Gun Control

Gun Control

While the firearms debate is raging again in the United States, Rand Corporation has studied the impact of the change in legislation in three countries. The concept of gun control itself is very vague. America, traumatized by mass killings in its schools, is still divided over how to avoid these dramas. The United States has the highest civilian firearms ownership rate in the world (it is estimated that there are nine firearms in the United States for every ten people, including children). According to a 2016 study by Erin Grinshteyn and David Hemenway, the homicide rate is six times higher than in most other developed countries and the suicide rate by bullets is eight times higher. Statistics such as these raise an essential question: does the large number of American weapons increase the risk of violent death in the United States or do the Americans need to arm themselves more to defend themselves against a society? particularly violent?

The control of weapons is a possible solution to lower the high mortality that exists in the country caused by firearms. One of the most emblematic cases is the one in Australia that, between 1979 and 1996, had thirteen fatal shootings. Since he banned the sale of weapons in 1996 he did not have any gunfire. Today, the arsenal that exists in the United States is six times more deadly than that of Canada and 30 times more than that of Australia. It is proven that controls on the sale of weapons help reduce deaths, but for now the governments of the United States are not interested in implementing them.

Arizona Republican Senator John McCain, after the shooting in Texas, sent a message through social media that he was "praying for all those affected by the horrible shooting in Sutherland Springs." After the shooting in Las Vegas on October 1, the deadliest in history, where 58 people were killed, McCain had published that he was "praying for the victims." McCain prefers to pray and not control the sale of weapons, because he is the congressman who received the most funds from the NRA, some 7,740,521 dollars.

Accordingly, the smaller the number of available firearms, the lower the chance that an innocent person will suffer or be killed as a result of a shot. The facts of deaths in Florida clearly indicate the same thing. The number of children killed by firearms in this state increased markedly in the months after the bill came into force in October 1987, making the purchase and secret carrying of weapons easier for those permanently residing in the state. In the United States, there is agreement on possible methods for controlling criminal violence. The “prisoner's dilemma” is addressed in many modern works devoted to the theory of morality and social theory when considering situations in which there is a contradiction between individual and common interests. This model has been particularly effective in discussing the real problem of controlling nuclear weapons in the face of superpower confrontation.

To conclude “prisoner's dilemma” is the problem of choosing the optimal solutions under conditions where the outcome depends on the interrelated decisions of different agents. The theoretical idea reflected in this model is that personal interest can impede the achievement of a collective goal, which each of the individuals included in the situation regards as meeting his personal interests. They are in different cells and do not have the ability to communicate with each other. Most firearms of all types are already widely available in the United States. Undoubtedly, any criminal can choose a weapon to his liking, but I do not consider this to be a strong argument for making firearms even more affordable. The more weapons are concentrated in our country, the greater the likelihood that one person will inadvertently shoot another.

References

Rogowski JC, Tucker PD. Critical Events and Attitude Change: Support for Gun Control After Mass Shootings. Political Science Research and Methods. 2018 May:1-9.

Fleming A, McLean DS, Tatalovich R. Debating Gun Control in Canada and the United States: Divergent Policy Frames and Political Cultures. World Affairs. 2018 Dec;181(4):348-71.

Merry MK. Narrative strategies in the gun policy debate: Exploring proximity and social construction. Policy Studies Journal. 2018 Nov;46(4):747-70.

Guns Rights In Texas

Name

Name of Professor

Class

Date

Guns Rights in Texas

The laws in Texas are increasing the violence in a place. The gun violence has become very common in the United States from few years. There are several incidences of the students who opened a fire at school and killed many of his class fellows and teachers (Ewing, np). However, allowing the open carry and campus carry handguns would not control such incidences. It would rather increase the violence acts when weapons are openly carried. The Texas legislature permits the people to purchase a gun and open carry rifles without permission (Costa-Roberts, np). It may give an open call for the criminals to openly conduct crimes.

Moreover, it is not necessary that having a gun can always save a person from any violent attack. The law also says that carried gun should be kept hidden. Sometimes, it would be difficult for a person to differentiate between the actual threat and an innocent person (Griffin, n.p). The more people will have an access to weapons, the more violence will happen. A person sometimes faces so much aggression about someone else and even he or she wants to kill that person. In such cases, it may cause a higher risk for gun violence on the basis of little arguments.

At the same time, allowing the weapons at educational institutes is a controversial step (Smith, n.p). Educational institutes are supposed to spread knowledge and wisdom. It compels the students to learn from their experiences that are according to the ethical values set in the society. However, carrying weapons to the school may psychologically disturb the sensitive students. Government needs to consider some other stronger policies which may control the gun violence. Instead of promoting violence, the government should increase the security at sensitive areas where there are more chances of violence. Openly carrying weapons may get the attention of gangs, who can easily snatch the those weapons from general public.

Works Cited

Costa-Roberts, Daniel. "Texas Approves Open Carry Law for Handguns." PBS News Hour. N. p., 2015. Web. 18 Mar. 2019.

Ewing, Maura."Campus Carry: The Movement to Allow Guns On College Grounds, Explained." The Trace. N. p., 2017. Web. 18 Mar. 2019.

Griffin, Dan. "The Pro Liberty Choice: Dispelling The Myths of Open Carry." Daily Caller. N. p., 2019. Web. 18 Mar. 2019.

Smith, Morgan. "Campus Carry Bill Heads to Abbott." The Texas Tribune. N. p., 2015. Web. 18 Mar. 2019.

History 1301

Jouvan Lolo

Instructor Name

Political Science

5 December 2019

History 1301

5.  How does Cox characterize the "New Man?"  Be sure to discuss:  motivations, goals, and these men differed from their fathers. 

According to Cox, The Souths New Men were markedly different from their Confederate fathers. In the Old South, men had earned their living in a plantation economy, while New Men were often self-made businessmen who helped build the towns and cities of the New South

6.  Describe how women's organizations were able to commit to monument building and fundraising?  What kind of monuments did they desire? 

During the immediate postwar period, ladies' memorial associations began women's involvement in the Lost Cause. At first, these women concerned themselves with moving the bodies of Confederate soldiers from mass to individual graves in Confederate cemeteries, where they erected monuments that they decked with flowers

7.  Describe the concept of "benevolence" as it relates to the UDC and the Progressive Era.

During the first two decades of the UDC's existence, its members focused their benevolence on impoverished Confederate men and women. Later, as the generation of the 1860s dwindled in number, the Daughters turned their attention toward educating poor young men and women of Confederate descent.

8.  Discuss and describe the UDC's views on history and how they spread their ideology.  What were their views on education?

The Daughters recognized the importance of weaving Confederate traditions into the true history of the Civil War in textbooks and public culture on the state, local, and national levels. The Daughters established five primary objectives to define their responsibility within the Confederate celebration: memorial, historical, benevolent, educational, and social. 

9.  Explain and discuss vindication and reconciliation as it relates to the UDC.  Be sure to include specific examples. 

The UDCs remained steadfast in their belief that reconciliation was possible only when the Confederate generation was exonerated. Monument building, caring for the men and women of the 1860s, campaigning for impartial history, and transmitting Confederate ideals to southern children were all part of the UDC's crusade for vindication. Pp.143

10.  According to Cox, how did the views of the UDC, and by extension, the South, change and then challenge the Civil Rights Movement? 

UDC used the language of state’s rights to justify slavery and de-jure segregation, the Citizens Councils used it to react to the advancement of black civil rights in their own time.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cox, K. L. (2003). Campbell on Cox, 'Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture (First ed.). University of Florida. Retrieved from https://vdocuments.site/dixies-daughters-the-united-daughters-of-the-confederacy-and-the-preservation.html

Homework

Homework

Homework

The article titled ‘Foreign Relations, Strategic Doctrine, And Presidential Power’ authored by David Gartner was published in the Alabama Law Review journal in 2012 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RROicqhs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gartner, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Gartner, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":17,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KXWPWQJM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KXWPWQJM"],"itemData":{"id":17,"type":"article-journal","title":"Foreign Relations, Strategic Doctrine, and Presidential Power","container-title":"Ala. L. Rev.","page":"499","volume":"63","author":[{"family":"Gartner","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gartner, 2011). This homework assignment is designed to analyze the summary, context, main argument and general response of the article which are described below.

Summary of the main argument

The author argues that Presidential powers have remained the focus of attention from the early years of America. The American political scientists for long argue that American President inherits power from the founding fathers and for this reason they remain too assertive in the exercise of their authority. However, Gartner argues that various shifts in the domestic and foreign realm, have expanded the scope of Presidential powers. This is the primary argument, Gartner has emphasized throughout the article. In the introductory paragraph, the author has pointed toward the limits of Presidential authority which has helped in making the case for his arguments. He has mentioned about the historical events, which has made it quite easy for the readers to learn history and make an understanding of how the Presidential authority has expanded throughout the times. In closing the introductory paragraph the author mentions that ‘major fulcrum of change in the foreign relations law which emerged in the twentieth century was the strategic foreign policy constructs of the President ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OenFWLRh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gartner, 2011, p. 503)","plainCitation":"(Gartner, 2011, p. 503)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":17,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KXWPWQJM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KXWPWQJM"],"itemData":{"id":17,"type":"article-journal","title":"Foreign Relations, Strategic Doctrine, and Presidential Power","container-title":"Ala. L. Rev.","page":"499","volume":"63","author":[{"family":"Gartner","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}},"locator":"503","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gartner, 2011, p. 503). Since he has made the case throughout the introductory paragraph for this statement, therefore it appears that this is the primary argument, the author wants to address in the article.

Context

The argument presented in the article is quite contemporary in nature, therefore it is significant too. There is a bunch of literature which has been written about the Presidential powers enshrined by the constitution of America, but least of them historically authenticate the reason for such enhanced powers. Therefore, the author is addressing the critics of the American constitution and Congress which believe that there must be checks and balances over the Presidential powers. Invalidating his argument, the author has referred to various historical incidences. For example, he referred to the incidences which took place in the last decades of the nineteenth century, the Spanish- American war and the some events of the early twentieth century, therefore the year of publication suggest that any such debate at this point in time remains useless. The author has substantiated his narrative by refereeing toward the Congressional initiatives which are some different positions he tried to validate his argument. By denoting toward the quote of President Jefferson that ‘Considering that Congress alone is constitutionally invested with the power of changing our condition from peace to war’, he validates his stance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3OjKw029","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gartner, 2011, p. 505)","plainCitation":"(Gartner, 2011, p. 505)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":17,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KXWPWQJM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KXWPWQJM"],"itemData":{"id":17,"type":"article-journal","title":"Foreign Relations, Strategic Doctrine, and Presidential Power","container-title":"Ala. L. Rev.","page":"499","volume":"63","author":[{"family":"Gartner","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}},"locator":"505","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gartner, 2011, p. 505). Other than this he has comparatively analyzed similar perspective throughout the article which serves his purpose of reaching toward an authentic opinion.

Evidence

Since the subject of the article is quite general in nature, and the author’s argument is too objective, therefore he has employed various evidences to authenticate his argument. The most commonly used evidence approach are the references of historical incidences for example, he has mentioned about Spanish- American War, and President Roosevelt support for that. In this context he refers to the words of President Roosevelt that ‘such a war would result at once in getting a proper navy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rl82FhgF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gartner, 2011, p. 512)","plainCitation":"(Gartner, 2011, p. 512)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":17,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KXWPWQJM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KXWPWQJM"],"itemData":{"id":17,"type":"article-journal","title":"Foreign Relations, Strategic Doctrine, and Presidential Power","container-title":"Ala. L. Rev.","page":"499","volume":"63","author":[{"family":"Gartner","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}},"locator":"512","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gartner, 2011, p. 512)’. Another approach the author has widely used is the allusion of common knowledge. For example, at many places in the article, he criticizes the common knowledge of people and restructures it by pointing toward the historical causes attached to it. For example, he criticizes the general belief that war actions carried by marines are not common rather valuable ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5biOPOwA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gartner, 2011, p. 526)","plainCitation":"(Gartner, 2011, p. 526)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":17,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KXWPWQJM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KXWPWQJM"],"itemData":{"id":17,"type":"article-journal","title":"Foreign Relations, Strategic Doctrine, and Presidential Power","container-title":"Ala. L. Rev.","page":"499","volume":"63","author":[{"family":"Gartner","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}},"locator":"526","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gartner, 2011, p. 526).

General response

I believe that Gartner’s article has refurbished some of the common beliefs, I had in my mind like many Americans. I had the knowledge about how things at the Presidential level work but I was not aware of the systematic procedures involved in such conducts. In short, the article provides knowledge about the most debated aspect of American politics by denoting toward the historical knowledge attached to this subject.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Gartner, D. (2011). Foreign Relations, Strategic Doctrine, and Presidential Power. Ala. L. Rev., 63, 499.

How Can A Democracy Government ( Freedom) Become “ Too Free”

How can a democracy government (freedom) becomes “too free”

Author Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

How Can a Democratic Government (Freedom) Becomes “Too Free”

Democracy is defined as a type of government in which people make laws and enact them accordingly. A government formed on a democratic model gives maximum power to the people. It is defined by Abraham Lincoln in these words, “democracy is a government” of the people, by the people, and for the people” ((What Is a Democracy? [Ushistory.org],” n.d.)). Freedom is linked to democracy and both the ideas share close proximity but these two terms cannot be interchanged because freedom is materialized through democracy in the society. Civil liberties, human rights, rule of law and equality are fundamental characteristics of a democratic system of government.

Democracy is of two types, direct democracy, and representative democracy. Direct democracy allows the general public to contribute directly in making decisions that concern the public. In this type, people do not need an elected representative or spokespersons to represent their concerns. However, direct democracy can only be formed in a small area where people are not in a large number, for instance, a community or a tribal population. People can discuss their issues in the form of a meeting and can resolve their concerns through discussion at a small level. For example, union members or student societies follow this conduct in their sessions and meetings. The first direct democratic system was formed in Ancient Athens, where a number of 5,000 – 6,000 people gathered in a place and made decisions through this process (“When ‘Democracy’ Becomes a Threat to Liberty – AIER,” n.d.).

In modern times, it is next to impossible that billion of people can be gathered for an assembly to make decisions. Therefore, representative democracy serves this purpose in modern societies and people cast their votes to elect their representatives. These representatives then forward the concerns and problems of the people at the state and administrative levels. This process follows a due process and immediate results cannot occur in this form of democracy. Likewise, the election process of these representatives varies from country to country. In this process, one representative is elected from every district and these representatives form a national assembly. The same process is then opted in order to form local and provincial assemblies or in some cases, members can be elected by conducting a group consensus. The representatives at both the national and provincial levels remain answerable to the public for their policies and actions.

Moreover, in a democratic government, the tax and revenue collection are greater in number as compared to the situation in a non-democratic state. In a democracy, people can openly voice their opinion so chances of disagreement are less and the situations of conflict and war do not occur. Similarly, corruption and fraudulent attempts do not take place at a greater scale in democracy because people can question their elected representatives. Every individual who elects a representative whether he is rich or poor has a right of saying yes or no. Every opinion carries the same value in democracy, be it in favor of something or against it. The only similarity between a democratic system and a socialist system is the concept of equality. Democracy ensures equal treatment in liberty whereas, in socialism, everyone's right to liberty is taken away on an equal basis. Moreover, democracies keep a check and balance on the representatives and their efforts for the greater good of the masses so that legislative power remains superior to the supreme power. The elected members cannot ignore the concerns and needs of their people because of the trust and sense of responsibility that democracy places on them (When ‘Democracy’ Becomes a Threat to Liberty – AIER, n.d.).

A country and its citizens maintain a sense of unity under a democratic rule because everyone's rights and needs are being catered equally by the state. In a direct democracy, there is no concept of a centralized government because no one can dictate the system and all units of the government have to follow an equal process, rules, and regulations. Similarly, the subunits and subsidiaries can exercise their right to vote when things do not go well. Under a democratic rule, equal opportunities are created for its citizens so they all can strive equally to fulfill their dreams and both the citizens and nation progresses.

Democracy is an ideal governmental system because it creates equality among masses devoid of their race, class and social status. It also ensures that law and legislation processes remain equal for everyone and every citizen can voice his or her opinion openly. Internal and external conflicts do not surface in this type of government because citizens and government appear on one page. There are more unity and equity under a democratic rule of law.

However, democracy has many downsides attached to it which makes it ambiguous and exploitative instead of beneficial to the masses of a country. It can be exploitative when masses are not educated enough to use the power of their votes wisely. In this case, the selected representative can misuse the authority given to him by the people. President Roosevelt once put it as that a vote is similar to a rifle because its use depends on the character of the one using it. They say that the majority is the authority and sometimes the majority can fight to seek unethical and immoral decisions such as mob killing and riots. For instance, majority rule cannot allow immigrants, exiled and displaced ones in their country. Moreover, within the country, people stop appreciating the difference of opinion and like to make groups with likeminded people. A democratic state cannot make decisions in exigency because every decision or amendment has to be first approved from micro-level till the macro-level (“When ‘Democracy’ Becomes a Threat to Liberty – AIER,” n.d.). Similarly, the legislative process and amendments in the laws take years and court proceedings extend itself to multiple years because of the slow process. It takes even more years to enact or uplift any rule at a local level under a democratic system of government. If any rule or law does not get the majority vote, it will remain unchanged because in a democracy every yes or no is taken into consideration. In such a situation, the level of uncertainty always prevails and masses cannot reach a single decision in most cases.

In a democracy, individuality is more apparent instead of a collective voice that is why people put their interests above the interests of country. Moreover, the majority silences the minority's voice and in a multicultural country, minority ethnic groups and immigrants, suffer through the unwise decisions taken by the former. The famous British political economist and philosopher, John Stuart Mill writes in his essay, On Liberty, that although democracy played an important role in many movements of liberal rights it can be as dictatorial and dangerous like any monarchy (Mills). It also poses a threat to the individual voices of a minority group and among so many languages, cultures, and religions, only the majority group gets the right of representation.

Freedom of speech is one of the advantages of democracy but if not handled carefully, free speech converts itself into compulsory speech. For instance, in America, ongoing racial issues depict that for centuries African Americans were not given the right to speak for themselves. Their freedom of speech was taken over by the White Americans and they controlled the narrative and subjective opinion of the Black minority. Similarly, abortion issues are still unresolved because some extremist groups or majority religious group does not allow women the liberty over their own bodies. They link abortion practices as going against the faith by killing a life instead they do not accept a woman's right over her own body while living in a democratic state. In such cases, democracy becomes a tool in the hands of majority groups and violent mobs (Morlino).

Moreover, although democracy generates revenue when assemblies dissolve, the new election process results in delayed deliverance of justice and also effects a country's wealth. Elections are conducted every four to five years and many times people have to elect the same representatives and in case of incompetent Member of Parliament or assembly, people of that area remain unrepresented. The state's interference in the internal matters is next to impossible in case of democracy because people enjoy their status as the policymakers. Writ of law is continuously challenged by people and sometimes states cannot safeguard the rights of minority groups due to the fear of severe backlash from the majority group. When a state tries to intervene or mediate among the masses, it is mistaken as either fascism or anarchy.

According to Greek philosopher Socrates, there is a difference between intellectual democracy and democracy as a birthright. When a vote is not combined with wisdom, empires fail, just like he predicted for the Greeks. A sovereign state cannot be formed in the presence of democracy because military, state or establishment cannot make collective decisions. In matters of national security, a layman cannot interact because he does not know about geopolitics or the upcoming threats due to tension between two countries. That is why, these matters should be handled at the state level and not through the slow process of democracy (Why Socrates Hated Democracy -The Book of Life, n.d.).

There are good or bad democracies but democracy is suitable in a homogenous country or state where people belonging from only one religion, speaking a monolingual language reside. The delayed legislative processes, compulsory speech, and majority group rules are the flaws of democracy and hinder the process of implementing a democratic rule in its truest sense. Moreover, in democracy, rules are made and enforced on the basis of the majority opinion and sometimes the majority opinion can be ethically wrong. For instance, not letting immigrants come into their countries. Democracy is great but only if it is manifested in its true sense and really provides everyone with the equal freedom of right and freedom of speech. Freedom is the birthright of every person but when it becomes too free, the citizens get to have too much freedom that they start patronizing the individual voices and cannot unite on a single issue as a nation.

References

Mill, J. S. (1998). On liberty and other essays. Oxford University Press, USA.

Morlino, L. (2004). ‘Good’and ‘bad’democracies: how to conduct research into the quality of democracy. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 20(1), 5-27.

What Is a Democracy? [Ushistory.org]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2019, from http://www.ushistory.org/gov/1c.asp

When “Democracy” Becomes a Threat to Liberty – AIER. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2019, from https://www.aier.org/article/when-democracy-becomes-a-threat-to-liberty/

Why Socrates Hated Democracy -The Book of Life. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2019, from https://www.theschooloflife.com/thebookoflife/why-socrates-hated-democracy/

How Has The Gulf Cooperation Council Created An Effective Alliance?

how has the Gulf cooperation council created an effective alliance?

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Introduction

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and reflect how Gulf Cooperation has created a stance of mutual integration, taking into account its validity and long term prospects. It addresses the efforts of countries formulating "Gulf cooperation", asserting the strengths and weaknesses that are associated with it.

Research Question

How has the Gulf cooperation council created an effective alliance?

Thesis Statement

"Gulf cooperation is a treaty that is treated as both an amalgamation of national interest as well as a covering to global security under the name of cooperation"

Overview

In the past few years, significant momentum has been observed in different regions and the World Bank Group, trying to incorporate more cooperation within relevant regions. It would not be wrong to say that this initiative stated a stance of analytical propositions to determine and demonstrate the emphasis on the assessment and explanation of ways that could support to foster trade integration. There are several other aspects that are considered as the headlines of promotion, such as migration prospectus for integration of energy, labor mobility and the development of infrastructure that could help to mitigate the non-tariff barriers. The region was also directed to make some inroads despite a number of degrees in the geographical regions. It would not be wrong to call it, integration of the Arab world into the world economy. It is asserted that a number of objectives were achieved by adopting low common tariffs by the Gulf Cooperation Council when chained with improved infrastructure. Some other goals highlighted initiatives that could reduce the nontariff barriers along with harmonizing policies and certain procedures. As trade police work in coordination with the national and regional authorities, this area acted as a potential gain for the region.

Literature Review

It is evident that any close combination or alliance of countries is based on the strong foundations of perceived identities; it refers to the assessment of the fact that isolation could be negated. These identities can behold any similarity such as economic, cultural, political and military, taking into account that a common denominator is essential if reconciliation has an explicit purpose and real substance. Before the formulation of GCC, there are six countries that have talked about the formulation of the regional grouping of any kind. In 1976, the foreign ministers of the current GCC, Iran, and Iraq met but the ministers could not agree at common positions. Significant and serious negotiations started in 1979 in Oman when rule of Kuwait contacted Gulf Arab State leaders and praised thoughts for the establishment of union among themselves. In 1981, cooperation council of Arab Gulf came into existence, taking into account that a coordinated platform of social, economic, political and financial affairs should be formulated. The Gulf Cooperation comprises of six countries, named as, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and Unites Arab Emirates. It is significant to note that these countries share certain cultural and historical ties to develop a more diversified economic stratum over time. It is interesting that the countries that were made part of GCC have a relatively high income, asserting hydrocarbon-based economies. There are several propositions and arguments that are add to determine the stance of alliance that CCG has attained.

Alliance and global security

According to Taylor, (2018), it has been highlighted that the gulf cooperation council was more than surprise for countries, taking into account that actual membership is likely a long way off the GCC proposed signals of alliance. It is inferred that GCC revolution in Iran and amid Iran Iraq War is more like a serious threat to the Gulf States from regional instabilities. It is affirmed that these countries have a status quo-oriented monarchies with regional stability as an underlying goal. The United States has served a major proportion of service as power guarantor of Gulf stability and security. It is asserted that GCC founded the peninsula shield force that is actually based in Saudi Arabia, comprising of about 40,000 soldiers in two bridges. In response to Taylor’s proposition, it is directed to analyze rapid response and a combatting external military aggression against the interval stabilization within GCC. The only significant deployment was made in 2011 intervention in Bahrain. It is inferred that GCC has enhanced coordination and harmonization over the tie, taking into account the agreement on economics and trade 2001, external tariffs and customs, common labor marker that has been adopted but other paradigms are stalled.

In accordance with Koku, (2019), the 2013 Saudi proposal inferred for the unification of political platforms that was blocked by Oman and it was reported with support of several members. In the context of alliance, it is asserted that GCC countries regard Iran as one of the major security challenges; it was a persuasion of a number of approaches that were based on varying priorities. Today, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are acting as a leading military intervention in Yemen against the Iranian supported Houthi rebels and other allies. (Koku, et, al. 2019). It is significant to note that Qatar, Turkey, and Riyadh is acting as a major sponsor of Syrian rebels that are fighting against the Assad regime, taking into account that it is one of the most significant and major assets along with Hezbollah. These entailments question either GCC adheres to alliance or global security? The formulation of Peninsula Shield Force in 1982 has incorporated the credibility of GCC will, taking into account military communication that can preserve the safety of people as well as nations. Many of the researchers have found alliance as a molded concept to Global security, taking into account that Gulf has not created an alliance but a stance of security with the help of mutual integrity and diffusion. (Taylor, et, al. 2018).

Social and Political Milieu

Baabood, (2019) inferred that GCC countries were enthusiastic participants in the coalition against the Islamic State in Iraq and Levant. GCC has pressured Iranian allies in Lebanon that convinced Arab League to designate Hezbollah a terrorist group, cutting major proportion of aid to Lebanese market and expelled some Lebanese expatriates in courtiers of the gulf. In accordance with Alqatani, (2019), it is asserted that Socio-political Milieu has played a major role in incorporating the stance of alliance. It is evident that the states of the Gulf were poverty sickened; agriculture was limited by desertification and primitive technology. Major proportions of economic activities were dependent on the coastal commerce, pearling and fishing. It is highlighted that tribal steam added fuel to the fires of disorganization. The introduction of oil wealth is treated as one of the major radical in the organized, urbanized and most important alliance stance. It is treated as one of the major elements that have boasted the economy of these states as world's highest average income per capita. It was the influence of this identity that these states asserted to appear more in global and national affairs, indicated by most geographical and population dimensions.

Ziadah (2018) highlighted that the social structure of the Gulf States is debated from the social attire of other countries in order to attain alliance. The absence of substantial indigenous working class, prevalence of nomadic and peasant population along with flourishing commercial sector affected the political dynamics of state. The integration of states has paved the way for more modernized social structure with increased literacy. (Ziadah, et, al. 2018). Gulf societies are now parallel to the unpopularity of the social structure taking into account low participation in political affair and consciousness to create unique regional situations. It is argued that it was for the first time that Saudi Arabia was overtaken as one of the largest construction markets; the contract hit a major lead to economy. It incorporates certain strengths such as a regulatory environment that could encourage government-sponsored infrastructure and private investment. Side by side there is an evident weakness taking into account that there is no vibrant private sector that could act as a client to preponderance of government. (Ziadah, et, al. 2018). The efforts of GCC to conduct collective trade negotiation are now constrained. Before this alliance, most of the member countries could engage themselves in the external trade negotiations on a unilateral basis such as Free trade Agreement. It is interesting that the pace of collective trade agreements reflects limited progress on the broader institutional arrangements. (Koku, et, al. 2019).

External factors and alliance

Many of the analysts such as, Abdulla, (2018) believe that it a historical experience that paved the way for alienation. It is highlighted that the British domination on the shores of Gulf lasted for about one hundred years, with pathetic withdrawal in 1971. Britain exercised control over four Arab Sheikhdoms such as Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, and Bahrain, dictating all scenarios of defense and political affairs, asserting interference of external characteristics in the tribal section of society was neither planned not required. (Abdulla, et, al. 2018). It is argued that Britain did not control the other two states, Oman and Saudi Arabia. There was no external power or political influence over them so it was one of the major stances of alliance of these states, where there was a dominant factor of overcoming the previous gaps. The stance of integration is a major point to note-taking that GCC are the active members of PAFTA that was established in early 1997. The signatories of PAFTA has recently launched efforts to reduce nontariff trade restrictions, asserting that nontariff barriers will remain most pervasive and a greater obstacle between both the trading groups. Side by side, all countries of GCC are the members of WTO. As all the members of GCC joint WTO at different time, there would be varying reader reform commitments from country to country, questioning consistency of alliance.

Economic factors are also treated as one of the major factors that have asserted a great impact on the stance of alliance. The formulation of industrials extorts has contributed to the rapid expansion of infrastructure that is associated with these states. It is affirmative that today, these countries have single source economies whose strengths are highly dependent on markets that are beyond immediate surroundings. (Baabood, et, al. 2019). It is a particulate case for Saudi Arabia taking into account that it reaches to six states. In 2004, the production of Saudi Arabia reached to11 million BPD. It is proudly notified that none of the six states were able to proceed with their agricultural sections on their own; in fact, a major section of food has to be imported. (Baabood, et, al. 2019). The nature and structure of economies argues that economic integration is more dependent on planned and delicate actions by the council authority rather than a functional, smooth and gradual pattern of industrialized economies.

Although GCC has achieved alliance by steps of removing restrictions on trade and the movement of factors responsible for production, there are certain issues that are unresolved. One of the major argument deals with the implementation of standard used customs of union model that are undermined by the absence of an agreed mechanism, having the potential to collect and distribute tariff revenues. Although GCC members will cooperate to undertake broader and custom inspections of other GCC members, still the subset of trade restrictions will also vary with requirements taking into account that the national transportation carriers will be used for some produces to standard bureaucratic delays in customs clearance. (Alqahtani, et, al. 2019).

Size and capabilities are also argued in the analysis of both; territorial expanse and the means of power that are unparalleled in terms of contemporary and regional grouping. States range in size from Saudi Arabia’s 2,299,000 sq.km to that of Bahrain’s 676 sq. Again, in terms of human resources, Saudi Arabia has 450,000 inhabitants and Qatar has 310,000 inhabitants as recorded in 1985. In accordance with the GNP per capita, the variation is also much critical. Oman has the population equal to UAE but the per capita of Oman is $6240 and that of UAE is $21340, asserting that it is the national income, this amalgamation of economic has played a major role in the alliance of GCC.

It is significant that there is no common procurement and policies regarding competition that could allow creation of playing field for the correction of market failures and economic competition. Still, it is argued that reintegration cannot be termed as alliance because there is no harmonization of efforts in terms of immigration and labor laws, the inclusion of public service charges and taxes in areas where cross border east cities are significant, there is a great conflict in the plantation commercial laws that could govern properties side by side aviation, finance, and transport fields are also unaddressed. (Abdulla, et, al. 2018). It is highlighted that the adaptation to broad strategies that can liberalize FDI is also a potent stance that has helped Gulf to have an alliance. It is critical to note that integrity of state has initiated broad reforms bureaucrats and national rule that is liberal and independent with certain well-established infrastructures, referring to the incorporation of diversification strategies of emirates rather than Abu Dhabi that has facilitated the flow of FDI to GCC. So, it can be asserted that the attainment of cooperation is still threatened and sweeping.

Method

In order to assess and entail the subject question, qualitative research methods is used. Different research papers and analytical reports along with political assumptions regarding Gulf Cooperation are analyzed in order to evaluate the argument that could lead to the understanding of topic.

References

Abdulla, A. M., Runco, M. A., Alsuwaidi, H. N., & Alhindal, H. S. (2018). Obstacles to Personal Creativity Among Arab Women from the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Creativity. Theories–Research-Applications, 5(1), 41-54.

Alqahtani, A. S. S., Ouyang, H., & Ali, A. (2019). The Reaction of Stock Markets in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries to Economic Policy Uncertainty in the United States. Economics and Business, 33(1), 22-34.

Baabood, A. (2019). The Future of the GCC Amid the Gulf Divide. In Divided Gulf (pp. 161-178). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore.

Council, C. (2018). 12 The Arab Gulf States. Naval Powers in the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, 207.

Koku, P. S., & Farha, A. A. (2019). Other sources of FDIs in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Gulf Cooperation Council states. Journal of Business Research.

Taylor, B., & Cooper, P. G. S. (2018). Power and Regionalism: Explaining Regional Cooperation in the Persian Gulf. In Comparative Regional Integration (pp. 125-144). Routledge.

Ziadah, R. (2018). Constructing a logistics space: Perspectives from the Gulf Cooperation Council. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 36(4), 666-682.

Humanitarian Intervention

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Humanitarian Intervention

Today, humanitarian intervention is recognized as one of the key aspects of the political scenario at the international level. The research article, “humanitarian intervention; when is force justified?” by Stephen J. Solarz and Michael E. O’ Hanlon focused the appropriate grounds for the practice of humanitarian intervention. Undoubtedly, it is crucial to figure out that when it is essential for powerful countries such as America to ensure its involvement at the global level in the form of humanitarian intervention. Correct justification of the active involvement at country level is critical to attaining better outcomes in the end. The main argument presented by researchers in this piece of research work is that when it comes to the massive loss of life at global level, then the intervention of the United States in the form of the military domain is inevitable. It is vital to assess the researchers’ argument considering the actual reality of the international world. Undoubtedly, there is a need for active cooperation of powerful countries when it comes to proper handling of the massive problems of the world. The main argument raised by authors in this article is that should it essential for the United States to ensure its forcible humanitarian involvement in case of saving human lives. It is essential to understand that this particular prospect is linked with the objective that the interests of the United States can never be at stake due to humanitarian intervention.

The argument against humanitarian intervention is explicitly mentioned by the researchers that eventually helps to understand different dimensions of this particular issue. It is illustrated that the phenomenon of military intervention ultimately questions domestic sovereignty. The particular argument is rightly presented by the researchers that forcible U.S. military intervention is one mandatory approach when there is an actual need for humanitarian involvement to save lives at a global level. This particular argument can further extend by ensuring the critical consideration of the specific situation. It is essential for the policy makers to assess the entire situation and ensure that the feature of humanitarian intervention never risks the stability of the United States. Identification of the actual form of humanitarian intervention is essential to determine the actual justification of this specific practical approach. Identification of the entire context is essential to measure all the opportunities and risk factors that involve in case of forcible humanitarian approach at the global level. When it comes to the approach of humanitarian intervention then the element of human rights can never be ignored. Powerful countries such as the United States needs to make its decision about military humanitarian considering the risk of genocide at a global level.

When there is evidence of genocide in any region of the world then the option of forcible humanitarian intervention is a vital to form of consideration. It is rightly argued by the researchers that it is essential for the decision makers to evaluate the actual requirements of the humanitarian intervention by the United States. The greatest level of violence in any region should not be the only reason for the U.S. to simple involves into forcible humanitarian intervention. The national interest of the country should not be at the risk in case of practical measures against the issue of genocide at a global level. Consideration of the country’s interest is also crucial to attaining the better forms of sustainability at the global level. Moderate involvement of the forcible humanitarian intervention is essential for the United States as the powerful country to handle the situation of genocide. Measurement of the actual cost of the attempt of humanitarian intervention is critical for the country to justify its decision about the forcible involvement in other countries to save lives.

Ideal Citizen

Ideal Citizen

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Ideal Citizen

Every government treats its citizens differently. All the states demand the rule of law and according to them, political order is a citizenship requirement. In a democratic society, the citizenship concept is also linked with liberty and equality, with meaningful political participation of its citizen such as voting in periodic election. The most ideal democratic citizenship is the city-state of ancient Greeks which is a small society.

The totalitarian states realize the utopian vision as well as develop the new political rule. The totalitarian and authoritarian states are considered as non-democratic states. These two states differ in various important aspects. Specifically, the totalitarian regimes take control of every citizen’s life as well as demands for active participation as compared to passive acquiescence on citizenry part. The process of political socialization is the one in which citizen develops beliefs, attitudes, opinion, and values related to one another as well as function under a political system. The particular influences on citizen development include religion, family, mass media, public education, peer groups, political values and law ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"w8XBhwlR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Peter, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Peter, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":349,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/UDXITR7G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/UDXITR7G"],"itemData":{"id":349,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Ideal Citizen In A Totalitarian Government Assignments | Online Homework Help","container-title":"Myhomeworkwriters","abstract":"Aristotle defined tyranny as an illegitimate form of government by one individual that tightly controlled every part of life and government. Adolf Hitler is the most notorious tyrant. Using a totalitarian society from the past or present, discuss how the state and its leader attempt to impede citizens from exercising their rights. In your discussion, explain some components of an “ideal citizen,” consequences of voter …","URL":"https://www.myhomeworkwriters.com/blog/ideal-citizen-in-a-totalitarian-government-assignments-online-homework-help/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Peter","given":"Dr"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,4]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,25]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Peter, 2019). The political socialization is based on prime importance in case a nation fails to socialize its citizens, its political stability could be in danger.

Three of the most famous past century totalitarian states are Nazi Germany, Maoist China, and Soviet Russia that appeared as they went through various distinct development stages. The first stage corresponds to the violent revolution period. While in the second stage, power is in the hand of totalitarian rulers and it also puts people in charge of party faithfulness, eliminating the opposition parties as well as the murder of imaginary and real rivalries in the same party. While the last stage is based on the entire transformation of society. In 1928, the Soviet Union launched Stalin with its initial 5 years plan. In Nazi Germany, the objective of Hitler was based on racial purification which provides the totalitarian drive rationale which is culminated in the Holocaust and WWII. While in Maoist China, the initial attempt was based on the Chinese society transformation, the forward of Great Leap, miserably failed later in the 1950s as well as followed through the 1960s Cultural Revolution that takes several life. The actual number of it can’t be verified although the roughest calculations suggest that the experiments of totalitarianism are based on the twentieth century which brings appalling hardships and deaths of people in huge numbers. The states of totalitarianism appeared in various guises as well as it has no guarantee that it won’t be emerged in the future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bw28n7Ui","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Trantidis, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Trantidis, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":357,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/B6P5BW7X"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/B6P5BW7X"],"itemData":{"id":357,"type":"article-journal","title":"Is government contestability an integral part of the definition of democracy?","container-title":"Politics","page":"67-81","volume":"37","issue":"1","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Is government contestability an integral part of the definition of democracy? The answer to this question affects the way we classify political systems in which, despite a formally open political structure, a dominant political group faces weak opposition from other political parties and civil society organizations – an indication of a low degree of government contestability. In Robert Dahl’s polyarchy, contestability is an essential dimension of democracy and, consequently, one-party dominance is classified as an ‘inclusive hegemony’ outside his conception of democracy. For procedural definitions of democracy, however, dominant party systems are legitimate outcomes of electoral competition provided that there have been no formal restrictions to the exercise of civil and political rights. The article examines the boundaries between democracy and authoritarianism, broadens the notion of authoritarian controls to include soft manipulative practices and explains why government contestability should be regarded as a constitutive property of democracy.","DOI":"10.1177/0263395715619635","ISSN":"0263-3957","journalAbbreviation":"Politics","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Trantidis","given":"Aris"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Trantidis, 2017). The totalitarianism new form is the one that ousted in Afghanistan by the Taliban regime.

The state of totalitarian peruses a few of the special goals which include conquest or industrialization by excluding all others. In this system, popular support is given to the state to take any actions in government form. The opinion differences are regarded as evil as well as there is no permission of internal differences in politics. As in this system, pursuit of objectives is regarded as the ideological foundation in the state of totalitarianism for acquiring the objectives that are never acknowledged. In the totalitarian rule, the traditional social organizations and institutions are suppressed and discouraged ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"H5Xs0dTJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Webb, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Webb, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":353,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/9SE44XVW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/9SE44XVW"],"itemData":{"id":353,"type":"chapter","title":"Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism","container-title":"21st Century Political Science: A Reference Handbook","publisher":"SAGE Publications, Inc.","publisher-place":"Thousand Oaks","page":"249-257","source":"SAGE Knowledge","event-place":"Thousand Oaks","URL":"https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/21stcenturypolisci/n30.xml","note":"DOI: 10.4135/9781412979351","author":[{"family":"Webb","given":"Edward"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,25]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Webb, 2011). This weakens the people as well as makes them submit in front of a unified and single movement. The organized violence becomes permissible as well as on some occasions, the required rule of totalitarian is also justified through the overriding state ideology commitment and gaining the state objectives. In the Soviet Union of Stalin's and Nazi Germany, the entire classes of people such as kulaks and Jews respectively were singled out for extinction and persecution. The persecuted were connected in every case with few external enemies as well as blamed that they are creating troubles for the state. The public opinions were also raised against them, as well as their fate is also in the hands of police and military which is forgivable. The uncertainty of Stalin and Hitler were interwoven in state affairs. The Weimar Republic German constitution never abrogated according to Hitler rather enabling act passed in 1933 by Reichstag has permitted the constitutional amendment which nullifies its effect. The lawmaker role is vested in the hand of one person. Similarly in 1936 Stalin has given the constitution of the Soviet Union and formed the Soviet law framework. He was also the last arbiter under Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism interpretation. Neither Stalin nor Hitler permitted changes to form predictable which in turn enhance the terror sense within people.

According to some of the analysts, the idea of Islamism is also considered as the totalitarian which is the main term developed in recent years. According to Jeffery Bale, the Islamism movement can also be stressed in the qualities of totalitarian ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Oe5faugP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Totalitarianism in the twentieth century and beyond,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Totalitarianism in the twentieth century and beyond,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":355,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/357KY8W9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/357KY8W9"],"itemData":{"id":355,"type":"webpage","title":"Totalitarianism in the twentieth century and beyond","container-title":"openDemocracy","abstract":"A key under-studied area for analysis is how contemporary extreme right movements can also be seen as totalitarian. Indeed, it is not difficult to find examples of such.","URL":"https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/totalitarianism-twentieth-century-and-beyond/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,25]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Totalitarianism in the twentieth century and beyond,” n.d.). According to some other scholars Islamism, totalitarianism is found ultimately on an ideological level.

In the past generations, the fantasies of totalitarianism could appeal to those who resist democracy and want atomized society. Such totalitarian appeal and nature visions remain crucial for understanding the new states of totalitarianism ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4CRjUfbP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Herf, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Herf, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":358,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/74F25ITI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/74F25ITI"],"itemData":{"id":358,"type":"post-weblog","title":"The Totalitarian Present","container-title":"The American Interest","abstract":"As with fascism and communism before, we’re underrating ideology and “split modernity” in confronting our enemies.","URL":"https://www.the-american-interest.com/2009/09/01/the-totalitarian-present/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Herf","given":"Jeffrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",9,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,25]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Herf, 2009). The responsibility of an ideal citizen is that they must involve in meaningful votes. They should engage in civic duties and help the community. The duties and values consist of rights, freedom, justice, and liberty they must follow these rules to help the community. Citizen has important responsibilities in developing an ideal society.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Herf, J. (2009, September 1). The Totalitarian Present. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from The American Interest website: https://www.the-american-interest.com/2009/09/01/the-totalitarian-present/

Peter, D. (2019, June 4). Ideal Citizen In A Totalitarian Government Assignments | Online Homework Help. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from Myhomeworkwriters website: https://www.myhomeworkwriters.com/blog/ideal-citizen-in-a-totalitarian-government-assignments-online-homework-help/

Totalitarianism in the twentieth century and beyond. (n.d.). Retrieved November 25, 2019, from OpenDemocracy website: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/totalitarianism-twentieth-century-and-beyond/

Trantidis, A. (2017). Is government contestability an integral part of the definition of democracy? Politics, 37(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395715619635

Webb, E. (2011). Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism. In 21st Century Political Science: A Reference Handbook (pp. 249–257). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412979351

Ideal State

Ideal State

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Ideal State

Introduction

Nazi Germany is the common English name in Germany from 1933 to 1945 during the regime of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler. They controlled the country by a dictatorship under the rule of Hitler. Germany became the totalitarian state in which almost all the aspects were monitored by the government. Hitler appointed as the Germany chancellor by the Weimar Republic President. Then it eliminated all the political opposition and combined their powers. Hitler became the Germany dictator through merging all the powers of the Presidency and Chancellery. He also held the national referendum on 19 August 1934, which confirmed Hitler as the sole Germany leader. All the powers were centralized to Hitler, while his words were regarded as the highest law. The government did not remain cooperative but became the collection of power in favor of Hitler ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hUHsmQQ6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":675,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ENYF2PKM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ENYF2PKM"],"itemData":{"id":675,"type":"webpage","title":"The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004","URL":"https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ylr113&div=57&id=&page=","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004,” n.d.). Though Nazi restored the economic stability as well as end the mass unemployment through the mixed economy and heavy military spending. The fundamental of this regime was racism, particularly anti-Semitism. This includes discrimination against the Romani people and Jews, which started after the power seizure. In this era, Jews and the other undesirable people were killed, exiled, and imprisoned. The Churches that opposed the rule of Hitler were oppressed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3pdEDTNJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}U.S.-Style Leadership for English Local Government? On JSTOR,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“U.S.-Style Leadership for English Local Government? On JSTOR,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":679,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/XXPYTUFT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/XXPYTUFT"],"itemData":{"id":679,"type":"webpage","title":"U.S.-Style Leadership for English Local Government? on JSTOR","URL":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3542496","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“U.S.-Style Leadership for English Local Government? On JSTOR,” n.d.). He also curtailed the career and educational opportunities for women. This dictator government also controlled the expressions of the artist and only promoted a particular art form. Since the dictator regime of Hitler completely influenced public opinion and also have a dominant relationship with neighboring countries, which was the reason for WWII. But after WWII, Germany completely transformed into the democracy model from the murderous dictatorship. I am a newly appointed president, and it is my responsibility to develop a comprehensive plan for the new government ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"z0b1KxRT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Designing Government: From Instruments to Governance on JSTOR,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Designing Government: From Instruments to Governance on JSTOR,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":681,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/K3WAHYRG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/K3WAHYRG"],"itemData":{"id":681,"type":"webpage","title":"Designing Government: From Instruments to Governance on JSTOR","URL":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.cttq938d","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Designing Government: From Instruments to Governance on JSTOR,” n.d.). In the current circumstances, there are both internal and external challenges which will be handled through the development of the proper governing system, domestic programs for public betterment, proper economic structure as well as creating national unity through political socialization. As the country is facing war like situation from two decades, the political, military, and economic structure is non-existent.

Domestic Concerns

As the dictator regime is overthrown and now the responsibility of the newly elected government is to develop a better image of the country through submitting the parliamentary inquiry. Now, Germany became the Federal Republic, one president, and one chancellor came in power with 25 newly elected cabinet members ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"M38Mlqum","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Olson, 1993)","plainCitation":"(Olson, 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":685,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/SFSB7ILC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/SFSB7ILC"],"itemData":{"id":685,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Under anarchy, uncoordinated competitive theft by “roving bandits” destroys the incentive to invest and produce, leaving little for either the population or the bandits. Both can be better off if a bandit sets himself up as a dictator—a “stationary bandit” who monopolizes and rationalizes theft in the form of taxes. A secure autocrat has an encompassing interest in his domain that leads him to provide a peaceful order and other public goods that increase productivity. Whenever an autocrat expects a brief tenure, it pays him to confiscate those assets whose tax yield over his tenure is less than their total value. This incentive plus the inherent uncertainty of succession in dictatorships imply that autocracies will rarely have good economic performance for more than a generation. The conditions necessary for a lasting democracy are the same necessary for the security of property and contract rights that generates economic growth.","container-title":"American Political Science Review","DOI":"10.2307/2938736","ISSN":"1537-5943, 0003-0554","issue":"3","language":"en","page":"567-576","source":"Cambridge Core","title":"Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development","volume":"87","author":[{"family":"Olson","given":"Mancur"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Olson, 1993). But the chancellor is the member of the dictator regime party, and it is reported that he is the member of that party throughout the dictator era. As government system is completely scattered and people have a different opinion in this situation. It is required to provide equal opportunity to every citizen so that there would be no discrimination. The government support effective participation of people in adopting and rejecting the policy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5gUoWR3E","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":683,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/DMZVCECR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/DMZVCECR"],"itemData":{"id":683,"type":"webpage","title":"Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR","URL":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992200","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR,” n.d.). All the votes regarding policy must be counted equally because this government is providing equal fundamental rights to every citizen. For ending the wave of discrimination, the public has allowed debating on social and economic issues. Through this, people can understand the difference between authoritarian and democratic society. In the current scenario, limited power is given to the government, and they are not all-powerful. In this state, a proper system of checks and balances must be implemented. Civic responsibility and power are exercised through all citizens as the main principle of democracy is the rule of people. So, my governing principles are patriotism, rule of law, leadership, and control of power, political tolerance, and transparency. As the government has threats both internally and externally, so, I would implement information transparency locally and internationally to combat terrorism.

The government also offer domestic programs for the public good which include education facility for public and government will act as a secular state in which every citizen have the right to perform their religious obligations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"M38Mlqum","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Olson, 1993)","plainCitation":"(Olson, 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":685,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/SFSB7ILC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/SFSB7ILC"],"itemData":{"id":685,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Under anarchy, uncoordinated competitive theft by “roving bandits” destroys the incentive to invest and produce, leaving little for either the population or the bandits. Both can be better off if a bandit sets himself up as a dictator—a “stationary bandit” who monopolizes and rationalizes theft in the form of taxes. A secure autocrat has an encompassing interest in his domain that leads him to provide a peaceful order and other public goods that increase productivity. Whenever an autocrat expects a brief tenure, it pays him to confiscate those assets whose tax yield over his tenure is less than their total value. This incentive plus the inherent uncertainty of succession in dictatorships imply that autocracies will rarely have good economic performance for more than a generation. The conditions necessary for a lasting democracy are the same necessary for the security of property and contract rights that generates economic growth.","container-title":"American Political Science Review","DOI":"10.2307/2938736","ISSN":"1537-5943, 0003-0554","issue":"3","language":"en","page":"567-576","source":"Cambridge Core","title":"Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development","volume":"87","author":[{"family":"Olson","given":"Mancur"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Olson, 1993). The objective of the government is to provide quality education to all its citizens without gender biases. The government aims to target public provisions related to their welfare and education.

For the economic stability of the country, it is necessary to develop the economic structure by implementing the policies of economic adjustment. The government can use these policies for the reconciliation of macroeconomic objectives nationally concerning the pressure of the international market. My government emphasizes more on the exports, policies of exchange rates, fiscal and monetary policies. A system of mixed economies is developed by a government that is regarded as stable though productive economies. Income inequality and economic stability cannot be associated with negative ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"M38Mlqum","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Olson, 1993)","plainCitation":"(Olson, 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":685,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/SFSB7ILC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/SFSB7ILC"],"itemData":{"id":685,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Under anarchy, uncoordinated competitive theft by “roving bandits” destroys the incentive to invest and produce, leaving little for either the population or the bandits. Both can be better off if a bandit sets himself up as a dictator—a “stationary bandit” who monopolizes and rationalizes theft in the form of taxes. A secure autocrat has an encompassing interest in his domain that leads him to provide a peaceful order and other public goods that increase productivity. Whenever an autocrat expects a brief tenure, it pays him to confiscate those assets whose tax yield over his tenure is less than their total value. This incentive plus the inherent uncertainty of succession in dictatorships imply that autocracies will rarely have good economic performance for more than a generation. The conditions necessary for a lasting democracy are the same necessary for the security of property and contract rights that generates economic growth.","container-title":"American Political Science Review","DOI":"10.2307/2938736","ISSN":"1537-5943, 0003-0554","issue":"3","language":"en","page":"567-576","source":"Cambridge Core","title":"Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development","volume":"87","author":[{"family":"Olson","given":"Mancur"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ly (Olson, 1993) as it is widely observed that economic stability produces more chances of income disparity. Though the status quo hurts some people so, I would develop an economic structure that is linked with both capitalism and communism.

As humans are social creatures and they can be easily influenced by society, so, the government is developing programs in which citizens associate themselves to a particular group. Also, the government is lessening the transport barriers within the country so that goods and services can be moved throughout the territory, which will create familial connections within the society. As the public have similar terms and issues so, political socialization will create unity among the nation.

Currently, the economy of Germany is going through another stage of the financial crisis as the country is facing security issues related to economics. Through the process of globalization, these issues can be managed. It is evident globally that state economic security provides independence, success, and sustainability ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hUHsmQQ6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":675,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ENYF2PKM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ENYF2PKM"],"itemData":{"id":675,"type":"webpage","title":"The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004","URL":"https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ylr113&div=57&id=&page=","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004,” n.d.). There are several international programs of the United Nations that help in boosting the economy and lessen the threats of security, which in turn affects the economy. The security council of the United Nations helps this country to fight with both internal and external terrorism while the organization of Economic Corporation helps a country in economic stability.

The security council of the United Nations' objective is to maintain peace globally. They can make changes in the charter of the United Nations. They can also impose peacemaking operations, military actions, and international sanctions.

The OECD is regarded as the monitoring group or thinks tank. The major goal of this organization is fighting poverty, cooperation, and economic development ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5gUoWR3E","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":683,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/DMZVCECR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/DMZVCECR"],"itemData":{"id":683,"type":"webpage","title":"Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR","URL":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992200","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR,” n.d.). Over the years this organization is dealing with the issues related to raising the living standards as well as contributing in the economic stability and world trade expansion ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hUHsmQQ6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":675,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ENYF2PKM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ENYF2PKM"],"itemData":{"id":675,"type":"webpage","title":"The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004","URL":"https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ylr113&div=57&id=&page=","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004,” n.d.).

As this country has unstable conditions so, the threat of terrorism at both domestic as well as with the neighboring countries is at its peak ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5gUoWR3E","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":683,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/DMZVCECR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/DMZVCECR"],"itemData":{"id":683,"type":"webpage","title":"Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR","URL":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992200","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR,” n.d.). The government is required to identify terrorists, and for the prevention of their attacks, it is required to utilize all the available instruments and legal authorities. The reason people turn to terrorism is because of religious, political, and ideological convictions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"M38Mlqum","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Olson, 1993)","plainCitation":"(Olson, 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":685,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/SFSB7ILC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/SFSB7ILC"],"itemData":{"id":685,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Under anarchy, uncoordinated competitive theft by “roving bandits” destroys the incentive to invest and produce, leaving little for either the population or the bandits. Both can be better off if a bandit sets himself up as a dictator—a “stationary bandit” who monopolizes and rationalizes theft in the form of taxes. A secure autocrat has an encompassing interest in his domain that leads him to provide a peaceful order and other public goods that increase productivity. Whenever an autocrat expects a brief tenure, it pays him to confiscate those assets whose tax yield over his tenure is less than their total value. This incentive plus the inherent uncertainty of succession in dictatorships imply that autocracies will rarely have good economic performance for more than a generation. The conditions necessary for a lasting democracy are the same necessary for the security of property and contract rights that generates economic growth.","container-title":"American Political Science Review","DOI":"10.2307/2938736","ISSN":"1537-5943, 0003-0554","issue":"3","language":"en","page":"567-576","source":"Cambridge Core","title":"Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development","volume":"87","author":[{"family":"Olson","given":"Mancur"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Olson, 1993). In which some are criminals, while others become terrorists due to economic deprivation and perceived oppression. The government is required to develop a foreign policy that addresses people's concerns and stops them from their activities as terrorism has no justification. It is the responsibility of the president to develop legal authority to deal with the catastrophic situation of terrorism.

In conclusion, the righteous and best practices lead to harmonious unity in society and happiness must be perused in the cities but not at the expense of others as the political society is described best when its people refer it as 'mine.' So, this government will ensure fairness and justice without discrimination.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Designing Government: From Instruments to Governance on JSTOR. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2019, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.cttq938d

Olson, M. (1993). Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development. American Political Science Review, 87(3), 567–576. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938736

Political Adjustment or Domestic Pressure: Democratic Politics and Political Choice in Africa on JSTOR. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2019, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992200

The Paradox of Parliamentary Supremacy: Delegation, Democracy, and Dictatorship in Germany and France, 1920s-1950s 113 Yale Law Journal 2003-2004. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2019, from https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ylr113&div=57&id=&page=

U.S.-Style Leadership for English Local Government? On JSTOR. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2019, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3542496

Identify Compare And Contrast

Identify, Compare and Contrast

Student’s Name:

University Affiliations:

Professor’s Name:

Course Title:

Identify, Compare and Contrast

The National Security Interests involve the preservation of the United States' political identity, institutions, and framework. The interests are driven towards fostering the economy and supporting the paramount concerns of the United States and that of its acquaintances. In this paper, a comparison is carried out on the potential challenges, opportunities, and threats towards

Identification and Comparison of Potential Threats, Opportunities, and Challenges

According to the 2017 National Security Strategy, the whole world is always focused on America’s strategy towards prosperity and growth in its venture. Therefore, there is a great need for making sure that security is maintained. The country’s administration is in charge of laying out strategic visions that protect the American Citizens, prioritizes their interests and prosperity. The 2019 EUCOM Posture Statement claims that transformations performed on the European security environment have offered the United States great responsibility in ensuring that its residents are continually protected from threats or any adversities that may bring harm into their lives.

The 2017 National Security Strategy states that engaging with the universe is an excellent platform for America to grow; however, the openness imposes vast adversaries that affect the national security of the United States.1 For instance, North Korea plots to kill Americans with nuclear weapons. As a sovereign state, this is a potential threat to the citizens since such an attack can compromise its security. Jihadist terrorist groups such as ISIS are also quite determined to cause violence in the United States and spread their hateful ideology amongst Americans. The challenges posed by such individuals target to destroy the American strength and to exploit the country’s intellectual property. EUCOM identifies states such as Russia, Ukraine, Iraq, and Syria as threats to the United States and other countries. These states use intimidation, special operations, and nuclear forces to try to make sure that the United States and its allies are unstable.2

Illegal immigration overburdens the United States' economy since it presents public safety issues, hurts American workers and enriches criminals as well as smugglers. These unlawful immigrants pose a significant security threat to American residents since their interests do not match. The United States’ administration has not managed to create a perfect defense against the vast threats that are faced by its citizens.1 Due to this, America has collaborated with its partners and allies to ensure that risks are minimized. Primary transnational threats include; terror groups and criminal organizations created transnationally. The rivalries faced by the United States are not viewed as temporary problems since they are intertwined. This poses them as long-term challenges that require the government's commitment and attention.

According to the 2017 National Security Strategy, the United States has vast technological, military, political, and economic opportunities.1 In the event of disasters, the United States' government has the ability to respond quickly to make sure that the American People are not adversely affected by attacks or by promiscuous hazards. At the American borders, the government has managed to bolster efforts that can detect biological, chemical, nuclear, and radiological agents that may cause harm to Americans. Allies stepping in to support United States missions is of great importance since curbing insecurity requires unity two or more forces from different regions.2 Countries such as the UK, Canada, and Germany have helped in solving security threats faced by the United States. The 2019 EUCOM Posture Statement states that the building of intelligence capacity helps in the creation of a steady-state through the acquisition of contingency plans that are eligible to counter threats.

Sources

House, White. "National Security Strategy of the United States of America, December 2017." (2017).

Overhaus, Marco. "A matter of credibility: conventional and nuclear security commitments of the United States in Europe." (2019): 34.

Immigration Policy And Enforcement

Student Name

Instructor Name

Political Science

24 October 2019

US immigration policies and its effects

These couple of months have been very important in making Trump’s intentions known with regards to the immigration laws that he is trying to impose. He passed a series of laws that aimed at restricting general immigration unlike his predecessors. From making green cards difficult to obtain for poor immigrants to abolishing birth-right citizenship for anyone born in the US, he is trying to restrict people from US citizenship for “making America great again” CITATION Pam19 \l 3081 (Pam Fessler). These attempts have not gone unnoticed by the senators of several states and the judiciary, as usually common with his immigration policies. Nineteen states, as well as the capital D.C. have challenged the rule which enables the state authorities to detain refugee children separate from their families for a twenty-day period, which was thankfully abolished. But the damage is done. The “champion of human rights” is already facing tremendous opposition at home. His concept of “immigrant invasion has already given a lot of momentum for the democrats regarding the 2020 US General Elections CITATION LiZ19 \l 3081 (Zhou). For a nation built on the sweat of immigrants, it is very disturbing to know that the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services are going to shut its international division. Instead of improving the current US economic situation, as was the given punch line, these draconian laws have had an opposite effect. The Department of Homeland Security had to spend more money in order to tighten border security CITATION Off19 \l 3081 (Department of Homeland Security). These funds, diverted from the Emergency Management Agency have dampened the efforts against the white nationalist organizations, whose rise has been admitted publicly by the Kevin McAleenan, the acting Secretary of Homeland Security. Every US president leaves a different legacy while his term in this office. But when his policies start damaging the government’s ability to follow smart and public friendly policies, or even fail to give relief to the general populace, a wise and responsible leader should think little about his individual choices and more about his own nation’s overall security. America comes first, not the pride of a businessman-president who has zero prior political experience.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY 21 August 2019. Department of Homeland Security. <https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/19_0318_MGMT_FY-2020-Budget-In-Brief.pdf>.

Pam Fessler, Joel Rose. Trump Administration Rule Would Penalize Immigrants For Needing Benefits. US: NPR.ORG, 2019.

Zhou, Li. Coverage of 2020 elections. Vox, 2019.

Important International Current Event

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Why is Venezuela in crisis with the United States?

After the death of Hugo Chavez’s Death, the stability of Venezuela got worsened, taking into account that the relations with the United States remained tumultuous. There are certain factors that paved the way for the analysis of current situation of Venezuela in terms of relationship with America. It is important to note that the America and Venezuela relations are actually a continuation of the policy of Barak Obama, taking into account the financial embargo and the call for the military coup that is highly disdainful for the norms of a civilized nation and international law. Under Obama's presidency, the government of the United States continued funding of the political parties in Venezuela and it lobbed regional government. It is significant to note that Trump’s sanction that was built on the nation of Obama section regime considered Venezuela is a major threat to “national security”. (Fuentes, et, al. 2019).

During the time when Obama initiated the stance of normalizing relationship with Cuba, it highlights the targeting of assets of different officials and individuals that are associated with the Maduro government. In accordance with the United States government, adhering to the notion of Obama, Venezuela was continuously funded and censured in multilateral organizations such as the Organization of the American States. It is significant to note that “Regime change" is the underlying stance in Venezuela, asserting that it has formulated more overt, dangerous and aggressive direction under the rule of Donald Trump. (Osorio, et, al. 2019). Although there is no apparent criticism of the government of the United States effort to topple the government of Venezuelan government, still there are a large proportion of legislatures who are in opposition to the embargo against Cuba. It is significant to note that “small number of progressive Democrats” have opposed the sanctions that are made against Venezuela. (Fuentes, et, al. 2019). A large number of media and political establishments believe that Trump own policy agenda for Venezuela.

It would not be wrong to say that, "Economy" is the underlying stance of this conflict. An exegetical analysis of the national security and the present time analysis of the Venezuelan revolution is exposed as a barebone attitude toward the politics of Chavez. The economist perspective asserts that in Venezuela, "it is all about social assistance” and the socialist part is “entirely discursive”. (Osorio, et, al. 2019). The reductionist and fatalist attitude towards historical events and the past negotiations reflects brutal reality, asserting that the political actors are themselves allowing political activities to follow the path of least resistance, taking into account that it is treated as one of the major factors of economic determinism. (Galbraith, et, al. 2018, pp. 103-106). It would not be wrong to say that Venezuelan president seems to be the last person who has the potential to accept economic fatalists. Venezuela's social Misiones are assumed to continue even if the prize of global oil will drop to zero. (Galbraith, et, al. 2018, pp. 103-106)

In accordance with the current situation, different propositions are made, addressing economic war against Venezuela and its government. It is assumed and thus affirmed, the economic struggle must refer to a struggle that would allow any of the participants to win or lose, but the connotation of war reflects both tactics and strategy. In accordance with the Manduro’s discourse, it is highlighted that there is a coincidence with the profound economist theory i.e, Marxism. (Osorio, et, al. 2019). It refers to the economic war of the bourgeoisie against the proletariat, asserting that there is the same kind of war between Venezuela and the United States. In accordance with researchers, it is highlighted that the implication of Trump’s unilateral and illegal financial embargo has the potential to cut Venezuela off the most famous financial markets. (Osorio, et, al. 2019). Firstly, it will lead to a sheer scarcity of the objects. (Osorio, et, al. 2019). These objects refer to essential goods for life such as medicine and food. The other presupposition highlights that it can make the recovery of economy near to impossible, taking into account that the government cannot reconstruct or borrow important transactions. It is important to note that the Secretary of State, Mike Pompeo has highlighted that the United States is ready to provide amount more than $20 million in the humanitarian assistance to the people who are living in Venezuela. Side by side, it also asserted that the regime of former president Nicolas Maduro is illegitimate.

It is highlighted that his regime is morally bankrupt as well as it is incompetent.” (Fuentes, et, al. 2019). These economic disparities are then highlighted by the presidential crisis. In accordance with a recent television interview, it has been highlighted that there has been an impending line of “economic war" for the last four years. Maduro blamed that the average rate of inflation is 3% per day in 2018. He expressed that the sanctions that have been placed by 2017 are actually exacerbated by the economic disparities portraying Maduro out of power. (Fuentes, et, al. 2019).

It would not be wrong to say that there are two underlying factors that pave the way for critical situation of Venezuela in the United States taking into account that “economic war” is one of the major factors, affecting the life of Venezuelans on all the levels of life. By 2017, the rate of hunger has been escalated with a ratio of three to four times. In 2019, 1/10 of Venezuelan needs financial assistance along with humanitarian support. Sid by side, it is the “political drift” leading to the intervention of US on the borders of Venezuela that is threatening lives of people. The incorporation of anti-community groups and presidential conflict are also one of the factors that is the cause of crisis in Venezuela.

Two-Level Game

A well-known approach towards the analysis of international relations is the implication of the two-level game. This game is actually played by both national government and international organization taking into account that these departments negotiate with one another. The stance of negotiation asserts managing and cooperating with internal constraints on the actions that are posing organizational governance and domestic politics. Two level game is a heed to both, appraisal and rising of simultaneous negotiations that are practiced within personal transnational networks along with certain official duties in terms of the host organization. (Doocy, et, al. 2019, pp. 63-68). It would not be wrong to say that the domains of two level game aim at improving the outcome of other, taking into account that an informal understanding facilitates the formal agreement while the actions that are taken within the realms of organization that were cemented were assumed to be practiced in an informal manner. The stance of US-Venezuela is a clear depiction of two-level games. (Doocy, et, al. 2019, pp. 63-68).

Two level game and US-Venezuela Relationship

It is evident that the United States and Venezuela are two powers that came into a bridge of connection adhering to mutual benefits. A perspective of Structuralists highlight that the behavior of both the parties located on the sound platform of constraints and external inducements. There is a continuous and underlying stance of “Domestic factors” that kept and still keeping both the parties enact, taking into account that economics is treated as a major factor of building up the relationship and presidency shift is treated as a stance of negation of all the agreements. (Fuentes, et, al. 2019). The negotiation between Venezuela and United States is adhering to both intranational i.e domestic level that deals with economic factors and the presidential negotiation, side by side international level, taking into account the implication of national security and the notion of keeping security enact. It would not be wrong to say that the essence of the relationship between Venezuela and United States is a clear depiction of “Two level game”, taking into account that all the levels of social, economic, and political perspective are shared in the form of game. On the same baseline, it can be said that the "Two level game" theory has not explained the notion of future perspectives, stressing that all the approaches are well defined to address future goals. The political theory does not share and intimate idea that is associated with the shift of powers and perspectives between the two political bodies. (Osorio, et, al. 2019).

Role of Political Science

Political science is a subject that laments theories and practices that could highlight the practical implication and verbal utterance of laws and regulation. It would not be wrong to say that political science is a framework that is not only framing “code of laws” but it also deciphers the idea of interest. (Fuentes, et, al. 2019). This subject along with its various theories highlights notions and ideas that are associated with different paradigms of the world in terms of political affairs. It would not be wrong to say that political science is a major field with a number of subfields that could highlight other fields of life such as international finance trade, communication, development, and foreign investment. It would not be wrong to say that political science is a dimension that incorporates an exegetical analysis of political affairs, taking into account that it is a code of both social and economic platform. (Fuentes, et, al. 2019).

Work Cited

Doocy, S., Ververs, M. T., Spiegel, P., & Beyrer, C. (2019). The food security and nutrition crisis in Venezuela. Social Science & Medicine, 226, 63-68.

Fuentes, F. (2019). Venezuela: Despite crisis, Chavez's legacy endures. Green Left Weekly, (1214), 16.

Galbraith, J. (2018). The United States imposes broad economic sanctions on Venezuela after the constitutional crisis. American Journal of International Law, 112(1), 103-106.

Osorio, D. (2019). Memo-The Normalization of Venezuela and the use of Patient Capital Bonds (PCB). Available at SSRN.

International Relations

International Relations

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the institution]

[Date]

International Relations

International Relations Definitions

Realism

Realism comprises of relevant theories of the field of international relations that focuses on the role of the state, its national interest and the military power it has in the politics of the world (Baylis et al., 2017). Realism is the prominent concept to study in international relations since World War II.

Anarchy

Anarchy refers to the idea that talks about the state of supreme power or authority. It highlights the state scenario where there is no hierarchy and no enforcement law to stop or resolve the disputes in the system of international politics.

Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the form of complete authority or power of a governing entity over itself with no interference from the outside forces that may show the involvement. In political science, a state should have complete control over its matters, i.e. should have sovereignty.

Hegemony

Hegemony is a term used in international relations that talks about the potential of an actor who can construct the global system by coercive as well as non-coercive means.

Deterrence

Deterrence is an international relations theory that gained numerous popularity in international politics due to its depiction of military strategy about the use of nuclear weapons during the cold war. The idea behind the theory is to discourage the opponent from taking an action which is not started yet or to stop him from doing anything that another country wishes.

Zero sum game

Zero sum game is the international political act of dealing with interests. This strategy may involve two or more international players. In Zero Sum Games, the concept is that one country will benefit at the expense of loss of another country in any war.

Classical Realism vs. Neorealism

There are specific differences in both classical and neo-realism. The main difference is that, in classical realism, high politics is involved in the aspects of security, war, and peace whereas neorealism is more extended to all areas of interaction (Bell, 2017). Classical realism is related to the dimensions of international conflict and neo-realists are focused on the anarchic global system. The similarity in both categories of realism is that they both are nation centered sand power focused.

Example of a recent international event with a power display of states

The current tension between the two nuclear power states Pakistan and India raised serious capability issues in foreign affairs. After the attack on the Indian state, the country blames its neighbor for intruding and supporting the non-state actors without providing evidence. India crosses the international border which resulted in rising conflict. However, after the interception of world powers, both countries went back and agreed to resolve the issue through dialogue.

Current international examples of Zero sum game and non-zero sum game

India and China economic struggle are one of the significant examples of zero-sum conflict as both countries compete to achieve the desired edge in the region. As in this case, India can’t win the battle as long as China is competing wisely and vice versa.

Similarly, China and Pakistan’s mega project of CPEC is the significant example in the context of non-zero sum game because in this situation, no doubt China has more gains than Pakistan but Pakistan is also not in loss.

International Relations Basic terms definitions

Interdependence

Interdependence is the tactic used in international relations which says that if the countries become dependent on each other, then this will eliminate their chance of having conflict (Jackson et al., 2019).

Neoliberalism

In international matters, a theory named by neoliberalism says that all the countries should focus on achieving absolute gains and not the relative benefits concerning other countries. This theory is a response to the approach of neorealism that promotes the idea that states should not interact with each other in terms of cooperation.

Constructivism

It is a claim that the essential aspects of international relations both in terms of history and society are constructed over time rather than unavoidable concerns of human nature or other dynamics of international politics.

Difference feminism

Difference feminism is a broader concept that focuses on the works of scholars in highlighting the gender concerns in the domain of international politics.

Liberal Feminism

Liberal feminism is more focused on women's ability to exercise their legal, civil and gender rights by taking specific actions and choices to maintain their equality. It promotes women rights in law, politics, and society and internationally by treating them equal to men.

Liberal institutionalism in countries

There many more examples like US-Canadian international relations in terms of liberal institutionalism that includes Yemen-Saudia Arabia ties, India and U.S.A ties in terms of defense, Malaysia-China relations, New Zealand-Australia ties, etc. Realism is a nation focused where the examples provided above are more related to liberalism as there is cooperation existing in these countries.

 International Relations in the context of female leaders

If most heads of states were women, then there must be some differences in ruling the nation and participating in international relations. Women are considered as a gender that is against violence and war and hence looking at this perspective; it can be said that the world would face less war pressure as compared to the present situation. Women might have protected their workers from international competition and might impose restrictions on free trade if matters with some country went wrong. Theresa Mary’s recent actions related to Brexit is the strong evidence of how the world would be like if females were to lead in international politics.

References

Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. (Eds.). (2017). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press.

Bell, D. (2017). Political realism and international relations. Philosophy Compass, 12(2), e12403.

Jackson, R., Sørensen, G., & Møller, J. (2019). Introduction to international relations: theories and approaches. Oxford University Press, USA.

Intro Public Administration

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Intro Public Administration

Summary

This article is about the whistler in relation to the fraud case which was settled down by giving approximately $270 million as a settlement fee. A whistler allegation was made against the Healthcare Partners Holdings LLC that it showed fake health insurance plans to the government in order to receive more money the account of taxpayers. They boosted the payments received from the federal government by overstating and overestimating the number of sick patients with them. This practice was ethically and legally very wrong and deserved a notice from the government in the form of heavy fine inserted on them. The money belonged to taxpayers which were given to them to treat the sick patients. This case also involved the illegal conduct with the patients as their health conditions were manipulated in the reports and they were not improved after the review. The personal data and reports of the patients were also shared to save the companies involved in the fraud case which led to the impeachment of BHT strict policies. It is considered highly unethical and violates the codes of honor in all aspects. The company also submitted the diagnostic codes which were not supported in any case but it was done to allow the health plans of aged patients to receive more payment from the government. The violation of the provision of diagnostic codes, charges of which were supposed to be paid by the government was done making the practice significantly unethical and breaking the code of honor. Practices like these should be stopped through whistleblowing as they are not only unethical but also damages the society and administration of many powerful institutions. Whistleblowing, in this case, should be appreciated and maintain to reveal the organizations that are involved in stealing the public money through wrong means.

Works Cited

"Feds Settle Huge Whistleblower Suit Over Medicare Advantage Fraud | Healthleaders Media." Healthleadersmedia.com. N. p., 2018. Web. 21 Feb. 2019.

Introduction To Political Theory Questions

Political Theory Questions

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Political Theory Questions

Question 1

The key implication that can be seen with regards to the way balance has to be achieve between freedom and security is that what is going to be the respective cost of each of the thing. The idea that is presented by Hobbes is that for freedom to prevail, the idea is to make sure that the people who constitute in the society must be feeling secure about themselves. Even in the case of the global political circumstances, the important thing that has to be taken care off these days is to make sure that the global security considerations are taken care off. The reason that security is such an important aspect is due to the fact that if people are not secure, there is going to be lot uncertainty about the way they are going to operate.

Question 2

The thought process that is being presented by Hobbes with regards to the monarchism are quite hard to be applicable in the world and society. The problem with any monarchy and such a system is that absolute power is in the hand of a person. When someone has absolute power, the history has showed that regardless of how competent they were, the decision making was far from ideal on their part. The current democratic system has its fair share of flaws in the sense that at times, due mass popularity and the populist agenda might allow them to be elected, but the fact remains that democracy still has its fair share of benefits.

Question 3

There are many underlying benefits of government and law these days. The first thing that these authorities tend to do is that the respect for the contract and the property is one of the core functions that they tend to perform. The other thing that is very important in terms of the way they operate is that how they look after the financial systems and the monetary systems. These systems are controlled by the government and without these functions, it cannot be made sure that the current democratic system might be that how the proper succession of the system, a central system that tends to take care of all the armed forces.

Question 4

With the passage of time, there has been considerable changes in the Hubber’s idea of the nature of the man. The key fact that has to be kept in mind nature of the man is inherently neutral. People are absolutely capable of empathy and goodness pretty much like how they have the capacity for chaos. They have completely ability within themselves to disrupt the social order. When that happens, the likelihood increases that the incitement of the violence is always going to be there. Thus the broader idea must be to make sure that the mitigation strategies are adopted. The nature of the men has changed and it is imperative to ensure that the nature of the men is to incite violence and thus controls are needed to be developed.

Question 5

The perspective that is being presented here by Hobbes is that how the peace can only be kept with the help of power. The power dynamics plays an important role when it comes to the propagation of the peace. The at the broader label is to make sure that when people are in constant state of fear, and there is alertness on their part, only then they are going to be able to attain peace. Even though on surface that logic might look flawed, the direction towards which the world is directed goes to show that there is semblance of truth in this assumption.

References

Ashcraft, R. (1978). Ideology and class in Hobbes' political theory. Political Theory, 6(1), 27-62.

Macpherson, C. B., & Cunningham, F. (1962). The political theory of possessive individualism: Hobbes to Locke (p. 331145263). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Skinner, Q. (1972). Conquest and consent: Thomas Hobbes and the engagement controversy. In The Interregnum (pp. 79-98). Palgrave, London.

Invading Colombia Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Political Science]

[Date]

Invading Colombia

Introduction

A critical examination of the book “Invading Colombia: Spanish accounts of the Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada expedition of conquest” is necessary to evaluate various events that are explained by the author. Michael Francis, professor of history at the University of South Florida, tried to present a military expedition. It is important to mention that the military expedition was led by Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada in a region that today known as modern Colombia. Context and events that are presented in the book occurred in the 15th and 16th century. The author explicitly demonstrated various events during the period of the 16th century to refresh the history of the Spanish conquest of Colombia. Specific information regarding various Andean conquest and three Capitulaciones is presented in this book. Evaluation of various events illustrate the hardships and living condition of Jimenez’s men. The author illustrated that the long expenditure proved to be fatal for the soldiers of Jimenez due to hunger and illness. Chronological presentation of events in the books along with specific information helps to understand the actuality Jimenez’s expenditure.

Summarizing Content of the Book

It is essential to examine the content of this book in order to provide a critical review of various events presented in the book. A critical examination of the book demonstrated that Jimenez’s men tried to make some alliances throughout their expenditure. It is effectively illustrated by the author that Jimenez’s men made an alliance with some of the Muisca leaders. Spanish invaders wanted to prevail in their expenditure to Colombia, so they began to form some alliances with the richest and powerful leaders of Muisca leader (Francis 15). It is important to consider the fact that the majority of the people in Colombia began to show significant resistance to these Spanish invaders. The Panches vigorously resisted the expenditure of Spaniards; however, the assistance of Muisca leaders helped to defeat the Panches (Francis 16). It is important to consider the fact that the entire expenditure has mixed results for the Spaniards. On one side, the Spaniards had to lose their people due to illness and hunger. While, on the other hand, they managed to make this expenditure a profitable conquest. On August 1538, the Spaniards captured the chief of Tunja and demanded a huge amount (140,000 gold and 280 emeralds) for ransom. Regardless of capturing a major portion of Colombia, the Spaniards had to face some fierce tribes during their expenditure (Francis 69). A critical examination of this book reveals that most tribes in Colombia refused to accept the idea of imperialism. For tribes of Colombians, this expenditure of the Spaniards was a step towards imperialism, so they refused to surrender or submit to the authority of newcomers. The expenditure of the Spaniards in Muisca territory was remarkable in the first thirteen months as only six Spaniards died during that period (Francis 84).

Regardless of a remarkable expenditure in the region of Colombia, it is examined that the myth regarding technological advantage is not completely justifiable. It is important to consider the fact that Spanish expenditure and conquest had nothing to do with technological advantage due to limited supply of steel armor and handguns. The author illustrated that the Spaniards managed to outsmart the Aztecs and other tribes through their tactics and military strategy. The authors also presented with idea that Spaniards did not make a successful expenditure and conquest on their own. They managed to pursue many tribes and indigenous individuals to outnumber Colombians (Francis 106). Overall, this expenditure of the Spaniards proved to be effective and successful as they managed to conquer the major portion of Colombia. Unique military tactics of Jimenez’s men helped them to defeat and loot various regions of Colombia. Furthermore, the negotiation skills of Jimenez’s men along with their terror compel many indigenous to join them in their expenditure. The Spaniards were heavily outnumbered as compared to the forces and men of various tribes in the region. The author demonstrated that these people managed to make an alliance with Muisca leader to prevail in their objective. After making a significant impact through their expenditure, the armies of De Quesada began their major exploration. During 1538s, De Belalcazar and Federmann reached the newly founded capital, where they meet with De Quesadas (Francis 16). The joint expenditure from three sides reached to the heart of Colombia (Francis 110). After meeting in Bosa, three leaders came to a joint agreement that they should travel back to Spain in order to take reward from the Spanish Crown regarding this expenditure.

Critical Analysis

A critical analysis of the book “Invading Colombia: Spanish accounts of the Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada expedition of conquest” is essential to provide a better understanding about various events that happened throughout the Spanish expenditure in Colombia. Coherency and originality are the main aspects of this book that demonstrate the effective contribution of Francis. The contributions of Francis in this book effectively discuss some specific events of Spanish American history. Elaboration and explanation of Francis regarding men power and tactics of Spanish invaders provide valuable information about their successful expenditure. The author managed to briefly present different expenditures of Spanish invaders in various parts of Colombia, including the conquest of the interior of Colombia. The author explicitly describes various events of Spanish American history in the context of imperialism. The author elaborates different aspects of this expenditure to illustrate the surrender of the interior of Colombia to Spaniards. Critical evaluation of this book reveals that the author explicitly determined living conditions for the Spaniards. Evidence regarding malnutrition and diseases helped to provide a better understanding regarding living conditions during this cruel expenditure. Evidences from various sources are explicitly provided by the author, which provided an opportunity for the reader to draw his/her own conclusion regarding this entire expenditure. This book is a valuable source of information to understand Spanish expenditure in Colombia. It is valuable for both students and others as the impeccable description of events uncovers the early period of Spanish expansion.

Works Cited

Francis, J M. Invading Colombia: Spanish Accounts of the Gonzalo Jiménez De Quesada Expedition of Conquest. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007. Print.

Is The IMF Biased Against Developing Countries?

Student’s Name

Instructor’s Name

Course Code

Date

Is the IMF Biased against Developing Countries?

There are divergence opinions regarding the role being played by the IMF in developing countries. Some people believe that the IMF does not support developing countries and mostly champion the interest of banks and creditors.

Findings

The analysis of the articles established that people have a different opinion and some people believe the IMF does not support developing countries. It is stated that the IMF has strict conditions which do not serve the interest of developing countries. Many programs started by the IMF have failed because they do not focus on the social, economic empowerment of the people. However, it is also established that the IMF programs meant to set developing countries to build their fiscal policies. The IMF is called whenever a country in trouble and it has helped some countries. Venezuela and other countries have called on the IMF, but some countries failed to meet conditions set by the IMF before it provides assistant. Moreover, defenders of the IMF believed that critics are unfair to the body and on many occasions, it has helped developing countries to strengthen their economic policies and spearhead economic growth.

Personal comment

The IMF has done wonderful work in helping developing countries to strengthen fiscal policies. People who critics the IMF are leaders who have failed to established structures and fiscal policies as adviced by the IMF. It is also likely that corrupt leaders who are only after the IMF funds but fail to implement better financial regulations. The IMF programs are not fictitious, as claimed by critics. Therefore, it would be advisable for the IMF to continue working in advising governments to reform financial management system for developing countries.

Japanese Internment Paper

The Japanese American Internment

Name of Student:

Institutional Affiliation:

Date of submission:

Internment is unconstitutional, but according to what has been happening since Trump's immigration ban according to his executive order can be an indication that a similar case can occur. The President can use his executive order to do the same and justify it as a way to maintain internal security. In another incident of the United States spy plane, a local radio urged the listeners to boycott all the restaurants that belonged to the Chinese and suggested that all the Chinese citizens be sent home. Albeit the images show that America is apologetic to the Japanese who lost their lives and families. According to my own opinion, two incidents discussed are clear evidence that there’s a likelihood of the internment happening again.

The art contains a meaningful message to the American citizens, but the most exciting part where the memorial shows that it is apologizing for what happened. The image shows that it is the responsibility of each citizen to uphold the rights of every individual at all times. The art only shows the historical part of what happened but also added the consequences that followed after the internment period. According to the literature the president George W Bush ordered that they should be repaid for the violation of the rights, they received payment in redress.

The civil rights mentioned in the art are freedom of speech, freedom of expression, right to assembly, the right to own property and right to religions. The Japanese faced discrimination against their race. The art contains the executive arm of the government where the artist has mentioned severally about the executive orders that made; the executive order 9066 that was supposed to review the rights of the Japanese in America, the civil liberties act 1988. Another arm mentioned is the judiciary, where the artist has indicated that the reason why the Japanese received the payment in redress is that it was unconstitutional for them to face the internment.

Legislative Proposal Topic Worksheet

Legislative Proposal Topic Worksheet

[Name]

[Institute]

Author Note

Legislative Proposal Topic Worksheet

Question 1

What topic would you like to address in your proposal?

The topic this proposal seeks to address revolves around the need for “Gun Control” in the country.

Question 2

Define the goal of your proposal

The goal of this proposal is to improve gun laws and create a process in which future gun owners have to meet certain criteria in order to successfully and legally own a firearm. This is done in hopes of lowering mass shootings and the spread of guns in our society.

Identify a clear result that your proposal aims to achieve?

When making a purchase of an item, such as firearms, it is crucial that a thorough background check on an individual is performed, which is more well-rounded as compared to mere criminal background check. The fact that people can make purchase of a firearm and walk out of the store with their new purchase within the hour mark is obscene ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KlWEW2UV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Squires, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Squires, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":959,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/AYAMUWAK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/AYAMUWAK"],"itemData":{"id":959,"type":"book","title":"Gun Culture Or Gun Control?: Firearms and Violence: Safety and Society","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-134-69703-1","author":[{"family":"Squires","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Squires, 2012). This proposal aims to increase the waiting period for firearm possession and look deeply into implementing a step by step process that every individual must pass in order to obtain a firearm such as:

Arduous background checks with 90 days waiting period (longer if necessary)

Medical history and psychological evaluation of individuals applying for firearms.

Mandatory firearm safety classes regarding the use of firearms.

More police patrols to prevent future mass shootouts.

Question 3

Does your proposal fall within State Jurisdiction? Under which authority is jurisdiction established?

A number of acts discusses federal laws in various capacities. Most of these laws are established under the jurisdiction of the federal law and includes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gjPswEtb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gettings & McNiff, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Gettings & McNiff, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":957,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/4G5QER3M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/4G5QER3M"],"itemData":{"id":957,"type":"webpage","title":"Federal Gun Control Legislation - Timeline","URL":"https://www.infoplease.com/milestones-federal-gun-control-legislation#1968","author":[{"family":"Gettings","given":"John"},{"family":"McNiff","given":"Catherine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gettings & McNiff, 2019):

National Firearms Act 1934 (NFA): Mandates registration of Title II weapons such as Machine guns, shotguns, and heavy weapons.

Federal Firearms Act of 1938 (FFA): It requires gun manufactures to hold a license under the FFL and prohibits sales of firearms to convicted felons.

Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968: Prohibits the interstate purchase of handguns. Additionally, it imposes a 21-year age limit on the buying and selling of handguns.

Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA): The guns control act focuses on the interstate trade of firearms by ensuring that the trade takes place between licensed dealers, importers and manufacturers.

Undetectable Firearms Act 1988: The manufacture, sale, importation, delivery, shipment, possession, or trade of firearms containing 3.7 oz of metal content without a legal license is a criminal offense in the eyes of the law.

Gun-Free School Zones Act 1990: This law prohibits unauthorized individuals from possessing firearms in a school zone, especially is the individual is aware of possessing one.

Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act 1993: This law mandates a background check for those that purchase a firearm. However, this law is subject to the seller and the establishment the purchase is being made from.

Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act 2004: This law grants law enforcement officials to carry a concealed firearm within the country. This law is applicable in all states, although the local laws on the matter vary considerably.

Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act 2005: Protects firearms dealers and manufacturers from being held liable for negligence when their products have been used in a crime.

Question 4

What legislation already exists about this topic?

At present, the USA has some of the most-lax laws guns laws than any other developed country in the world. With respect to the law, a number of barriers are in place that prevent individuals making the purchase of a gun within the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ILwFSvil","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Melzer, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Melzer, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":960,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/N5YJ6TLX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/N5YJ6TLX"],"itemData":{"id":960,"type":"book","title":"Gun crusaders: The NRA's culture war","publisher":"NYU Press","ISBN":"0-8147-6450-9","author":[{"family":"Melzer","given":"Scott"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Melzer, 2012). However, the presence of a number of loopholes in the current laws makes it possible for individuals to easily purchase firearms within the country without much of a hassle. People under the age of 18, for shotguns and rifles, and under the age of 21 for other guns, convicted felons, fugitives, mentally ill individuals, those charged with domestic violence, people that use controlled substances unlawfully, and those that have been indicted for their crimes for a period of 12 months or more are all barred from making the purchase of a firearm by the federal law. Add in the fact that those that do make the purchase of a firearm are subjected to rigorous background check ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WqUaATlL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Morrall, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Morrall, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":961,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/U2XMLWLR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/U2XMLWLR"],"itemData":{"id":961,"type":"article-journal","title":"The science of gun policy: a critical synthesis of research evidence on the effects of gun policies in the United States","container-title":"Rand health quarterly","volume":"8","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Morrall","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Morrall, 2018). However, exists in this regard. If an individual is making a purchase of fire arm through a private seller, i.e. a family member or a friend, the background check is not carried out. This loophole is being exceedingly exploited over the internet, which makes proper gun control harder than it actually is. Furthermore, those buyers that are subjected to a background check aren’t capable of doing what is needed since the system us severely under-resourced, understaffed, and underfunded.

However, with regard to the laws of the state of Colorado, the sheriff’s department can permit residents to carry a concealed firearm in the entire state, except for Denver County. Furthermore, anyone above 18 years of age can carry a firearm, and also make a purchase within a specified area under the jurisdiction of the government.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Gettings, J., & McNiff, C. (2019). Federal Gun Control Legislation—Timeline. Retrieved September 12, 2019, from https://www.infoplease.com/milestones-federal-gun-control-legislation#1968

Melzer, S. (2012). Gun crusaders: The NRA’s culture war. NYU Press.

Morrall, A. (2018). The science of gun policy: A critical synthesis of research evidence on the effects of gun policies in the United States. Rand Health Quarterly, 8(1).

Squires, P. (2012). Gun Culture Or Gun Control?: Firearms and Violence: Safety and Society. Routledge.

Legislative Proposal Topic Worksheet

Political Science

Martin Gutierrez

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Legislative Proposal Topic Worksheet

What issue are you addressing?

Ans. I am addressing the issue of need for “Gun Control” in the country.

Why is this issue important and timely?

Ans. The issue is important and timely because of the crimes and deaths in the country. In the US, around 16,459 murders were committed in 2016. Of these, around 11,961 or 73% were firearms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bmbREehP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Gun Control \\uc0\\u8211{} Just Facts,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Gun Control – Just Facts,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Nub7h61Y/Tfsm3u0J","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/DF58T837"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/DF58T837"],"itemData":{"id":273,"type":"webpage","title":"Gun Control – Just Facts","abstract":"Comprehensive and meticulously documented facts about gun control. Learn about ownership rates, crime, background checks, accidents, politics, and more.","URL":"https://www.justfacts.com/guncontrol.asp","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Gun Control – Just Facts,” n.d.).

Is legislative action the best means of addressing the matter?

Ans. Yes, legislative action is the best means of addressing the matter because the law allows the resolution of conflicts and disputes between conflicting citizens. With regard to the law, there are a number of obstacles that prevent individuals from the purchase of a weapon within the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"S7xJZqUn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4\\uc0\\u8212{}First-proposal-.pdf}, n.d.-a)","plainCitation":"(c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4—First-proposal-.pdf, n.d.-a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Nub7h61Y/kWxuXCV4","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/XHE87YCQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/XHE87YCQ"],"itemData":{"id":275,"type":"article","title":"c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4---first-proposal-.pdf","URL":"https://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4---first-proposal-.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4—First-proposal-.pdf, n.d.-a).

If legislative action is in order, what is the purpose or intent of your proposal?

Ans. The purpose of my proposal is to highlight the consequences of gun use and the importance of gun control. If legislative action is in order than purpose of my proposal is to highlight efforts and measures that legislative bodies are taking to prevent the use of guns in country. This proposal intends to improve gun laws and create a process in which future gun owners meet certain criteria in order to successfully and legally own a firearm.

How is your proposal informed by comparable actions taken on this or similar issue? (What other solutions have been proposed in other states/locales?)

Ans. This proposal aims to extend the waiting period for firearms ownership and to intensively engage in the implementation of a step by step process that each individual must pass to obtain a firearm ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"giHUv2Fo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4\\uc0\\u8212{}First-proposal-.pdf}, n.d.-a)","plainCitation":"(c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4—First-proposal-.pdf, n.d.-a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Nub7h61Y/kWxuXCV4","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/XHE87YCQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/XHE87YCQ"],"itemData":{"id":275,"type":"article","title":"c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4---first-proposal-.pdf","URL":"https://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4---first-proposal-.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4—First-proposal-.pdf, n.d.-a). Similarly, the legislation says that the purchase of a weapon is subject to a strict background check. However, with respect to the laws of the State of Colorado, the sheriff division may allow residents to carry a hidden firearm throughout the state except for Denver County ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lgAVv5z1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4\\uc0\\u8212{}First-proposal-.pdf}, n.d.-b)","plainCitation":"(c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4—First-proposal-.pdf, n.d.-b)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":280,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/5KUF9S4C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/5KUF9S4C"],"itemData":{"id":280,"type":"article","title":"c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4---first-proposal-.pdf","URL":"https://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4---first-proposal-.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4—First-proposal-.pdf, n.d.-b). Individuals under the age of 18 can carry a firearm and make a purchase within a specified period of time area under the jurisdiction of the government. In some rural districts in states like Illinois and Texas, local leaders have taken action aimed at resisting arms restrictions rather than exacerbating them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0B8W35A6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Davey & Hassan, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Davey & Hassan, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Nub7h61Y/LSw4zM70","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/BKXENQX3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/BKXENQX3"],"itemData":{"id":276,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"When Cities Try to Limit Guns, State Laws Bar the Way","container-title":"The New York Times","section":"U.S.","source":"NYTimes.com","abstract":"“Our officers need help, they need help with gun control,” Philadelphia’s mayor said after six police officers were wounded by gunfire. But in most states, the issue is not up to urban leaders.","URL":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/15/us/philadelphia-shooting-gun-control.html","ISSN":"0362-4331","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Davey","given":"Monica"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Adeel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,15]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Davey & Hassan, 2019).

Are there potential negative "spill-over effects" or "unintended consequences that can be identified and addressed now?

Ans. No, there are no negative potential spill-over effects or unintended consequences of the proposed solution. If law enforcers deeply investigate the family background of the purchaser, they will come to know whether to allow the particular person to buy a gun or not.

Does your proposal take into account the realities of the legislative arena? (house/senate makeup, the political willingness of reps, other legislation on agenda)

Ans. Yes, the proposal takes into account the realities of the legislative arena. The proposal mentions what measures the legislation is taking in a particular issue.

Specifically, what types of "policy tools" will your proposal rely upon to influence and alter behavior toward desired ends? rewards and sanctions, taxes, fines)

Ans. The proposal will rely on policy tools to influence and alter behavior toward desired ends such as,

Cumbersome background checks with 90 days waiting time (possibly longer)

Anamnesis and psychological assessment of persons applying for firearms

Mandatory firearms safety ratings for the use of firearms

More police patrols to prevent future mass shootings.

Such measures should be taken in order to get the desired end.

Reference

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4—First-proposal-.pdf. (n.d.-a). Retrieved from https://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4---first-proposal-.pdf

c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4—First-proposal-.pdf. (n.d.-b). Retrieved from https://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/c7o7j2sao9kv6c3d5mfi4vjss4---first-proposal-.pdf

Davey, M., & Hassan, A. (2019, August 15). When Cities Try to Limit Guns, State Laws Bar the Way. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/15/us/philadelphia-shooting-gun-control.html

Gun Control – Just Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved November 4, 2019, from https://www.justfacts.com/guncontrol.asp