intervention of national prices support. This will help in making the product accessible to the bigger chunk of the society (Mikalauskiene, Narutaviciute-Cikanauske, Sarkiunaite, Streimikiene, & Zlateva, 2018). Subsequently, women are being encouraged to grow fresh vegetables in their own home as well. Women are also given more awareness in regards to breastfeeding, both the healthy as well as the malnutrition mothers as to how can they work around it. In short, the quality of the service being provided in conjunction with the areas it is covering in conjunction with nailing down the demographic which is nutritionally vulnerable are the main keys that can be used in nailing down the hunger and malnutrition problem (Wilkinson, 2015).

A Degree of Concern: Why Global Temperatures Matter by Alan Buis

Summary

This article written by Alan Buis gives the perfect description of how the world is suffering from the effects of global warming. The article was published by “NASA’s Global Climate Change Website.” This article was also found based on internet research and helped illustrate the global issue in an intricate manner. the main target audience is basically every individual out there, this article is whole to raise awareness (Website, 2019). As the world is warming up the daily living has started to become tougher and tougher by the day. The author explains a big issue by a small yet very effective example which makes it clear that what the issue of global warming is doing to the world. The sea turtles come to the beaches to lay their eggs in the sands, however, there is a specific temperature of heat required in order for the eggs to produce a male or a female. Research has proven that the increase in temperature has caused the temperature of the sand rise which is impacting the gender ratio of the sea turtles, driving the species towards extinction. This is just a small example of what global warming is doing, the way this major social issue is impacting the world as a whole is rather scary. It is a fact that all the natural and human systems are in one way or the other impacted by climate warming. A few degrees might not seem drastic, but when it is looked at as a whole the impact is quite severe.

Main Issues

The places that use to be cool once have started to get heat waves. Areas like Pakistan and India saw a drastic and continues change to 2 degree Celsius since 2015. Europe, America and Africa will be facing the warmest temperatures yet. By putting a limit on global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, around half the people around the world will be facing water stress which will be global warming induced. Other areas that will be affected by global warming are inclusive of Alaska, Greenland, Canada, Iceland, Southeast Asia, Northern Asia, Northern Europe and Eastern Canada. Global warming will also lead to heavy rainfall in some places. The impact of global warming is quite far-reaching, as the ecosystem and certain species of insects like butterflies will also suffer due to it (Harvey, 2016). Further, the rainforest biomass will decrease to a substantial degree and there will be a lot more wildfires. Subsequently, the melting of ice due to global warming will also lead to 6 feet rise in sea water level. The marine life will also suffer as the ocean oxygen level will see great decrease due to global warming. There are also going to be many countries which will suffer from food shortages and go through economic issues.

Solution

Social workers play a substantial role when it comes to battling global change. There are many discussions on the greenhouse effect and there is ongoing research. The good news is that there is still hope as we possess the technology and solutions that can be used to cater to this global issue (Harvey, 2016). For starters, an initiative can be taken by reducing individual carbon emissions. However, to make a greater impact the elected leaders need to be brought into the picture. There needs to be an expansion in renewable energy and the energy systems should be made cleaner. The oil usage and vehicle fuel need to be regulated. There needs to be a limit on carbon emission. There is also a need for cleaner energy economy and last but the most important step; stop deforestation and grow as much green as possible.

Conclusion

There is no doubt in the fact that the world is facing some serious global issues and there needs to be more awareness as to how these issues are dealt with. All the three articles have reflected well on the issues, however, there was one issue that I saw in all of them. They all lacked a substantial plan to combat the issues (Mikalauskiene, Narutaviciute-Cikanauske, Sarkiunaite, Streimikiene, & Zlateva, 2018). While the problem was discussed thoroughly, and some solutions were given as well, but they were not very detailed. There still needs to be ongoing research on how to cater to global issues.

References

Brisman, A., McClanahan, B., South, N., & Walters, R. (2018). Too Dirty: Water and Pollution. In Water, Crime and Security in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 13-52). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Harvey, L. D. (2016). Global warming. Routledge.

Kent, G. (2015). Ending hunger worldwide. Routledge.

Mikalauskiene, A., Narutaviciute-Cikanauske, R., Sarkiunaite, I., Streimikiene, D., & Zlateva, R. (2018). Social aspect of sustainable development: Issues of poverty and food shortage. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 14(2), 59-78.

Reisser, J. W., & Pattiaratchi, C. (2013). Australian waters polluted by harmful tiny plastics.

Ruzol, C., Banzon-Cabanilla, D., Ancog, R., & Peralta, E. (2017). Understanding water pollution management: Evidence and insights from incorporating cultural theory in social network analysis. Global Environmental Change, 45, 183-193.

Webb, P., Stordalen, G. A., Singh, S., Wijesinha-Bettoni, R., Shetty, P., & Lartey, A. (2018). Hunger and malnutrition in the 21st century. bmj, 361, k2238.

Website, A. (2019). A Degree of Concern: Why Global Temperatures Matter – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Retrieved 25 June 2019, from https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2878/a-degree-of-concern-why-global-temperatures-matter/

Wilkinson, J. (2015). Food security and the global agrifood system: Ethical issues in historical and sociological perspective. Global food security, 7, 9-14.

Winkler, I. T. (2017). The human right to water. In Routledge Handbook of Water Law and Policy (pp. 127-137). Routledge.

Media Write Up

Media Write-Up

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Media Write-Up

INTRODUCTION

Humans have been created as equals, but every person has been given some capabilities or qualities that the other person does not have. Whereas, there are some classifications on which humans are grouped into different groups or categories. A number of factors become the basis of this classification. These groups can be made on the basis of religion, nationality, economic classes, educational status and a number of many other factors, however, one of the most basic and initial bases of classification is gender.

I recently came across an excellent piece of art that put light on the topic in a much better and detailed way. It was a documentary film presented under the production of Discovery ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Mh47leFT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Discovery - Is It a Boy or a Girl ft. Tiger Devore PhD Anon n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Discovery - Is It a Boy or a Girl ft. Tiger Devore PhD Anon n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":24,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Lwfag79W/items/KI8HI7ZG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Lwfag79W/items/KI8HI7ZG"],"itemData":{"id":24,"type":"webpage","title":"YouTube","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m84MfB0yN10&t=1013s","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,29]]}},"prefix":"Discovery - Is It a Boy or a Girl ft. Tiger Devore PhD"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Discovery - Is It a Boy or a Girl ft. Tiger Devore PhD Anon n.d.). The film titled “Discovery - Is It a Boy or a Girl ft. Tiger Devore PhD” goes into the depths of the sensitive topic and how society should finally start accepting this decision of people who like to remain in an intersex or want to change their gender.

DISCUSSION

When a couple hears the good news that they are going to be parents, the first thing that comes to their mind is whether it will be a baby boy or girl. Every couple has a certain wish that they should either have a boy or girl as their child. However, sometimes, nature has some other plans. The gender of the baby is usually determined in the 18 or 22 weeks of pregnancy, however, sometimes, this gender is not specified and the gender is not developed. In this condition, the baby cannot be categorized into a specific group or category of male or female, however, it can be categorized under the header of a third sex or intersex.

Many people choose to deliberately change their gender from the natural sexual characteristics that have been granted to them. Sometimes the person wants to get out of this constant struggle of being in the third group, and hence, decides to make a change. This kind of behavior is generally not accepted by society and the people who take such decisions are usually tagged as rebels and exhibiting a deviant behavior (Goode, 2015). Viewing from the lens of sociology, there are five theories of deviance, as described by famous sociologist, Robert K. Merton. These theories can be categorized into innovation, conformity, retreatism and ritualism. Every person who exhibits deviant behavior follows these five patterns. However, there are certain forms of deviance that are committed in criminal circles.

Despite all these issues, people still continue to choose their preferred gender and live according to it. Sometimes this procedure is carried on surgically, while the other times, people only remain till changing their appearance. In the current times, these procedures are carried on with much more efficiency and accuracy, thanks to the advancements in medical sciences. People are now becoming more aware of their own bodies and hence selecting better options for themselves. Parents of children have also become much more aware of the biological procedures and allow their children to choose their gender in order to have a successful and satisfying life.

CONCLUSION

Hence, it can be concluded that determination of gender is one’s own decision and being a free nation, a person should have complete freedom to choose it. A person who chooses to live as a male instead of a female or vice versa should not be tagged or judged and their behavior should not be considered as deviant behavior. Although there are a number of theories that have been presented with regards to the deviant behavior, the decision to choose one’s own gender does not fall in any one of them. So, this practice should be avoided.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Anon. n.d. “YouTube.” Retrieved January 29, 2020 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m84MfB0yN10&t=1013s).

Goode, E. (2015). Deviant behavior. Routledge.