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The Impossible Green Dream
Authors of the articles discuss the issue of global warming as an issue that affects countries and led to the changes in the climatic patterns. They research on ways raised to eliminate the warming effect. Changing some activities within a short time is impossible. It will take more than a decade to implement some actions as suggested. Changes must take time for complete elimination of harmful emissions. Evidence is on the continued production and manufacturing of products by companies that emit gases and waste into the environment. Cited examples include the technology employed in the motor industry where companies try developing electric cars. The practices considered in the developments of Green Investments in president Barack Obama Stimuli.
Developments of electric cars show that it is possible to reduce carbon emission after a long period. it is not possible for the change to occur within a short time. At first, there were few electric cars in the world and in the United States of America to be specific. However, recently the trend keeps changing as many cars using electricity and rechargeable enter the market. Many people in the United States are beginning to appreciate the importance of these cars. If we continue with this trend, it means we will reduce the emissions after sometime.
Barack Obama’s Green Investment stimulus evidences the fight against global warming factors. The basis of the movement is the presence of air pollution, environment pollution and sound interferences. The movement started in 2009 with an aim of eliminating emissions. To date, littles is done and the heat is intensive in most areas. The climate patterns change and is unpredictable. Therefore, the issue of global warming is a concern with severe effects on human beings.
I would produce the same arguments as the author but basing my contributions on a timeframe. Global warming is a threat to the climate. Effects of intensive heat are evidenced in some countries that are stricken by hunger. People and animals die due to hunger as drought intensifies in most parts of the world. It is impossible to eliminate emissions within a short-term. I believe the issue is manageable if quick actions are taken. However, if the governments delay in coming together to solve the issue it would result into a nightmare. Continued developments and establishment of industries without controlling carbon emissions exposes the world into a great risk. The heat will intensify and end up killing most of the living things.
However, from my personal experience global warming has intensified as governments are trying to come up with solutions to the disaster. Drought and death continues to form headlines on news. Drought intensifies due to high degrees of heat. This heat dries plants or greens as animals and people die from starving. My experience changes my opinion since we are developing different machineries, industries and carry out activities on a daily basis that lead to increased emissions. Instead of devising ways to reduce carbon emission, we are increasing the rate at which gases are released into the atmosphere. Little is being done to reduce carbon for example development of electric cars, reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Nevertheless, the actions undertaken relating to global warming control tends to yield fruits although they are taking time. New advancements to produce vehicles that do not emit gases or trying to develop clean energy show the steps taken to reduce carbon emission. Despite the actions taking time, at least there is a small percentage of emissions.
The author mentions about global warming and actions to reduce its impact but forgets to mention how the leaders should come together from all parts of the world and participate. Formation of independent world organizations and independent countries trying to solve the problem alone will not end the issue. The member states need to uphold one interest and reduce carbon emission.
There are no facts about the article have changed since the article was written. Member states still practice the same activities including greenhouse farming, driving cars that emit carbon to the atmosphere and untreated factory wastes discharged into the environment. Organizations formed for the purpose of reducing carbon emissions and helping to control the climate need to work together. The emission if not controlled will lead to severe damage on the living things. Zero emission agenda will take time for it to be achieved.
Terms such as government, social class and civic engagement directly relate to the essay. Government refers to a group of people elected or nominated and represent a country or a nation. Relating to global warming, the government is the key stakeholder in controlling or eliminating carbon emission. The government passes bills into law that protect our environment and boundaries. Therefore, it is the government’s responsibility to create policies, develop measures regulating, and supporting zero-emission.
Social class refers to a group of people that are divided depending on their social and economic status. Most of people contributing to pollution are people with high social status. This people have the financial muscles of establishing companies with big factories and forget about controlling the effluent. Therefore, for the government to achieve its zero-emission objective, it must regulate this type of people and involve them in the process of eliminating global warming.
Civic engagement is conducting activities relating to individuals or a group that are of public concern. The public issue touches on the global world. Carbon emissions are the common issue that most countries are aiming at eliminating. It is a civic engagement as the government involves the group of people to ensure its success in a long-term.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 3 Words: 900
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The legislature is the least weak of the three branches of the Texas government, but its organization still reflects Texans’ embrace of limited government.
In the following paper, the author aims to discuss the government system for Texas which includes the bicameral structure, legislative sessions, special sessions, serving in the legislature, and representation, in terms of office. Furthermore, the author will also include a discussion about compensation. Within the state, Legislature is designed to ensure the maximum representation of the segments and to provide a platform where different parties with different objectives and goals can reunite while making new laws and policies. Congress of the United States also ensures the reconciliations and fair law and policymaking processes.
Bicameral structure
There are many states which have bicameral systems like the United States except the state of Nebraska, and Texas also has a bicameral system for the legislation of the government ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1WJAAyh5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Legislature} 3.1)","plainCitation":"(The Legislature 3.1)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":707,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"itemData":{"id":707,"type":"webpage","title":"The Legislature","URL":"https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34318-alsaeed/traditional_book/chapters/3670996-the-legislature/pages/3609841","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,30]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}},"locator":"3.1"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Legislature 3.1). The Legislature for Texas has two main and separate chambers that include the house of representatives, and member senates. These both have separate members, whereas there are 31 seats or the member senates, and 150 seats for the house of representatives. The number of these seats also depends on the states. Based on western political backgrounds, bicameralism is considered to be a familiar part of it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pi2iv0BA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Legislature} 3.1)","plainCitation":"(The Legislature 3.1)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":707,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"itemData":{"id":707,"type":"webpage","title":"The Legislature","URL":"https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34318-alsaeed/traditional_book/chapters/3670996-the-legislature/pages/3609841","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,30]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}},"locator":"3.1"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Legislature 3.1). The reason for the split in the branch of the government is said to be the fear of the strong legislation of the nation. Moreover, this body of the government was influenced by the prevalent pressures in the system. This is the system that contributes to slowing down the processes of legislation of the state. The process of passing a bill is considered to be as a wending as this has to go through a complex system including reviews, amendments, and finally approvals for two times by the House and the Senate. The system of bicameralism results in the regional disparities among populations within the state.
Legislative sessions and special sessions
The legislative sessions are comprised of two main sessions that include regular and special sessions. The regular sessions are the ones that are convened by the legislature for only 140 days mostly weekends. In Texas, this session gets started in January and ends in June. After 140 days when the initial legislation is not processed and this is considered to be impractical no matter both houses approved it or not ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CiKBc55G","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Legislature} 3.2)","plainCitation":"(The Legislature 3.2)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":707,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"itemData":{"id":707,"type":"webpage","title":"The Legislature","URL":"https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34318-alsaeed/traditional_book/chapters/3670996-the-legislature/pages/3609841","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,30]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}},"locator":"3.2"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Legislature 3.2). Late decision making for passing legislation depicts the failure and lack of interest by the members. Furthermore, the special sessions are held after the regular legislative session. During this session, only one governor is subjected to decide on the legislature that will be helpful during the sessions. After the arrangement and call for the special session, it becomes impossible for the governor for the cancel the session. After the failure of the legislation, then the governor has the authority to re-call the session or another session until and unless all of the members pass the legislation. The results of special sessions are more influenced by the governor. There are also likely chances that, individuals who try to avert the legislation try to implement the delaying tactics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"C6Tuoq1a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Legislature} 3.2)","plainCitation":"(The Legislature 3.2)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":707,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"itemData":{"id":707,"type":"webpage","title":"The Legislature","URL":"https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34318-alsaeed/traditional_book/chapters/3670996-the-legislature/pages/3609841","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,30]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}},"locator":"3.2"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Legislature 3.2).
Serving in the legislature
There are a total of 181 state legislators for Texas: 150 house members and 31 senate members. To cover these seats in both houses, affiliates get elected from single-member districts. Based on the United States Census all of the boundaries are re-drawn in a period of one decade ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wPOIk6dF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Legislature} 3.3)","plainCitation":"(The Legislature 3.3)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":707,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"itemData":{"id":707,"type":"webpage","title":"The Legislature","URL":"https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34318-alsaeed/traditional_book/chapters/3670996-the-legislature/pages/3609841","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,30]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}},"locator":"3.3"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Legislature 3.3). The district boundaries are all different for Texas House, Texas Senate, and the House of Representatives which means that citizens live in three different districts, and each district has an office. During 1972, a decision was confirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States which allowed to decrease or end the voting forte of racial groups who would vote ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zLFcwwoV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Legislature} 3.3)","plainCitation":"(The Legislature 3.3)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":707,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"itemData":{"id":707,"type":"webpage","title":"The Legislature","URL":"https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34318-alsaeed/traditional_book/chapters/3670996-the-legislature/pages/3609841","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,30]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}},"locator":"3.3"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Legislature 3.3). However, until the implementation of a single member, the white majority were supposed to elect representatives from the non-minority groups. Along with the 31 regular members, a lieutenant governor is assigned to the Texas senate which is the office for the president of Senate.
Representation: in terms of office
After every two years, the elections for both houses are carried and the members for the representation of the house get elected for two years, while the duration for the senators is fixed as seven years. Suggestions over the terms and conditions of the office are shared, that is why elections are held in two years ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WZA7Snws","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Legislature} 3.4)","plainCitation":"(The Legislature 3.4)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":707,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"itemData":{"id":707,"type":"webpage","title":"The Legislature","URL":"https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34318-alsaeed/traditional_book/chapters/3670996-the-legislature/pages/3609841","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,30]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}},"locator":"3.4"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Legislature 3.4). When it comes to the elections, each member of the house can take part and they also have the option to serve the house if their constituents show a willingness to elect them again. While there are no as such term limits concerning re-election. To avoid and decrease the discrepancies in the political as well as economic crisis, staggering terms of office in the Senate may be helpful. Only 15 senators run the election cycle out of 31, whereas, the other senators run the elections after two years.
However, the case for Texas is different, the legislation has to be changed after 10 years, for that purpose, a census becomes important for the Texas Constitution. As a result of this process, there starts a new stagger, and this is achieved by making the senators participate in drawing straws which includes all of the members of the Senate. The overall impact of terms of staggering is different because each term is for a fixed time duration ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BnV5b4LQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Legislature} 3.4)","plainCitation":"(The Legislature 3.4)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":707,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"itemData":{"id":707,"type":"webpage","title":"The Legislature","URL":"https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34318-alsaeed/traditional_book/chapters/3670996-the-legislature/pages/3609841","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,30]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}},"locator":"3.4"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Legislature 3.4). This process of staggering only results in a distraction from the actual legislative objectives. Members get involved in the campaigns, and this is a disadvantage for the legislators when it comes to dealing with the higher supporters and lobbyists.
Compensation
Every member of the house is provided with the basic salaries, whereas a representative of the senate is likely to earn 7,200$ per year and around 14,000$ in two years of the duration in legislation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pNHZ6UQS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Legislature})","plainCitation":"(The Legislature)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":707,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"itemData":{"id":707,"type":"webpage","title":"The Legislature","URL":"https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34318-alsaeed/traditional_book/chapters/3670996-the-legislature/pages/3609841","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,30]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Legislature 3.5). When observed, this seems to be a normal and generous salary as they work for 140 days within a period of two years. The salary is divided on a daily basis, for example, for one day it will be 100$. However, legislators are more engaged, and they also spend their time in different campaigns for the offices. Hourly compensations are reduced when the legislators do not take their time into consideration ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gbHFXpFB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Legislature} 3.5)","plainCitation":"(The Legislature 3.5)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":707,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/ESLEIDJR"],"itemData":{"id":707,"type":"webpage","title":"The Legislature","URL":"https://www.webtexts.com/courses/34318-alsaeed/traditional_book/chapters/3670996-the-legislature/pages/3609841","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,30]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}},"locator":"3.5"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Legislature 3.5). Moreover, the annual salary of the lieutenant governor and legislators receive based on the personal allowance is 221$ per day.
Conclusion
Ending the paper, I would say that, the government is divided into different subsystems and the reason goes back to the founding fathers of America. These fathers wanted to make amendments in the constitution of the State, but they could not because of the strong policymaking and legislation by the members of the house. Moreover, the members of both houses are provided with the opportunity to get re-elected by the constituents after two year where they can take time for campaigns. These all members are also provided with the compensation which is based on two years of duration, and this is also based on the daily based representation.
Works Cited
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Title of the Book Being Referenced.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 4 Words: 1200
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Political Science: The media worksheet
Answer no: 1
Current News
Jersey City Shootout: 6 Dead Including Police Detective, 2 Suspects, 3 Civilians
Sometimes ago, I came up to watch the news listed above on TV, while now I read about it on the MSD News.
The medium that I prefer here is the MSN News article. It is preferred because it did almost a better job than the broadcast on TV. It did a better job because it provided all possible details about facts about the case. While on other side, the TV did not provide so much details instead. And that is why my preferences would not be the same because one should not consider something same to the one that is not as the first one. While it may come in the discrepancy. I would adjust the way I get news by selecting the sources and way that is highly fine and appropriate for me than others. The story about is about JERSEY CITY, where a police officer was among six killed in a lengthy gun battle in Jersey City Tuesday.
Answer no: 2
I concur with X’s assertion because several news has been seen the people by making things different by the power it has. The way the news best serve the public in the current time is it exposes almost everything that are hidden while people can serve themselves the best by differentiating real news and fake one (Zhai, and Mubarak, N.P).
Answer no: 3
Current News
Trump blames media for his behaviour, makes series of false claims then says whistleblower's lawyer should be sued for treason.
Several ways are there that can be used to detect the legitimacy of information in the news listed above. But one and one of highly credible ways is to reach top newspaper and channels such New York Times and BBC etc. to detect the accuracy and information (Zhai, and Mubarak, N.P). Similarly in this story, the facts can be found by reading and watching such credible news sources.
Work Cited
Independent. "Trump Blames Media For His Behaviour And Says Whistleblower's Lawyer Should Be Sued For Treason". The Independent, 2019, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-impeachment-behaviour-fake-news-media-whistleblower-treason-a9196376.html Accessed 11 Dec 2019.
MSN News. "Jersey City Shootout: 6 Dead Including Police Detective, 2 Suspects, 3 Civilians". MSN, 2019, https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/jersey-city-shootout-6-dead-including-police-detective-2-suspects-3-civilians/ar-BBY2lq1 Accessed 11 Dec 2019
Zhai, Yun, and Mubarak Shah. "Tracking news stories across different sources." Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia. ACM, 2005.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 1 Words: 300
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May 01, 2019
The other woman
Section 1
Kuttner in “The Other Woman” portrays the hardships faced by females like Elizabeth Warren in their political careers and leadership journeys. The focus of the author is on highlighting Warren's efforts against the rigged political system and her role in Congress. Without Warren's support, it was not possible for Clinton to gain power in 2016 elections. Her role had been fascinating behind the scene by providing limelight to real issues. The purpose of Kuttner's discussion is to explain that women are no less than males and are capable of taking leadership roles. Her political stand is visible in the author’s argument, “she has defined, in a compelling phrase, why the economy is not serving ordinary people the rules are rigged” CITATION Rob161 \l 1033 (Kuttner). This reflects her criticism against the wrong practices of Congress.
Warren handled the situation intelligently throughout her career. Her criticism can be seen as her female strength and power that proves her ability to lead. The author’s argument includes concrete examples that prove the leadership traits of women. The author mentions, “it is a mark of her tactical brilliance and toughness that she simultaneously did battle with Obama’s top two financial officials” CITATION Rob161 \l 1033 (Kuttner). The examples are used for providing the competency and competitive nature of females that had been neglected by society. She managed to use her courage for standing against the male financial officials. Her battle against the economic leaders depicts her female strength that is adequate for proving that females are equally capable of fighting against the unfair political system. The author has proved this in the article by providing a sound example, “insider Washington watched one of its own representatives nearly die from a gunshot to the head just a hundred miles away from here then refused to hear the country’s calls for commonsense gun reform” CITATION Rob161 \l 1033 (Kuttner). She criticized the role of Congress in neglecting the important issue of gun reforms. This also reflects her strength for claiming that the political leaders are paying attention to unnecessary things. This has resulted in the negligence of important issues like gun reforms.
By providing important examples the author has convinced the readers about the influential and powerful role of Warren. The role played by Warren in politics indicates that she has taken a bold role for standing against the corrupt practices, “and yet persuaded the president to personally champion her own prime legislative goal” CITATION Rob161 \l 1033 (Kuttner). Her leadership qualities also indicate that she never hesitated from opening a battle against the powerful and prominent leaders. The male dominant world didn't dare to distract her from her mission or goal of bringing change in the political culture and Congress. She failed to accept the wrong practices and rejected to be part of the same system.
Section 2
I felt that Kuttner has attempted to highlight the events that prove Elizabeth's role as a fascinating leader. He has managed to provide deeper insights into her political career that presents her as a prominent female leader. I agree with many points of Kuttner such as the inclusion of Elizabeth’s fight against economic chief Larry Summers and Treasury Secretary, Tim Geithner. I believe that the argument moved me negatively because it made me realize the corrupt practices adopted by the political leaders. It also permitted me to identify the reasons and facts that dosage the approval of the critical social issues like gun control laws. this indicates that the author has attempted to highlight the issues that were neglected by the Congress such as the inclusion of the wall street and banksters. I agree that Warren has taken a bold role to criticize the prevalence of wrong practices. This becomes visible in the facts, “insider Washington worries that we’ve been too tough on Wall Street while the American people know that the banksters who broke our economy belong in jail” CITATION Rob161 \l 1033 (Kuttner). I think that Kuttner has highlighted such issues to explain that Warren is different from other political leaders who remain silent on the malpractices of politicians. This reflects the author's concerns about the facts that leaders have always misguided the public. The real issues remain hidden from the common people because the things and events are manipulated.
I feel that the information about inadequate gun laws mentioned in section 1 justifies the argument of the author because he has emphasized on explaining the flaws and the shortcomings of our political system. it also justifies Kuttner's position on showcasing the leadership traits of Warren. I agree with Kuttner's belief that women are equally likely to take the roles of leaders and can stand to criticize the traditional system. The facts mentioned in section 1 such as the battle of Warren against the leading economists of Obama’s administration and the bold speech against the rigged Congress provides adequate support to the author’s main argument.
Section 3
The issue is more of a social than value as the choice is between progressive (social liberty) to traditional (morality). The issue is social because the article highlights the inadequate role played by the politicians and Congress that creates injustice and inequality. The issues are directly affecting the people and the citizens of America. The analysis of the article depicts that the author has discussed the economic and social issues that are directly linked to the American public. However, the author claims that the leaders have neglected the real issues of the people that indicates the absence of real social liberty. There is no equality or fairness in the decisions because they fail to address the masses of the country. The political decisions are only serving the purpose of a few powerful that undermines the concept of equality. The author includes the example of wall street for explaining how it is discouraging the ideology of liberty and equality. The role of the banksters depicts that they have not worked to promote economic equality or liberty. They have not acted in the welfare of the citizens by taking steps that could promote their socio-economic conditions.
The issue of social liberty becomes visible in the discussion of Elizabeth Warren. This is because the woman in Congress has taken a different role by rejecting the traditional malpractices prevailing in Congress. Social liberty also reflects the freedom of the people. This is explained by the author as he mentions, “while millions of Americans show up for rallies or chip in ten bucks to support a democracy that reflects our true values” CITATION Rob161 \l 1033 (Kuttner). The argument indicates that the American political system is lacking real democracy which is linked to social liberty. The example of prosecution failure mentioned by the author also states the absence of values from the political system. the state is only enforcing decisions that lack willingness of the general public and are also against their betterment. This proves that the issues mentioned in the article by Kuttner are social and economic. This also threatens the true sense of democracy that was supposed to work for the welfare of the citizens. Social issues are also visible in the facts that the general public is misguided about the actual role performed by Congress and leaders.
Work Cited
BIBLIOGRAPHY Kuttner, Robert. The Other Woman: Elizabeth Warren and the 2016 Election. 2016. 01 05 2019 <https://prospect.org/article/other-woman-elizabeth-warren-and-2016-election>.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 4 Words: 1200
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China’s Foreign Policy in Southeast Asia and the United States response
China and the United States are undoubtedly the two competitors of the present world order. Their interests are more divergent than converging. Despite sharing billions of dollar of business worth, they have been strategically competing with each other in different regions in the world. The region of Southeast Asia remains one of them.
Construct of China’s foreign policy in Southeast Asia: China has strong influences over its neighbours in East Asia. The primary reason remains their cultural and social resemblance. In its neighbour in East Asia, China shares tributary relation with almost all countries. The Buddhist religion and the Confucius ideology remains another major primary factor for China’s push in South East Asia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qxQDUHVa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mills 2011)","plainCitation":"(Mills 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":23,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/8H52W4YZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/8H52W4YZ"],"itemData":{"id":23,"type":"report","title":"The alignment of small states: Singapore and Vietnam","publisher":"NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"The alignment of small states","author":[{"family":"Mills","given":"Roman C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mills 2011). There exist human ties also between the East Asian region and the Chinese republic. The Chinese population living mainly in Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia is a major source of remittances from these countries into China. The interesting factor in this domain remains the Chinese influence over the industrial and economic infrastructure of these countries, this is how these Chinese remains crucial for the economic fabric of these countries too.
The Southeast Asian region was not of the primary concern in the Chinese foreign policy up till the 1990s. During the years in the 1970s to 1990s, China was more concern about its relations with the United States and Russia, up till the latter’s disintegration in 1991. After the 1989’s back drawl of sanctions from China, the Chinese economic transformation went to new heights. That is how it laid the basis of new relations with the World’s major capitals and its neighbours in South East Asia. These Asian economies also enjoyed spectacular growth in their relations with China. Just to note that, just in the ten years of 1993 and 2003 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VLkgfRJH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mills 2011)","plainCitation":"(Mills 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":23,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/8H52W4YZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/8H52W4YZ"],"itemData":{"id":23,"type":"report","title":"The alignment of small states: Singapore and Vietnam","publisher":"NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"The alignment of small states","author":[{"family":"Mills","given":"Roman C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mills 2011), China’s and Taiwan’s trade went to five times higher, it quintupled. Also, its trade with South Korea and Indonesia rose to seven times up as compared to the decade before, and with Malaysia, it went to eleven times up. At present, every country of East Asia is running a trade surplus with China and that is how these countries see Chinese economic boost crucial for their economic progress. These advancements in China’s economic and security relations with the East Asian countries have raised concerns among Americans. Some opines that China has put forwarded “Monroe Doctrine” towards Asia, to diminish U.S. influence.
United States response: For the United States, it’s relations with China has now different structural aspects. Gone the times when the United States was not much concern about China’s engagements with its neighbours and other countries. Unites States analysts and politicians now openly speaks that this is the time of strategic competition, not strategic engagement. Strategic competition is more a kind of operational than being declaratory ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"F88dOF0Y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Connelly 2017)","plainCitation":"(Connelly 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":24,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/VQVHTSHJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/VQVHTSHJ"],"itemData":{"id":24,"type":"article-journal","title":"Southeast Asian perspectives on US–China competition","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Connelly","given":"Aaron L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Connelly 2017). Many international relations experts believe that just the ‘economic factor’ is responsible for this such up emergence of strategic competitions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KwjsTtxG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Connelly 2017)","plainCitation":"(Connelly 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":24,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/VQVHTSHJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/VQVHTSHJ"],"itemData":{"id":24,"type":"article-journal","title":"Southeast Asian perspectives on US–China competition","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Connelly","given":"Aaron L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Connelly 2017). Therefore, at present, there is a whole new systematic shift in U.S. relations towards China. In the administration of President Donald Trump, despite the disagreements over major issues, the Democrats and the Republicans both seem to be largely on the same page, when it comes to U.S relations with China. China is a trade threat for the United States (the example of which is the recent trade war). But it has reduced massively the industrial jobs for Americans. This creates a well-purposed American thought about China’s intentions. More recently the cyber warfare attacks over the United States has also added a new dimension. Also, the much rapid modernization of Chinese capacity in artificial intelligence along with its military dimension by various forms such as robotic warfare. These apprehensions are on top of classical American plans which are also in consideration of Chinese naval expansion. The United States is also more apprehended about China’s land reclamation in Asian waters. It also considers the Chinses expansion plans as the militarization of these waters. United States is also a sceptic of the increased level of Chinese and Russian military partnerships and the risen level of Chinese and Russian military exercises ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8r6xLgqr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(NGUYEN 2015)","plainCitation":"(NGUYEN 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":25,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/9G7BWPEM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/9G7BWPEM"],"itemData":{"id":25,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sino-American interactions in Southeast Asia 1991-2015: Implications for Vietnam","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Sino-American interactions in Southeast Asia 1991-2015","author":[{"family":"NGUYEN","given":"THI HAI YEN"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (NGUYEN 2015). America and its Western allies are now projecting this military duo of China and the Russian Federation a pressing threat to the democratic norms and sovereignty of America and Europe.
In the United States, now just not the political or bureaucratic actors see China as a major influencer in the global politics, but the American military is also massively entrenched with the unfolding of the new strategic makeover. They all agree that China presents a new threat to the United States which has every dimension, the political, economic, military and in the race to conquer the space also. They are also now on board with the American business class, who are done with creating maximum space for Chinese products, they believe that doing more with China now threatens the American’s business interests. They are not ready to create a profit space for Chinese products and business. An interesting dimension to this is also that American think tanks and academics also opine that the Chinese thinking will never ever transform to a kind of liberal approach. They think that China has a peculiar kind of mindset of international politics, which is obsolete. According to them, they are done with the efforts of taking and mainstreaming China in a way that it becomes normalized for everyone. For all such reasons there exists in America, a kind of political and military psyche which shows that America finds itself as betrayed from China ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vBzmxRld","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(NGUYEN 2015)","plainCitation":"(NGUYEN 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":25,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/9G7BWPEM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/9G7BWPEM"],"itemData":{"id":25,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sino-American interactions in Southeast Asia 1991-2015: Implications for Vietnam","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Sino-American interactions in Southeast Asia 1991-2015","author":[{"family":"NGUYEN","given":"THI HAI YEN"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (NGUYEN 2015). They believe that the U.S has created every time a space for China, whether it be in the political front or on the military front. They think that China, instead of adjusting itself with the democratic norms of democracy has betrayed the United States, in sense of projecting themselves like in a more traditional and atavistic way. And all above this American think that China is aggregated now both in the sense of military and economy, therefore the United States must consider China as the most important threat.
In conclusion, thereof one can opine that considering China’s role in South East Asia and its global relaxing of muscles, the United States needs to more precisely define its interests in the South East Asian region and must also change to adopting a more proactive role in this region. In the absence of the clear U.S stance on interests in South East Asian region, it will create more chances for China to take economic leverage that will turn into its military might thereafter.
Bibliography
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Connelly, Aaron L. 2017. “Southeast Asian Perspectives on US–China Competition.”
Mills, Roman C. 2011. The Alignment of Small States: Singapore and Vietnam. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS.
NGUYEN, THI HAI YEN. 2015. “Sino-American Interactions in Southeast Asia 1991-2015: Implications for Vietnam.”
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 3 Words: 900
Title of the Paper:
The Quiet American
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Fiction recapitulates the real-life incidents to put meaning behind the thoughts of the characters and allow the readers to form an opinion about the actions taken by characters in various circumstances. The novel The Quiet American deals with the historical events of the Vietnam War and the circumstances that follow the course of this major event. This essay discusses the theme of justice and how it influences the characters in the novel. Likewise, it also views the actions and choices of these characters against the Just and Unjust War Theory by Michael Walzer and the Theory of Justice by John Rawls.
The personality traits of Fowler make him a diplomatic person who does not believe in reading between the lines. Likewise, he is a journalist by profession but he cannot form an opinion about things and narrates things in a reporter like fashion. Similarly, he has an objective point of view about serious issues such as war and geopolitics. In the same manner, he possesses strong observation skills and due to the nature of his job, he witnesses the horrors of war but refrains from forming informed judgments. Quite on the contrary, Pyle is a highly observant man who stands for humanity and justice. Besides, he goes against his sense of nationalism and discourages the practice of mass destruction in Vietnam (Quiet Americans). He is also well aware of his moral and ethical responsibilities, he sides with the third party when both the states fail to restore peace and justice. Unlike Pyle who is a dreamer and a free thinker, Fowler is a realist who always tries to disengage with forming an opinion He knows the ground realities of War and geopolitics, unlike Pyle. In such a scenario, John Rawls and his theoretical ideas support the judgment of Pyle since Rawls's theory deals with the idea of raising voice for the less privileged class. Moreover, Rawls believes that virtues are integral in the formation of every good society because becoming deaf-mute to the issues of people is more of a criminal offense (Rawls' Theory of Justice: An Analysis). In this scenario, Fowler’s character appears as a selfish individual who is only interested in living his own life and staying aloof to the needs of people around him.
In Just and Unjust War theory, Michael Walzer describes the concept of war as a strategic measure to protect the sovereignty of the state. Similarly, he states that wars broke out in the past too when countries could not form a mutual agreement. He has used the term “War Convention” for strategic warfare practices. Besides, he does not view the number of human casualties from the humanitarian lens because, in his opinion, this is a normal practice in the situation of warfare. Likewise, he proclaims that countries possess the right to fight against a country when the other country is posing a serious threat to the liberties of a nation. If viewed in the context of The Quiet American, Walzer will approve the point of view of Fowler because he is a realist and views war as an aftermath of unsettles disputes. Moreover, Walzer states that everyone has a right to freedom and civil liberties unless they start to fight against the other country and declare war (Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (1977) | Hoover Institution n.d). Pyle’s philosophy of moral ethics directly clashes with the Just and Unjust War theory since it legitimizes the use and abuse of power on the other nation.
The war justice theory is given by Rawls draws upon the notion of humanity and the importance of peace as compared to the horrors of war because the latter encourages mass destruction and bloodshed. The idealistic nature of Pyle justifies this theoretical concept because one has to voice his opinions and exercise his civil rights.
Bibliography
“Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (1977) | Hoover Institution.” https://www.hoover.org/research/michael-walzer-just-and-unjust-wars-1977 (December 11, 2019).
“Quiet-American-The.Pdf.” https://rcwalton.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Quiet-American-The.pdf (December 11, 2019).
Dutta, Sampurnaa. 2017. “RAWLS’ THEORY OF JUSTICE: AN ANALYSIS.” IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22(4): 40–43.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Reasons Behind the Venezuelan Crisis
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Introduction
Venezuela has been in a deep economic and political crisis since the beginning of Nicholas Maduro's regime, an authoritarian leader who was narrowly elected in 2013 after the death of President Hugo Chavez. Since then, the Venezuelan Gross Domestic Product has contracted by 50% and the levels of inflation are at a record high, according to reports by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The Venezuelan economy is now characterized by shortages of food, reduced purchasing powers for the people and the collapse of the social services, with more than 50% of the people living in poverty. The aim of this paper is to explain the reasons behind the crisis now experienced in Venezuela that has caused a drop in economic performance, including the drop of Venezuelan oil prices in the global market. Since Maduro came to power, corruption has been on the rise as leaders seek to enrich themselves using public assets and without proper accountability structures, such actions go unpunished. The crisis is an indicator of the flawed macroeconomic policies that have resulted in the collapse of social and political pillars of the country, and the high debt levels that have even led to the seizure of oil assets. Since Juan Guaido declared himself president and received support from the national assembly and majority of foreign countries, there have been massive protests, and in these times there is a massive abuse of human rights where protesters are beaten and killed. The crisis being experienced in Venezuela mainly emanates from bad leadership and poor policies in the country leading to a collapsing economy and the deteriorating conditions for the Venezuelan people.
Literature Review
According to Leonardo Vera, the Venezuelan crisis is a result of years of mismanagement within the government that as bred habits such as corruption, thus draining the resources and assets such as oil (2017). The trend has resulted in a huge drop in the price of the Venezuelan oil in the global market, plunging the country in huge debts as the government tries to borrow haphazardly in an attempt to stabilize the economy. The poor macroeconomic policies that resulted in the depletion of liquid international assets and the loss of international market access led to the drop in oil prices, one of the major resources of the country. The increasing financial debt has now plunged the country into a deep hole of liability and loss of trust by foreign nations and lending institutions. In a move to control the staggering debt, the government under the leadership of President Maduro has implemented import compression in order to generate trade supplies. In turn, there is a shortage of basic goods and import products, hence the fall in domestic output and rising inflation to the levels of 13,000 percent (Vera, 2017).
According to Rendon and Schneider, the drop in oil prices in the global market is a major cause of the collapse of the Venezuelan economy (2018). Venezuela boasts of the largest oil reserves in the world and is the country's biggest export product. However, over the years when the oil prices were high, Venezuela used its revenue to fund projects with no value, while the rest of the revenue was plundered by corrupt individuals leaving no reserves for future use. With the careless borrowing and unwise spending by the government, the country has no international asset reserves and lacks the ability to borrow due to the loss of confidence by the international lenders. According to the article, the currency value of the Venezuelan bolivar has drastically dropped losing its edge in the international market (Rendon and Schneider, 2018). With the loss of competitive edge, Venezuela no longer accesses to international markets and therefore lacks the ability to import and boost the local economy, which is now in a stagnant state.
Dr. Ellis looks at poor leadership as a cause of the crisis, as the situation is now escalating to civil wars (2017). Recently, the situation in Venezuela has become unbearable leading to protests against the current regime, a move that saw the opposition leader Juan Guaido declare himself as president and receive massive support from most foreign governments and the national assembly. During the protests, there is a massive abuse of human rights where protesters are beaten and even executed in an attempt to control the spiraling situation. Due to the shortage of basic needs, many people are now seeking refuge in the neighboring countries including Colombia. Maduro, being a dictator in power has prohibited the receipt of foreign aid, terming it as an attempt by foreigners to start imperialistic intervention and overthrow his government (Ellis, 2017). As a result, the people now barely have food, medicine, and other basic needs; malnutrition levels are at record high levels and the previously eradicated diseases are making a come-back.
The crisis in Venezuela can be summed up as a result of poor political decisions, mismanagement of public resources and bad policies leading to the collapse of the economy. The situation is now escalated by the ongoing protests leading to deaths and collapse of social systems and if action is not taken fast, it may be very hard to salvage the situation as there will be no resource to rebuild the economy.
Methodology/ Approach
The research for the paper involved the review of 4 scholarly papers explaining the situation in Venezuela and the underlying causes of the crisis. The methodology included research and analysis of the articles to come up with reasonable causes that explain the current situation in Venezuela.
References
Ellis, E. (2017). The Collapse of Venezuela and Its Impact on the Region. Military Review, 22-33.
Schneider, M. R. (2018, March). Venezuela’s Crisis Is Now a Regional Humanitarian Disaster. CSIS Briefs, pp. 1-6.
C.R.S. (2019, April 2). Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy. Retrieved from Congressional Research Services: www.crs.gov
Vera, L. (2017). In search of stabilization and recovery: macro policy and reforms in Venezuela. JOURNAL OF POST KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS, 40(1), 9-26. Retrieved May 04, 2019
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 3 Words: 900
The Rise and fall of the Islamic State
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The Rise and fall of the Islamic State
1. The causes of conflict in Syria and involvement of IS are the bad economic and worsened human conditions. Prior to the conflict eruption in Syria, the people who were living there faced sewer economic conditions. Many among the population believed that Bashar al- Assad’s regime remained failed in providing better societal and economic conditions to people in Syria. There are also some policy analysts who believe that the rise of IS and the start of conflict in Syria is linked to the Arab Spring ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lGGLq7JW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Syria\\uc0\\u8217{}s civil war explained from the beginning n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Syria’s civil war explained from the beginning n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":932,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/84VUPE5E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/84VUPE5E"],"itemData":{"id":932,"type":"webpage","title":"Syria's civil war explained from the beginning","abstract":"On March 15, the war entered its eighth year.","URL":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/syria-civil-war-explained-160505084119966.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Syria’s civil war explained from the beginning n.d.). Similarly, the traces of IS could be found from the start of the present century. The group has taken hold of the circumstances in Iraq and Syria because of the power vacuum created with the departure of US forces.
The political causes of the rise of Islamic State date back to the 2003 attack of the United States in Iraq. Since then the region has witnessed various sectarian violence. The sectarian aspect of this war created an environment favorable for the terrorists who were believed to be residing in that region. These fights circumvented with the expansion of the Islamic fighting group. Since the region was already war-ridden therefore the small rebel groups joined the Islamic state. Some social conflict expert argues that weak economic conditions coupled with societal distractions resulted in such enormous up emergence of the IS ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yJlUUiZc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cronin 2019)","plainCitation":"(Cronin 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":936,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/J4B6E2LV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/J4B6E2LV"],"itemData":{"id":936,"type":"article-magazine","title":"ISIS Is Not a Terrorist Group","issue":"March/April 2015","source":"www.foreignaffairs.com","abstract":"The Islamic State, or ISIS, may use terrorism as a tactic, but unlike al Qaeda it is not a terrorist organization. It is a pseudo-state led by a conventional army. The Obama administration but recognize that counterterrorism strategies alone won't defeat ISIS in Iraq and Syria.","URL":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2019-02-18/isis-not-terrorist-group","ISSN":"0015-7120","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Cronin","given":"Audrey Kurth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,19]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cronin 2019).
2. The conflict in Syria is more of a political nature. The world's mighty powers are all in any way are a party to this conflict. They have eyed this region from long ago just to raise some material gains or in other words the political gains. As Armstrong believe that the conflict dynamics are so complex ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cO6HBYrC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Armstrong 2014)","plainCitation":"(Armstrong 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":939,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LU8ULX45"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LU8ULX45"],"itemData":{"id":939,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"The myth of religious violence | Karen Armstrong","container-title":"The Guardian","section":"World news","source":"www.theguardian.com","abstract":"The popular belief that religion is the cause of the world’s bloodiest conflicts is central to our modern conviction that faith and politics should never mix. But, Karen Armstrong writes, the messy history of their separation suggests it was never so simple","URL":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/25/-sp-karen-armstrong-religious-violence-myth-secular","ISSN":"0261-3077","language":"en-GB","author":[{"family":"Armstrong","given":"Karen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",9,25]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Armstrong 2014), therefore it remains difficult to gauge whether the culture or the religion alone are the drivers of this conflict. Considering the contemporary dynamics of the conflict, it appears that neither the culture nor the religion is at the heart of this conflict. Although a specific religion has remained on the losing edge, since the start of this conflict, still many believe that politics is the real driver in this conflict. The active involvement of the US, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey, and the war pattern are the proof of the facts that conflict has from long ago diverted from the cultural and religious aspect.
3. The rise of the Islamic State could simply be related to the geographical dynamics of the region. After the United States war in Iraq in 2003, the region gradually turned into a hot spot for global terrorist organizations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0goLqTRW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jadaliyya n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Jadaliyya n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":941,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/S7XJTFKK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/S7XJTFKK"],"itemData":{"id":941,"type":"webpage","title":"Jadaliyya","URL":"http://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/31296/How-Not-To-Understand-ISIS","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jadaliyya n.d.). It remains unclear that why abruptly the Islamic State started mass killings of the innocent citizens. In light of the ISIS agenda, and the manner in which they have targeting people all across the world, it appears that it conforms to each dynamic of extremism, fundamentalism, and terrorism.
Extremism in the sense that they have not been part of any dialogue with any other party in the region. They have been parts and parcels of those who tend to promote violence and conflicting ideologies. Fundamentalism in the sense that many renowned Islamic scholars have negative opinions about their agenda. The learned Islamic scholars argue that the Islamic State's agenda is in a total clash with the teachings of Islam. These scholars argue that Islamic ideology not in any sense supports violence. Lastly, it is terrorism in the sense that the Islamic State has involved in violent attacks on many peaceful people around the world. The attacks in the Turkish capital of Istanbul, Belgium, and Paris are all examples of ISIS led to terrorist incidents.
4. The above-mentioned analysis suggests that ISIS will have strong roots in areas of conflict. For example, there is a wide believe that IS have strong links with Al- Qaeda in Afghanistan and with Boko Haram in Nigeria ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"p4cbVgJ2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(UN envoy n.d.)","plainCitation":"(UN envoy n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":945,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/I3CCSCZ8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/I3CCSCZ8"],"itemData":{"id":945,"type":"webpage","title":"UN envoy: ISIS revival in Iraq must be prevented","abstract":"The UN envoy for Iraq called Tuesday for “wide-based international support” to prevent","URL":"http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2019/05/22/UN-envoy-ISIS-revival-in-Iraq-must-be-prevented.html","title-short":"UN envoy","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (UN envoy n.d.). Such facts suggest that ISIS is not totally destructed. Since they have collaborated with new fighting forces in different parts of the world, so there are many chances that they can retreat with new strategies and fighting tactics. Such types of conflict can only be dealt with building a new ideological narrative. The use of force can just enhance the conflicts and is not the solution to any problem. For this reason, people who have expertise in conflict resolution should be sought after and a new narrative should be built to deal with the menace of terrorism and extremism.
Counterterrorism strategies can only work in destroying the material possession of the terrorist forces. There are examples in the world where it is evident that the counter-terrorism strategies have just ignited violence. For example in the case Pakistan, the violence is still there, although their forces have destroyed almost completely the terror networks operating there. Tamil Nadu was completely eliminated from Syria, but still, there are people who believe in their narrative. Therefore counter-terrorism strategies if coupled with the emergence of new nonviolent ideologies can serve the purpose. Similarly, the conflict interventions and transformation can work to some extent and not completely solve the purpose.
References:
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Armstrong, Karen. 2014. “The Myth of Religious Violence | Karen Armstrong.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/25/-sp-karen-armstrong-religious-violence-myth-secular (May 29, 2019).
Cronin, Audrey Kurth. 2019. “ISIS Is Not a Terrorist Group.” (March/April 2015). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2019-02-18/isis-not-terrorist-group (May 29, 2019).
“Jadaliyya.” http://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/31296/How-Not-To-Understand-ISIS (May 29, 2019).
“Syria’s Civil War Explained from the Beginning.” https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/syria-civil-war-explained-160505084119966.html (May 29, 2019).
“UN Envoy: ISIS Revival in Iraq Must Be Prevented.” http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2019/05/22/UN-envoy-ISIS-revival-in-Iraq-must-be-prevented.html (May 30, 2019).
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 2 Words: 600
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Goodhart, Michael. 2016. Human Rights: Politics and Practice, 3rd edition, Oxford Press
Journal Entry 1
It is notable to mention that the concept of universalism is referred to as the most appropriate notion to apply the concept of human rights to each individual. Critical evaluation of universalism explains that human rights are universal and every individual has basic human rights. It is important to consider the fact that universalism focus on the concept of equality in each matter. However, theorists believe that there is no adequate way to apply the concept of universalism in the entire world. A critical examination of various theorists determines that modern society is completely focused on the concept of cultural relativism. Cultural relativists often argue that human rights are completely dependent on cultural. Each individual is experiencing different human rights paradigm based on his/her culture. Cultural relativists argue that there is no moral principle that can be applied to every culture in the universe. With the advent of cultural relativists, the universality of human rights is objected at both historical and theoretical level. The concept of cultural relativism emphasizes that moral and ethical values are associated with the cultural milieu. It is noteworthy to mention that cultural relativists are heavily focused on historical perspectives. The concept of cultural relativism argues that human rights are one of the most significant tools that are completely based on western imperialism. The argumentation presented by cultural relativists is largely valid in the scenario of western imperialism. It explains that human rights in western nations are more significant and effective as compared to the value of human rights in other nations of the world. Therefore, it is safe to say that the concept of human rights is somehow dependent on cultural perspectives of an individual. For instance, the concept of feminism had gain power and support in western nations, which ultimately justifies the concept of cultural relativism as a cultural perspective.
Journal Entry 2
It is essential to evaluate the concept of comparative politics as it successfully describes various practices of human rights. It is notable to mention that the idea of comparative politics is based on the cross-cultural comparison in order to provide a better understanding of the promotion and protection of human rights. By utilizing the concept of comparative, one can easily determine the efforts of various individual nation-states to address human rights. A critical evaluation of various sources of human rights violations is highly necessary to get a better knowledge of the specific issue. It is argued that domestic incentives and exclusionary ideologies have the potential to violate human rights. These ideologies can significantly increase the likelihood of human rights violation, which can be catastrophic. In response to this, comparative politics provide a better framework to protect human rights’ violation. The reform efforts can be significantly impacted by enhancing domestic structures such as state institutions and various social group. It is important to consider the fact that human rights measure is one of the most effective strategies that can compel organizations to take critical actions in order to protect human rights. Utilization of human rights measures persuades the international community to enforce the human rights of each individual. For instance, the Center of Economic and Social Rights is working on the concept of human rights measure to compare the efforts of states towards social and economic rights. Human rights protection and implementation can only be possible if suitable human rights measures are applied in order to establish a clear check and balance on various organizational bodies. The risk management processes of business organizations need to be incorporated with human rights due diligence to assess the condition of human rights in their potential investment countries.
Journal Entry 3
Human right protection is highly necessary for individuals as it satisfies their basic needs. Through proper implementation of human rights, individuals can fully enjoy every opportunity in an effective manner. Protection of human rights is of utmost importance in the context of international relations. The interests of countries are connected to the human dignity of their citizens in another country. Therefore, the protection of human rights in the international context is based on basic entitlements and fundamental freedom. While making treaties with other nations, states usually ensure that human rights are secured and protected within their jurisdiction. Monitoring human rights protection is highly considerate in the modern world. Due to this particular purpose, various monitoring bodies are put in place by the Human Rights Council to enforce these treaties. It is important to mention the fact that criminal justice poses a critical challenge in terms of human rights' protection and violation. It is the core responsibility of the criminal justice department to hold an organization or person accountable if he/she violates human rights. Certain obligations are put in place by the international human rights law that bound states to respect these obligations. In order to successfully ensure the implication of international human rights law, countries should need to eliminate human rights abuses. The effective implication of basic human rights needs positive action and support of different countries to fulfill this obligation. In case of conflict or emergency, international human rights laws are always effectively working to sets out the basic protection of every person. International human rights law can only be applied in an effective manner if countries respect this obligation.
Journal Entry 4
It is important to mention that everyone has the right to freedom of religion, ethics, and thoughts. Human rights ensure that every individual is entitled to change his belief and religion. A critical evaluation of religion and human rights determines a complex and inextricable association between them. Modern human rights are formulated from various religions and their practices. It is important to consider the fact that different religions in the world have different beliefs and perspective towards everything. Over the course of centuries, every religion has contributed to the modern struggle for universal human rights. The perspective of violence, prejudice, and repression of different religions make it possible to formulate universal human rights. Religion and human rights present diverse normative systems due to their rich and connected histories. Religious freedom is the right to believe of an individual and it is a fundamental human right. Countries are entitled to practice religious freedom as it is the basic element of human rights. It is notable to mention that religious freedom encourages respect, tolerance, and peace. Due to this particular reason, the international human rights law compels all organizations and countries to emphasize the role of religion as a part of human rights. For instance, the case of Shayara Bano is a significant case that demonstrates controversial maintenance lawsuits in India. The considered case was based on human rights and religious perspective. In this considered case, it is illustrated that Muslim men were given the upper hand to divorce a woman whenever they want. This case was based on the concept of gender justice as a part of human rights. This case helped to maintain gender equality in India by promoting women’s right. The concept of triple talaq was considered unconstitutional in India, which helped women to achieve equality in terms of gender.
Journal Entry 5
Children rights are set in place by various government bodies to protect children in every regard. Children rights are considered as human rights of children that includes adequate protection of children and the right to health. It is important to evaluate the effectiveness of children rights in different regions of the world to determine specific strategies to protect them from abuse and harm. Children rights include adequate living standards, the right to health, right to education, and right to freedom. In the majority of the regions, child labor is prohibited in accordance with the children rights. It is important to consider the fact that children are an essential asset of the human race, so it is highly necessary to protect their rights. The development and age-appropriate needs of children come under children's rights. It is necessary to protect children from every harm and abuse. It is notable to consider that the right to survival and development is an essential perspective in terms of children’s right. The access of children to basic resources is highly necessary in order to comply with international children rights. It is also necessary for all nations to give significant importance to the voice of children. Children have the basic right to raise voice in favor or against any perspective. It is the core responsibility of individuals to respect the views of children. Furthermore, the voice of children should be respected and heard as it comes in the category of their rights. One must need to understand the fact that children need assistance and protection from adults as they are unable to protect their interests and rights. Rights of children also include access to quality education, equal opportunities, and a loving and nurturing environment. Access to adequate health care services and guidance from a caring adult also come in the children’s right.
Journal Entry 6
Global civil society is referred to as the concept of a vast assemblage of people who are working across the borders and are out of the reach of any government. It is important to mention that the concept of global civil society is emerging in the modern world. However, proper implementation of this concept as compared to the older state system is not clear. In this chapter, the relationship between the global rule-bound society and global civil society is examined in depth. It is important to consider the fact that the concept of global civil society is to determine the collective efforts of various members towards certain reforms. Global civil society constitutes of citizen's, non-profit organizations, non-governmental organizations, and associations in order to develop an effective relationship to applied various reforms in different fields. It is notable to mention that global civil society encourages different organizational bodies to engage in economic, political, and social reforms on the international and national level. The major reason behind this engagement is to advance societal interests on every level. On the other hand, the concept of global rule-bound society is referred to as the incorporation and involvement of governmental bodies to set certain rules and regulations for citizens and organizations. The rule of law compels citizens and government officials to comply with the regulations that are being placed. In terms of human rights, the global rule-bound society applies the law equally to everyone. Political democracy is one of the best examples of protection human rights. In the United States, one can examine political democracy as every race is free in terms of politics and civic life as well as the protection of human rights. State repression, on the other hand, includes surveillance, bans, and arrests. The relationship between these two factors should be considered in a positive way as it certainly ensures the protection of human rights.
Journal Entry 7
It is important to consider the fact that politics play a significant role in developing a sufficient relationship between human rights and development. A critical evaluation of the properties of politics determines that human rights are made to focus on the development processes of the entire world. It is noteworthy to consider the fact that politics plays a significant role in providing better development opportunities for poor countries. Human rights are considered as ethical norms that contribute to social learning, social ethics, and public reasoning. It is one of the most effective ideas to enhance human learning and their development by keeping in mind their basic rights. It illustrates the idea that human dignity is dependent on all key elements of human rights such as the right to freedom. Human rights provide a better understanding to address the needs of communities regarding development. The right to development is a fundamental aspect of the modern world that allows many poor countries to grow in the community. It also provides these communities with the opportunity to utilize the ideology of human rights in accordance with the right to development. Furthermore, it is important to mention the fact that economic globalization is protecting human rights at a significant level. The utilization of economic globalization enables the realization of human rights as every individual is entitled to avail the economic opportunity. Economic globalization enables a person or organization to spread in goods, technology, and information, or capital services to ensure financial stability. Now, with the help of economic globalization, individuals and organizations are getting the opportunity to improve their economic output through more efficient processes. It is one of the most significant aspects of human rights to improve the living standards of individuals. Economic globalization provides with an opportunity to improve living standards of individuals in order to achieve better income, lifespan, and improved healthcare services.
Journal Entry 8
The use of torture was one of the most tragic parts of US history. It is notable to mention that whites considered themselves more superior to any other nation or race in the world. During the entire history of African slaves, the use of torture was dominant. African Americans were considered slaves and they were discriminated, oppressed, and tortured on every little mistake. The use of torture is highly unethical and cruel act towards human rights. Human rights provide each individual with the right to freedom and conscience. However, the war on terror is still using different tools to torture individuals in order to get important and valuable information from a suspected person. Utilization of torture on human is highly unacceptable in the community as it completely violates basic human rights. Humans are entitled to contain their opinion and perspectives. Secret military agencies are using violence and torture to get information from suspected persons. Moreover, terrorists are also violating basic human rights through their violent acts. Another significant factor that completely violates human rights is genocide. It is the deliberate killing of a major portion of the population on the basis of ethnicity. the violation of human rights can be observed in the modern world as many ethnic groups are engaged in genocides. Racial killing and genocide should need to be effectively prevented by establishing various policies. The Genocide Convention was adopted by the United Nations to never practice genocide after the atrocities done in Japan during the second world war. The definition presented in the genocide convention is utilized on both national and international level to prevent it from happening.
Journal Entry 9
The provision of sustainable environment comes in the categories of human rights. It is important to consider the fact that humans have the basic right to enjoy a healthy environment. Provision of a sustainable environment in terms of human rights include the right to health, life, sanitation, and water. It is the core responsibility of countries to provide its citizen with a safe and healthy environment. Sex trafficking is highly unethical and is a clear violation of human rights. Sex trafficking includes sexual slavery and the sexual exploitation of an individual. The negotiations of Palermo Protocol in Vienna, Austria were extremely contentious. However, it is important to consider the fact that these negotiations provide the first-ever comprehensive definition of human trafficking. Human trafficking is a criminal activity as it is done against a human's will. Moreover, human trafficking clearly violates human rights up to a significant level which illustrates that it should be prevented at any cost. Criminals are engaged in such activities throughout the course of history in order to obtain money in exchange for human, especially females. On the other hand, forced migration is also a clear violation of human rights. The basic human rights provide an individual with the opportunity to live and stay at any place he/she wants. However, many countries are violating that human right by forcing individuals to migrate from their country. The example of Rohingya Muslims clearly demonstrates the cruelty of a government to force individuals to migrate from their country. It is important to mention that Rohingya Muslims had suffered a lot of trouble due to the shortage of water, food, and shelter. Forced migration should be completely banned as it is clearly against the golden principles of human rights. It is the responsibility of world powers to monitor the violations of human rights through proper check and balance in order to ensure its protection.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 10 Words: 3000
BREXIT VERSUS NEOFUNCTIONALISM
Case Study: Brexit
Adam Murnaghan
[Name of the Institution]
Case Study: Brexit
Introduction
On June 23rd, 2016, Britain conducted a referendum in which slightly more than half (51.9%) of their population decided that Britain should leave the European Union. Following her population's wishes, the then PM Theresa May invoked the dreaded "Article 50" of the Lisbon Treaty, commonly known as the EU charter, and began the dreaded process that came to be known as Brexit. For the subsequent three years, many political analysts have cam to observe that leaving the EU is not as easy as it seemed then. There are financial and economic costs attached to the mix. These costs can be understood through the lenses of Neofunctionalism. This theory has not been the subject of discussion for a very long time. The core values of Neofunctionalism can be used to explain certain unprecedented scenarios that have started to form after the formation and evolution of the European Union. The basic assumption of Neo-functionalism is that integration in the economic sector, termed in social sciences as "lower-political areas" of a region can lead to integration in defense and other "high-political areas". This can be observed by the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community that later blossomed into the European Union CITATION Rad18 \l 1033 (Radaelli). However regional integration in the European Union can be observed as the bone stuck in the of the pro-Brexit group in the British Parliament. The latter started to experience a long list of issues that started to emerge after Britain expressed its desire to leave the European Union. This will be seen as a danger signal for rest of the Twenty-seven members of the European Union if they decide to part their ways, as this experience will bear all the costs related to leaving the European Union, should the need arise for any member of the European Union
Theoretical Background
The evolutionary process of the European Union can be described in the framework of the early theories of Functionalism, Federalism, and Neofunctionalism CITATION ANi17 \l 1033 (Niemann). We will only be discussed the specifications of the latter one. Neofunctionalism is a combination of both federalism and functionalism. It is also the basic framework for understanding the scenario of European integration. The main advocate of the theory, Ernst Hass, suggested that economic cooperation can lead to integration in all political areas. Hass regards economic integration as the stepping stone for complete regional integration. Neofunctionalism recognizes states' role in regional integration but he thinks that the integrative process should be directed from non-state actors, like a business and interest associations, which later happened in the form of the European Coal and Steel Community CITATION Rad18 \l 1033 (Radaelli). However, the role of the European Union has been challenged by the state-centrist approach advocates. They believe that cooperation in lower political areas can lead to local unrest, a point on which Hass’ Neofunctionalism is silent. That is what we have started to observe in the case of Brexit.
The Question of Brexit
Britain has always dealt with Euroscepticism, especially since its association with the European Union since 1973. This suspicion was always catered by the founding members of the European Union, which can be observed by the fact that Britain was rejected multiple times in its bid for membership to the Union. It was not among the founding fathers of the European Union. Also, we can observe in the framework of the Britain-led European Free Trade Association that its core is more of an intergovernmental nature, rather than of a supranational one, as observe commonly in the European Union today. The division in the Union had begun then. Two groups were formed that were later known as the Outer Seven and the Inner Six, the latter being the founding members of the Union. It also proved DE Gaulle's view that Britain will not cooperate with the rest of the European powers to stop yet another world war CITATION DRT18 \l 1033 (DR Troitiño). It can also be observed that DE Gaulle tried every political maneuver in his power to stop Britain to join the European Union, including stopping his ministers to attend the Union's council meeting in 1965. The British decided to join the European Union in 1973 but the traces of Euroscepticism remained. First, in the referendum of 1975, then in the political movements of Tony Been and Michael Foot and finally in the promises of the Labor Party's manifesto to leave the European Union for good. The general claim at the time was that British people" gave more and got less". British Prime Minister at the time, Margaret Thatcher's withdrawal from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism in 1992 further added fuel to the fire, resulting in an open debate among the public that Britain should leave the European Union as soon as legally possible. The lose of value of the Pound Sterling and the Euro Crisis served as the final nail in the coffin that resulted in the popular decision of the British leaving the European Union.
Brexit and ‘locks’ of Neofunctionalism
Article 50 of the Lisbon gives Britain two-years to withdrawal from the European Union after it intimates to do so. After that, many have observed a significant time of seriously complicated rounds of debating in the European Parliament. The members of the union are finding it very difficult to disengage Britain due to a series of multilayered cooperative mechanisms that make separation both costly and technically difficult. Some issues like the borders between the Republic of Ireland and the Ulster Constabulary are at the spearhead of the British worries. The century-old struggle with the Irish Republican Army has significant impacts on British history for a long time CITATION AGu17 \l 1033 (Guelke). If a hard border is established, Britain and Ireland can experience hostility at the “only territorial border of Britain”. Another issue faced by the British will be the free movement of labor. Britain, like the US, has a diverse population, composed of diverse ethnic groups. Often, there are British citizens having relatives in other parts of Europe CITATION Sha16 \l 1033 (Shaw). This will force them to make a hard choice that may affect the British economy directly, should they choose to resettle. Also, the movement of British goods will be restricted due to the abolishment of the single European market. This increase of duties and decrease of labor power will result in the surge of prices of British goods, the effect that they seek to avoid in the first place. The example that can be offered to assert the above claims is through observing the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (abb. DEFRA). DEFRA will be the most affected department in Britain CITATION TLa17 \l 1033 (T Lang). Its portfolio regulates the most perishable products in Britain including (but not limited to) fisheries and agricultural products. They have already started to prepare for a no-deal Brexit, meaning a Brexit in which no compromises are made. They have prepared a legal regulatory framework that will aim at reducing their losses from Brexit. The restriction of goods and services will be followed by a restriction on transportation. It is a large business with diverse and wide-ranging consequences, from negative impacts like economical, social and environmental to serious strains in foreign relations with their European neighbors. The freedom enjoyed by the British within the framework of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) will disappear CITATION SCa16 \l 1033 (S Cave), causing difficulty in ticketing both monetarily and diplomatically.
Damage to Neofunctionalism (Conclusion)
Brexit is, without a doubt, one of the hardest issues for both the EU and Britain and we can only guess the impacts that it will bring. Many scholars believe that it will result in a domino effect of skepticism that will unravel the basic fabric of the European Union. Others believe that the European will be better off with their severe ties with the British with regards to the Union. Truthfully, this case study will raise a strong question mark on the Hass' advocacy of Neo-functionalism. The assumption made by Hass concerning regional integration has failed and that the problems that will arise later will be diverse and highly complicated. The disintegration of the bodies discussed above will create multiple deadlocks in the future. Most of the European public, as well as the British commoners, will suffer from their daily dealings that a whole generation was raised around and that they take for granted. We will find that it will not be easy to roll back the changes that have materialized in almost half a century. Neofunctionalism is damaged, but it will try to restore the balance. British have been in Europe like Russians have been in Asia, a nation of diverse geographic identity. If Russians can be Asian with being considered Asian, then Britain can do the same. In short, there is a possibility that Britain will be more damaged in the process of Brexit than the concept of Neofunctionalism.
Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY DR Troitiño, T Kerikmäe, A Chochia. "De Gaulle and the British Membership in the European Communities." ResearchGate (2018).
Guelke, A. "Britain After Brexit: The Risk to Northern Ireland." Journal of Democracy (2017).
Niemann, A. Neofunctionalism: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. 2017.
Radaelli, CM. "EU policies and the Europeanization of domestic policymaking." Hubert Heinelt, Sybille Münch. Handbook of European Policies: Interpretive Approaches to the EU. 2018.
S Cave, M Allen. Possible models for the UK-EU relationship post' Brexit'. 2016.
Shaw, J. "Citizenship, Migration and Free Movement in Brexit Britain." German Law Journal (2016).
T Lang, E Millstone, T Marsden. A Food Brexit: time to get real. 2017.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 5 Words: 1500
Political Science
Client Name
University Name
Rousseau
Rousseau is an author who is famous for his contemporary views on human behavior and psychology. In his First Discourse Rousseau tells us we are born as utterly free individuals. Individuality precedes society. All social forms, from family to tribe to township to nation, are built up from individuals, and reducible to them. We are born with a right to live as we wish, unmolested, unconstrained, unoppressed, unexploited. The only thing setting a limit on that natural right is the self-same right inhering to every other human being. We form an understanding to respect the free individuality of others in as much as we want the same from them. In modern parlance, we might call this a right to privacy, for Rousseau was really not thinking so much of the “Rights of Man” as posited by Enlightenment philosophers as he was concerned with the right to be left alone. According to Rousseau, this mutual understanding forms a contract. What distinguishes a contract from a mere agreement or promise is that in return for enjoying some specified benefit the parties exchange/forfeit something of value. Here the quid pro quo is a duty of non-interference that each avows to others. At this point, the mutual understanding acquires a legal aspect, and is in principle, enforceable. And enforceability requires an institutionalized system/authority to which the parties accede. For Rousseau this primeval contract forms the basis for all societies and their legal institutions and government. The Social Contract is what enables people to get along in groups despite their individual difference. This social contract then translates into the concepts of amour propre and amour de soi. Both the cconcepts were given by the Genevan philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Amour propre can be defined as “being aware of your persona and how others portray you”. While Amour de soi means “self love and acting on one's interests.” I agree with Rousseau and his analysis of civilization because a human's mindset is always going to prioritize themselves.
Rousseau believes that all humans are born with the good in themselves, it is the society that ruins us. Kolodny elaborates the same notions of “Amour-Propre” and how it can turn people selfish. Humans are naturally selfish in terms that they put themselves first over everything. As per Kolodny’s opinion “Rousseau suggests that society makes amour-propre inevitable. So, if amour-propre itself makes men wicked, then it would seem that men could be good only by withdrawing from, or never having entered, society. But Rousseau denies that withdrawal from society is possible or desirable.” (Kolodny, 2010, p. 168). Imagine a group of people living in a such kind of valley, without any sign of industrialization or any kind of technology, they are kind, helping each other, living freely and raising their off springs at this peaceful environment, unlike our industrialized world. It is only a vision of imagination since we live in a society where being selfish is a common thing. Another point Rousseau made was about the self-love (amour propre), at the civilized world, one cannot love himself, because with the emotions such as jealousy and arrogance, where the main passion became nothing but the desire of being better than anyone else. Rousseau claimed this desire made man forgot to love himself, which is one of the main reasons that made the state of nature the best place to live. Rousseau believes that by rremoving “Amour-Propre” from our thoughts we all would be able to become better people. His source of happiness is probably the imagination of the state of nature. It is “imagination”, because hence we cannot live in the state of nature due to the industrialization/civilization where the humans have more tendency to develop technology instead of arts and beautiful things as in his state of nature.
Rousseau further elaborates the concept of Amour De Soi. Amour De Soi features on self love but only for one’s own self. The concept according to the author is essential to every individual because self-love is a fundamental root source of happiness. When you really ‘love’ yourself, you simply refrain from doing whatever comes in path of you and happiness. Self-love shouldn’t be confused with self-obsession though. Self-love, unlike self-obsession, doesn’t mean that you value someone less than you, but it simply implies you value yourself as much as you value others, something very rare in today’s world. Rousseau believes that we have lost this concept. Self-love means you don’t allow anything to hamper your peace of mind; self-love means you don’t allow anyone to make you feel miserable; self-love means you strive to make a better you every day, every moment.
I totally agree with Rousseau’s analysis of civilization. He believes that humans are savages with intrinsic desires for praise and acceptance from others. ‘Rousseau thinks human beings in the state of nature do not possess any ethical qualities. As he explains in the Discourse on Inequality he thinks of the first humans as living in isolation, and moral understanding as developing through prolonged social interaction, which comes at a later stage of human development. He does, however, think that even in the state of nature human beings were naturally compassionate; they were naturally disposed not to harm others and to help them when in difficulty. He thinks this because compassion tends to the preservation of the species. So, I can speak of Rousseau’s savage in the state of nature as ‘good’, in the sense of being free of malice. But he or she is not noble or virtuous, since that quality requires a deeper level of ethical understanding. Human beings in the state of nature were vigorous and healthy and they were happy, in the sense that they could satisfy their immediate needs, the only needs they were aware of. Their intelligence was limited, but crucially it had the power to develop. They devised weapons and tools; they built shelters. Casual intercourse was replaced by couples dwelling together in these shelters; families developed and interacted with other families, forming a loose kind of society of what we would call hunter-gatherers. Rousseau thinks that this was the happiest stage in human development. But it had its weak points. In relationships with others, people developed a fuller self-consciousness and a sense of their own and others’ preferences. Instead of satisfying their desires with the first person they meet, they competed to be the object of a particular person’s preference; rivalry, jealousy, ill-will thus emerged at the same time as affection, gratitude, respect. So, this development involved a kind of corruption. The natural urge to self-preservation (love of self) became an artificial passion: self-love. At the same time, the beginnings of moral consciousness began to emerge from the process of forming relationships of whatever kind with other human beings. But the corruption became systematic only when agriculture and metal-working developed together. Instead of independent families responsible for their own subsistence through hunting and gathering, we find the emergence of exchange of one kind of goods for another, with the result of enrichment for some and poverty and dependence for others. Eventually these inequalities became built into durable social structures ‘civilized societies. This is what really corrupted human nature, in Rousseau’s view. Rousseau’s account is empirically inaccurate but beautifully argued; and his diagnosis of the evils of inequality is very relevant today. On the other hand, it is only in these civilized societies, that people can fully develop the intellectual and moral qualities that make up what we call a noble character and that Rousseau valued very highly. Tensions of this kind are part of the fascination of Rousseau’s thought.
To conclude, the civilization today can be made ideal as per Rousseau if all the people forego their own selfish desires and contribute fairly to work for the welfare of not only themselves but each other. Amour Propre and amour de soi involve notion of self-love but not only about one self but how other perceive us. I second Rousseau’s concepts about self-love and how every person prefers themselves and work to achieve his self-goals.
References
Bertram, C. (2010). Jean Jacques Rousseau.
Dent, N. J. H., & O'Hagan, T. (1999, January). Rousseau on" Amour-Propre". In Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (pp. 91-107). Aristotelian Society.
Kolodny, N. (2010). The explanation of amour-propre. Philosophical Review, 119(2), 165-200.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 4 Words: 1200
Oasis Ponce
Professor
Political Science
19 Dec 2019
President Trump’s Impeachment
News of President Trump impending impeachment and possible removal from office has thrown the state to a state of political quagmire. Impeachment is enshrined in the constitution. There are four major characteristics prevalent in any impeachment discussion in the United States of America (Charles, Black and Phillip). One of the reasons for impeachment of a president as enshrined in the constitution is the protection of separation of powers. The government is separated into three branches including the legislative, executive and the judiciary. Each branch is obligated to perform its own unique and identifiable functions as spelt out in the constitution.
Impeachment protects the integrity of the government in the face of political offenses. These offenses result from disregard of guidelines of the constitution which does not necessarily call for criminally liable offenses. Impeachment is limited to political characters, crimes committed by politicians and minor wrong doings. In addition, these crimes and misdemeanors are also confined to political punishments (Edwin and Collins 1). Moreover, impeachment, as enshrined in the constitution, allows for the arrest of the president in the event that he misuses his powers and violates the laws of the land or the Constitution. The mandate of the congress is to arrest any abuse of political office. It represents the citizens and has liberty to exercise the political power bestowed upon it by its people (Edwin and Collins 2).
Third, impeachment was advocated due to the need to safeguard the basic structure of society. Though political in nature, impeachment was meant to safeguard the state from political misjudgment. According to Hamilton, safeguarding the structure of society because of impeachable offenses driven by politics which majorly causes harm to that structure. Impeachment was meant to cushion the state against actions that may destroy the society. According to Madison, impeachment was a measure against a president distorting his office into a scheme of embezzlement and unjust treatment (Edwin and Collins 3)
The fourth tenet of impeachment is that it is purely a political process. The impeachment process is devoid of any criminal inclination. Impeaching a president does not necessarily equate him or her to a criminal. According to Joseph Story, impeachment is wholly based on politics. The aim of impeachment is to cushion the state from gross misuse of office. The constitution shields the offenders from unjust punishment. His personal life and property is not questioned. Impeachment questions the offender in his political capacity (Edwin and Collin 4).
Against this interpretation of impeachment, this paper carries out a critical analysis of Donald Trump’s impeachment. President trump is accused of abuse of power by undue influence to the government of Ukraine. The president is accused of pressuring the Ukrainian government to submit damaging information on Joe Biden, a major contender in the 2020 U.S. presidency. The advocates of his impeachment argue that he withheld 400 million dollars of military aid, already allocated by Congress to Ukraine, in order to compel the country to release information about Joe Bidden. President Trump is further accused of interfering with congress’ duty by failing to co-operate with the congress inquiry.
The senate bases its quest to impeach President Trump on the constitution. The provisions are depicted in the constitution under article II, Section 4 which points out that politically elected leaders are liable to impeachment in case of gross misconduct such as treason, extortion and bribery and other high crimes or wrong doings. These political leaders include the presidents, vice presidents and civil officers in the State (Albert).
The power to impeach is bequeathed to the Senate under Article 1, section 3 and clause 6. This article provides that the Senate has the sole mandate of carrying out all impeachments. The process of impeachment is carried out with the Senators, under oath. Once the impeachment process goes through to trial, the Chief Justice presides over the trail. In order to be convicted, two thirds of the members present in the sitting should agree unanimously (Philip).
The article governing sanctions, Article 1, section 3, Clause 7 states that in case of a president’s impeachment, judgment should be confined to removal of office, the offender forfeiting the privilege to hold office and enjoy any office honors, and losing the right to enjoy profit or trust under the United States. However, the impeached individual is liable to being removed from office, subjection to trail, judgment and relevant punishment as dictated by the constitution.
Impeaching the president has both positive and negative repercussions. The constitution calls for a majority for the removal of a president by congress. Partisan politics play a significant role in influencing congress’ deliberations (Michael 1). The house managers in the trial of President Clinton’s did not attain the threshold of proving that the crime committed by Clinton warranted his removal from office. Michael pointed that Clinton’s case did not have the variables required in an impeachment case. The case did not prove that his actions led to damage to the state or the constitution. The case failed to link the effect it had on his formal duties. There was no proof that his relationship with Monica Lewinsky affected his ability to perform his duties.
Democrats, therefore, still have an uphill task if they are to realize the impeachment and removal of office of Donald Trump. In fact, Alexander Hamilton looked at the depth and means of impeachment in his Federal papers (Edward 1). He pointed out that courts do not look forward to impeachment cases as they are difficult to preside over. He observed that achieving a fully ready court to listen to an impeachment case was an uphill task. The consequences of an impeachment, whether successful or not, were far reaching (Edward 2).
As opined above, party politics are at play in the Trump’s debate. First, Republicans declined to discuss the merits of the allegations against Trump. Instead, they attacked the process and argued that the Democrats were interested in undermining the results of the 2016 election. Recent polls conducted in the United States, revealed a divided nation. Even with a successful impeachment, there is still debate on the success of his removal from office.
Sometimes, impeachment of a president can be marred by threats of instability in a country. In 1986, Congress impeached President Andrew Johnson of Tennessee. The impeachment brought the nation to a potential second civil war (David 1). This is because former rebels were irked by the suffering of the former slaves in the hands of their former owners. The threats by the rebels led to congressional republicans taking advantage of a legal technicality to impeach President Johnson.
A critic of the impeachment argued that the Tennessean squandered Lincoln’s political legacy of equality and fairness because they refused to acknowledge Johnson as the appropriate political heir. David observed that when the conflict between the Congress and the President culminated to a divisive nation, the process of impeachment led to legal fights for violent confrontation. Both sides of the political divide fought to give their opinion on the requirements of removal of a president. Finally, the impeachment process toned down the conflict and the nation survived (David 2).
This is the same scenario playing out in the Trump’s case. Critics argue that if the United States political elite succeed in removing from office, a legitimately elected president, it will worsen an already polarized nation into something equal to a cultural war. Moreover, opponents of the motion might argue that there is no sufficient evidence to prove that Trump committed the offence. Half the country, as it stands, does not believe that the Trump-Zelensky call released by the White House warrant his removal from office.
The impeachment process could turn out as an advantage to President Trump. We are told that President Clinton took advantage of his impeachment to popularize his presidency (Mark). The Republicans impeached President Clinton in 1998. When he was cleared by the Senate, his last two years in office were the highlights of his career. He liberated Kosovo from the Serbs and saw the country go through an economic boom. If President Trump’s impeachment is upheld by the Senate, then he could successfully run for a second term in office.
The Two-Step flow of communication theory opines that the citizen’s behavior towards politics is influenced by the discussions they have with their family, friends and opinions from social media groups. Citizens make political inclinations according to the anticipated benefits of supporting certain political views. In case of impeachment, it is argued that majority of the citizens are disconnected from impeachment politics, and continue supporting the leader of their party of choice and opinion leaders (Cass).
This assumption is proven by the latest Gallup’s polling which indicates that polling points on Trump’s impeachment and removal is divided by half. Trump’s approval ratings remain 45%, close to the 46% of the popular vote which made him declared as the US President. It is possible that Trump might be re-elected if his impeachment does not go through. He is already accused of riling support from the impeachment. As revealed by public opinion polls, Americans support or oppose the impeachment in line with their parties of choice.
Works cited
Albert Broderick O.P. Citizens' Guide to Impeachment of a President: Problem Areas, 23 Cath.
U. L. Rev. 205 (1974)
Cass R. Sustein. Impeaching the President. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2(1998).
Charles L. Black J.R. and Phillip Bobbitt Impeachment: A handbook, New Edition. The
Procedures
David O Stewart. Impeachment by Ignorance. ABA Journal 76 (1990).
Edwin Brown Firmage and Collin Mangrum. Removal of the President: Resignation and the
Procedural Law of Impeachment. Duke of Law (1974).
Edward Hirsch Levi. "Some Aspects of Separation of Powers," 76 Columbia Law Review 371
(1976)
John Milton Cooper. Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrwo Wilson and the Fight for the
League of Nations. 2001
Mark S. Hurwitz. Editor’s Note, Justice System Journal, 36:4, 301-303 (2015)
Michael, J. Gerhardt. The Special Constitutional Structure of the Federal Impeachment Process,
Law and Contemporary Problems 63 (2000).
Philip B. Kurland. "Watergate, Impeachment, and the Constitution," 45 Mississippi Law Journal
531 (1974)
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 6 Words: 1800
Yamlak Gabre
Instructor Name
Political Science
25 October 2019
Trump’s zero tolerance policy on immigration
It has been more than a year since the current US President Donald J. Trump’s Administration started to implement the executive order that halted the policy of the separation of immigrant children and parents at the US borders. During the time of the implementation of this order, there were more than two thousand children were forcibly separated from their parents. These acts played its role in plummeting the popularity of the top dog in the eyes of his citizens. This is not the first time the Trump Administration had taken hard and unpopular steps against the immigrants. Human Rights Watch, a non-profit organization, has researched into the past about the ways that the US has prosecuted the immigrants when the sought US citizenship, but these extreme steps for separation of parents and their children were never taken before. However, there has been a severe sidelining regarding the “Zero-tolerance policy” presented beforehand in order to curtail the crime spree that has plagued the US due to the influx of the immigrants.
Now the question arises that what is the Zero-tolerance policy and how did it come to be implemented. This policy was implemented by Washington D.C. in April, 2018. It was specifically directed all the US attorney offices along the southern border to cases of illegal entry on priority basis CITATION Wil19 \l 1033 (Kandel). These cases would be referred to the prosecutors by the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Since then, all the five judicial regions along the southern border have experienced a sudden influx of criminal cases regarding illegal entry. In the month of June (2018) alone, there was a seventy-four percent increase in prosecutions than in March of the same year. The Attorney General’s Office have declared that they aim to prosecute all the people booked in these cases. Up till June, Forty-six percent of illegal immigrants were prosecuted which were addressed by the Border Patrol, compared to when they arrested only one-third of the people committing illegal entry in May 2018 CITATION QAT18 \l 1033 (Human Rights Watch).
Another question arises that how did the policy that aimed for the good for the US citizen ended up as a shame for them, meaning how did it all lead to the Parent-Child Separation Policy. The Trump Administration insist that this is a consequence of the zero-tolerance policy combined with the action taken by the Federal Courts regarding the limitations imposed on the legal sentences of children. The rules against the verdicts imposed on minors are different according to the law. Therefore, the state started to run separate detention centers for the children of the illegal entering immigrants. Many reports say otherwise to the state’s narrative. They claim that it was the intention of the Trump’s Administration all along to target families so that a severe and ringing call would be send to the people trying to cross the US borders illegally. This shows a highly significant difference of the immigration policy under previous administrations. This Parent-Child separation technique is a serious breach of the human rights laws as agreed by the members of the United Nations. The Refugee Convention states that a state cannot prosecute any asylum seeker, including those whose requests for citizenship is still in official queue, if they present themselves to the authorities and show probable causes for their illegal entry to the said state CITATION UNH51 \l 1033 (UNHCR). Regardless, these draconian measures failed to achieve the aim intended. Also, they act as a tremendous strain on the already jeopardized US economy. The resources needed to keep these circles running are pulled form the welfare projects that decrease the popularity of the Trump Administration as well as defeating the aim of “Making America Great Again”.
Works Cited
BIBLIOGRAPHY "Human Rights Watch." 2018.
Kandel, William A. Congressional Reearch Service. Washington D.C.: US Congress, 2019.
UNHCR. "Refugee Convention." 1951.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Your Name
Instructor Name
Course Number
Date
U.S- Mexico security cooperation through The Merida Initiative
Introduction:
For more than a decade Mexico is being threatened by the Violent Criminal Organization. The situation not only affects Mexico but it creates an alarming issue in the south-west border region of the USA as well. The drug trade has been considered as unlawful from a long time but the transactional criminal organizations have created havoc to have control over the drug trafficking. In 2007 The United States created a rule of law partnership with the government of Mexico to control the drug crime trafficking in the country. This rule of law partnership is called the Merida initiative. This partnership has been a central piece of bilateral cooperation to maintain security in the region (Seelke). The Merida intuitive is a proposal of $1.4 billion from the side of the USA to invest in the drug war of the central-America and Mexico. The Congress has allocated $400 million for Mexico and for Central America $65 was assigned. Until 2007 Columbia was the concern of the USA and now the foreign policy marked a shift. Now the USA has started giving aids to Mexico to control drug trafficking and criminal activities (Abu-Hamdeh).
A brief overview of the current policy relationship including the major issues facing the countries.
USA is interfering in Mexico and Central America in order to guarantee the “national security” which include the geopolitical and socioeconomic interests of the USA in the region. Therefore, the USA is managing the internal orders of the country.
The havoc in Mexico leads towards the recognition of an authoritarian system that has more political and military power. The system violated human rights, increased criminal action, and drug trafficking so this invites the interference of the USA for the guise of cooperation, help, and defense. If the Mexican government is overthrown or threatened then the USA was going to send her troops to control the economic and social chaos in the region. The current security, political and economic model given by the United States shows the interests of the USA in Mexico. Mexico lost 23000 innocents lives in operations against the increasing drug trafficking in the country. The nation is becoming a hub of crime and terrorism. It is the biggest platform that violates human rights and the country is also very dangerous for social movements and the freedom journalists. The extractions of natural resources and environmental degradation are also increasing in the region (Delgado-Ramos and Romano).
After the Mexican revolution in 1910. The Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) party and the current government have created a monopolistic political power. The supreme authority belongs to the President and who is been ruling for 6 years and Mexico is facing various internal and external issues since then. The country is going through a problem of unfair distribution of resources and wealth along with demographic growth. It needs the assistance of USA to get desirable economic growth. The USA is facing a huge influx of migrates from Mexico and creates an alarming situation in the border. The second issue is that both sides of the border face social, economic, and physiological sensitivities (Smith).
The Merida initiative does three things, firstly, it clarifies the position of both of the government’s that the drug cartels of Mexico are criminals. Secondly, the USA is excepting the responsibility of controlling this cartel and dealing with the transactional criminal Organizations. Finally, the intervention of the USA in Mexico will be limited and it sets only a militarized nature of status-quo. The cooperation of the USA and Mexico is useful for both the country’s political elites because it fixes the debate of various issues within the countries (Gallaher).
The Merida Initiative works in four folds, it works to dismantle criminal roots from Mexico, strengthen the border control through the air and maritime forces, brings reform in the justice system and to finish gang activities by banning on the demands of the drug. It is a package with the diverse program and its first initiative is an Assistance to improve the rule of law and to strength various civil institutions. The laws related to anti-drug funding are adjusted and privatization reforms are brought by the result of, Merida initiative. The concept of NAFTA plus was given to bring institutional changes for drug control and to bring reforms in Mexico’s drug war. Free trade Agreement between Canada-Mexico and USA was also being signed in order to increase the economic stability of Mexico. The second important component of USA’s Merida initiative is the “Law Enforcement and Security Assistance” which increased military and police training, weaponry and militarization of the border (Paley).
The US government says that this approach is necessary to disrupt the criminal groups in Mexico and to build a good 21st-century border. The third component of the Merida Initiative is the effect of the steps taken for a drug war that includes the reorganizations of the criminal groups and narcotics flows. This is done by the militarized interruption in the trafficking network. However, it is more like a par militarization (Paley).
The reasons for initiating changes to existing policy:
Strengthening the security conditions in Mexico is always been the priority of the USA. The increase in funding from the USA in the form of Merida Initiatives has a negative as well as a positive aspect. The positive side is that Mexico will get to have modern military technologies and it will train its armies based on modern training systems. The negative aspect is that it will increase the militarization to fight against organized crime. So the decision making based on defense mechanism will discourage the democratizing process of the state. The second thing is that drug trafficking is not a bilateral issue but a global issue so it should be tackled globally (Benítez). Another major flaw in this policy is that it is enhancing war like mentality by starting a war against crime. This war included arbitrary killings, illegal arrest, and drug-related homicides.
The possible policy options to be considered:
Mexican Institutions should be made fully transparent
As one of the motives of the Merida, initiative is to improve the justice system in Mexico but little is done to uproot the corruption in Mexican Institutions. The USA should train the police administration, judiciary, and lawyers in order to implement the American system of justice. So the USA needs to stop militating funding and start investing in the training programs that will improve the system of justice in Mexico.
Mexico lacks the resources needed to train policy to fit in the new system and if the get investments from the USA they will be able to fit in the system described by the USA. So the human rights mentioned by the Mérida institution can’t be implemented until the Mexican government would not ensure that until the policies and judiciary system is not given the authority to control human right violations in Mexico.
Control the domestic demand and supply of weapons and drugs on both sides of the border.
The militarized drug-war had violated human-rights in Mexico and the United States of America has to stop the mugging of weapons in the border if the States wants to maintain illegal trafficking to neighboring Mexico. The US government needs to take domestic action on both sides of the border. It needs to find out the mastermind behind the drug and weapon trafficking and it is possible that both sides of the border would have the drug dealers not just in Mexico. The transport of firearm from the USA is the main cause of violence in Mexico.
The framework of shared responsibilities should be preserved.
These two countries are safer when the work together so Trump zero-tolerance policy over the border crises will not help to build up the mutual relationship.
The factors contributing to the insecurity be acknowledged
The USA should invest in building resilient Mexican society and the relationship between the people and government should be improved in order to fight against crime.
Human right practices should be elevated by the bilateral agenda for improving educational and cultural activities.
The pros and cons of each policy option or alternatives:
If the Mexican institutions are made transparent then the domestic violence can be minimized but it needs the full intention of USA to professionalize the police and judiciary. It is time-consuming and costly to change the full makeover of the policies of the justice system in Mexico.
While if the USA controlled the domestic supply of firearms to Mexico then it can lessen down the violence in Mexico but it will also demand a reform in the gun-control laws of the States and those laws might turn US citizen against the government. As the maximum number of US citizen say that gun keeping ensures their personal security.
However, if the shared responsibilities will be preserved then the present government have to show some tolerance on the border crisis and will have to deal with the immigration issue differently. It will demand a whole shift in the paradigm set by Donald. Trump.
Mexico will be needing funds for improving its educational activities and the USA has to plan another scheme for that. So it is very costly but they can work on initiating exchange programs and that will help to build up the mindset of Mexican people.
The best policy options:
Violence and insecurity are not only caused by drug trafficking but driven by factors like lack of economic and educational opportunities and ineffective response of state against criminality. So the best policy will be to design a bilateral agenda for improving educational and cultural activities. The second most important one is to build transparent institutions by investing in training programs of judiciary and police. These two policies will go together to have a violence-free society.
Conclusion:
The Merida Initiatives agreement done by President Bush and Calderon helped to maintain bilateral security within the countries. But the program went beyond its four pillars and it looks more like a military operation than a funding scheme. It is enhancing the war mindset of the people by training the military force and providing new war technology to Mexico. This increased the homicide and killing of Mexican people. The collaboration, funding and dialoguing should be directed in an accurate way.
It is time to re-examine to direct the policy in the right direction. The funding should no more be on training military but used on professionalizing the police and judiciary. The second most important thing is that violence could not be controlled by only controlling drug trafficking. The mindset o9fthe whole generation needs to be changed in order to have a peaceful society. This can be done by investing in the educational uplift of the society so if the USA wants to maintain bilateral peace with Mexico then the funding should be directed in the right way. The bilateral collaboration should be maintained to have full control over the increasing criminals in the region. The USA has to show some resilience in the border issues and both sides of the border need to be examined to get into the roots of drug-related violence.
Works Cited
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Abu-Hamdeh, Sabrina. “The MTerida Initiative: An Effective Way of Reducing Violence in Mexico?” Pepperdine Policy Review, vol. 4, no. 1, Jan. 2011, https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/ppr/vol4/iss1/5.
Benítez, Raúl. The Mérida Initiative: Challenges in the Fight against Crime and Drug Trafficking in Mexico. Analysis of the Real Institute Elcano (ARI), 2007.
Delgado-Ramos, Gian Carlo, and Silvina María Romano. “Political-Economic Factors in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Colombia Plan, the Mérida Initiative, and the Obama Administration.” Latin American Perspectives, vol. 38, no. 4, July 2011, pp. 93–108. DOI.org (Crossref), doi: 10.1177/0094582X11406208.
Gallaher, Carolyn. “Mexico, the Failed State Debate, and the Mérida Fix.” The Geographical Journal, vol. 182, no. 4, 2016, pp. 331–41.
Paley, Dawn. Drug War Capitalism. ak Press, 2014.
Seelke, Clare Ribando. Mexico: Evolution of the Mérida Initiative, 2007-2019. p. 2.
Smith, Peter H. Mexico: The Quest for a U.S. Policy. Foreign Policy Association, Inc, 1980.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 6 Words: 1800
United States Foreign Policy
[Name of the Writer]
[Name of the Institution]
United States Foreign Policy
When one talks about the foreign relations of the United States, they have been able to maintain relations with all the diplomat nations across the world. Except for the Syria, Iran and Bhutan, United States has foreign relations with all the counties across the world. Even though they did not used to have relations with the North Korea, in the Trump’s regime, even that exception has been broken. United States foreign relations are based on the premises that how they are going to give precedence to their interests across the world. In a bid to ensure that their interest are being protected, at times United States have been involved in the affairs of some of the other countries and that has lead towards some unwarranted criticism. In this paper, it is going to be seen what are some of the key features of the foreign policy of the United States and how they tend to impact other nations.
Financial Considerations and the Foreign Policy
The propagation of the financial interest has been a key agenda when it comes to the foreign policy of the United States . As a matter of fact, there are many critics that tend to believe that the financial and economic considerations are one of the major driving forces behind the foreign policy of the United States. Many of the military expedites that United States have gone to during the Couse of the 20th century are based on the financial consideration one way or the another. There were many allegations that the decision to go to war with Iraq was based on the vested oil interest of the United States in the region. The same example can be quoted to the fact that how much involved United States was in the 20th century conflict that happened between United States and how these countries went into the Banana war. One of the major purpose of these wars was to make sure that the how the American commercial interests can be protected across the world.
Imperialist Mentality in terms of the Foreign Relations
One of the key thing that is being seen when it comes to the foreign relations policy of the United States is that how the imperialist mindset at the end of the state is one of the driving force behind the decision making that is taken by them at the given point of time. The cultural, economical and technological supremacy that United States intends to have over some of the other countries is based on the premises that how they are going to propagate their imperialist agenda across the world. There are many commentators who are of the point of view that how Washington has this habit of ensuring that they expand their interest and influence in some of the countries even if things could be done in a different manner. This hands on approach not only leads towards problem and complicates the situation, at times the forced narrative is not being accepted around the world .
Dual Standards in the Foreign Policy
Even though the focus of the foreign policy of the United States has been towards making sure that how they are going to be supporting peace and regional sovereignty, the key fact that has to be kept in mind is that how they have invalidated their own statements by creating huge civil wards in the Columbia as well as Panama. At the same time, United States has been a major advocate of the free trade, but they have made very effort of protecting their local industry with the help of the heavy import tariffs and thus rendering market to be ineffective. Not only that, there is lot of voice about how national sovereignty is majorly supported in the United States forums but the fact remains that they have violated the national sovereignty of many countries during the course of their history. The biggest point of contention about the United States policy is that how active they have been when it comes to prorogating nuclear non proliferation, but the fact remains that they have themselves developed weapons at massive scale. This is not the only example of how dual standards are witnessed when it comes to the foreign policy of the United States .
Support of the Dictatorial Regimes
One of the defining policy of the United States is that how they are going to be working towards how the democratic system is supposed to prevail around the world. But when one looks at the foreign policy of the United States, there is lot of hypocrisy in this regard is that right across their history they have supported dictatorial regimes for a very long time. There are long list of dictators that have gained support from the United States and one of the reasons that it has been happening is that how these dictators have been supporting the narrative and the cause of the United States. One of the reasons that the dictators have been so forthcoming when it comes to the support of the United States is since how much they have an idea that how they can survive in the office for a long period of time without opting for the support of the United States.
Human Rights Concerns
This problem has been compounded in the modern history of the United States as how they have neglected the human rights and the democracy for their own vested interest. This is despite the claim that is being made by the United States that they are advocating the human right issues across the world . This is one of the prime reasons that they have carried out their support to the governments and regimes that have committed gross atrocities and abuse of the human rights. For instance, the example of Saudi regime stands out the most. They have been involved in gross violation of the human rights of their citizens and even though the abuse is well known and well documented, there is not much protest or stoppage from United States in this regard. The same can be said about the human rights abuse that they have carried out in their own country. In the war against the infighting and global unrest, they have carried out abuse of the human rights and there are secret prisons that operate and take care of their agenda.
Usage of the Armed Forces to Leverage Foreign Policy
It is a well known fact that the usage of the military in the diplomacy in the foreign policy is concerned to be the last resort. There are many people who tend to believe that the United States has used its military prowess to make sure that it is able to leverage itself at the global level. The Iraq and Afghanistan War are some of the latest examples that how they have used the military even though the better resolution towards the situation could have been carried out with the help of the dialogues. Furthermore, the out of control military spending and the infrastructure that United States has constructed has gone a long way towards making sure that the war that is being instigated by the United States is not going to be ending anytime soon .
Violation and Disregard for the International Law
It is quite well known that due to the size of the economy, the military control that they have and how they tend to control the global media, United States tend to enjoy considerable advantage at the global stage. In the United Nations charter, there are numerous instances where United States has not accepted to be the part of the document. Being a free and sovereign state, being a sovereign state, they are well within their rights to carry out such strikes, The fact remains though that they have vilified and lobbied against some of the other major stakeholders for doing the same thing. For instance, the independence of the Kosovo comes to the mind where it was clearly stated in the charter of the United Nations that the independence of the Kosovo cannot be made possible but with the vehement support that was carried out by the United States, there was Signiant pressure that was created at the globe level.
Ineffective Strategy
If one looks at the foreign policy of the United States during the last two decades, and it becomes quite clear that there is a deliberate attempt on their part to make sure that how they are going to protect themselves in a better manner. Despite this claim, if one looks at the current situation, United States has alienated itself in the world. One of the reasons that they have hard time when it comes to finding the reliable global partners is since they have not hold their end of the bargain when it comes to the foreign policy which is now going against them as they do not have retort to the strategy .
Conclusion
In the hindsight, it can be said that the foreign policy that is carried out by the United States has been quite critically ambiguous to say the least. The dual standards, lack of regards for the international partners and not having a clear vision are some of the biggest issues when it comes to the foreign policy of the United States being criticized at the larger level. The other thing that has been done by the United States is that they have advocated the cause of the democracy at large, but the fact remains that when it comes to making sure that they are safeguarding their national interest, the claim can be made that it has been quite fluid. There are human rights concerns as well regarding their foreign policy. At the same time, the dual standards when it comes to the human right issues and lack of success when it comes to making sure that they are taking care of the nuclear proliferation are some of the biggest pitfalls of their foreign policy.
Endnotes
Habermas, Jürgen, and Jacques Derrida. "February 15, or what binds Europeans together: A plea for a common foreign policy, beginning in the core of Europe." Constellations 10, no. 3 (2014): 291-297.
Donaldson, Lex, and Joseph L. Nogee. The Foreign Policy of Russia: Changing Systems, Enduring Interests, 2014. Routledge, 2018.
Falk, Richard. "The Haiti Intervention: A Dangerous World Order Precedent for the United Nations." Harv. Int'l. LJ 36 (2016): 341.
Murinson, Alexander. "The strategic depth doctrine of Turkish foreign policy." Middle Eastern Studies 42, no. 6 (2017): 945-964.
Laatikainen, Katie Verlin, and Karen E. Smith. "Introduction—The European Union at the United Nations: Leader, Partner or Failure?." In The European Union at the United Nations, pp. 1-23. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2018.
Williamson, Claudia R. "Exploring the failure of foreign aid: The role of incentives and information." The review of Austrian economics 23, no. 1 (2018): 17-33.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 6 Words: 1800
United Nation History
[Name of the Writer]
[Name of the Institution]
United Nation History
Abstract
United Nation is an international organization which was founded in 1945 by more than 50 states of the world. The principal purpose of establishing global forum is to ensure the management of human rights, better living standards, promoting social progress, developing friendly relations among the nation and international peace and security. A wide range of issues are discussed, and member countries express their views through the economic and social council, Security Council and general assembly. Moreover, the articles provided the overall history of UN, conservative opinions and admirable history of the institute.
Introduction
The formation of UN was the advancement of 26 representative countries who were at war with Axis powers. While endorsing the Atlantic Charter, these states use their full resources for establishing peace in the world. The services of the United Nations reaches every corner of the globe, and it is best known for humanitarian assistance, conflict prevention, , and peacekeeping. Various programs, funds, and specialized agencies are part of the UN system to make the world a better place. The organization was developed for peace, and its operation was extended to a broad range of issues like global governance, international health, counter-terrorism, disaster relief, environment and refugee protection and coordinating efforts for a safer world.
Discussion
Thomas G.Weiss in his article provides that there was a geopolitical necessity which contributes to the establishment of bodies like UN. After the Second World War, policymakers’ and key world leaders agree to revisit the desirability of multicultural cooperation and intergovernmental organizations. However the ideational and normative role of UN along with inputs from non-state actors through the member states lead to ineffectiveness of the institute. In 1945 the Roosevelt administration in the United States avoids the mistake of Woodrow Wilson in selling the league of nation to the Senate (Weiss, 2015). The administration sought the support of the public for establishing a global organization to prevent the future wars and conflict. The idea was progressive as it gives way for the formation of multiple donor agencies like UNCHR, WB, and UN system on global governance.
The modern history of international organizations properly begins with 19th-century public international unions. Universal postal union and international telegraph fulfilled the requirements to adopt innovation. In the decades of 1930s and 40s functionalist built a theory for small steps in global cooperation. These steps contribute to more significant results as David Mitrany called the actions as ‘peace by pieces.' The primary aim was also to resolve the humanitarian issues without any political purpose (Weiss, 2015). In this regard, UN relief and rehabilitation agency was the first forum to liberate countries from their more fortunate allies and replace them through livestock, infrastructure, and industrial equipment. After the initial development, there was criticism on the performance of UN in the 1960s and 70s. Laurence R. Jurdem reflects that journals of conservative opinion believed US position in the forum was controversial.
Specific issues change the course of history as a commentary of Ronald Reagan led to the failure of US policy in the UN (Jurdem, 2017). Further the conservative movement reflects disapproval from the moment of its existence as liberals praised the performance of UN in promoting peace and stability. These ideas were contrary to writers like Russell Kirk definition of perfection. Conservative viewed the Soviet Union as a real threat to international peace because of its vibrant presence on the world stage. Activists had support for the UN who represented and facilitated the freedom of individual and protection of fundamental human rights. The double standard arguments were implied by Human Event columnist Jenkin Lloyd Jones when he argues for ‘race prejudice was not exclusively a white men disease.' He believed that there should be a fair description of ideas for all the communities of the world.
A civil right movement was the example of right's attempt to link the disorder with the nation’s cities. The role of the United States was criticized for creating chaos and competition between the two blocks (Jurdem, 2017). An ordeal of Watergate and war of Vietnam put more pressure on the US, and it lost voting majority which was maintained during the establishment of UN. Further, the views of conservative were more frustrated when the US sends aid to the third world. The policy of supporting foreigners was perceived as weakening the nation. Various attempts of US failed to gain support from the third world in countering Russia and providing wealth to African states. Since the US was the most significant contributor to serving the financial needs of UN, there was criticism from conservatives who frustrated over the imbalance of power (Jurdem, 2017). The arguments of Senator Goldwater provide that why the US is failing to exercise its role in the general assembly effectively. The public aslo had severe concerns over the performance of new nations of Afro-Asian block.
The primary concern of the conservatives during the 1960s was the loss image of UN because there were excessive spending and inflated officials on the forum. These issues became prevalent with the more massive crises in US foreign policy, which contributes to the weak and vacillating international relations. Similarly, Sunil Amrith and Glenda Sluga in their article new histories of United Nation give ideas and prospects for human development (Amrith & Sluga, 2008). Through the advancement of science, knowledge, and culture there was a discussion of the history of peace which hold higher aspirations for few practitioners of the world. Although historians, diplomat and political scientist opinion for UN as an agency for peace against the two World Wars, there is a change in shift and it became a hub for competition among the various nations. There were questions on the race, rights, and sovereignty aspects in UN.
The incorporation of UN with race question was something that develops a contradiction for the international body. Political agenda and general intellectual assumptions were critical to the postwar challenges for racism. For the agencies of UN, Claude Levi-Strauss wrote that there is an element of race (Amrith & Sluga, 2008). He pointed out diversity as a value for clearing the roots of colonial fascination and racial superiority of civilizing mission. Over time UN became a body for race identification and favoritism. Various states across the globe have raised their concerns for not resolving the primary issues and giving weight to scientific and racial grounds for maintaining hegemony. History of UN was something else, and it was the joint effort of more than fifty leaders to counter the massive destruction of humanity, but it is not valid at the present scenario as disaster is continuously effecting humans through the major powers of the world.
Conclusion
The silence of UN on many critical aspects of conflict and war lead to the failure of US struggle for the cause of human rights. Anderson also reflects in ‘Eyes off the Prize’ about the pressure of cold war and official role of US representatives in UN for maintaining hegemony. There is an urgent need for reconsideration of the role being played by UN in various fields of life. There is a gap between past and present as commitment is less to the historicization and more to an output of the organization. The scholarly discussion of the authors offers a critical aspect of UN history in the light of circumstances that occur during the course of time.
References
Amrith, S., & Sluga, G. (2008). New histories of the United Nations. Journal of World History, 251-274.
Jurdem, L. R. (2017). ‘That mad hatter's tea party on the East River': Conservative journals of opinion and the United Nations 1964–1981. Cold War History, 17(1), 39-59.
Weiss, T. G. (2015). The United Nations: before, during and after 1945. International Affairs, 91(6), 1221-1235.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 4 Words: 1200
Universal or Situational Ethics
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The framework of ethics in operational officers appears to be contentious. Several schools of thoughts commend and shun ethical values nourished by these operational officers. Irrefutably, these officers shave to fabricate ethics as per the circumstances and thus these ethics mostly become situational dependent. Universal ethics pertain to pursuing absolute ethical values regardless of circumstances or need. For instance, an operational officer may come across a scenario where ethical dilemmas surface and urge him to commit an unethical and relentless act. An informant may seek facilitation from the officer by demanding several needs. He may advance toward prostitution which will surely be heard by the officer to cultivate his mission but in case the informant demands for child prostitution, things become haywire. The fundamental values of ethics and humanity are desecrated because of the application of situational ethics.
Moreover, the operational officer is required to adhere to truth and honesty while reporting to seniors about acquired information and resources used to accomplish the objective. None can validate the moral statute of these officers but a wide range of cynics stipulate them to be morally corrupt. The application of situational ethics makes them controversial but a critical appraisal of reality reflects it is a challenging task to implement universal ethics in espionage activities. They may spy on people without their permission which may appear innocent in the end. Likewise, they can advance to convey false or fabricated information to their superiors and subordinates. The bottom line is that ethics ought to be observed in true letter and spirits by these officers irrespective of scenario, need or circumstances.
Bibliography
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Fair Play: The Moral Dilemmas of Spying — Central Intelligence Agency.” Accessed June 18, 2019. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no1/fair-play-the-moral-dilemmas-of-spying.html.
University, Santa Clara. “Ethical Relativism.” Accessed June 18, 2019. https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/ethical-relativism/.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 1 Words: 300
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course Code
Date
Us foreign policy through the Merida Initiative
Mexican authorities have waged war against drug cartels in Mexico for years without much success. As a result, many politicians, police officers, students, and journalists have died on the process. In 2018, several people many of the drug cartels were hit by homicide (Gallaher 335). This has been a constant situation across Mexico and especially Merida. However, the United States took a swift initiative to help in addressing the problem by establishing cooperation between Mexico and the U.S. against drug trafficking. Through the policy, the U.S. states declared war on drug cartels and also established a serious network between the two governments to hunt and destabilized the cartel network both in the U.S. and Mexico.
As stated by Gallaher (338) through cooperation the U.S. agreed to help Mexico and other nations from Central America in combating drug cartels. The initiative included the U.S. providing training, equipment and intelligent to be used in dismantling the drug cartel‘s network in the region CITATION Del11 \p 98 \l 1033 (Delgado-Ramos, Ortega and Romano 98). The U.S. also provided funding for agencies fighting drug cartels in Mexico and also facilitates the hunting of cartels network in the United States so that the financial flow of cartels from the United States could be dismantled. However, according to Delgado-Ramos, Ortega, and Romano (101), the cooperation between the U.S. and Mexico to address the problem in Merida gave Mexico responsibility to cooperate with the U.S. on the war on drug. Mexico government to provide the network facilitates the transfer of drug cartels for prosecution in the United States CITATION Fin17 \p 25 \l 1033 (Finklea and Seelke 25). The Mexico government had also responsibilities to enforce its law enforcement, prosecution and build public confidence as well. Therefore, the initiative has helped in addressing the problem and currently the war or fighting in Mexico because of the drug cartels have reduced compared to 20 years ago.
In conclusion, the Merida initiative or policy was meant to address the drug menace and stop fighting in Mexico. It involved cooperation between two nations through the provision of intelligent, equipment and finances to help in solving the problem. However, the policy helps both countries since its establishment peace has been partially established and cartels operations have reduced across the U.S. and Mexico.
Works Cited
BIBLIOGRAPHY Delgado-Ramos, Gian Carlo, Mariana Ortega, and María Romano. "Political-Economic Factors in U.S. Foreign Policy The Colombia Plan, the Mérida Initiative, and the Obama Administration." Latin America Perspective (2011): 92-105.
Finklea, Kristin and Clare Ribando Seelke. "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond." Congressional Research Service (2017): 10-35.
GALLAHER, CAROLYN. "Mexico, the failed state debate, and the Mérida fix." The Geographical Journal 182.21 (2016): 331-341.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 1 Words: 300
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Putin is the incumbent President of the former Soviet Union. He is been the President from 2000 and onwards. During this period of time he served as the Prime Minister of Russia for four months. Putin holds a degree in international law and has been a member of communist party from his university days. On December 31, 1999 he won the election against Boris Yeltsin and has been serving as the fourth President of Russia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wpj8PSSW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Black 2018)","plainCitation":"(Black 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":428,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"itemData":{"id":428,"type":"book","title":"Putin's Third Term as Russia's President, 2012-18","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Black","given":"Larry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Black 2018). He won the re-election in 2018, which made him able to run the Presidency until the year 2024. The following essay is aimed at analyzing the life of Vladimir Putin and will include the analysis of his rise to power and leadership styles.
Introduction
Born in 1952, Putin is the youngest sibling among three children of Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin and Maria Ivanovna Putina. Putin’s father had served for many long as a cook for Vladimir Lenin ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"G1eSuOBW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Black 2018)","plainCitation":"(Black 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":428,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"itemData":{"id":428,"type":"book","title":"Putin's Third Term as Russia's President, 2012-18","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Black","given":"Larry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Black 2018). Before taking charge of this job, he served as conscript in Soviet Navy. Since Putin was youngest among his siblings, he started his regular school in 1960 at Baskov. During earlier years he was interested in Judo and obtained Judo Black belt in a competition held at the national level. After completing formal early level academics he obtained admission at Leningrad State University and obtained a degree of Law later in 1970. He graduated with a degree in international law in 1975 with majors in trading practices. One of his teachers had been a co-author of Russian constitution ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6zlQEZ36","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Black 2018)","plainCitation":"(Black 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":428,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"itemData":{"id":428,"type":"book","title":"Putin's Third Term as Russia's President, 2012-18","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Black","given":"Larry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Black 2018). In 1983, Putin married Lyudmila Shkrebneva from which he had two daughters. His marriage, however, could not retain and in 2014, Kremlin confirmed that divorcee had been confirmed. It is widely believed that Putin’s close cousin has served as a director at Moscow based Bank who was later accused with money laundering charges.
Professionally, Putin’s first assignment was as a KGB agent in East German. After this assignment, during 1990s he performed his duties as the vice mayor of St. Petersburg. During his service as vice mayor he remained successful in defecting the invasion of Dagestan. Soon after this failed invasion, the popularity of Putin increased and he was able to win the Presidential election of 2000. He got the majority of 52 percent Russians ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DzU1Gvl4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Black 2018)","plainCitation":"(Black 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":428,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"itemData":{"id":428,"type":"book","title":"Putin's Third Term as Russia's President, 2012-18","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Black","given":"Larry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Black 2018). Scholars who have been writing about the life of Putin argue that his personality has been largely influenced the way federal security services of Russia works. Similarly many people believe that under Putin, many KGB workers have been ruling the Ruling federation. His personality traits suggest that Putin still gets influenced by the conduct he acquired as a KGB agent. A thorough observation of his life suggests that military stimuli remain dominant irrespective of political ovation one enjoys.
Putin’s rise to power
Putin officially resigned from the KGB active reserves in 1991. He arrived Leningrad (St. Petersburg) and started working for Anatoly Sobchak. Sobchak was Putin’s law professor which was later elected as the city’s mayor ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4Swg0rfV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lukin 2018)","plainCitation":"(Lukin 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":433,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5RDH3BNM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5RDH3BNM"],"itemData":{"id":433,"type":"article-journal","title":"Putin’s Political Regime and Its Alternatives","container-title":"Strategic Analysis","page":"134–153","volume":"42","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Lukin","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lukin 2018). It was this assignment who aroused political interest in Putin. At this job he kept a low profile and worked behind the scene. He worked according to the notion that ‘if things required to be done’. Lukin writes that Sobchak inspired Putin and working at his Professor’s assignment, he started getting influenced by politics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QE1fAY4p","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lukin 2018)","plainCitation":"(Lukin 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":433,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5RDH3BNM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5RDH3BNM"],"itemData":{"id":433,"type":"article-journal","title":"Putin’s Political Regime and Its Alternatives","container-title":"Strategic Analysis","page":"134–153","volume":"42","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Lukin","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lukin 2018). His Professor and the first elected city mayor was known for the authoritarian notions. Putin remained loyal to Sobchak despite his failure in the re-election. It was this time when Putin declined the offer of the victor. A game-changer came in his political career when he relocated with his family to Moscow. He quickly rose to fame among the prominent faces of federal security services, who succeeded KGB.
Finally in the year 1998, Boris Yeltsin the then President of Russia named Vladimir Putin for the Presidency of Russia. With the coming of his name in international media, it was widely referred that only the trusted one could have been successful in getting this position, which Putin won. Formally in 1999, Yeltsin named Putin as the Prime Minister of Russia. Putin was the fifth Prime Minister in not more than five years. Premiership in Russia is the second-highest official rank which reports directly to the President ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7mFA1U3U","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(De Stefano 2018)","plainCitation":"(De Stefano 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":429,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WLCRIC4G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WLCRIC4G"],"itemData":{"id":429,"type":"article-journal","title":"Towards Putin’s Last Presidency?","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"De Stefano","given":"Carolina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (De Stefano 2018). Yeltsin finally stepped down on the last day 1999 and Putin was named as the new President of Russia. Analyst believed that since Putin had been so faithful to Yeltsin and there could be no other better option for Yeltsin other than Putin to get protection for himself. Interestingly, Putin also pardoned Yeltsin from criminal and administrative impeachments. Yeltsin resultantly got immunity from seizure and search of residence and different possessions.
For Putin as the President of Russia, things have not been so good at the start. Various domestic and foreign policy challenges had remained a stumbling block for his success at the national level. As he took power in 2000s, the Russian constitution not allowed the Presidential chair authority over some matters. The institutional clash for authority remained dominant in early decades of his presidency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HU9JpyGt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(De Stefano 2018)","plainCitation":"(De Stefano 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":429,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WLCRIC4G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WLCRIC4G"],"itemData":{"id":429,"type":"article-journal","title":"Towards Putin’s Last Presidency?","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"De Stefano","given":"Carolina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (De Stefano 2018). Throughout the times form thereon, Putin seeks power to maximize his control on the Presidentship. He consolidated domestic powers to assure his Presidency. Finally, he was able to win the Presidential elections consecutively. The consolidation of the domestic powers was for what he had been seeking power, which ultimately guaranteed his success between 2000 and 2018.
Sources and extent of Putin’s power
Putin’s rise to power had been largely credited to the former President Yeltsin. Along with this many religious factions helped him to expand his political influence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FOHBFBSP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Krindatch 2006)","plainCitation":"(Krindatch 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":424,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZGPLWQII"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZGPLWQII"],"itemData":{"id":424,"type":"article-journal","title":"Religion, Public Life and the State in Putin's Russia.","container-title":"Religion in Eastern Europe","volume":"26","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Krindatch","given":"Alexey D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Krindatch 2006). During the mid- 2000s Russian Orthodox Church supported the government-backed propaganda, in terms of turning Russians against the West and asserting Russia’s supremacy. The evidence in this regard is that many Orthodox priests collaborated with Russian State Security. Orthodox Church (along with state media) was used by Russian state as a defense against foreign intelligence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"D8wfpbsm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Krindatch 2006)","plainCitation":"(Krindatch 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":424,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZGPLWQII"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZGPLWQII"],"itemData":{"id":424,"type":"article-journal","title":"Religion, Public Life and the State in Putin's Russia.","container-title":"Religion in Eastern Europe","volume":"26","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Krindatch","given":"Alexey D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Krindatch 2006). Interesting to note is the fact that Ukraine being the largest country in the region is home to many Eastern Orthodox followers, and many of the reports to the Moscow Patriarchate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NvP5ULY4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Krindatch 2006)","plainCitation":"(Krindatch 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":424,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZGPLWQII"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZGPLWQII"],"itemData":{"id":424,"type":"article-journal","title":"Religion, Public Life and the State in Putin's Russia.","container-title":"Religion in Eastern Europe","volume":"26","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Krindatch","given":"Alexey D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Krindatch 2006). Russia under Putin’s regime has also sponsored Orthodox Churches in Western Europe. A Russian Military Intelligence officer who served in Ukraine toured the country just before the Crimean annexation as the chief security officer of an Orthodox exhibition. However, Russia's constitution prescribes the separation of the Church and the State. Russia's richest people are not particularly religious including some politician ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2e9Dzqui","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Krindatch 2006)","plainCitation":"(Krindatch 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":424,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZGPLWQII"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZGPLWQII"],"itemData":{"id":424,"type":"article-journal","title":"Religion, Public Life and the State in Putin's Russia.","container-title":"Religion in Eastern Europe","volume":"26","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Krindatch","given":"Alexey D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Krindatch 2006).
Other than the religious card, President Putin can employ various ways including constitutional or domestic to source his power. But for the fact that he had been on the Presidency for more than a decade there had no more sources which he could employ to maximize his control or for seeking power. The test case in this regard would be the 2024 elections ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ASscMXbY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(De Stefano 2018)","plainCitation":"(De Stefano 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":429,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WLCRIC4G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WLCRIC4G"],"itemData":{"id":429,"type":"article-journal","title":"Towards Putin’s Last Presidency?","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"De Stefano","given":"Carolina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (De Stefano 2018). As Putin had already expended his sources of power, therefore there exists no viable option within the domain of constitution which could allow him to hold on to the power. Although the constitutional limits in Russia are much narrow compared to the Western world, along with a general belief that Kremlin controls the Russian parliament. Therefore, there exist wide chances that Putin may abrogate the Constitution at any time during his present tenure for extending legitimacy to his stay in power post-2024 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Oigo2BaY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(De Stefano 2018)","plainCitation":"(De Stefano 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":429,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WLCRIC4G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WLCRIC4G"],"itemData":{"id":429,"type":"article-journal","title":"Towards Putin’s Last Presidency?","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"De Stefano","given":"Carolina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (De Stefano 2018). However, up till recently, Putin has denied any such options.
Leadership styles
Putin has worked for a considerable time as a secret operative. The close aides of President Putin suggest that he is a fast learner and the qualities, and training skills he obtained during his career in the intelligence still dominate his conduct. His actions suggest that he is perceptive in nature and holds a tactical mind. President Putin has lived a life without a personal ideology of his own ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"o2kfOT4D","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McFaul 2018)","plainCitation":"(McFaul 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":438,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/BS5S4NZH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/BS5S4NZH"],"itemData":{"id":438,"type":"book","title":"From Cold War to Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin's Russia","publisher":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"From Cold War to Hot Peace","author":[{"family":"McFaul","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McFaul 2018). He had remained close to the Russian power circles since the start of his career, therefore, he quickly absorbs what his friends and close aides suggest to him. His Presidential career suggests that he easily gets comfortable with new people and extends his confidence over him, this is how he had been able to turn over any things in his own favor. The psychoanalysts and international relations experts call this efficient confusion, which is part and parcel of Putin’s leadership style ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MaAiRizF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McFaul 2018)","plainCitation":"(McFaul 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":438,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/BS5S4NZH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/BS5S4NZH"],"itemData":{"id":438,"type":"book","title":"From Cold War to Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin's Russia","publisher":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"From Cold War to Hot Peace","author":[{"family":"McFaul","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McFaul 2018). Some also call this leadership style as management with walking around.
Another aspect of his leadership style is related to team building. He distributes charges in a very fuzzy manner. For example, no one under his command remains assures of his task. Many times many similar and parallel roles have been observed being performed by his associates ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9SFhhjLp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Black 2018)","plainCitation":"(Black 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":428,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"itemData":{"id":428,"type":"book","title":"Putin's Third Term as Russia's President, 2012-18","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Black","given":"Larry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Black 2018). At the same time, he allows people under his command to decide about the extent of their roles. Among his close partners and aides he keeps on switching tasks from people to people. One important thing of his leadership style is second-guessing to which he refers as the factor of creativity and innovation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0a4STPw2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Black 2018)","plainCitation":"(Black 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":428,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X4PVTHZV"],"itemData":{"id":428,"type":"book","title":"Putin's Third Term as Russia's President, 2012-18","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Black","given":"Larry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Black 2018). He is an astute observer and manages people based on their motivations. There are extremely few who worked for him, and none from his inner circle, have ever turned against him. At the same time, many people who were his bitter critics, now work for him. To find something comparable, we need to go back to Stalin. And even this comparison is favorable to Putin. Stalin heavily relied on killing people to prevent defections and betrayals, while Putin obviously dislikes blood and violence.
For many long Putin had remained focused on how things have been working on their own. He had never been so intriguing into things or the state apparatus ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZzlQefnI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chebankova 2010)","plainCitation":"(Chebankova 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":421,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LC9IVWYQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LC9IVWYQ"],"itemData":{"id":421,"type":"article-journal","title":"Public and private cycles of socio-political life in Putin's Russia","container-title":"Post-Soviet Affairs","page":"121–148","volume":"26","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Chebankova","given":"Elena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chebankova 2010). He excelled by using the system’s own modus operandi and hidden inertia, instead of enforcing his own way of doing things. His ability to ride on other people’s motivations and energies allowed him to start his working days late, work just a few hours, and yet have full control of what is going on in his administration. Analysts understand his leadership role as an arbitrator who can choose the best options available among many ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7Uxtzj0Z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chebankova 2010)","plainCitation":"(Chebankova 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":421,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LC9IVWYQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LC9IVWYQ"],"itemData":{"id":421,"type":"article-journal","title":"Public and private cycles of socio-political life in Putin's Russia","container-title":"Post-Soviet Affairs","page":"121–148","volume":"26","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Chebankova","given":"Elena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chebankova 2010). This reflects in the manner he tries to comprehend the tasks; this is the reason why he never opted to put forward any strategic speech, or offered any grand plans for the future. There was once an attempt to run his electoral campaign under the motto “Support Putin’s plan”, but it was quickly abandoned. This benefits him in avoiding responsibility for failures and broken promises he and his people gave to the Russian public.
Major Decisions
Putin has been ruling the Russian people for around fifteen years, there are many decisions at his credits which have changed the way people had been thinking about Russia. There are many decisions at his credit which remain dominant when it comes to analyzing Russian history from the days he became the President. On New Year’s Eve, with the resignation of Yeltsin, Putin as an acting President told BBC, that he could not imagine his country to live in isolation with Europe ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kigkWffS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nichols 2018)","plainCitation":"(Nichols 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":440,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KPSH5IN3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KPSH5IN3"],"itemData":{"id":440,"type":"book","title":"Vladimir Putin: Russian Prime Minister and President","publisher":"Enslow Publishing, LLC","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Vladimir Putin","author":[{"family":"Nichols","given":"Susan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nichols 2018). Therefore he opined to work for bringing his country close to the European way of living. The later year's history suggests that Putin despite enjoying enormous popularity among people had remained largely fail to bring his people close to the European civilization. He still held major differences with the European counterparts. A decade and more after the end of Yeltsin era, Russia has drastically changed. People have become open and Russia at present is largely recognized as free and opened for all ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZBeoJmIx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bukkvoll 2016)","plainCitation":"(Bukkvoll 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":442,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/TAZPTY6H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/TAZPTY6H"],"itemData":{"id":442,"type":"article-journal","title":"Why Putin went to war: ideology, interests and decision-making in the Russian use of force in Crimea and Donbas","container-title":"Contemporary Politics","page":"267–282","volume":"22","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Why Putin went to war","author":[{"family":"Bukkvoll","given":"Tor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bukkvoll 2016). Despite the disagreement from him, one has to accept the fact that Putin has hugely impacted his own country.
Another important decision of his Presidency was related to Ukraine and the Georgian issue. Although it is the latest issue that has sparked differences among the West and Russia, it depicts how Putin had been assertive in exercising his rights. The annexation of Crimes suggests that he had been planning such acts six years prior to what had been happening in Georgia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XHPmYiRG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Treisman 2016)","plainCitation":"(Treisman 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":445,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/MIFY7U5D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/MIFY7U5D"],"itemData":{"id":445,"type":"article-journal","title":"Why Putin Took Crimea: The Gambler in the Kremlin","container-title":"Foreign Aff.","page":"47","volume":"95","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Why Putin Took Crimea","author":[{"family":"Treisman","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Treisman 2016). The impact of his decisions although plunged the Russian economy, but for now President Putin remained successful in achieving his strategic aims. This episode benefitted the regime in mainly two ways. One is the Russian assertion of the fact that it still holds considerable strategic capabilities and on other hand it brought the consolidation of public views for President Putin.
After his election for the fourth term as Russia’s President in March 2018, Putin has shown quite a consistent pattern. President Putin is growing more and more conservative. He believes the global order needs a major overhaul for making the world more like what he had been projecting in Russia since Russia for him is perfectly fine as it is. At present he sees some major turmoil around the corner. It may or may not involve conflict, but he has diligently been building up his military capabilities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pxraK3PE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Vidmar 2015)","plainCitation":"(Vidmar 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":448,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/S79N29HI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/S79N29HI"],"itemData":{"id":448,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Annexation of Crimea and the Boundaries of the Will of the People","container-title":"German Law Journal","page":"365–383","volume":"16","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Vidmar","given":"Jure"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Vidmar 2015). He has insulated Russian banking against international sanctions, ratcheted up the self-reliance on food and re-oriented much of the military production toward high-tech parts from China. He also seems to have ensured the friendly neutrality of Israel, Turkey, Iran, and China in case something big happens between him and the West. The Big Russian Internet Wall is projected to prevent possible internal rebels from using the Internet and social media for self-organization and communication.
Conclusion
The life of Putin as President and as a secret agent reflects a consistent pattern. He had not made himself part of any controversy which has largely benefitted him. In his personal life, professional life or as being a political leader his stimulus for success remains consistency. Throughout his first term, his policies toward Russia have been focused on the consolidation of domestic power and towards bridging the gap between scientific innovations and military capabilities. Such a pattern has been visible in different episodes later being the Russian annexation of Crimea. He has developed Russian strategic capabilities and overhauled the Russian strategic conundrum. Russia of Putin is much different from the Russia of the previous century. As this has analyzed a large aspect of Putin’s life, therefore it is right to argue that he remained stacked to the norms he learned being a secretive agent. He never left the space which had allowed the domestic ovation he enjoyed to tilt him from what he aims for Russia.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Black, Larry. 2018. Putin’s Third Term as Russia’s President, 2012-18. Routledge.
Bukkvoll, Tor. 2016. “Why Putin Went to War: Ideology, Interests, and Decision-Making in the Russian Use of Force in Crimea and Donbas.” Contemporary Politics 22(3): 267–282.
Chebankova, Elena. 2010. “Public and Private Cycles of Socio-Political Life in Putin’s Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 26(2): 121–148.
De Stefano, Carolina. 2018. “Towards Putin’s Last Presidency?”
Krindatch, Alexey D. 2006. “Religion, Public Life and the State in Putin’s Russia.” Religion in Eastern Europe 26(2).
Lukin, Alexander. 2018. “Putin’s Political Regime and Its Alternatives.” Strategic Analysis 42(2): 134–153.
McFaul, Michael. 2018. From Cold War to Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin’s Russia. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Nichols, Susan. 2018. Vladimir Putin: Russian Prime Minister and President. Enslow Publishing, LLC.
Treisman, Daniel. 2016. “Why Putin Took Crimea: The Gambler in the Kremlin.” Foreign Aff. 95: 47.
Vidmar, Jure. 2015. “The Annexation of Crimea and the Boundaries of the Will of the People.” German Law Journal 16(3): 365–383.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 8 Words: 2400
Week 2 Discussion 1: Political Systems
Savita Raghunadan
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]
Author Note
Week 2 Discussion 1: Political Systems
In a world where resources are finite and social objectives of human beings remain in conflict, it is natural to have questions arise that seek to answer what is paramount. These differences give rise to social and political ideologies, such as conservatism and liberalism, within our systems of government.
In the U.S. political system, socialism became incorporated as a concept initially through a range of social-welfare programs which were financed by the federal government. Public and collective funds were used to fund healthcare for the population that were at-risk. In the 19th century, socialism emerged as a rival ideology to classical liberalism or libertarianism, in response to poor conditions of the labor class under the capitalist systems, and demanded greater rights, representation and benefits for the working class CITATION Tho17 \l 1033 (Magstadt, 2017). Programs such as Medicaid and Medicare are examples of socialized healthcare. Socialism is highly influenced by the theories of Karl Marx with regards to class struggle, yet, socialists are split into communists, Marxists or socialists, in which the latter prefers working within a liberal and constitutional democracy instead of a pure Marxist form of government.
In contrast, modern American conservatism became popular after the second world war, however, it was built on some of the ideas that were used to build America. Conservatism seeks to conserve established values which lead to a functional and orderly society. Human nature is respected and an individuals’ ability to respect the mutual rights and freedoms of others is recognized. Conservatives oppose socialism due to the expanded role of government within it, and advocate limited government. Moreover, self-reliance and private funding is preferred to social welfare, and entrepreneurship and private property is preferred to federal planning and regulation CITATION Dav101 \l 1033 (Farber, 2010). The movement is also marked by a visibly strong anti-communist stance.
Political ideologies like socialism, liberalism and conservatism help shape and influence people’s stances on the role of the government in social and economic issues. They serve as a ‘social cement’, and bind people together with shared values and beliefs together.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY Farber, D. R. (2010). The rise and fall of modern American conservatism : a short history. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Magstadt, T. M. (2017). Comparative Political systems: Models and Theories. In Understanding politics : ideas, institutions, and issues (12th ed., pp. 49-159). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Subject: Political Science
Pages: 1 Words: 300
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