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What’s wrong with the immigration policy?

Mr. Trump is finally in the helm of affairs, with creating every day a new headline. Since his arrival in the Presidency, the immigration debate is making the news stories. In his first month in the office, President had changed the course of the debate on the immigration policies. At is part he has been utilizing the full authority of Presidential powers and the executive orders. Many immigration experts, therefore, believe that much changes in the years of President Trump’s presidency are expected.

But is all that America must be concerned about. Or is just the Mexicans are seeking the immigration of our country? No. there are many students that work as the temporary workers, during the course of their studies- in the hope that one day they will become the citizens of this land which offer opportunities to all. The immigration policies for these students specially who enters the US on F1 or M1 visa, be made less competing as they have already spent much time in the field of their interests. Further, they utilize their skills and expertise in the jobs that benefit the US social and industrial setup. Who else than they could be a better choice for extending the citizenship of the country we live in.

Immigration expansion has direct consequences over the social structure of any country. The country where we live in, every US born citizen enjoys the rights and privileges which a foreign national can just aspire for. This is a status co, below it a revisionist approach, which is not furious, it is peaceful and quiet. Its quietness and peace are for the reason that it wants to make a way into this crowded land. The unfortunate fact is that our authorities assess that quietness and peace, they see it in a manner which is not supportive, but is rather grinding. This makes us lose what our country makes in the years.

The point which is important to mention here is that "The US needs to re-draw the status-co”, the status coin our nation can never exclude those who make our things get done in a proper manner. The temporary workers, especially the ones who work as a part-time student in the US, have all the abilities that they could be made a permanent US citizen. This will also need the re-drawings of our ethical boundaries and the ways we look toward the things. Losing such workers could cost the economy if not now than in the future as many stats support this notion.

The proposed US immigration reforms titled the “H1 Visa Revisions” which calls for “Buy American, Hire American" is just derogatory. It could have many adverse consequences on our social norms, which has never remained in the way, which this slogan suggests. The President's signing of the executive order which calls for hiring just the skilled worker will not prevent the immigration abuse, the rater will create a sense of ill will in the minds of the foreign workers working here. This is how the things could turn worse for the emerging and ever-changing social structure of the U.S. The President must reverse that.

Why there are many views against this immigration executive order is that it is against the social, cultural and democratic norms of the U.S. Everyone who ones come on the land of ours, experiences the ways we are different to the world outside America. We are people with open hearts, we are not racist, we are not close minded, and we are what makes us Americans. We need to create a sense among the upcoming immigrants of the other world, that still we are what attracted their forefathers. The skills and job aspects are of a secondary consideration for us. We are Americans and we are different.

Works Cited:

Lucey, C., & Bauer, S. (2017, April 18). WATCH: Trump signs executive order tightening rules on the H1B visa program for highly skilled foreign workers. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/watch-live-trump-talk-jobs-visit-wisconsin

Paper Topic

Political Science

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Political Science

Introduction

Since Trump has become the president of the United States, he has faced many investigations. There are investigations with regards to the cases of the sexual harassment, the issues regarding the conflict of the interest as well as the way funding was being done during the course of the election campaign. As a matter of fact, it would be fair to assume that he is one of the most controversial presidents of the United States. It all pales though when one talks about the investigations that are going on against in him and the report by the Mueller has showed that there are some serious charges that are faced at the moment by Trump. There are legal as well as the factual issues that are needed to be kept in mind when the assessment of these issues is needed to be carried out. In this paper, it would be seen that what is the status of the Mueller report, what are some of the implications after the publication of the report and how it is going to proceed forward in terms of the overall progress and investigation in the future.

Criminal activities of the President

It has to be seen that the report makes it very clear that there are criminal activities that are committed by the United States President. Now, during the course of the report, it can be seen that there is no evidence that is being provided when it comes to actual criminal negligence being followed by the stakeholders. The main issue is that how he has acted in a criminal manner. For instance, the efforts that are carried out by the Trump to make sure that the Attorney General Jeff Sessions is going to be removed and how it is going to be rescued with the passage of time.

Impeachable Offences Carried out by the Trump

Even though it was not possible in the past, one can see that how Trump has been one of the few Presidents of the United States against whom the criminal charges with regards to the impeachment are said to be implemented. There are some criminal charges against the President of the United States. For instance, the run up and the process that was being adopted when it comes to firing James Comey was one of the biggest issues in this regard. Then he alleged Comey that how he had leaked confidential information. It has been witnessed that in many cases, the personal interest of Trump has taken the precedence as compared to what have been the ideal course of action at the given point of time. The story the report tells is disturbing on its own terms, however. It is a story of failed immunity on the U.S. side to outside interference—and aggressive Russian exploitation of the absence of democratic antibodies to fight off such manipulation. The IRA was able to reach tens of millions of U.S. persons using its social-media accounts. It was able to trick prominent people into engaging with and promoting its dummy accounts. It was able to exploit social-media companies. And it was able to make a series of contacts with Trump campaign affiliates and to get those figures

Défense Against the Criminal Charge

Looking closely at some of the charges that are levied against Donald Trump, one thing that stands out the most is that how his behaviour is the one that is considered to be unworthy of the United States president and how the personal stakes and interest play a major part when it comes to making sure that these things are taken care off. In some ways, one of the reasons that the criminal case cannot be carried out against him is due to the fact that how there has been no precedent in the past in hits regard and how the good faith of the presidential power has saved him at the given point of time. Despite this fact, effort has been carried out by him to make sure that the changes in the tone and the problems that are faced by China in terms of the global war are being managed in the appropriate manner.

Role of Russian Social Media Conspiracy

When one talks about some of the charges that are being levied against him, one of the most serious charge that has been levied against him is that how the ambiguity is needed to be made clear in this regard. It has been proved time and time again during the course of the report in terms of the way United States presidential elections and the disruption of the media. It has been witnessed quite a lot of times that there was disruption and change in the results of the election at the given point of time. This thing along is enough to impeach Trump in terms of how the whole thing has stayed out.

Conclusion

In the hindsight, it can be said that the whole debate about the impeachment is getting strong due to the impending crisis at the moment in terms of the ongoing investigation. Keeping in mind this is not only investigation that is being carried out against Trump. For instance, there are instances of the sexual harassment. The other thing that is needed to be kept in mind is that the committee that is working and investigating has greater level of power and the likelihood is that the case for the impeachment against Trump is getting stronger with the passage of time.

References

Dershowitz, A. (2018). The Case Against Impeaching Trump. Simon and Schuster.

Dodson, W. (2017). Will Trump Fire Mueller?. The Texas Orator Blog Entries.

Fein, R., Bonifaz, J., & Clements, B. (2018). The Constitution Demands it: The Case for the Impeachment of Donald Trump. Melville House.

MENU, M. Donald J. Trump and the Deep State, Part 2.

Sheppard, B. (2019). After Mueller: Trump's presidency a product of US capitalism. Green Left Weekly, (1216), 16.

POL White

Haitham Aldafari

Enter Name of the Instructor

Political Science

11 December 2019.

Immigration and the legal philosophies

Introduction

The history of America suggest that immigration has played a very key role in shaping the American culture and determining the ideological narratives, Americans follow today. In the recent past, there had been many attempts to sort the issue of immigration, as many in America believes that excessive immigration towards America threatens American ideology, and is a threat to the peace and security. Some also believe that illegal and legal immigration have lower the wage-price and therefore, the Native Americans are also been paid less amount for their work ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Crxn6r2c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","plainCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/43YIQC3C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/43YIQC3C"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"book","publisher":"WW Norton & Company","source":"Google Scholar","title":"America: A narrative history","title-short":"America","author":[{"family":"Shi","given":"David E."},{"family":"Tindall","given":"George Brown"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shi and Tindall). For all these reasons and many, immigration has become an issue for most Americans. However, unlike the present times, immigration toward America had remained open, just for the fact that Americans needed people to inhabit the barren lands. After the era of rapid urbanization and transportation, American authorities believed that more immigrants now might threaten the development pattern been followed in the US.

However, in the present times, immigration toward America has become an issue. Political elites, civil society and business-oriented classes in America now consider it a threat, as many illegal immigrants have attempted to threaten peace and security. During the latest election campaign, immigration was the most sorted after question from the candidates. Shi and Tindall writes that immigration in America has become an issue because people in America now believe that they have distinct culture, traditions, values and identity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"K7RoSQJQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","plainCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/43YIQC3C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/43YIQC3C"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"book","publisher":"WW Norton & Company","source":"Google Scholar","title":"America: A narrative history","title-short":"America","author":[{"family":"Shi","given":"David E."},{"family":"Tindall","given":"George Brown"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shi and Tindall). Americans are afraid that immigrants who come from different backgrounds with different cultures outnumbers them in some states and consequently are a threat to their culture. Shi and Tindall also writes that rapid economic growth and full employment, which rich countries offered before is no more an option, and people, therefore, fear to lose their jobs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eCcac0vr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","plainCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/43YIQC3C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/43YIQC3C"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"book","publisher":"WW Norton & Company","source":"Google Scholar","title":"America: A narrative history","title-short":"America","author":[{"family":"Shi","given":"David E."},{"family":"Tindall","given":"George Brown"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shi and Tindall). Americans have therefore, largely started believing that the immigrants are stealing their right to jobs.

History of Immigration towards America

The modern history of immigration toward America can be traced from the annexation of Mexican territories. In the year 1835, when Texas declared its independence from Mexico, America annexed that territory after the passage of ten years. With the annexation of this land, there was a large number of Mexican that were now the citizens of the new land. After the annexation of Texas by the US, the period of American- Mexican war started. During this war, America conquered a large area of Mexico, which eventually brought enough number of immigrants that American society of that time was not ready to make them a part of. The Mexicans who could not travel to the US at that time started believing that Mexico has left with less social privileges, a concept which still occupies the thought process of many Mexicans. Along with this, new problems surfaced with time, which still keeps on compelling Mexicans to move toward America by illegal ways.

During the period of WWII, America opened its border for people from Europe and different parts of the world including Asia. These people were hired on fewer wages to meet agricultural and other needs. When this program was concluded back in 1964, there were around 7 million immigrants in America, wishing to get permanent residency in America ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OaU4jU5M","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","plainCitation":"(Shi and Tindall)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/43YIQC3C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/43YIQC3C"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"book","publisher":"WW Norton & Company","source":"Google Scholar","title":"America: A narrative history","title-short":"America","author":[{"family":"Shi","given":"David E."},{"family":"Tindall","given":"George Brown"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shi and Tindall). The decades after 1964, the political changes in a different part of the world forced people to immigrate toward America. Among them, there were a large number of people who were displaced from their lands for the reasons of war, poverty, extreme economic conditions and political turmoil. America offered them the land for the humanitarian purpose and that’s how again a large influx of people was made to America. Lastly, there were skilful people who made their way toward America and till yet they are contributing to the economy of America. But at present, there is an emerging trend among Americans that immigrants whether it be legal or illegal, is causing direct harm to the rights of the Native Americans.

The Impact of illegal immigration

Immigration has multiple effects on the US culture and economy as a whole. The latest statistics reveal that immigration whether it be legal or illegal lower the wage scale, which make it difficult for Americans to find work and, those that do work are unable to make a living wage in trades and skills that once paid a decent living. In present times, illegal immigrants are causing enormous social strains for the US population ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"20eZtswi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Heer)","plainCitation":"(Heer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":48,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/ZXEHQGMM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/ZXEHQGMM"],"itemData":{"id":48,"type":"book","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Immigration in America's future: Social science findings and the policy debate","title-short":"Immigration in America's future","author":[{"family":"Heer","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Heer). Majority of the illegal immigrants are not allowed to work, therefore, they start begging, and descend over the charity projects. Further, their inability to pay taxes make more harm to the economy, as they are still the recipient of federal or state amenities, which are continued by cutting budget from other sources. Immigrants typically reside in a very tightly compacted apartment, it is quite obvious to observe dozens of immigrants living in a single bedroom apartment. This causes extreme pressure on housing, roads and utilities, which is how poor Americans are deprived of affordable housing.

Some studies suggest that immigrants swarm over low rent housing fast as it becomes available and therefore, poor Americans have nowhere affordable to live as a result ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VofqmY2t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Heer)","plainCitation":"(Heer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":48,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/ZXEHQGMM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/ZXEHQGMM"],"itemData":{"id":48,"type":"book","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Immigration in America's future: Social science findings and the policy debate","title-short":"Immigration in America's future","author":[{"family":"Heer","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Heer). The remittances by Illegal immigrants are almost equal to crushing the trade deficit in America. For example, an insight into their spending suggests that immigrants normally rely on imported products compared to American products, which paves the way for the trade deficit. This is costing the American economy, and jobs and are becoming a source of bleeding the economy dry. Illegal Immigrations also pose major safety hazards to American citizens. They often have little or no comprehension of American road rules. The high-speed traffic in the US apparently intimidates them and they are serious hazards to traffic as they often go 10–20 below the speed limit in the left-hand lane ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HO3BUIBe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Heer)","plainCitation":"(Heer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":48,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/ZXEHQGMM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/ZXEHQGMM"],"itemData":{"id":48,"type":"book","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Immigration in America's future: Social science findings and the policy debate","title-short":"Immigration in America's future","author":[{"family":"Heer","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Heer).

The lack of English skills prevents immigrants from understanding many warning signs. It also prevents them from reading safety warnings at work, materials sheets and warning labels etc. Further, the lack of exposure to American customs and traditions and arrogant contempt for all things, often lead to dangerous misunderstandings. The lack of English skills makes it difficult to evacuate them in an emergency or direct them during a crisis. Immigrant’s aversion to government officials can cause them to slink away rather than hear important health information or seek treatment for a communicable disease. The lack of a living wage and the necessity of sending money means immigrants (both legal and illegal) can rarely afford health care and immigrants’ then use the ER as a clinic ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VQBRngbU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Orrenius and Coronado)","plainCitation":"(Orrenius and Coronado)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":47,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/8BRDPYGR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/8BRDPYGR"],"itemData":{"id":47,"type":"article-journal","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The effect of illegal immigration and border enforcement on crime rates along the US-Mexico border","author":[{"family":"Orrenius","given":"Pia M."},{"family":"Coronado","given":"Roberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Orrenius and Coronado). This clogs up ERs and patients needlessly suffer, even die due to the overload. It can also lead to minor epidemics as treatment is delayed and communicable diseases are passed on to more people before someone infected becomes ill enough to seek medical treatment.

Drinking related health issues and drunk driving are some other worst aspects often linked with immigrants in many states. This massive influx now poses significant crime risks. Most major gangs are composed partially or completely of immigrants, who have made their way to America illegally ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"G7Kn3KUc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Orrenius and Coronado)","plainCitation":"(Orrenius and Coronado)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":47,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/8BRDPYGR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/8BRDPYGR"],"itemData":{"id":47,"type":"article-journal","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The effect of illegal immigration and border enforcement on crime rates along the US-Mexico border","author":[{"family":"Orrenius","given":"Pia M."},{"family":"Coronado","given":"Roberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Orrenius and Coronado). They gradually raise to the level of drug cartels and mafia groups, etc. There was a perception among Native Americans that immigrants commit less crime than Americans but this perception has totally reversed. Now, Immigrants caught for minor crimes are typically deported rather than prosecuted. Therefore, a significant number of crimes committed by immigrants are not reported. Illegal immigrants just by being here have committed their first crime. Therefor around half of the immigrants are by definition a criminal. Immigrants have been finding profoundly involved in identity theft, which doesn’t generally get reported or prosecuted for the fact that sometimes around at least a hundred different people are working under the same Social Security Number ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"972dodCS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Orrenius and Coronado)","plainCitation":"(Orrenius and Coronado)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":47,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/8BRDPYGR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/8BRDPYGR"],"itemData":{"id":47,"type":"article-journal","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The effect of illegal immigration and border enforcement on crime rates along the US-Mexico border","author":[{"family":"Orrenius","given":"Pia M."},{"family":"Coronado","given":"Roberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Orrenius and Coronado).

An interesting impact of immigration is that a lot of crime committed by illegals immigrants are against other Illegals who are reluctant to report the crime. Every single crime they commit increases the US crime rate which stresses upon the fact that immigrants should not have been in the US in the first place. Some recent studies showed that removing the crime rate committed by Illegals can cause a drastic drop in the crime rate despite only being about 5% of the population. For example, if it is just one murder a year, that’s one murder a year that shouldn’t have happened. Immigrants are also serious stress on race relations in the US. They tend to congregate in ethnic enclaves and are highly resistant to assimilation, incredibly so in many cases. Even many born here have very limited English skills and absolutely no trait or cultural adoption. They associate only with immigrants of their own ethnicity and nationality. They create pockets of a foreign nation on US soil and cling to their culture with unwell intensity. This creates tensions with surrounding cultures and racial tensions.

There is a large amount of Federal budget which is spent annually on imparting skills among the immigrants. For example, there are many languages and human resource training program being run by the federal and state governments. Just to say, cutting this budget and making it invest anywhere else, can reap more benefits. The language training programs often don’t pay much to the American community, as there are immigrants who are in the US for more than decades and are still not able to speak English. This aspect shows that money being spent on language training is just a wastage of resources and nothing else. In view of the situation presented above, it is quite right to the argument that immigrants are economic refugees. Immigrants are not here to be Americans and many, probably the majority are openly and actively hostile to the nation, which creates a national security threat. Terrorists and foreign nations can easily employ illegal immigrants who are often working even in some of the most sensitive areas. If they are not specific, they often have relatives or close friends who are. It would be trivial for an immigrant to gain access to many of the nation’s most secure sites, gather intelligence, plant a bomb or otherwise cause harm.

Illegal immigrants are people with no loyalty to the US and they are working for example, as nannies for high ranking government officials, janitors in government buildings, and doing yard work in sensitive military sites. It would be extremely easy for illegal immigrants to plant explosive devices, like a bomb or to relay important intelligence. They could poison food in a cafeteria or an entire city’s water supply. They could provide a riot on demand with very short notice and then slip back into the woodwork. America is not a land of illegal immigrants. There are cases reported which shows that they had torn down the US flag, stomp on it, spit on it, and hoist other nation’s flags in schools, post offices and other sites. The root against the US in sporting events and actually attempt to blame Americans for their poverty. In view of these facts, there remains no reason to think why the illegal immigrant wouldn’t engage in acts of war against the US? What would prevent them from working with terrorists or hostile nations against the US? Finally, it is all the right to argue that illegal immigrants have a seriously negative impact on almost every aspect of American society which is counterproductive.

Philosophies attached to immigrations

There are many important philosophies attached to the morality about immigration. For example, there had been a variety of issues which tends to originate from immigration. Like the status of refugees, the cultural and social impact they leave on their surroundings and how the economy suffers or benefits from their presence. The legal philosophies attached to immigration addresses each such topics including that if the states have the moral right to exclude or include a specific number of people from a specific caste. The world in present times has become globalized. Intentionally or unintentionally people have to communicate with other since they are largely dependent over each other. It is quite obvious to witness the unlikelihood of spending time alone at present.

Libertarian philosophy of Immigration

The philosophy of immigration encompasses the concept of close and open borders. The libertarian, for example, believes that current societies are unfree in many ways.  One is with regards to immigration, another is with respect to redistributive taxation. It is clear to libertarians and non-libertarians alike that allowing free immigration while also giving means-tested welfare as well as free public services like public education to all who apply would present some problems, especially with existing budget deficits ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t5CZAu19","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Block)","plainCitation":"(Block)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":50,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Z4B8N7KU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Z4B8N7KU"],"itemData":{"id":50,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Lincoln Memorial University Law Review","issue":"1","page":"6","source":"Google Scholar","title":"A Response to the Libertarian Critics of Open-Borders Libertarianism","volume":"4","author":[{"family":"Block","given":"Walter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Block). Although this problem does not change their view of immigration policy, it does suggest the practical necessity to stage reforms in a way that linked systems in a logical order. The libertarian position also entails that peaceful travel and acquisition of property via voluntary exchange should be permissible. So, if a person buys or rents a home from a willing owner, there is no libertarian reason to prevent that transaction. Border collectivists, however, invent reasons to say no, some people may not be permitted to engage in such peaceful reasons. They would deprive the existing owners of the freedom to sell or rent their own property to certain others.

Similarly, some libertarians, those of the minimum government persuasion, recognize that there is a legitimate role for government and some, just a few, recognize legitimate responsibilities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bL3CJZzz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Block)","plainCitation":"(Block)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":50,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Z4B8N7KU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Z4B8N7KU"],"itemData":{"id":50,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Lincoln Memorial University Law Review","issue":"1","page":"6","source":"Google Scholar","title":"A Response to the Libertarian Critics of Open-Borders Libertarianism","volume":"4","author":[{"family":"Block","given":"Walter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Block). According to them, some laws are necessary, but they should err on the side of minimum control I. e maximum individual liberty. Respect for the law is consistent with this viewpoint. Once a law is passed and legitimately on the books, either obey it and enforce it or repeal it. According to them, as general rule immigration should be as free and open as possible, with as few restrictions as possible. But there are legitimate reasons for a government to exercise some oversight and control over immigration. However, Governments of today have a legitimate responsibility to protect its citizens and enforce its borders and sovereignty. One of the early roles of Ellis Island, for example, was to inspect and control for communicable diseases. But libertarians would object to protectionist laws, those which dabble in the free flow of goods and services ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qSuDkxxp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Block)","plainCitation":"(Block)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":50,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Z4B8N7KU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Z4B8N7KU"],"itemData":{"id":50,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Lincoln Memorial University Law Review","issue":"1","page":"6","source":"Google Scholar","title":"A Response to the Libertarian Critics of Open-Borders Libertarianism","volume":"4","author":[{"family":"Block","given":"Walter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Block). Many of the immigration laws in the United States today are intended to control markets or restrict competition. Immigration increases the labour supply and affects employment and income, and reduces production costs.

Theory of the Economics of Immigration and Policy

Another philosophy surrounding immigration originates from Örn B. Bodvarsson and Hendrik Van den Berg’s theory of the Economics of Immigration and Policy. They title famine, poverty, low wages, unemployment overpopulation, high taxes, discrimination, religious persecution, civil war, violence and crime, forced military services, social immobility as push factors for immigration ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XsGKPAmt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lopez)","plainCitation":"(Lopez)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":52,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/AAL47RG8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/AAL47RG8"],"itemData":{"id":52,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Applied Economics Journal","issue":"2","page":"93–96","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Book Review: The Economics of Immigration.","title-short":"Book Review","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Lopez","given":"Mary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lopez). Whereas, according to them,  high wages, employment, property rights, personal freedom, economic freedom, law and order, peace, religious freedom, educational opportunity, social mobility, law taxes are all pulled factors. In addition, political conflicts, mass starvation, death, ethnicity conflict could become a push factor as well. For example, in Eastern Europe, the collapse of the communist regime and formal creation of the European labour market allowed individuals falling under European jurisdiction.

Some moral objections which exist about immigration however, is that people crossing into a country illegally. Some, however, argue that this perspective is extremely weak. They presuppose that the moral legitimacy of settler societies is based on genocide. People who oppose the moral aspect of immigration Ignores the human fact of migration. People throughout history have always migrated, and when states are powerful enough to have an interest in how, they try to regulate it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vlzrqcgX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lopez)","plainCitation":"(Lopez)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":52,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/AAL47RG8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/AAL47RG8"],"itemData":{"id":52,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Applied Economics Journal","issue":"2","page":"93–96","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Book Review: The Economics of Immigration.","title-short":"Book Review","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Lopez","given":"Mary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lopez). The issue with describing undocumented immigrants as lawbreakers, however, is that it overlooks the fact that the American economic system is dependent upon their work, much of which by the way in no way 'steal jobs' from legal residents. There was actually a movement called 'please, take our jobs' that offered any American legal resident the opportunity to take a job currently being worked by its undocumented-status members.  There were surprisingly few takers.

Conclusion

Problem immigration, the essay responded to is a direct (and predicted) consequence of NAFTA.  Before it’s signing, the border with Mexico was fairly open, and illegal immigration, while always a hot button issue for certain segments of the population, was generally dealt with through periodical amnesties, often extending legal residency or citizenship opportunities to these undocumented but vital workers.  An unbiased analysis though, suggests that pretending that because the letter of the law has been violated, our society and its citizens are being victimized by line jumpers will not change the fact that the American system needs, wants, has lured, and now depends on undocumented workers.  Although they have fewer rights, they are Americans; they work alongside other Americans, their children go to the same schools, and they marry Americans as well. Block believes that much of the self-righteous law-abiding rhetoric is actually just a justification to antagonize these people, demonize them, and turn them into second class citizens; which encourages chauvinistic attitudes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dREazF6T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Block)","plainCitation":"(Block)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":50,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Z4B8N7KU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Z4B8N7KU"],"itemData":{"id":50,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Lincoln Memorial University Law Review","issue":"1","page":"6","source":"Google Scholar","title":"A Response to the Libertarian Critics of Open-Borders Libertarianism","volume":"4","author":[{"family":"Block","given":"Walter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Block). It also results in racism against legal migrants, as well as natural-born citizens who happen to come from backgrounds other Americans associate themselves with. Such rhetoric about illegal immigration leads to violence against these people including, but certainly not limited to their deportation.

It is right to argue here that law is never what is written on paper, or as Malcolm X pointed out, black Americans would have been voting unhindered since 1865.  It is a spirit, it embodies attitudes, and is a reflection of how American wish the system to work.  In general, the rhetoric against illegal immigration is not balanced; it is nationalistic, jingoistic and chauvinistic, it trivializes people's hardships and ignores the reality of the economy.  No steps to really remove large numbers of such immigrants will ever be undertaken, because besides it requiring the biggest forced population transfer since the Second World War, it would completely hobble the American economy at its most basic levels, including the ability to feed itself. Since this cannot be accomplished, all that is happening is victimization of few desperate people who are trying to escape conditions American authorities created-through the NAFTA treaty, as well as through insisting that certain countries do their part in the war on drugs. If out of all of this, the biggest concern is that the letter of the law is not being observed, perhaps it is time to reevaluate the laws.  Americans are talking about rights for those being exploited by the powerful.  No one comes in illegally and steals a CEO position.  It's not the fault of illegal immigrants that the American economy seems incapable of producing middle-class jobs that Americans actually want. The moral argument against demonizing human beings is therefore stronger. Morality should inform law, not be derived from it.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Block, Walter. “A Response to the Libertarian Critics of Open-Borders Libertarianism.” Lincoln Memorial University Law Review, vol. 4, no. 1, 2017, p. 6.

Heer, David. Immigration in America’s Future: Social Science Findings and the Policy Debate. Routledge, 2018.

Lopez, Mary. “Book Review: The Economics of Immigration.” Applied Economics Journal, vol. 23, no. 2, 2016, pp. 93–96.

Orrenius, Pia M., and Roberto Coronado. The Effect of Illegal Immigration and Border Enforcement on Crime Rates along the US-Mexico Border. 2017.

Shi, David E., and George Brown Tindall. America: A Narrative History. WW Norton & Company, 2016.

Pol100

Response Paper: pol100

Sedami Yevide

28 November 2019

Comparison of U.S. Constitution Executive Branches with Articles of Confederation

The United States has worked under two constitutions, initially from March 1, 1781, under the Articles of Confederation when Maryland approved it and then constitution replaced the Articles when New Hemisphere approved it on June 21, 1788. These two documents are almost similar to each other as they were confirmed through same type of people but they also have many differences. In the Article, legislature is Unicameral and known as Congress while in the constitution it is bicameral and divided into Senate and House of Representatives. In Articles of Federation the members of congress in each state must be from two to seven however in the constitution, it is written that two senators from each state and the representation are apportioned by each state population. It is written in the Article that all members are appointed through the state legislature in the way every legislature is directed while in the constitution, it is mentioned that representatives are elected through popular votes and the senators are appointed through state legislatures. In the Article of Federation, it is written that the term of legislative office is one year while in the constitution, the term of representatives is two years and it is six years for senators. Constitution has given all the powers to the President as he can assemble the congress but in Article State Committee have the full power on Congress. President is the head of the executive in the constitution and there is a federal judiciary which is Supreme Court while Maritime Judiciary is established in Article. According to the article, whenever an amendment is made when all states agreed upon it but in the constitution, the amendment can be done through ¾ of all the states.

Constitution of Pennsylvania, September 28, 1776

The constitution of Pennsylvania has given all the rights to the citizen to live an independent and safe life. It is also written in the constitution that all the branches of government either executive or legislative are the trustees and servants of their people. The supreme executive power is given to the council and president, the house of representative members must be elected through the ballot. The representatives’ general assembly has the power to select speaker, state treasurer, and other officers, create bills and they also approve law.

Constitution of Georgia, February 5, 1777

According to Article I of the constitution all the departments including the judiciary, executive and legislative must be separated so they cannot interfere in each other department. Every article must be read three times and then sent to the executive branch for their advice. The governor must utilize executive power as advised by the executive council. Governor with the executive council advice can all the house of assembly in emergency conditions or before the time. With the advice of the executive council, the governor has the power to fill the vacant places in office till the other general election which includes both civil and military positions. In the absence of the governor, the executive council president can exercise all the governor's powers. All the communication among legislative and executive branches must be communicated with the governor.

Constitution of Vermont, July 8, 1777

According to Article V of the Vermont constitution, all the government officers either the executive or legislative are people servants. Those who are employed in the executive or legislative branches should be restricted from the oppression of people. The executive power is given to the Council and governor. The supreme executive council is based on the governor, lieutenant governor, and the other twelve members. Every state officer either executive or judiciary is liable and can be challenged through General assemble. Every officer including military, judicial and executive is the State authority and must take the oath before entering the office.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Comparing the Articles and the Constitution - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.Net.” Accessed November 28, 2019. https://www.usconstitution.net/constconart.html.

Thorpe, Francis Newton. “The Federal and State constitutions, colonial charters, and other organic laws of the state[s], territories, and colonies now or heretofore forming the United States of America /compiled and edited under the Act of Congress of June 30, 1906.” Text, December 18, 1998. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/pa08.asp.

———. “The Federal and State constitutions, colonial charters, and other organic laws of the state[s], territories, and colonies now or heretofore forming the United States of America /compiled and edited under the Act of Congress of June 30, 1906.” Text, December 18, 1998. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/ga02.asp.

Thorpe, Francis Newton, and Francis Newton Thorpe. “Constitution of Vermont - July 8, 1777.” Text, December 18, 1998. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/vt01.asp.

Poli

Professor’s name:

Student’s name:

Course:

Date:

Collective Action Problems

Collective action problems refer to the difficulties of different people working together in achieving a certain common goal. Some of the factors which cause collective action problems include discrimination, social status, and culture among other things. In a society or rather a state where there is low collection action, it becomes very difficult for people to progress. This is definitely due to the failure of cooperating and being in a position to come up with better ideas that may be of help to the community and even the people themselves.

Some of the methods of overcoming collective action problems include creating state laws which emphasize the need of citizens working together in various areas. Education is also important in enabling citizens to understand the importance of coordinating in different tasks. Condemning acts like discrimination and oppression of the poor within the society is also a significant way of overcoming collective action problems.

There are various instruments which also affect collective action. These include the federal relationship. For instance cooperative federalism the national, state and local government cooperate and work together in solving various problems instead of creating policies differently. Such an approach creates the essence of working together, therefore setting a good example to other citizens as well. The creation of rules and regulations to govern the role of each citizen is also important in ensuring that everyone plays his/her role, making it easier for people to even work together provided they understand what they are expected to do.

As much as there are various challenges associated with collective action, it does not, therefore, mean that leaders or citizens should work at individual levels. This would generally encourage citizens to remain ununited, one of the things that would prevent the nation from progressing. It is therefore important for the federal to make use of these instruments like cooperative federalism in order to ensure that both leaders and citizens are encouraged to work together hence enhancing the unity and even the nation’s stability. It is problematic for the state to rely on carrots in the long run since most citizens would have to work in order to impress those in authority instead of fighting for their rights.

POLI Discussion

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

Subject Political Science

[Date]

POLI DISCUSSION

Comparison of the visions of Federalists and Anti Federalists

Federalists are the coalition of a diverse group of people who resisted to change the constitution, though they were less organized than the Federalists. They had tremendous and influential leadership groups included certain prominent leaders of the state politics. Their political elites included James Winthrop, Patric Henry, and Melancton Smith. On the other hand, the anti-federalists had the vision to change the constitution and implement the decentralized government system. They believed that states should have the rights to make their laws and enforce according to their local context.

Though federalists had strong vision and arguments, they were not able to fight with anti-federalists. The first constitution of the country called as Article of confederation in 1781, was the first national law. However, it had many flaws, for instance, according to this constitution the federal government was empowered and had weakened the states level government the country. The Federalists had a more innovative plan, and most of the renowned political leaders of that era had supported the federalism. In 1790 the constitution was passed, that proved the victory of Federalists, however, the anti-federalists continued their struggle and passed the Bill of Rights. The Federalists' movement started in the 1780s to pass the constitution that would support the federal level government. While the Republican Party opposed it and emphasized the threats that national level government will exploit the freedom and liberties of the people.

I believe in the decentralized political system, where every state should make its constitution according to their needs and the local problems and challenges. A highly centralized government could not produce better results, government, power, and authorities should be transferred to the local people. However, the federal government should unite all states through certain amendments. The autonomy and freedom of state will make it independent, self-sufficient, and could efficiently utilize its resources.

Poli Discussion Post

Discussion

In today's world, media is playing a very crucial role in keeping people informed regarding all matters of life. It is because of the media that people living in Asia can have better knowledge of what is going on in Europe. However, when concerned to discuss the importance of free press to democracy, its role becomes more prominent. Media present a clear shape of events, through which the people come to know about reality. In case the media will not be free, then the people would get a distorted view of events. Also, the news will be published in favor of powers, which will create an imbalance in society. Free press enables politicians and people to criticize the wrong actions of the government. Thus, if there was no free press, then people could never see the clear vision of the events, and the information would have been depending on who lies loudest or who is going to present the most attractive news to the world. Also, in that case, the news would have been manipulated in the favor of powers to keep them happy. It is media, which let people informed regarding all political, social, and criminal matters.

Also, the media plays a very important role in keeping people active participant in political discussions. It is essential to keep democracy alive. In case the people of America would not take interest in political matters, then they would never be able to choose the right government for them. Also, the government rules the people and if the people wouldn't show any interest in political matters then the government will use their powers for bias. This will create several problems for the people of America. In simple words, if the people have nothing to do with the government and other political matters then it will be impossible to have a government ruled by people.

Poli Discussion Post

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Impact of Election Campaign on Results

One of the key features of any election campaign is the political advertisement. During the political advertisement, candidate that are running in the elections put forward their agenda and try to convince the nation about how they are going to come up with the resolution of some of the problems that are being faced by the country at the given point of time. It must be noted that even though such campaigning is bound to have effect on the electoral results, it is going to be unfair that the campaigns are being compared to the way advertisement of a consumer product. Though the argument can be made that some of the techniques that are being used during the given narrative are such that might be same for a consumer product, but the main point of the campaign is to make sure that the people who are putting forward their name in the elections are putting forward their agenda and their election manifesto with regards to the way they want things do be done at the given point of time. The other assumption that even though there is degree of manipulation when it comes to the way political views are being changed during the given process, the key thing that has to be kept in mind is that how the whole process is more about making sure that the politicians develop the understanding about the causes of the grievance among people at the given point of time and based on that premise they should resonate and campaign. If the campaign is not resonating with the public sentiments and is not relatable, then the likelihood is that no matter how strong the campaign is, it won’t hold weight. Thus, it means that the free elections do hold merit and public opinion do matter in any such situation.

Poli Discussion Post

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

Political Science

[Date]

Thirteen Days

The movie that is chosen for the given task is Thirteen Days directed by Rodger Donaldson. It reminds of an actual story of the Cuban Missile Crisis that has an important position in US history. It was a very difficult situation for US President John. F Kennedy and his advisors, when the Soviet Union placed its missiles and nuclear weapons in Cuba. The movie covers those thirteen days, when the US president was planning an action along with his advisors and Congress. The Federal government was afraid that Russia had placed the missiles very close to the US and they can easily hit any city in the country. At the same time, the Joint Chiefs of Staff was in favor of attacking the missile sites whereas Kennedy was not ready to start power. It was an unthinkable situation for the whole world, as two of the powerful nations were going to use nuclear weapons against each other. The determination, uncertainty and suspense chaos are captured in the movie.

The movie revolves around a critical political decision where a president has to choose between whether to go on nuclear war or not for the sake of the safety of his people. The movies present the process of political decisions in Congress. At the same time, it also depicts the role of a president for any country. In addition, the movie also shows that any decision taken place at the presidential level is not easy as it seems to the general public. The president has a responsibility a whole country, therefore he or does make decisions that could bring severe consequences for the country. Moreover, the President cannot take a decision alone, instead, he has to take Congress in confidence before deciding anything. Likewise, in the movie, President Kennedy is shown convening a meeting with the Cabinet members and other higher officials based on the crisis and decides an action for it (Donaldson). All of the members are seen in the meetings throughout the movie. Each member has given an equal chance to speak and all of them fully participated in the meeting. Upon discussion, two options were available for the President to choose either blockade of Cuba or initiate a war (Donaldson). However, Kennedy decides to block the sale of arms to Cuba. At the same time, the country has to gain support from its allies. Moreover, the movie highlights the role of a President in the challenging times for the country.

Thus, the selected movie is very much relevant to American politics and the role of the federal government. The consistent position of the US president played a significant role in saving the country from a destructing war. It was time to keep patience and make a decision based on the outcomes. To the US president, a peaceful resolution was the first priority, as he was aware the war would destructions to both countries. It is a highly-recommended movie that presents the internal affairs of the US government in difficult situations. The movie shows the multi-dimensions of the government. It is relatable to multiple themes related to the politics and government of the US. Finally, the movie can help the historians, researchers and other individuals from academia to learn about the Cuban Missile Crisis. In addition, it will also help the student to get an idea about the historical event. People prefer to watch a movie rather than reading a book, in that case, it is helpful. However, a positive step was taken by the US president John. F. Kennedy saved the people of both countries. It is an example of enduring and thoughtful decision.

Works Cited

Donaldson, Roger. Thirteen Days. New Line Cinema, 2001.

Poli Discussion Post

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Political discussion post

Question: Does any President deserve credit for an economic boom or recession? Who is more instrumental in influencing the economy- the President or the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board?

Answer: Although, the President of the United States is the sole overseer of the matters related to the security, finance and domestic situation of the country. It is not in his primary control or set all the things in order. For example, the President take the seat in the Oval Office under the condition much influenced and set by his predecessor. For the sake of the political debate, I think Ronald Reagan is the President has influenced to a much extent the economy of the country.

During his Presidency (1981- 1989), he lifted the remaining price hikes in the use of petroleum goods, this brought many revenues to the state budget. Adding to this he lowered the profit ratio on the windfall profit tax. Marvin mentions that this remained consequential for the revenue generation for the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"V8rUtUD6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mervin)","plainCitation":"(Mervin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":18,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CGQ3SEDE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CGQ3SEDE"],"itemData":{"id":18,"type":"book","title":"Ronald Reagan: The American Presidency","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Ronald Reagan","author":[{"family":"Mervin","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mervin). Adding to such steps in his first year of the country, he lowered the income tax ratio and brought this down to fifty percent, which was previously on seventy percent. Although his critiques argue that this was not the right decision at that time, it has been much quoted that it resulted in much well-being of the US citizens. Then much-debated decision of his Presidency was the Tax Reform Acts of 1986, He eliminated many deductions, and it is considered that for the first time in the US history, the Congress and the President were successful in bringing the unified and a much simpler budget for the people of the United States. The Federal Reserve Board was tightened by his such moves and the chairman of the Board was compelled to follow the suite. As Palmer argues that Ronald Regan’s economic policy was primarily based on the four pillars that were lowering the income tax, reductions in the capital gains tax, lowering the government’s regulation on many things, and to tighten the money supply in order to reduce inflation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bGk1m8Gb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Palmer and Sawhill)","plainCitation":"(Palmer and Sawhill)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":17,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/7YDTW9BH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/7YDTW9BH"],"itemData":{"id":17,"type":"book","title":"The Reagan experiment: An examination of economic and social policies under the Reagan administration","publisher":"The Urban Insitute","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"The Reagan experiment","author":[{"family":"Palmer","given":"John Logan"},{"family":"Sawhill","given":"Isabel V."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Palmer and Sawhill).

There are critiques of him and similarly, many of the people inspire his decisions. The economic objectives he presented in his early days, he was able to get on to that and this was the reason he was able to bring the economic boom to the United States.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Mervin, David. Ronald Reagan: The American Presidency. Routledge, 2014.

Palmer, John Logan, and Isabel V. Sawhill. The Reagan Experiment: An Examination of Economic and Social Policies under the Reagan Administration. The Urban Insitute, 1982.

Poli Discussion Post

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

Political Science

[Date]

Poli discussion post

Response to Q1. President Trump’s diplomacy and foreign policy

Soon after joining the President office, Donald Trump started revising the foreign policies of the country based on his campaign “America First” and all of his politics seem consistent with the pre-election statements. All the diplomatic and foreign policy related decisions are going to bring controversial results. At the same time, the president does not stop passing controversial statements on social media. In my opinion, some of the revised immigration policies of the US under Trump's office term are not favorable. The travel ban on a few of the Muslim countries will have a negative impact on the foreign policy of the country. Globalization has brought the world closer and countries now prefer global trade. At the same time, promoting global governance based on collective decisions addresses global problems mutually. Therefore, standing alone will not help the US. Likewise, the reduction of contribution to Climate Fund by withdrawal from the Paris Agreement is an unfriendly behavior from the US Government (Chestnoy & Gershinkova, pp. 215-225).

The attitude of the President shows that he does not really care about what other countries think about the US. Moreover, foreign policies are developed and enhanced by mutual understanding. When it comes to the current government of the US, the situation is different. President Trump has his own political opinions and on the basis of that, he forms policies. In addition, the renegotiation of NAFTA was not mutual. The President was aiming to modify the agreement totally in favor of the United States. One-sided policies would not bring benefits to the country. However, joining international organizations and agreements will help the United States in difficult times. The economy of a country does not remain constant all the time and many times a country would be needing assistance from International organizations. Therefore, the US government should promote mutual benefits for its foreign policy instead of “America first" and remain connected to the international organizations.

Works Cited

Chestnoy, S., and D. Gershinkova. "USA Withdrawal from Paris Agreement–What Next?." Vestnik Mezhdunarodnykh Organizatsii-International Organisations Research Journal 12.4 (2017): 215-225.

Poli Discussion Post

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Poli discussion post

 Democracy is a major pillar of strength for any country. The national strength and unity of a country is represented by how strong the political system of a country is and how much prevalent the democratic system is in the country. Some countries are rich in democracy which is the reason they have robust political systems that guarantees a healthy economy and growth, whereas the other countries, where the political systems are weak, suffer from a lack of unity and stability.

The United States holds a very prestigious position in terms of a strong economy, unity, and a well-maintained political system. The citizens of the United States of America enjoy a healthy rate of progress and development, all thanks to the well-developed and sustained democratic system. But in some cases, it may not be true. Sometimes, the repetition of the same faces in the political circles can be seen, which may be a costly process for both the political system of the country as well as the development activities.

Local level elections are one of the most critical and crucial activities of any political system of any country. These are also known as "municipal elections," and the citizens or a residents of a particular state or area elect their desired members as their executives to be represented in Senate. These executives are titled as mayors or counselors. Local governments are the most basic level from the common public interacts with the higher levels of government, and if it is flawed, the whole nation can suffer. Although this is a very important phase for any state or even country, loopholes in it can ruin the entire process. The turnout of voters can be less than 10% which shows a mistrust of general public on the democratic system or the political system of the country and demotivate them to withdraw from participating in the development of the country.

Poli Discussion Post

Name:

Course:

Course Instructor:

Date:

Plea Bargaining

Plea bargaining is an agreement that is made between the person who has committed a felony in which the defendant pleads guilty to acquire a lesser sentence. One of the rights, as defined by the constitution of the United States, is the right to jury trial. The defendant has a right to know the information about the details of his or her case in case of plea bargaining. The other power mentioned in the American Constitution is the right against self-incrimination in which the government protects a person who has committed a crime from testifying against himself. The third right that is considered in plea bargaining is the right to confront the witnesses. In this instance, the Sixth Amendment of Constitution provides the offenders with the right to confront the witnesses presented against him.

The plea agreement benefits the defendants in that it helps in reducing the sentencing of the criminals. Getting a lesser sentence makes the defendants get back to society and assist in the growth of the nation. Also, plea bargaining is a good idea because it reduces court congestion and helps in freeing the prosecutors to handle other cases. The resources of the nation are reserved through plea bargaining since the number of cases will reduce through plea bargaining.

On the other hand, plea bargaining is not a good idea based on the following arguments. Some of the defendants brought to trial are innocent, and in fear of facing a harsh sentence they plead guilty. The other drawback of plea bargaining is that it has resulted in poor investigation process by the police and the attorneys as they fail to prepare the cases correctly. The attorneys and the police officers believe in making a deal with the convict instead of pursuing justice. According to some judges and attorneys, plea bargaining is unconstitutional since it denies the defendant the right to jury trial.

Poli Discussion Post

Name:

Instructor:

Course:

Date

How do interest groups differ from political parties? Which political process is preferential—one that is dominated by parties or one in which groups are more important?

According to Brunell (681), political parties include individuals who play the role of organizing elections, define public policy and operate the government while the interest groups define a team of individuals sharing common objectives and aim at influencing the policy makers. Therefore, the political parties and interest groups possess a purpose in the government and remain organized teams making efforts to accomplish a common objective in the government.

Sides, Shaw, and Grossmann (1) state that political and interest groups differ in various ways. Political parties obtain power via elections through supporting one or many candidates. Political parties may involve all the citizens who identify with the party and aim at supporting their candidates to gain power. The parties remain flexible in various issues and get criticized for prioritizing politicians’ interests instead of the population.

Brunell (681), claims that interest groups define teams sharing common interest and opinion on a certain issue and join hands to influence the opinion of the public. However, the interest groups don’t play the role of running elections or supporting candidates. However, they seek elimination or approval of certain policies through campaigning and lobbying. They are not flexible and their power relies on their impact on the population and their capacity to lobby politicians and other influential people.

Therefore, Sides, Shaw, and Grossmann (1) argue that the political parties process remain more preferential because they remain flexible and they consider their political views based on the majority and can discuss their opinions on various topics and their various opinions do not change the identity of the party.

In conclusion, the political and interest groups possess a purpose in the government and remain organized teams making efforts to accomplish a common objective in the government. The political parties process remain more preferential because they remain flexible and they consider their political views based on the majority.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Brunell, Thomas. "The Relationship Between Political Parties and Interest Groups: Explaining Patterns of PAC Contributions to Candidates for Congress." Political Research Quarterly, Vol., 58, No. 4, 2005, pp. 681-688. March 2019.

Sides, J, et al. "Chapter 6: Political Parties and Interest Groups."Norton & Company, Inc. 2011. 3 March 2019.

Police Officers Working With Juveniles

Police Officers working with Juveniles

Police officers working with Juvenile

Introduction

The roles of law enforcement officers, correction officers and probation officers can be worse in difficult circumstances. Similarly, criminals with emotional or behavioural disorders require special attention and focus and such offenders make the role of police officers more demanding and stressful. The Juvenile offenders’ present similar kind of traits and it requires a special kind of person to handle juvenile offenders. That’s why the role of police officers working with Juvenile have a different and more demanding kind of a role. In many countries, police officers working with juvenile undergo special training and they employ special methods to handle juvenile offenders.

Special skills and characteristics of officers working with Juvenile

The police officers working with juvenile must possess the qualities of a good human being. Their role requires dealing with an offender who may be under some stressful condition and could have opted much worst option like taking his/ her own life etc. This is a proven fact that the conditions under which juveniles commit crime are much different compared to those under which adults commit a crime. This suggests that the officers dealing with the juvenile offender possess attributes which can help them in decision making and getting out of the trouble more quickly. Durnescu suggests that some characteristics such as effective counselling, moral supervision, open-mindedness, team skills and assertiveness are some essential things which an officer working with Juvenile must possess ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MuQ8HApf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Durnescu, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Durnescu, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1306,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/XUA29CPD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/XUA29CPD"],"itemData":{"id":1306,"type":"article-journal","title":"What matters most in probation supervision: Staff characteristics, staff skills or programme?","container-title":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","page":"193–216","volume":"12","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"What matters most in probation supervision","author":[{"family":"Durnescu","given":"Ioan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Durnescu, 2012).

As the juveniles are prosecuted for delinquent acts and not for crimes, therefore they have the right to be presented in front of special courts. Similarly, the Young Offenders Act of 1997 in Australia suggests that juvenile offenders must be kept separate from normal or habitual criminals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"SXanW8nW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Newburn, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Newburn, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1308,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/BDVXTHIJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/BDVXTHIJ"],"itemData":{"id":1308,"type":"book","title":"Handbook of policing","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Newburn","given":"Tim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Newburn, 2012). Lastly, as they do not qualify for the public trials, therefore, the officers dealing with juvenile must possess the skills set different from the officers working with adults.

The transition to a successful juvenile officer

When an individual is hired by the law enforcement authorities mainly the police, they undergo crucial training. Cunneen and White suggest that in Australia, police officers undergo different kind of training (tailored according to the law enforcement requirements) before assuming their jobs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yN4XuQN2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cunneen & White, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Cunneen & White, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/92CE8SNK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/92CE8SNK"],"itemData":{"id":1316,"type":"book","title":"Juvenile justice: Youth and crime in Australia","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Juvenile justice","author":[{"family":"Cunneen","given":"Chris"},{"family":"White","given":"Rob"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cunneen & White, 2011). They argue that from the day these officers assume their charge, a change in their personal nature starts developing. With time they become so hard-hearted that nothing except some exceptional circumstances can make them realize the sensitivity of the circumstance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZAPUMplJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cunneen & White, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Cunneen & White, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/92CE8SNK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/92CE8SNK"],"itemData":{"id":1316,"type":"book","title":"Juvenile justice: Youth and crime in Australia","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Juvenile justice","author":[{"family":"Cunneen","given":"Chris"},{"family":"White","given":"Rob"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cunneen & White, 2011). They write that this transition is more noticeable among the officials who work with adult criminals. As they come across new kind of the criminal act with every passing day and experience new personality traits, with time they become unsuitable for placing with the juveniles. The most compelling reason for their unsuitability is the nature of their job they have spent the most time in ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mX8CJWBH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cunneen & White, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Cunneen & White, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/92CE8SNK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/92CE8SNK"],"itemData":{"id":1316,"type":"book","title":"Juvenile justice: Youth and crime in Australia","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Juvenile justice","author":[{"family":"Cunneen","given":"Chris"},{"family":"White","given":"Rob"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cunneen & White, 2011). In light of the research mentioned above, it will be right to argue that an officer who has worked with adults for more than twenty years cannot become a successful juvenile officer

Conclusion

The criminal justice system in the present time is much customized. This division of the legal system has many positive impacts on society. The Juvenile justice and delinquency system are one of the most impactful sources of bringing back juvenile offenders into society. Muncie and Goldson argue that the close monitoring of the environment, the presence of some well- trained juvenile officers and a separate court system for a juvenile are what assures the success of Australian Young Offenders Act ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"j6mYGBXk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Muncie & Goldson, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Muncie & Goldson, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1319,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/QU8T48T8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/QU8T48T8"],"itemData":{"id":1319,"type":"book","title":"Comparative youth justice","publisher":"Sage","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Muncie","given":"John"},{"family":"Goldson","given":"Barry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Muncie & Goldson, 2006).

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cunneen, C., & White, R. (2011). Juvenile justice: Youth and crime in Australia. Oxford University Press.

Durnescu, I. (2012). What matters most in probation supervision: Staff characteristics, staff skills or programme? Criminology & Criminal Justice, 12(2), 193–216.

Muncie, J., & Goldson, B. (2006). Comparative youth justice. Sage.

Newburn, T. (2012). Handbook of policing. Routledge.

Policy

Policy

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Policy

Introduction

In the framework of bureaucracy, the functions of government like federalism, separation of power, accountability and the logic of reorganization are the collective heritage in public service. In this regard, the reading provided by William C. Johnson unfolded that restructuring of governance will have significant impact on the operation and state policies. The role of bureaucracy is not only influential, but it also restricted the speedy process of implementing the guidelines provided by executive (Johnson, 2014). It gives rise to the phenomena of a public-private partnership where the public sector organization will serve alongside the private stakeholders. Here the question arises that it is more reliable form of leading the people or not? The new modes of governance will change the traditional way and concept of directing others in the public administration.

Discussion

Across the world, there is a transformation in the system of government. A non-profit organization in collaboration with the national organization are performing their services in a fair manner. There is a proper mechanism of separation of power between the legislature, executive and judiciary. Jess McMullin in the ‘Reinventing government’ reflect that to reduce the red tape in state enterprises it is important to encourage the involvement of non-government and non-profit organizations to participate in state decisions (Johnson, 2014). Beside the professional services, accountability can easily be maintained through the new mode of serving the nation. It is the time to change America with the concept of national service which is more important than the old style of governance.

Conclusion

The direct form of government does not seems applicable in the contemporary world. There are structural changes that occurred during the last few decades. According to Jess McMullin, we need to shift and reinvent the government for proper execution of the administrative policies.

References

Johnson, W. C. (2014). Public Administration: partnerships in public service. Waveland Press.

TEDxPennQuarter 2011 - Damian Saccocio - Reinventing the Research University. (2019). YouTube. Retrieved 16 January 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yByDeJW480&list=ULxgrs6ooDTrY&index=102005

Policy Brief ( Cancer Causing Toxin)

Student Name

Course

Instructor

Date

Policy Brief

Topic: CANCER CAUSING TOXINS

City: Covington, GA

County: Newton

Representative: Mr. Sal

Description:

In 2007, a company BD Brad which was a sterilization plant for the medical devices reported releasing a hazardous gas called ethylene oxide. Its quantity was more than 9000 pounds in the air and it had been affecting people in the residential areas as well. Ethylene oxide is used in majority of the medical products in the United States for the purpose of sterilization. It is also used in the production of other chemicals such as antifreeze etc. In 2016, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established though its research that ethylene oxide is much more dangerous than scientists had thought previously. EPA report transferred ethylene oxide to the list of chemical that are cancer causing. In 2018, EPA published a periodic report National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) that analyzed the health risks caused by the releases of airborne toxins in the United States. It flagged 109 highlighted points across the country where the risk of cancer was extremely higher due to exposure to airborne toxins and majority of risks were driven by a harmful chemical gas; ethylene oxide.

Georgia had three different census tracts, two in Smyrna and one in Covington. Ethylene oxide was the cause of 114 cancer cases in every million people in Smyrna while in Covington, it caused 214 cases in every one million. EPA labelled it as one of the most dangerous and unacceptable cancer toxin due to airborne pollution. There are a large number of companies that release ethylene oxide in air and are a constant cause of cancer among people. Georgia Comprehensive Cancer Registry state that one type of cancers that is related to ethylene oxide is non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ajDkLeWC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bulka et al.)","plainCitation":"(Bulka et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":465,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/IJDVE98P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/IJDVE98P"],"itemData":{"id":465,"type":"article-journal","title":"Relations between residential proximity to EPA-designated toxic release sites and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma incidence","container-title":"Southern medical journal","page":"606","volume":"109","issue":"10","author":[{"family":"Bulka","given":"Catherine"},{"family":"Nastoupil","given":"Loretta J."},{"family":"Koff","given":"Jean L."},{"family":"Bernal-Mizrachi","given":"Leon"},{"family":"Ward","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Williams","given":"Jessica N."},{"family":"Bayakly","given":"A. Rana"},{"family":"Switchenko","given":"Jeffrey M."},{"family":"Waller","given":"Lance A."},{"family":"Flowers","given":"Christopher R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bulka et al.). Its prevalence is increased significantly among men over the last ten years in the 30014 ZIP area.

The vulnerability zone miles (VZM) is the range of the potential risk of the chemicals released in specified number of miles from that facility and the vulnerability zone census population (VZCP) is the residential population that resides within vulnerability zone. In Covington, there are a number of facilities that release harmful chemicals in the environment. Cornish Creek Water Treatment facility releases chlorine at 0.90 VZM and 659 VZCP. Covington Wastewater Treatment Plant releases chlorine at 2.50 VZM and 1984 VZCP. Covington Water Treatment Plant also releases chlorine at 0.90 VZM and 839 VZCP. MeadWestvaco Corporation Paperboard Operations releases chlorine dioxide at 4.84 VZM and 8119 VZCP ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bDzHJRGc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Orum et al.)","plainCitation":"(Orum et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":464,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/IW9ZEXU5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/IW9ZEXU5"],"itemData":{"id":464,"type":"book","title":"Who’s in Danger? Race, Poverty, and Chemical Disasters","publisher":"Environmental Justice and Heath Alliance for Chemical Policy Reform …","author":[{"family":"Orum","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Moore","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Roberts","given":"Michele"},{"family":"Sanchez","given":"Joaquin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Orum et al.).

Analysis:

The state guidelines for Georgia has established the guidelines that any company that seeks a permit for its operations here, it must demonstrate the amount of gases emissions or waste water release that goes directly in the environment and become the cause of cancer. At present, the current biological mechanisms that deal with cancer suggest that almost all cancers originate from genetics and the environmental factors. There are a number of risk factors that are frequently associated with cancer. These include age, family history, viruses and bacteria as well as other harmful substances. Cancer is a global economic calamity that has affected many sectors starting from social to economic issues. According to US Cancer Statistics Working Group (2013), cancer is a global health problem, making it one of the biggest causes of death in human beings. This fact is especially true especially when compared to other killer diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria. Moreover, with the industrialization and their waste material polluting the environment with cancer toxins trigger the oncogenes in human body.

In the United States, the cancer toxins such are chlorine oxide, ethylene oxide etc have more effects on men than women. Possible signs observed to be cancer indication comprises of a new lump in the body, the disease involves dangerous infection that affects a greater part of the world. Among all types, breast cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths among cancer patients. While most types of cancers are non-curable, the curable ones are extremely expensive to treat. Thus, it is the role of environmental scientists as well as other healthcare professionals to aid with the research that can help with the overall decline of the disease by finding out the causable agents, their levels in the water, air and food. EPA has published various reports to raise awareness among the medical community and general public about cancer causing toxins.

Conclusion:

There can be many possible ways to solve this problem. Lists of hazardous and dangerous chemicals should be made and checked regularly and it should be obligatory for the agencies to review the lists properly and make new additions of the chemical appropriately through proper policy-making and a proper schedule. The agencies will be enabled to keep pace with the ever-changing system of chemical use in the commercial industry. However, another better approach for this is to make use of the characteristics of chemical hazards and basic thresholds for triggering the requirements. It can be the same as there was a case of hazardous inventory reporting under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. This approach would prove to be helpful in ensuring that the largest number of chemicals and the facilities are covered and planned in a consistent manner.

There should be such facilities that have safer alternatives that would be effective and affordable. Knowledgeable inspectors should be made responsible to check the demonstrations, auditing, covering of costs, and other monitoring. Chemical facilities should be properly used by the government agencies for the identification of the hazardous materials and their effects. These hazardous materials should then be replaced by the existing safer alternatives and prevented through proper management, control, and other strategies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0Vl6xztW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Propper et al.)","plainCitation":"(Propper et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":467,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/L72AZQEI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/L72AZQEI"],"itemData":{"id":467,"type":"article-journal","title":"Ambient and emission trends of toxic air contaminants in California","container-title":"Environmental science & technology","page":"11329-11339","volume":"49","issue":"19","author":[{"family":"Propper","given":"Ralph"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Bui","given":"Son"},{"family":"Austin","given":"Jeff"},{"family":"Vance","given":"William"},{"family":"Alvarado","given":"Alvaro"},{"family":"Croes","given":"Bart"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Dongmin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Propper et al.). The people who are exposed to such dangerous chemicals should be knowing about the consequences of these chemicals and the safer alternatives to them. Government agencies should adopt way to provide awareness to the people about these chemicals, their effects, and alternatives.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bulka, Catherine, et al. “Relations between Residential Proximity to EPA-Designated Toxic Release Sites and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Incidence.” Southern Medical Journal, vol. 109, no. 10, 2016, p. 606.

Orum, Paul, et al. Who’s in Danger? Race, Poverty, and Chemical Disasters. Environmental Justice and Heath Alliance for Chemical Policy Reform …, 2014.

Propper, Ralph, et al. “Ambient and Emission Trends of Toxic Air Contaminants in California.” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 49, no. 19, 2015, pp. 11329–39.

US Cancer Statistics Working Group. "United States cancer statistics: 1999–2010 incidence and mortality web-based report." Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute, 2013.

Policy Theory Framework Analysis

[Title]

[Name of Student]

[Name of College/University]

Introduction

To the study of public policy, it is logical to choose between two issues. The policy analysis is either support the issue or goes against it. While some of the policy thinkers have a clear position such as the Republicans got control of both the houses 115th Congress to replace and repeal Obamacare. However, there had been significant efforts for repealing Obamacare from day one. In fact, the issue of health care is complicated within the Republican Party, simply being for or against it. In such there were concerns between both the parties for repealing and replacing the policy with many reasons such as the cost of money and it may allow states to disagree with coverage. The point here is that the public policy frameworks are complicated in theory and application that may result in a binary choice.

Currently, the democracies are in a period of an exception of uncertainty and turmoil in terms of policy framework from its development to application. In this process of policy, problems are identified and brought to its application. But before theorizing about the public policy processes, it is essential to conceptualize that public policies do not occur in a vacuum. Whether it is a health policy or a security policy.

Policy Feedback Theory

The idea of Policy Feedback approach can be through the history of Political Science. But the theory has been slow to reach the mainstream political approaches. Over the past twenty-five years, scholars have developed a new approach of "Policy Feedback" suggesting that individual experience of the resources and messages carried by policy design affects their political behavior ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BAmxhefc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","plainCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"book","title":"Theories of the policy process","publisher":"Westview Press","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sabatier","given":"Paul A."},{"family":"Weible","given":"Christopher M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sabatier and Weible 2014). Over the last decade, feedback this approach has increasingly been tested and verified on social policy, participation, political trust democratic citizenship and behavior. However, the policy feedback approach proposes that policies can shift the political landscape in different ways. While, the current studies discern that the policy feedbacks do not occur every time, even when it is being imposed by the lawmakers, while its form differs significantly. To describe such variation, the advocates of policy feedback studies are called to draw political behavior systematically. In this regard: First, they theorize: that the feedback effects might be conditions, such as trust in government and the partnership ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hsnJzJqc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","plainCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"book","title":"Theories of the policy process","publisher":"Westview Press","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sabatier","given":"Paul A."},{"family":"Weible","given":"Christopher M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sabatier and Weible, 2014). Second, the policy designs create preparing effects which might activate socio tropic motivations or self-interest ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"G5tjVYRJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","plainCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"book","title":"Theories of the policy process","publisher":"Westview Press","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sabatier","given":"Paul A."},{"family":"Weible","given":"Christopher M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sabatier and Weible, 2014). Lastly, the feedback results effect both the policy burdens and the policy benefits and the relationship between them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zFLwbOW0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","plainCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"book","title":"Theories of the policy process","publisher":"Westview Press","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sabatier","given":"Paul A."},{"family":"Weible","given":"Christopher M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sabatier and Weible, 2014).

Such expectations are being tested in a unique panel study and then the policy feedback effects are found in a variety of ways that are contingent on vibrant political behavior. In this view, policies are not only political objectives but also political forces the reconfigure the underlying concepts of power, deconstruct political identities, interests, understandings and reposition actors in political relations. Undeniably, to describe policy outcomes, the theory suggests that the actors intent to look at the political dynamics.

There are a variety of intellectual foundations build on contemporary scholarship. In this regard, Schattschneider criticizes that the new policies reconfigure the concept of pressure group conflict. Lowi, on the other hand, is of the view that political relations significantly depend on whether policies at issue are regulatory, redistributive or distributive. Marshal, however, claims that social rights are being institutionalized by policies. Starting from 1990, intellectuals tried to develop and connect policy feedback as a distinguished approach to political investigations.

Strengths of Policy Feedback Theory

Implementation of policy framework theory is central in the interplay of policy and politics with a substantial concern for the polity combine. Yet it has been rarely implemented in this viewpoint. Currently, however, two notions of politics prevail.

First, at the receiving end of politics subsists administration? In this view, the political forces establish bureaucracies and device policies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Dsvajg1R","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(B\\uc0\\u233{}land 2010)","plainCitation":"(Béland 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":350,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/HJMSJ3X7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/HJMSJ3X7"],"itemData":{"id":350,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reconsidering Policy Feedback: How Policies Affect Politics","container-title":"Administration & Society","page":"568-590","volume":"42","issue":"5","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Drawing on examples from the history and politics of Social Security in the United States, this article assesses early and more recent contributions to the policy feedback literature to clarify the meaning of this concept before sketching a new research agenda on policy feedback. As argued, three new streams of policy feedback scholarship have emerged since the late 1990s. Because these new research streams have seldom been discussed together, this article makes a direct contribution to the ongoing social science debate about the nature and the role of policy feedback in advanced industrial societies.","DOI":"10.1177/0095399710377444","ISSN":"0095-3997","shortTitle":"Reconsidering Policy Feedback","journalAbbreviation":"Administration & Society","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Béland","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Béland). Moreover, governance may be delineated as a hierarchy of relationship, which shifts from politics to the performance by responding to the stakeholder, and citizens' interests ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kGotjDMu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pierson 1993)","plainCitation":"(Pierson 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":351,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XA4Y2Z3M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XA4Y2Z3M"],"itemData":{"id":351,"type":"article-journal","title":"When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change","container-title":"World Politics","page":"595-628","volume":"45","issue":"4","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","abstract":"[As governmental activity has expanded, scholars have been increasingly inclined to suggest that the structure of public policies has an important influence on patterns of political change. Yet research on policy feedback is mostly anecdotal, and there has so far been little attempt to develop more general hypotheses about the conditions under which policies produce politics. Drawing on recent research, this article suggests that feedback occurs through two main mechanisms. Policies generate resources and incentives for political actors, and they provide those actors with information and cues that encourage particular interpretations of the political world. These mechanisms operate in a variety of ways, but have significant effects on government elites, interest groups, and mass publics. By investigating how policies influence different actors through these distinctive mechanisms, the article outlines a research agenda for moving from the current focus on illustrative case studies to the investigation of broader propositions about how and when policies are likely to be politically consequential.]","DOI":"10.2307/2950710","ISSN":"0043-8871","shortTitle":"When Effect Becomes Cause","author":[{"family":"Pierson","given":"Paul"}],"editor":[{"family":"Esping-Andersen","given":"Gosta"},{"family":"Hall","given":"Peter"},{"family":"North","given":"Douglass C."},{"family":"Skocpol","given":"Theda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pierson). Agendas are being imposed by political principles at random intervals. To control and oversee multi-sided networks, they often strive with mixed results. This model is the most enduring and widely deployed in the field.

The second source identifies politics as an environment which administrators direct to acquire goals. In this regard, the public managers need to approach creatively for securing support and legitimacy for their visualization of public good ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0MXUxTtl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(B\\uc0\\u233{}land 2010)","plainCitation":"(Béland 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":350,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/HJMSJ3X7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/HJMSJ3X7"],"itemData":{"id":350,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reconsidering Policy Feedback: How Policies Affect Politics","container-title":"Administration & Society","page":"568-590","volume":"42","issue":"5","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Drawing on examples from the history and politics of Social Security in the United States, this article assesses early and more recent contributions to the policy feedback literature to clarify the meaning of this concept before sketching a new research agenda on policy feedback. As argued, three new streams of policy feedback scholarship have emerged since the late 1990s. Because these new research streams have seldom been discussed together, this article makes a direct contribution to the ongoing social science debate about the nature and the role of policy feedback in advanced industrial societies.","DOI":"10.1177/0095399710377444","ISSN":"0095-3997","shortTitle":"Reconsidering Policy Feedback","journalAbbreviation":"Administration & Society","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Béland","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Béland 2010). The actively put their efforts by constructing bureaucracy. However, policy feedback does not ignore such insights. It combines them how administration matters for policy, politics, and society. Therefore, scholars need to specify how policies are being shaped for a political environment and how they develop a broader relation in the polity.

The implementation of a policy can be recognized by a power relationship in society by redefining the terms. When policies have become practical, they can bring new political interests and identities in democracies. However, there has been a little discussion about the consequences of public policy approaches for demicharacter societies in the study of Political Science. The contemporary attention to the policy feedback approach is both welcoming and challenging.

Conceptualization of policy feedback theory

In democracies, people’s behavior and attitude influence the future course of policies. While behavior and attitudes can be the consequence of the previous policies. In this regard, in European democracy, many countries have been facing difficulties in bringing their previous commitments. Their incentives and labor market policies and structures are constantly in flux. In this regard, there is a great deal to examine how democracies are being affected by political behavior. First, policies seldom generate their own support. Second, there exists a little reason the view that democracies cement partisan loyalties. And lastly, policy building is dependent on essentially different things. However, even when democracies pay a careful strategy and investment towards the anti-poverty program, the efforts potentially alter public opinion. In this regard, the Obama administration was noticeable by many structures that analysts argued to reduce the possibility of self-reinforced and policy generated dynamics. But one can possibly claim that it was difficult for them to legislate and allow democratic credit claiming.

Policy Feedback Approach and Contemporary Public Policy Issues

The “welfare regimes” of Esping Andersen is the most common tool for understanding the policy feedback approach. The study has intensely asked scholarships who “go beyond welfare regimes” and involves several things. The supposition of a uniform policy impact is one on point concerns. Typically, policies are targeted to a specific individual or population group. Therefore, it is important to know how an individual or specific group responds to the policy such as considering the processes generated aggregate outcomes at an individual level. Whereas the empirical application of micro-macro relationship will easily be determined along with their theoretical foundlings.

People within a democratic society encounter very different experiences while studies also conceptualize power relations are impacted by policy and institution features. This is the result of a promising approach in explaining political trust and political participation. Moreover, policy feedback principally coincides political behavior based on a survey by assuming a central role in comparative politics. Policy feedback studies proposed to deal with one dependent variable at the time usually isolate each other. Such as policies are assumed to endow individuals and groups with interests and resources. Likewise, some policies may be good at increasing perception of distributive and procedural fairness, that might shape normative policy support and evade demobilization and stigmatizing effects. Another example is the expectation and norms by adopting policies to help institutionalization.

Policy Feedback Framework and Contemporary Public Policy Issues

The contemporary public policy problem suggests the question of what makes a policy public policy issue for the society. Apart from this, it also suggests another question how would problems be solved through public response. However, public policy issues are vital to the study of policy studies, if not for the use of that there is a substantial probability for political authorities to produce policies without the appearance of problems. Such as, public policy issues occupy an important position among current theoretical approaches of public policy including Policy Feedback itself. The formulation of public policy issue is at the heart of the Policy Feedback since the evaluation of the feedbacks pursues transformative policy changes. Policy Feedback Framework undertakes that contemporary policy structure the creation of policy issues while shifting the existing policies. The ways in which people see particular subpopulations or subgroups dictate the understanding of policy issue and application of instruments ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4SCsdwbm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marier 2017)","plainCitation":"(Marier 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":352,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/5GVBUY7F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/5GVBUY7F"],"itemData":{"id":352,"type":"article-journal","title":"Policy Problems","container-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics","source":"oxfordre.com","abstract":"We frequently employ analogies such as a leaking roof or finishing last in a ranking to illustrate that there is a serious problem requiring attention. Unfortunately, policy realities are far more complex and less obvious since policymakers do not benefit from objective measures or clear signals akin to having water dripping over their head to indicate the presence of a problem. In fact, they face a plethora of policy actors constantly engaged in defining policy problems for them based on competing frames of references.The term “policy problems” evokes questions of what makes a social issue a policy problem, but it also raises questions regarding whether problems can actually be solved via a public response and how. Policy problems occupy a crucial role in policy studies, if not for the simple reason that political authorities are unlikely to alter or create policies without the presence of problems. As such, policy problems occupy an important place in popular theoretical frameworks frequently employed in the field of public policy. The formulation of policy problems is at the heart of the punctuated-equilibrium theory since these can result in the creation of new political coalitions seeking transformative policy change. In the social construction of target populations approach, the ways in which the public perceives particular subgroups or subpopulations dictate our understanding of policy problems and the types of instruments to deploy. Frameworks for policy feedback assume that current policies structure the formulation of policy problems along the lines of altering existing policies. In the multiple-streams theoretical framework, policy problems are part of a toolkit used to validate the use of already made solutions by policy entrepreneurs seeking the right opportunity for implementation.A thorough treatment and analysis of policy problems exist within the policy design literature. Scholars operating within this tradition have emphasized the individual characteristics of policy problems and, as importantly, how these matter when it is time to enact solutions. Characteristics of problems, such as causality and severity, are key elements in the identification and formulation of policy problems and their likelihood to feature prominently in the policy agenda of governmental actors. Additional elements, such as the divisibility of policy problems and the extent to which these problems can be monetarized, matter in assessing the possibility of enacting solutions.This raises the fundamental question of whether policy problems can actually be resolved. Mature policies are the norm in industrialized countries, and these are increasingly subject to international agreements. Consequently, there are, for example, many more interdependencies, which have led to the reemergence of wicked-problems analyses. However, a substantial number of contributions have associated complexity with wicked problems, raising questions surrounding their intrinsic qualities and the danger of conceptual stretching.","URL":"http://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-130","DOI":"10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.130","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Marier","given":"Patrik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,29]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marier). Public policy issues are part of a toolkit that is used for validation of prior developed solution for acquiring the right opportunity and its implementation.

Contemporary public policy issues are a matter of choice under constraints. But policy issues are not always constraint by material issues, some are political while others are social. It has all to do with the willingness of people and what the particular policy brings for them. On the other hand, ideational is another source of an issue. For example, why public housing complexes were dangerous places and were it a commonplace for nobody or everybody ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zyyA9H8T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Goodin, Rein, and Moran 2011)","plainCitation":"(Goodin, Rein, and Moran 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":343,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/BWZHE23U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/BWZHE23U"],"itemData":{"id":343,"type":"article-journal","title":"Overview Of Public Policy","container-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Political Science","source":"www.oxfordhandbooks.com","abstract":"This article examines a story of the limits of high ambition in policy studies and policy making. It looks at the way those limits have been appreciated and how more modest ambitions have been made. The article also examines the difficulties of modest learning and reveals some of the most basic truths: policy and policy making is mostly a matter of persuasion and policy is not only about arguing, but also about bargaining. Networked governance, choices under constraint, and democratic politics are some of the other topics covered in this article.","URL":"http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-043","DOI":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.013.0043","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Goodin","given":"Robert E."},{"family":"Rein","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Moran","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",7,7]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Goodin, Rein, and Moran 2011). Among Scholarships, no one is defending, protecting or monitoring that common space. Though, more often, public policy-making is educated by “off the shelf” notions. Infrequently, new policy notions born with creative policy specialists.

Modern policy-making necessities a matter of instrumentally rational fittings from means to ends. But most often, means come prior and get applied. It does not matter what comes with the means and may remotely fit. Moreover, definite forms of means develop a "good fit" indefinite conditions. While the largest modern policy issue is by which public policy issue operates, the pure selfishness of rooted interest with adequate power to those interests in indefensible ways. In this regard, politics in contemporary democracies is finally about interest and power relationship. Indeed, public policy issues are not immutable, for one it is an issue while for another it is an opportunity.

There subsists another side of the story for those who hitherto motivated by democratic ideals: Policies change because people want them to change as they are subject to those policies. There are pressing groups for bringing reforms in those policies such as civil society, religious minorities, and gender equality. The common reason is lack of authority and to speak with authority for a public policy issue.

Conclusion

Policy study theorists have different views regarding the relationship between the stages of policy and citizens who are the target of that policy. On the other hand, many believe that citizens require protection from the government in democratic societies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QqIWiCbq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ingram and Schneider 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ingram and Schneider 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":348,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/BU574HEA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/BU574HEA"],"itemData":{"id":348,"type":"chapter","title":"Conclusion: Public policy theory and democracy: The elephant in the corner","container-title":"Contemporary approaches to public policy","publisher":"Springer","page":"175–200","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Conclusion","author":[{"family":"Ingram","given":"Helen"},{"family":"Schneider","given":"Anne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ingram and Schneider, 2016). In addition, others insist on educating society so that they could express their concerns and priorities. Another framework holds that cities need to be engaged in enacting and engaging policies.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Béland, Daniel. 2010. “Reconsidering Policy Feedback: How Policies Affect Politics.” Administration & Society 42(5): 568–90.

Goodin, Robert E., Martin Rein, and Michael Moran. 2011. “Overview Of Public Policy.” The Oxford Handbook of Political Science. http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-043 (April 8, 2019).

Ingram, Helen, and Anne Schneider. 2016. “Conclusion: Public Policy Theory and Democracy: The Elephant in the Corner.” In Contemporary Approaches to Public Policy, Springer, 175–200.

Marier, Patrik. 2017. “Policy Problems.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. http://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-130 (April 8, 2019).

Pierson, Paul. 1993. “When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change” eds. Gosta Esping-Andersen, Peter Hall, Douglass C. North, and Theda Skocpol. World Politics 45(4): 595–628.

Sabatier, Paul A., and Christopher M. Weible. 2014. Theories of the Policy Process. Westview Press.

Polisci

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

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Political Science

The role of President has gone through considerable changes if one talks about the United States President. Now, it is important that the whole thing is being looked at through two contexts, the first one is the sort of legislative powers that they have and what sort of changes that it has gone through during the last few years. The with the passage of time, the President and the executive had a minimalistic role during the course of the development of the foreign policy. In the administration of the George Washington, president used to enjoy considerable power as they were the ones that used to carry out the legislation and other commandments with respect to the foreign policy. With the passage of time though, there was a change in the role of the President, and it started to become much lower despite the constitutional edge that they used to enjoy and thus there was considerable decline. They used to play passive role in the role of the development of the foreign policy specially the likes of Clinton and his predecessors used to carry out the broader agenda that was set forth by the Congress at that point of time. That changed though with the turn of the century though and standards that are used to be followed by the policy maker changed and the inclination was there on their part to make sure that they take definitive stance. It started with George Bush and Trump has carried out on the same legacy with regards to making sure that they get to push their definitive agenda in terms of the creation of the foreign policy. The handling of the Afghanistan and Iraq crisis, the prison cases as well as establishing relations with North Korea are some of the things that can be said that as an example of the ever-increasing influence of the President in foreign policy.

Works Cited

Cameron, F. (2016). US foreign policy after the cold war: global hegemon or reluctant sheriff?. Routledge.

Warburg, G. F. (2018). Conflict and consensus: The struggle between Congress and the president over foreign policymaking. Harper & Row.

Political Essay Any Topic

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[Date]

Arab Spring-Role and Impact of First Movers

Introduction

In the spring of 2011, a spate of protests erupting from Tunisia engulfed the major Arab countries. These countries included Algeria, Syria, Yemen, Egypt, Libya, and obviously Morocco. Taking into account the weather in which the series of protests erupted, the event was termed Arab Spring. The Arab Spring, which comprised of protests from loosely linked groups, resulted in the toppling of the governments in some countries. Ever since the Arab Spring, most of these countries have been engulfed with instability and increased oppression. However, the uprisings resulted in regime changes in Tunisia and Egypt. The changing of regimes in these two countries resulted in improving human rights' indicators. Notwithstanding the improvements in Egypt and Tunisia regarding human rights, remaining countries on the list failed to witness progress in social and political spheres. This essay will assess and evaluate what urged the citizens to initiate the protests against their repressive rulers for decades? How did the repressive tactics motivate the masses? Specifically, analyzing the data available from the protests in Morocco, this essay will critically analyze the arguments, points, and inferences provided by the different researchers. Additionally, this essay will provide the readers with an in-depth analysis of the outcomes of the Arab Spring.

Discussion

It was 17th December 2010, when a Tunisian man named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself alight in a protest against a government department. His only crime was not having a permit to sell vegetables. The government officials humiliated Bouazizi, which resulted in the death of the young man. Although Bouazizi succumbed to his burns, mass protests soon erupted and swept across the whole Tunisia. Masses were agitating against the flagrant abuse for human rights by the then President Zine El Abidine. The power of the masses compelled President Zine El Abidine to resign and flee the country.

Lawrence argues regarding the commencing of protests, that activism is passed down from one generation to the next (Lawrence, 3). However, that is not the case when one takes a look back in time. For instance, the Civil Rights movement resulted in safeguarding equal rights for everyone regardless of their race or creed. However, there are instances witnessed where human rights abuses are being committed in the USA to date. Be it celebrities or a common man, many have faced racial profiling. But no mass movement has been witnessed in this regard. Undeniably, individuals have come out on social platforms addressing the need to end racial discrimination. However, no first movers are seen agitating and causing mass unrest are seen.

Another Aspect that political analysts have discussed that the preferences of first-movers differ and the reasons remain opaque. According to Lichtenstein and Slovic, from a psychological perspective, an individual’s inclination towards a goal or an objective is reflective in the individual's decision making (Lichtenstein and Slovic, 14). Another definition of preference terms the individual's liking or disliking towards a cause. Preference does not necessarily remain constant over time. It can be altered at any moment. Provided the individual holds the cause dearly. So, to say the preferences differ and remain opaque cannot be regarded as true. Individual's surroundings with respect to education, culture and religious beliefs contribute to preferences. Hence, the aforementioned reasons clearly demonstrate there is a comprehensive rationale behind preferences.

Furthermore, a survey on Facebook was conducted by Lawrence to assess the motivation levels of the first movers following the toppling of the regimes. According to Lawrence, despite being assured about non-disclosure of personal information regarding the Facebook survey, the survey was only completed by 160 persons (Lawrence, 17). The number 160 was dominated by males. The reasons mentioned by Lawrence regarding why the survey failed to motivate the masses are that most users seemed devoid of motivation and conviction, some believed in peaceful change, some liked to write against an event so on and so forth (Lawrence, 19). Lawrence previously concluded that first-movers are resilient, willing to sacrifice themselves for a cause (Lawrence, 2). And this resolve moves down from one generation to another. However, considering the reasons tabled by users of Facebook, this can be concluded that many social platform users lacked strong will. Despite being provided with the guarantee that their information would not be disclosed, the number of people who completed the survey stood at 160. Another important aspect for mass movement or a survey to succeed is the participation of women. Women, despite constituting 50% of the Moroccan population, did not participate in the survey enthusiastically.

Conclusion

Ghosh rightfully said that first-movers determine the success of mass agitation. First-movers risk their lives for a collective cause to bear fruit said the writer. According to Ghosh, Facebook played an important role in spreading the cause (Ghosh, 32). But, what Lawrence did not mention are the consequences of the Arab Spring (Ghosh, 32). The first-movers took to the roads to topple the regimes. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, the political instability and military interventions in these countries have rocked North Africa and the Middle East (Ghosh, 45). The chaos erupted in Libya resulted in the brutal murder of Muammar Gaddafi (Ghosh, 46). In Egypt, Hosni Mobarak was deposed and faced imprisonment (Ghosh, 49). The trial Mobarak stood in did not follow due process of law. In Syria, ISIS took hold of the majority of the country (Ghosh, 52). Bashar ul Asad’s allies bombed civilians, used chemical weapons on the pretext of bombing the rebels (Ghosh, 53).

Taking into account the repercussions of Arab Spring, it was incumbent on the first-movers to maintain the sanctity of human rights. The murder of Gaddafi, the trial of Mobarak, and the bombings of Syrian civilians were all flagrant abuses of human rights. The first-movers failed to uphold the human rights- a cause that triggered them to took to the streets and agitate fervently (Ghosh, 38).

Had the first movers practiced what they preached, the whole outlook of the Arab World would have been different.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Lawrence, Adria K. "Repression and activism among the Arab Spring’s first movers: evidence from Morocco’s February 20th Movement." British Journal of Political Science 47.3 (2017): 699-718.

Lichtenstein, Sarah, and Paul Slovic, eds. The construction of preference. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Ghosh, Saibal. "Political transition and bank performance: how important was the Arab Spring?." Journal of Comparative Economics 44.2 (2016): 372-382.