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The People's Republic Of China's (PRC) Foreign Policy In Southeast Asia Has Major Consequences To The Various Actors In The Region.Analyse The Response Of The United States Of America, To The Role The PRC Wants To Play In The Area.
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China’s Foreign Policy in Southeast Asia and the United States response
China and the United States are undoubtedly the two competitors of the present world order. Their interests are more divergent than converging. Despite sharing billions of dollar of business worth, they have been strategically competing with each other in different regions in the world. The region of Southeast Asia remains one of them.
Construct of China’s foreign policy in Southeast Asia: China has strong influences over its neighbours in East Asia. The primary reason remains their cultural and social resemblance. In its neighbour in East Asia, China shares tributary relation with almost all countries. The Buddhist religion and the Confucius ideology remains another major primary factor for China’s push in South East Asia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qxQDUHVa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mills 2011)","plainCitation":"(Mills 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":23,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/8H52W4YZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/8H52W4YZ"],"itemData":{"id":23,"type":"report","title":"The alignment of small states: Singapore and Vietnam","publisher":"NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"The alignment of small states","author":[{"family":"Mills","given":"Roman C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mills 2011). There exist human ties also between the East Asian region and the Chinese republic. The Chinese population living mainly in Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia is a major source of remittances from these countries into China. The interesting factor in this domain remains the Chinese influence over the industrial and economic infrastructure of these countries, this is how these Chinese remains crucial for the economic fabric of these countries too.
The Southeast Asian region was not of the primary concern in the Chinese foreign policy up till the 1990s. During the years in the 1970s to 1990s, China was more concern about its relations with the United States and Russia, up till the latter’s disintegration in 1991. After the 1989’s back drawl of sanctions from China, the Chinese economic transformation went to new heights. That is how it laid the basis of new relations with the World’s major capitals and its neighbours in South East Asia. These Asian economies also enjoyed spectacular growth in their relations with China. Just to note that, just in the ten years of 1993 and 2003 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VLkgfRJH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mills 2011)","plainCitation":"(Mills 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":23,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/8H52W4YZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/8H52W4YZ"],"itemData":{"id":23,"type":"report","title":"The alignment of small states: Singapore and Vietnam","publisher":"NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"The alignment of small states","author":[{"family":"Mills","given":"Roman C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mills 2011), China’s and Taiwan’s trade went to five times higher, it quintupled. Also, its trade with South Korea and Indonesia rose to seven times up as compared to the decade before, and with Malaysia, it went to eleven times up. At present, every country of East Asia is running a trade surplus with China and that is how these countries see Chinese economic boost crucial for their economic progress. These advancements in China’s economic and security relations with the East Asian countries have raised concerns among Americans. Some opines that China has put forwarded “Monroe Doctrine” towards Asia, to diminish U.S. influence.
United States response: For the United States, it’s relations with China has now different structural aspects. Gone the times when the United States was not much concern about China’s engagements with its neighbours and other countries. Unites States analysts and politicians now openly speaks that this is the time of strategic competition, not strategic engagement. Strategic competition is more a kind of operational than being declaratory ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"F88dOF0Y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Connelly 2017)","plainCitation":"(Connelly 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":24,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/VQVHTSHJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/VQVHTSHJ"],"itemData":{"id":24,"type":"article-journal","title":"Southeast Asian perspectives on US–China competition","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Connelly","given":"Aaron L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Connelly 2017). Many international relations experts believe that just the ‘economic factor’ is responsible for this such up emergence of strategic competitions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KwjsTtxG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Connelly 2017)","plainCitation":"(Connelly 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":24,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/VQVHTSHJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/VQVHTSHJ"],"itemData":{"id":24,"type":"article-journal","title":"Southeast Asian perspectives on US–China competition","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Connelly","given":"Aaron L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Connelly 2017). Therefore, at present, there is a whole new systematic shift in U.S. relations towards China. In the administration of President Donald Trump, despite the disagreements over major issues, the Democrats and the Republicans both seem to be largely on the same page, when it comes to U.S relations with China. China is a trade threat for the United States (the example of which is the recent trade war). But it has reduced massively the industrial jobs for Americans. This creates a well-purposed American thought about China’s intentions. More recently the cyber warfare attacks over the United States has also added a new dimension. Also, the much rapid modernization of Chinese capacity in artificial intelligence along with its military dimension by various forms such as robotic warfare. These apprehensions are on top of classical American plans which are also in consideration of Chinese naval expansion. The United States is also more apprehended about China’s land reclamation in Asian waters. It also considers the Chinses expansion plans as the militarization of these waters. United States is also a sceptic of the increased level of Chinese and Russian military partnerships and the risen level of Chinese and Russian military exercises ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8r6xLgqr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(NGUYEN 2015)","plainCitation":"(NGUYEN 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":25,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/9G7BWPEM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/9G7BWPEM"],"itemData":{"id":25,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sino-American interactions in Southeast Asia 1991-2015: Implications for Vietnam","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Sino-American interactions in Southeast Asia 1991-2015","author":[{"family":"NGUYEN","given":"THI HAI YEN"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (NGUYEN 2015). America and its Western allies are now projecting this military duo of China and the Russian Federation a pressing threat to the democratic norms and sovereignty of America and Europe.
In the United States, now just not the political or bureaucratic actors see China as a major influencer in the global politics, but the American military is also massively entrenched with the unfolding of the new strategic makeover. They all agree that China presents a new threat to the United States which has every dimension, the political, economic, military and in the race to conquer the space also. They are also now on board with the American business class, who are done with creating maximum space for Chinese products, they believe that doing more with China now threatens the American’s business interests. They are not ready to create a profit space for Chinese products and business. An interesting dimension to this is also that American think tanks and academics also opine that the Chinese thinking will never ever transform to a kind of liberal approach. They think that China has a peculiar kind of mindset of international politics, which is obsolete. According to them, they are done with the efforts of taking and mainstreaming China in a way that it becomes normalized for everyone. For all such reasons there exists in America, a kind of political and military psyche which shows that America finds itself as betrayed from China ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vBzmxRld","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(NGUYEN 2015)","plainCitation":"(NGUYEN 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":25,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/9G7BWPEM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pCT5fGyt/items/9G7BWPEM"],"itemData":{"id":25,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sino-American interactions in Southeast Asia 1991-2015: Implications for Vietnam","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Sino-American interactions in Southeast Asia 1991-2015","author":[{"family":"NGUYEN","given":"THI HAI YEN"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (NGUYEN 2015). They believe that the U.S has created every time a space for China, whether it be in the political front or on the military front. They think that China, instead of adjusting itself with the democratic norms of democracy has betrayed the United States, in sense of projecting themselves like in a more traditional and atavistic way. And all above this American think that China is aggregated now both in the sense of military and economy, therefore the United States must consider China as the most important threat.
In conclusion, thereof one can opine that considering China’s role in South East Asia and its global relaxing of muscles, the United States needs to more precisely define its interests in the South East Asian region and must also change to adopting a more proactive role in this region. In the absence of the clear U.S stance on interests in South East Asian region, it will create more chances for China to take economic leverage that will turn into its military might thereafter.
Bibliography
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Connelly, Aaron L. 2017. “Southeast Asian Perspectives on US–China Competition.”
Mills, Roman C. 2011. The Alignment of Small States: Singapore and Vietnam. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS.
NGUYEN, THI HAI YEN. 2015. “Sino-American Interactions in Southeast Asia 1991-2015: Implications for Vietnam.”
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