Writer Can Decide

Michael Kim

Professor

Course

20 February 2019

Title: Korean Christianity

Summary

There are certain inconsistencies in the way Syngman Rhee, the first Korean president, and his policies have been evaluated by historians. Some regard him as a power-hungry dictator who used his confrontation with communism to amass and retain power, while others regard him as a patriot and an activist for freedom. It often stems from the fact that his policies eventually seemed different than the ideals and dreams he always espoused.

Rhee’s anti-communist stance stemmed from fears that China and the Soviet Union wanted to establish a puppet communist regime in North Korea, with a vision to develop a socialist bulwark. Rhee can be credited to have prevented South Korea's Bolshevization and forged a concrete alliance with the U.S. Rhee was an ardent believer in a market economy and liberal democracy since his youth; therefore it is not accurate to accuse him of making South Korea a U.S. colony after Japan. Moreover, he cannot be termed as an ultra-rightist fascist because, in spite of being an ardent anti-communist, he desired to adopt liberal democracy as a basis for government, and prevent class warfare which could potentially stem from a communist revolution. Furthermore, he saw Christianity to not just be a true religion but as a means for making western democracy and freedom possible, as it forms the right mindset for it, and prefers a non-violent approach. He managed to unite popular sentiment through his one-nation ideology and equalitarian policy, and improved social integration yet could not see to the establishment of a state grounded on Christian values that came as a result of the increased politicization of Christian groups. However, a key aspect of Rhee’s politics, in which he saw considerable success, was to build an anti-communist stance to prevent what he saw as class warfare in the name of revolution.

In the novel, the Martyrs, the relationship between truth and politics is addressed that answers the question of whether deception, done in sincerity, contributes to political community building. The question is important because Korean history is rife with manipulation and mass propaganda in which people are told what they want to believe rather than the truth. In the story, Colonel Chang and Mr. Shin lied about their condition one for his state, and the other for his religion. However, sometimes this sincere deception, when accepted by the masses, can lead to a collective self-deception; however, it can still create and retain national adhesion and unity.

In politics, this deception is used through stereotyping, mass propaganda, and public manipulation, yet, requires even the most totalitarian governments to maintain certain aspects of reality in it to stay in power or vindicate their cause. This can be seen from Mr. Shin and Chang's example in the novel, who sacrificed themselves to uphold religious truth and political community.

Critical Reflection

In my opinion, the two readings in spite of being written by different authors on different time periods collude with each other to help us understand the motives of Syngman Rhee and his politics of anti-communism. The readings have allowed me to observe that while the world saw Rhee’s strong stance against communism to be driven by a quest for political power, there was more at play. He had strong leanings towards liberal democracy and a market economy since his youth, and he was highly concerned about preventing class warfare, something communist revolutionaries had typically employed to destabilize other countries and expand power.

Therefore, if he engaged in propaganda and public deception, it was out of a sincere will to maintain social integrity in the Korean Republic and was in line with his vision of the Puk Jin Tongil. I believe that the myths that were manufactured aimed to help unify the Korean public and serve its interests, through creating grounds for a U.S. invasion of communist North Korea, whom he portrayed as an evil and irrational regime. Although, the policy may have also led to greater conflict between the two states. However, I do not believe that Rhee, despite having dictatorial tendencies, was a fascist who only wished to consolidate power. I see him more as a charismatic yet fallible leader who had to deviate from some of his own ideals to maintain independence, national cohesion and social integration for the betterment of the Korean people.

In this regard, he may have had to manufacture certain convenient myths, such as the anti-communist Puk-Jin Tongil vision, in order to create a unique identity for South Koreans, and create for them an enemy in the form of communism. However, as the example of Shin and Chang from The Martyrs shows, that myths also require adaptation to reality and have to be pragmatic; otherwise, they can lose adherence and effectiveness. In this regard, the anti-communist propaganda and myths in South Korea sought to counter the pro-communist North Korean propaganda in order to draw defecting social groups to their sides, and eventually reunite.

The novel, The Martyrs, gives a good account, in my view, of why sometimes engaging in such deceptive tactics can become a necessity in politics. At times, when propaganda warfare is reaching its peak among the two rivals, exploiting the execution of the Christian priests was important for the South. Chang wanted to use the execution for propaganda purposes but feared that two survivors in the execution might have defected to the communists, which would harm the morale of Korean Christians, whose spirit he needed, in his battle against Communism. The story of the death of Chang and Shin reveal to us that sometimes it is wise not to disclose the ugly truth to the masses if it can lead to adverse political and social impacts upon a nation. In my view, this strongly relates to the policies that Rhee developed to further his anti-communist agenda.

Writer Choice

Land Survey

Name of Writer

Affiliations

Four Basic Principles of Land Surveying

Four basic principles of Land surveying are

working from whole to part

Giving importance to scientific honesty

Check on measurements

Accuracy and precision

However, a fifth some sources also claim the fifth point i.e. the economy of accuracy and its influence on the choice of equipment.

Working from whole to part

It is a basic principle to start from a whole part and then move on to the details. In this principle, we first fixed the positions of overall boundaries and then move towards adding the details to those fixed and controlled parts. As it is easy to then confine those details within already controlled boundaries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5TEO3cjN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Whyte & Paul, 1997)","plainCitation":"(Whyte & Paul, 1997)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"4QSexyhb/LW9976gm","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jpfyfVgo/items/Y9A69C5N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jpfyfVgo/items/Y9A69C5N"],"itemData":{"id":83,"type":"book","title":"Basic surveying","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"0-7506-1771-3","author":[{"family":"Whyte","given":"Walter S."},{"family":"Paul","given":"R. E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Whyte & Paul, 1997). Even if some errors arise it will be in between those boundaries and any change needed will be confined to it only.

Giving Importance to Scientific Honesty

All the notes regarding the dimensions given should be taken with honestly as it has to be assessed later in calculations. All the dimensions should be practically carried out at the field of survey, and should not be cooked or altered in the office later on.

Check on Measurements

All the measurements in a survey should be taken with concentration. It has to be taken in such a way that before even the completion of survey the error becomes obvious. A check should be maintained on all the calculations that are being done. Unit conversions and use of the same unit system should be endorsed.

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy and precision should be maintained as a structure built on an inaccurately built or taken measurements will, later on, cause difficulties for the survival of people and the structure itself. A small deviation from the standard mean is though acceptable and is considered accurate. Similarly, the selection of instruments used will have a greater effect on the accuracy and cost of the project. If the accuracy of 1/500 is required then using an instrument with an accuracy of 1/100 will be of no use.

Surveying Equipment

Some of the different types of surveying equipment used in the survey are Vernier Theodolite, Prismatic compass and Abney Level, etc.

Vernier Theodolite

Theodolite is one of the main instruments used in surveying. It is usually used for the measurement of extending survey lines, horizontal and vertical angles, location of lines on a point and to find the difference in the level of two points. It mainly consists of a level head, an eyepiece, a plate level, a telescope, a vertical axis, etc. most commonly used theodolites are Vernier theodolites but micrometer theodolites are also being used.

Prismatic Compass

This is a type of compass which is used when the required accuracy is not very high. It is usually used for surveys of areas where accuracy or time is not a requirement of highest level e.g. surveys of rough roads. It mainly consists of a mirror, graduated disc, reflecting prism, eye vane, etc. Although this is a hand instrument its results can be amplified by using it on a tripod.

Abney Level

Abney levels are used to measure angles, grades, and altitudes using trigonometry. It consists of a tube and a movable bubble connected to it through a pointing arm ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IS2fe3Eq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Using an Abney Level to measure relative Heights.pdf}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Using an Abney Level to measure relative Heights.pdf, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"4QSexyhb/N3yE3yZc","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jpfyfVgo/items/9UJVRKPB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jpfyfVgo/items/9UJVRKPB"],"itemData":{"id":84,"type":"article","title":"Using an Abney Level to measure relative Heights.pdf","URL":"http://www.hills-database.co.uk/Using%20an%20Abney%20Level%20to%20measure%20relative%20Heights.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Using an Abney Level to measure relative Heights.pdf, n.d.). Its accuracy is very good and it is also very easy to use. For better accuracy of the Abney level, it is best to use it with another person of the same height.

Geodetic surveys

Geodetic surveys are of large scale, surveys that involve land on a nationwide level. These types of surveys can be used for the measurement or mapping of an entire continent. It can also be used for advanced studies like finding a magnetic field of the earth, changes on earth surfaces, etc. It is of very high accuracy, and require complex calculations. These surveys are mostly used for large areas. As these surveys are carried out a large scale, so the curvature of earth surface should be accounted for while calculations. A line joining any two points is hence considered as an arc while the triangle is considered spherical in this form of survey methods. It is good for providing control points, and then small surveys work inside those control points.

Plane Surveys

While plane surveys are usually considered for smaller areas, where earth surface is considered plane and curvature are not taken into account. Survey accuracy is comparatively low. Normal surveying instruments like theodolite and prismatic compasses are being used. Two points that join to form a line is considered straight instead of an arc while the triangle is considered plane instead of spherical. This type of surveys is mainly used in engineering projects such as railways, roads, and other constructions.

Error

Error is usually defined as a difference of values between data that is observed while and the actual value of that data. In reality, we cannot measure true data because of the error associated with every instrument. When we claim to have found the true value, it is the observed value plus-minus whatever is the limitations of the instrument we are using. These limitations can arise in the form of personal errors, physical properties of a measuring system or some unknown environmental or physical attributes. Unknown or random errors are likely to be lesser in value and can be corrected up to some extent by the method of taking mean and repeated data collection. Due to these limitations, we mostly rely on observed values.

Residual

Residual is generally defined as a difference between an observed value through calculations and predicted values. Error is a generic theoretical term which is challenging to perceive but residual can be measured or estimated with the help of a sample. Residuals are the difference between those estimated values and observed values in the model. So what we do is we use residuals to approximate errors.

Accuracy

Accuracy is to be on point. It represents how closely the results that we want are in agreement with standard values. It shows the degree of correctness. Accuracy is the quality of your result and how are they confined with the standard values. It is the measures of exactness of achieved result as compared with the standard values. If achieved results are closer with the standard values, the accuracy of the results will be that much higher. For example, if someone is measuring the volume of a one-meter cube box and gets the result like 0.99,0.98 and 1.01 then it will be considered very accurate.

Precision

Precision is repeatability and consistency in results. While accuracy represents the degree of correctness, precision signifies the degree of consistency. For a measurement to be more precise the variance between data of similar groups should be minimum. It is the closeness of individual measurement with each other in the same group of data collection. It can also be defined as how often the same result can be reproduced. For example, in data set if we get values like 10.5, 10.4, 10.6 then they are very precise, but if the resulted values are 10.5, 10.3 and 10.9 then we can say that this data set is not precise.

Leveling

The objective of leveling is to determine the heights of different objects relative to the surface of the ground, whether it is above or below it. Its purpose is to determine the layout for water supply, sanitation, etc. It is also used to determine the longitudinal or cross-sectional area for construction or the alignment of canals and roads. It deals with measurements in a vertical plane. Heights are measured relative to place or another height. If all the heights are measured in a plane, then the plane will be known as a datum ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hjvyn8vV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bannister, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Bannister, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":25,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/9QCXCSAE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/9QCXCSAE"],"itemData":{"id":25,"type":"book","title":"Surveying","publisher":"Pearson Education India","volume":"1","ISBN":"81-317-0066-6","author":[{"family":"Bannister","given":"Arthur"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bannister, 2006). In topographical measurement, heights are taken relative to sea level. It is done so to make the international comparisons of height with ease. Leveling is a simple process and we set up the instrument at a certain known level within a certain distance. A rod is placed vertically at that point and we use the instrument to measure the height from that rod. This rod is then placed at another unidentified point with unknown height and the measurements are then taken accordingly of that point as well.

The readings measured at every point, where the staff or rod was placed are known as temporary adjustments ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DFaFhJDW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Basak, 1994)","plainCitation":"(Basak, 1994)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":24,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/9HGB87H8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/9HGB87H8"],"itemData":{"id":24,"type":"book","title":"Surveying & Levelling","publisher":"McGraw-Hill Education","ISBN":"93-329-0154-6","author":[{"family":"Basak","given":"N. N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Basak, 1994). A level is the surface is a one that is considered parallel to the surface of the earth, if the level is on a large distance then the curvature is accounted for. But a classical example of a level surface is water surface of a still lake. A horizontal surface in leveling is said to be a surface that is tangential to the level surface at any point. Similarly, a vertical surface is one that is perpendicular to a horizontal line. The initial height that is measured with an instrument is known as back sight while the last one is known as foresight. Dumpy level tilting level and automatic level are some types of leveling instruments.

References ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY

Whyte, W. S., & Paul, R. E. (1997). Basic surveying. Routledge.

Bannister, A. (2006). Surveying (Vol. 1). Pearson Education India.

Basak, N. N. (1994). Surveying & Levelling. McGraw-Hill Education.

Writer Choice

Title page

Arts and culture of Canberra

Canberra is famous for its art and culture all across the world. The city is known for its abundance of artistic expression and culture. The museums and galleries contain numerous artwork of different artists that reflects the artistic skills of the creators. A city is a place for many iconic cultural attractions. The last ten years have a significant role in defining the art and culture of the city. The art collections include visual art, calligraphy, sculptures, ceramics, graffiti, drawings, photography and performance and folk art. The visitors explore the treasures of the nation in the museums and galleries of Canberra. This city is the perfect place that narrates the story of the country through its art and craft. The galleries offer versatile creation that ranges from fine art to solemn memorials. Canberra is the best place that brings the past and the present together, allowing people to understand what this nation is about. Annual art festivals are organized in the city that provides opportunities for viewing enriched history of Australia.

National Gallery of Australia is one of the prominent art galleries of Canberra that attracts millions of tourists and local visitors each year. Art lovers meander the gallery and admire the spectacle collection of amazing artists. Some famous artwork includes Jackson Pollock's ‘Blues Poles' Sidney Nolan's ‘Ned Kelly' series. The gallery was renovated in 2010 and contain unique masterpieces having relevance with the cultures of Australia, Pacific, Indigenous, Asia and America. The contemporary art of Canberra includes moving images, post-millennial art and performances. The Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander art contain around 7500 art pieces. The Aboriginal Memorial (1987-88) included 200 hollow log coffins that revived the history of the indigenous populations of Australia.

The colonial paintings of Canberra have a connection with the colonial history of Australia. The colonial artworks were created by British immigrant artists. Different artworks created by the artists have relevance with the Australian themes and culture. Watercolours and unique textures are used for transmitting the themes of history. The paintings and the artworks are also used for representing the indigenous populations of Australia. The Aboriginal Dreaming Gallery share an amazing collection of aboriginal artists. The gallery has been involved in presenting the artwork and talents of the aboriginal community for 30 years. Aboriginal art contains huge artworks that represent the history and the culture of indigenous populations. The prominent painters include the Old Master, Rover Thomas, Emily Kame, Clifford Possum and Turkey Tolson. These artists have focused on a common agenda on portraying the life of the aboriginals. Distinctive colours and textures are used for creating an extraordinary piece of artwork. Art was used by the artist for transmitting social issues and economic injustices CITATION Gaw16 \l 1033 (Bodkin-Andrews & Carlson, 2016).

The aboriginal art goes back to 60,000 years that was initially used for transmitting the stories of settlements of the indigenous people in Australia. Remains explored by the archaeologists reveal that art was created on the walls and rocks by carving. Many important cultural stories were conveyed through such artwork. The analysis of the archaeological sites depicts that art was used by the artists for preserving their culture. the art reveals that “over 350 different Aboriginal Nations in Australia, creative expressions of knowledge are unique to each Aboriginal Nation as designs, symbols, techniques and mediums are bound within customary laws associated to Creational periods” CITATION Eli15 \l 1033 (Cameron, 2015). The aboriginal art transmitted customers, rituals and beliefs of the indigenous community. The images created on the rock surfaces and caves in the ancient times conveyed different themes such as stories of sacredness.

The modern aboriginal artists are using canvas paintings and sculptures for transmitting aboriginal themes that are presented in the Aboriginal Gallery of Canberra. it explains how artists use natural events to display concealed facts. Through the analysis of artwork, it is easy to learn about the hidden themes of inequalities and injustices. It further reveals the issues of demographic differences. It represents the analysis of the socio-economic dynamics. The art holds significance for uncovering the social realities. Racism remains a dominant aspect of Australian culture so artists aimed at using the art for addressing the issues of social inequality and injustice. Art plays a significant role in identifying the cultural aspects and techniques allow artists to capture various scenes. every photograph and artwork has a story behind it that the artist tries to convey through his artistic skills. The caption and the experience of artists matters a lot in capturing the realities through a camera lens. The aboriginal art is useful as it helps in identifying various themes used by the artists in each creation CITATION Dee171 \l 1033 (Jefferson, 2017).

The aboriginal art consists of different ways of presenting ideas such as paintings on leaves, wood carvings, sculptures, canvas paintings and craving on rocks. One of the amazing work displayed by the gallery is the Sculpture Garden. It is created by the group of artists including Henry Moore, Alexandra Calder, Inge King and Auguste Rodin. Similarly, Pullman Burial Poles (1979-84) also represents the stories of the Melville Islands. The purpose of aboriginal art was to show respect to the indigenous population and accept them as part of Australia. Art was thus used for promoting a social cause of empowering the aboriginals and Torre Islanders. Art “within a cultural framework illustrates knowledge and therefore has little relevance to aesthetic pleasure in viewing, or acquirement within a sense of ownership, but reflects vital information based on living” CITATION Eli15 \l 1033 (Cameron, 2015). Aboriginal visual Knowledge presented symbols having relevance with cultural aspects and rituals. The interpretations of the ancient artwork depict the role of various semantic perspectives.

The contemporary art culture of Canberra is a collection of versatile art forms. Moving art remains one of the dominant aspects of contemporary art in which the artists aim at presenting the ACT. Canberra Contemporary Art Space provides numerous opportunities to the modern artist for presenting astonishing artworks. The CCAS has focused on offering a platform where artists can produce work by testing new ideas and innovations. Murals remains another prominent feature of the contemporary art culture of Canberra. Community murals have been used for the last two centuries for brightening and enriching the city spaces. This is used for developing a sense of ownership, pride and feelings towards the community. Murals have been created in public places for adding elements of excitement and surprise for the public. Canberra emphasized creating murals with the aim of reducing control of graffiti at specific locations. The concept of murals is also used for enhancing understanding and values of the community groups in the locations where art is created CITATION Dee171 \l 1033 (Jefferson, 2017). This is also focused on minimizing the vandalism to community assets.

The National Museum of Australia is located in Canberra that integrated modern art and craft such as the creation of skyline. The gallery presents a cultural and diverse collection of including beautiful textiles and modern reconstruction of bark cone. It offers "several antiquated vehicles, including a portable steam engine; and a number of thylacine specimens” CITATION Tim171 \l 1033 (Timeout, 2017). The broader collection presented in the gallery highlights the talents and artic skills of the artists.

Another aspect of the contemporary art of Canberra includes sculptures. Forty-nine sculptures were exhibited in the Lake Burley Griffin and performances were used for sharing the cultural stories. The festival organized offer different forms of art including sculptures, projection, poetry, storytelling and texts. The city festival provides an opportunity to learn about the history and past of Canberra and Australia. The government of Australia is also focused on “making Canberra beautiful, noting that Henry Rolland Park had just been successfully transformed from a carpark into a community park” CITATION Hel18 \l 1033 (Musa, 2018). The city is focused on bringing public art into the limelight by encouraging local artists to become part of the event.

Canberra Theatre in the civic square represents unique artistic aspects. Theatre is part of the city's art and culture that allow actors to perform in from of the audience. Canberra is known for its theatre art and has created many performances. This is one of the visible forms of art used for transmitting different beliefs and ideas. This form of art portrays different settings and characters that demonstrate dealing with real-life problems. The theatre of Canberra has taken an unflinching look by recreating situations having relevance with the real world. Theatre art capture realistic themes that have a correlation with Australian cultures such as the aboriginal community and social inequality.

The art and culture of Canberra hold great significance in the world due to its uniqueness and distinct features. brings the past and the present together, allowing people to understand what this country is about. The purpose of aboriginal art was to show respect to the indigenous population and accept them as part of Australia. Art was thus used for promoting a social cause of empowering the aboriginals and Torre Islanders. Murals remains another prominent feature of the contemporary art culture of Canberra that is used for brightening and enriching city spaces.

References

Bodkin-Andrews, G., & Carlson, B. (2016). The legacy of racism and Indigenous Australian identity within education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 19 (4).

Cameron, E. (2015). Is It Art or Knowledge? Deconstructing Australian Aboriginal Creative Making. Arts, 4 (2), 68-74.

Jefferson, D. (2017). National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 05 20, 2019, from https://www.timeout.com/sydney/art/national-gallery-of-australia

Musa, H. (2018). Arts / Sculpture festival livens up the lake. Retrieved 05 20, 2019, from https://citynews.com.au/2018/arts-sculpture-festival-livens-up-the-lake/

Timeout. (2017). Learn the story of Australia in its capital. Retrieved 05 20, 2019, from https://www.timeout.com/sydney/museums/national-museum-of-australia

Writer Choice

Title page

Art and power of communications

Reportage: Increased plastic consumption threatens environment sustainability

Bottled water consumption has increased over the years in Canberra. There has been significant shift from tap water to bottled water in Canberra due to improved living standards of the citizens. People believe that bottled water is sage but they neglect the repercussions of plastic waste. Therefore, it is a reality that despite the massive waste of non-renewable resources such as crude oil used to produce and transport the plastic bottles as unfortunately, the final destination is for the plastic to become garbage; such plastic and raw materials seriously degrade and contaminate the environment. Even with such consequences, the continuous purchase of bottled water does not seem to diminish. The increased consumption of bottled water is linked to high plastic waste that fills the lands of Canberra and generates carbon dioxide. Increased bottled water consumption contributes to global warming that undermines the concept of environmental sustainability. The generation of carbon dioxide contributes to global warming that undermines environment protection.

Bottled water depicts serious environmental risks due to the producing of massive plastic. Overfilled lands threaten environmental conservation as society dumps over 8 million plastic bottles made from oils and fossil fuels. Every week tones of plastic is disposed in landfills that causes detrimental impacts on the environment. Facts state that increased consumption of water bottles increased the production of plastic waste by four times. It is difficult for societies to manage huge landfills overcrowded with plastic litre. The strategies of companies to use recycling are also inadequate and involve loopholes. Evidence supports the claims of negative impacts suggesting that companies caused more damages to the landfills by taking no actions against waste management. Inappropriate waste management threatens environmental sustainability and preservation.

The prevention strategy stresses on banning plastics. The plastic bag ban reveals That “171 tonnes of bags were thrown away in a six month period, making a 36 percept reduction in landfill” CITATION Jor17 \l 1033 (Hayne, 2017). This indicates that banning plastic bags and cutting consumption of bottled water will lower the plastic trash that will promote environmental sustainability. It is important to discourage the purchase of bottled water by examining the harmful effects of the plastic bottles on the environment as well as pollution on the planet. It also attempts to call on people to realize that it is wasteful to spend money on the purchase of bottled water based on false beliefs. Another strategy that can be adopted for overcoming the issue includes recycling plastic bottles CITATION Sio17 \l 1033 (Heanue, 2017). These two strategies can be used for minimizing the use of plastic bottles and promoting environmental sustainability.

Advocacy: Banning bottled water for environmental sustainability

Switching to bottled water from taps results in climatic change. The consumption of bottled water is significantly high in Canberra that threatens environmental sustainability. Carbon dioxide generation causes temperature rise thus leading to the issues of global warming. The absence of accountability standards motivates companies to focus on profit incentives only. The state of Canberra ignored the negative impacts of bottles and the release of toxic chemicals. The toxic chemicals such as acetone, methyl ketone, and toluene have relevance to global warming. Fossil fuel generation also constitutes the production of greenhouse gases depicting negative impact on environmental conservation. Global warming threatens environmental sustainability and depicts the need for reducing the consumption of bottled water CITATION Sio17 \l 1033 (Heanue, 2017).

Practical implications of bottled water are even worse due to its dependence on oil for creating plastics. Creating plastics for bottled waters involve the inefficient use of resources reflecting the exploitation of resources. The world already faces risks of oil depletion due to increased consumption of oils and massive growth experienced each year. The argument claims that reliance on bottled water will consume more oil that threatens the environment and society. Groundwater depletion remains one of the central concerns of bottled water consumption. Facts reveal that “the environmental damage caused by bottled water is by no means limited to groundwater depletion. The manufacturing and distribution of plastic bottles are energy-intensive, consuming the equivalent of between 100 and 160 million barrels of oil in 2007” CITATION Mar103 \l 1033 (Lewis, 2010). During manufacturing and filling the companies waste millions amount of water that threatens the conservation of natural resources. Bottled water consumption in Canberra further increases the risks of water depletion thus affecting the environment and its preservation. The argument claims that are producing 60 million plastic bottles involve massive energy. Most of the plastic is indecomposable that means reusing them is not possible.

The argument claims that bottled water threatens oil reserves reflecting waste of natural resources. Switching from tap waters to water bottle will result in depletion of oil reserves. The debate on the bottled water consumption and its impacts on environment revolve around two main arguments. The central argument portrays the environmental risks associated with increased consumption of bottled water. The adverse environmental implications involve carbon emission due to the use of fossil fuels and oils for plastic manufacturing. Growing wasteland due to the dumpling of millions of plastic bottles in landfills contributes to environmental degradation due to climate change and global warming. To attain environmental sustainability it is thus crucial to eliminate the risks of global warming by cutting the consumption of bottled water. The state of Canberra must find alternative ways for providing purified water to the citizens.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Hayne, J. (2017). What difference did the plastic bag ban make to Canberra's waste? Retrieved 05 19, 2019, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/specials/curious-canberra/2017-04-10/what-difference-did-the-plastic-bag-ban-make-to-canberras-waste/8392804

Heanue, S. (2017). Canberra recycling plant upgrade means empty bottles could be used to build roads. Retrieved 05 19, 2019, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-20/canberra-recycling-plant-upgrade-could-turn-bottles-into-roads/8823874

Lewis, M. W. (2010). Costly water: Bottled and Sold: The History Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Issues in Science and Technology, 27,1, 288.

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Your Name

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Title: Consequences of New Imperialism

Nationalism and the Industrial Revolution shaped most of the European society in the 19th century, however, imperialism dramatically changed the entire world during the last half of the 19th century. Imperialism is the process where strong countries, kingdoms, or states extend their power into foreign regions typically to benefit economically. Imperialism is an advocacy of the acquiring of more territory for a country, for example, notable empires throughout history including the Romans, the Mongols, the British and the Portuguese. Reasons, why a country devotes itself to the pursuit of land include wealth, prestige (at least perceived) and power. Empires are either continuous, like the Mongols, where the conquered areas are all right next to each other, or colonial, like the Portuguese, whose empire was dotted about all over the world.

It did not commence in the 19th century; an era from the 16th century to the early 19th century is characterized by European nations seeking trade routes with the Far East, discovered the New World. They got settled in North and South America as well as in Southeast Asia, this event is now referred to as Old Imperialism. European nations set up trading posts in China, Africa and India; they set up tides with the local rulers to ensure the protection of their economic interests. Kingdoms like Britain, Spain, and Portugal established financial colonies to acquire trade items. Gold, spices, and tea were major driving forces behind the Age of Imperialism between the late 19th century and early 20th century. During this period, large countries thrived, whereas, smaller countries suffered. Each country was targeted due to the specific reasons; though, their impact was limited in those nations. Some of the Imperialistic countries such as England, Germany, Russia, and Japan had racism in common ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"smhUGnfb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Smith)","plainCitation":"(Smith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":219,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/8N352R84"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/8N352R84"],"itemData":{"id":219,"type":"book","ISBN":"0-19-923739-5","publisher":"Oxford University Press on Demand","title":"The Oxford handbook of modern German history","author":[{"family":"Smith","given":"Helmut Walser"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Smith). Most of the countries paid no regard to the citizens of their colonies. They went to extremes to extract their natural resources to accumulate. Because of this poor treatment by the imperialistic countries, the Age of Imperialism did not last long, and it eventually fell due to rebellions.

The old Imperialism was based on a monopoly of trade (the colonies were not allowed to manufacture; they were sole providers of raw materials). The new Imperialism is different: is based on the monopoly of pairing hi-tech and finance. It means that former colonies are unable to keep up with the hi-tech race, and they are relegated to the role of mere manufacturers, due to the cheap labor force. For instance, in the case of China, even after so long, it manufactures a lot of parts for the car industry but is unable to manufacture its own brands of cars (South Korea did better, started earlier and followed the Japanese model). It did better for smartphones, but until they reached the US, South Korea, and Japan, these competitors of China were already making forward leaps. The BRIC countries are more affected by crises due to their classic style economies, and some are still raw material providers.

The new imperialism transformed Western society and its colonies in various different ways. It was the time when Western countries started to establish their global economy; the transfer of money, resources, and goods was regulated in an organized way so as to protect the economic interests of the Western world by assuring a continuous flow of cheap resources to the industrialized world. Due to this, the colonies were corrosively impacted; the local culture was destroyed under the foreign rule as well as the local industries. Local craft industries were replaced by foreign imported goods. The colonials' powers while using the colonies as markets for manufacturing goods, and for the purpose of raw materials, constrained colonies from developing their own industries. The natural wealth of those colonies had been siphoned to the mother countries leaving the colonies in poor economic conditions and low living standards.

Another major impact of imperialism was the confrontation between the cultures. By the 20th century, most of the globe was occupied by Western nations. They forced people to adapt to their modern or Western culture, portraying it superior and higher to the indigenous culture. This pressure by the westernize forces made the colonial people reconsider their cultures and traditions and made efforts in discouraging the newly adopted customs. Besides, they were also introduced to the new culture that made them question some senseless customs as well; examples are Sati in India and Footbinding in China. Though colonial people were exploited and abused by the Imperialists; they also introduced modern methods and techniques such as modern medicine, the use of vaccines and sanitary hygiene, etc. The modern medicinal techniques helped increase life expectancy and saved many lives.

Besides, many political problems were also associated with imperialism. Several local political units were destroyed and united the rivals under a single government that imposed order and stability in order to eradicate local conflicts that existed for so many years, such as Rwanda and Nigeria ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lW3IgYvw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnson)","plainCitation":"(Johnson)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":221,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/R69GFAMS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/R69GFAMS"],"itemData":{"id":221,"type":"book","ISBN":"1-4039-4031-2","publisher":"Macmillan International Higher Education","title":"British imperialism","author":[{"family":"Johnson","given":"Rob"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johnson). The imperial policies resulted in many conflicts in the latter half of the 20th century. The tension between various Western powers can also be traced back to imperialism. Conflicts between Great Britain and France over Sudan, and the tensions between Germany and France over Morocco and the Ottoman Empire are also the outcomes of imperialism. These political tensions contributed to World War I in 1914.

In South Africa, Imperialism brought about the worst outcomes in the 19th century in the form of economic exploitation, segregation, and discrimination. By the turn of the 19th century, the British were also able to impose a more formal style of imperial rule on Africans after they established themselves at the Cape. The long-term impacts of British desire of political dominance, slave labors and free access to the natural resources brought significant corrosive impacts on South Africa. Racial discrimination was the most common of all these negative impacts along with economic exploitation. Apartheid was applied by the National Party Government in the form of policies and laws. Apartheid had systematically denied equal rights and freedom to millions of undocumented immigrants and asylum seekers. It also denied equality and freedom to the Africans ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LSKxCLnp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Carter and May)","plainCitation":"(Carter and May)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":217,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/WA4NHJ6Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/WA4NHJ6Y"],"itemData":{"id":217,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"World development","issue":"12","page":"1987-2006","title":"One kind of freedom: Poverty dynamics in post-apartheid South Africa","volume":"29","author":[{"family":"Carter","given":"Michael R."},{"family":"May","given":"Julian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Carter and May). It was similar to that of apartheid currently in Europe, which denies equality and freedom to Syrian refugees; and in any number of other nations around the globe. The gold mining industry was an example of extreme segregation; mining companies established discriminatory policies of staffing, compensation, and treatment to keep revenues high and cost low. Different Acts were made that also prohibited Africans development and progress, one example is the Natives Land Act.

The impacts of Imperialism on China were also not very favorable for the Chinese nation in terms of their economy in the form of public instability and trade disadvantages. Taiping Rebellion withered 17 provinces and killed 20 million people. It was a rebellion against unfair foreign influence. In addition, the Boxer Rebellion was very destructive to the Qing economy and it resulted in making China into a republic. The unequal treaties that gave leased ports to Britain created spheres, resulted in the loss of China's sovereignty to Britain ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lW3IgYvw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnson)","plainCitation":"(Johnson)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":221,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/R69GFAMS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/R69GFAMS"],"itemData":{"id":221,"type":"book","ISBN":"1-4039-4031-2","publisher":"Macmillan International Higher Education","title":"British imperialism","author":[{"family":"Johnson","given":"Rob"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johnson). China was at a great disadvantage owing to the unfair trade policies of Britain, however, the national sovereignty of China was restored. The free trade of Opium produced addicts and disrupted social stability. The opium war resulted in the loss of trade rights in Hong Kong. Industrialized China also lost its beauty and was ruined due to pollution. China also had to face a cultural dilemma under the political and cultural influence of Britain, the complexities of such conflicts were highlighted by the author in his book ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lDwB5HY0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pan)","plainCitation":"(Pan)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":216,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/YQESGGXJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/YQESGGXJ"],"itemData":{"id":216,"type":"chapter","container-title":"Socio-biological Implications of Confucianism","page":"63-69","publisher":"Springer","title":"The Problem of the Cultural Hybrid","author":[{"family":"Pan","given":"Guangdan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pan). Some of these cultural conflicts were communication due to a language barrier, adaptation of the Western system of Jury in Hong Kong, etc. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"trPf1ywR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pan)","plainCitation":"(Pan)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":216,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/YQESGGXJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/YQESGGXJ"],"itemData":{"id":216,"type":"chapter","container-title":"Socio-biological Implications of Confucianism","page":"63-69","publisher":"Springer","title":"The Problem of the Cultural Hybrid","author":[{"family":"Pan","given":"Guangdan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pan). Overall, people were furious due to the foreign policies and influence, China suffered from great economic disadvantage and caused public instability due to opium addiction.

The similar impacts were also noticed in India as well. India, like other nations also resulted in the loss of national resources, people and money in wars with Britain. The East India Trading Company caused major economic losses to the nation. The local industry of India was also destroyed as they were bound to purchase from British brands and industries. Local, especially handmade industries fell. Other negative impacts were famine, ‘sepoy mutiny’, and racism. The only positive impacts that have been witnessed in the colonial states were advances in agriculture, the development of different industries and advances in the mining industries alongside better education. These nations were introduced to modern technologies, better living standards, modern communication systems, better transportation systems and advanced machines for manufacturing goods, producing electricity, guns, vaccines, cars, steel, steam engines, etc.

To sum up, imperialism allowed the colonized nations to progress and advance technologically. To some extent, it also allowed the colonies to get rid of obsolete and stupid traditions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lW3IgYvw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnson)","plainCitation":"(Johnson)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":221,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/R69GFAMS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/R69GFAMS"],"itemData":{"id":221,"type":"book","ISBN":"1-4039-4031-2","publisher":"Macmillan International Higher Education","title":"British imperialism","author":[{"family":"Johnson","given":"Rob"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johnson). However, despite the positive outcomes in the form of economic and technological benefits, it is very hard to justify the means. Such development at the cost of loss of lives, money, culture and national resources was unjust and not appreciable.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Carter, Michael R., and Julian May. “One Kind of Freedom: Poverty Dynamics in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” World Development, vol. 29, no. 12, 2001, pp. 1987–2006.

Johnson, Rob. British Imperialism. Macmillan International Higher Education, 2002.

Pan, Guangdan. “The Problem of the Cultural Hybrid.” Socio-Biological Implications of Confucianism, Springer, 2015, pp. 63–69.

Smith, Helmut Walser. The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History. Oxford University Press on Demand, 2011.

Writer Discretion

Risk Management and Patient Affairs

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Risk Management and Patient Affairs

Previous Perception

When it comes to my personal perception regarding litigation, patient affairs, and risk management, there is no doubt there is a huge difference as compared to what it has been learned in this workshop. Previously, I used to consider risk management a process that only tends to identify threats to a company's earnings. Such threats for me were not that much capable of stemming from a number of sources. Although, I knew that IT security threats had become a top priority for digitalized organizations. My perception regarding risk management was that it includes the processes of an organization only to identify threats to its digital assets.

When it comes to my perception of patient safety, it can simply be said that I did not have as such knowledge of patient safety. However, a brief amount of knowledge that I had was that it is considered a mandate for improving patient safety presented risk managers. One thing that must be taken into consideration is there are certain recommendations such as it is required to ensure that patients safety tends to align with the strategic goals of an organization.

On the other hand, when it comes to litigation, I was pretty much aware of this term even before this workshop. As per my perception and knowledge, litigation tends to describe proceedings initiated among parties of opposite sides for enforcing or defending a legal right. As per my perception, litigation can be settled by agreement between more than one parties. My perception regarding litigation was that it was just another name for a lawsuit. As per me, there are not a number of activities involved in enforcing a legal right.

Comparison of Perception

There is no doubt that my perception regarding the terms like risk management, patient affairs, and litigation was not completely wrong. After reading for this workshop, I have come to know that my perceptions were accurate to some extent, but still cannot be referred as completely correct. There is a variance between my previous perceptions and what I have learned after studying for this workshop. The difference is clear as my previous perception regarding risk management was that it only tends to identify threats to earnings of an organization's capital. However, I have come to know that risk management is the type of process that not only just identifies, but also assess, and controls threats to earnings and capital of an organization (McNeil et al., 2015).

My perception regarding risk management was wrong because such threats could stem from a number of sources that include static management errors, legal abilities, financial uncertainty, natural disasters, and accidents. Moreover, a big difference between my previous thoughts and current knowledge is that a risk management plan can rapidly include the processes of an organization to identify and control threats to its digital assets. Such assets may include corporate data, proprietary corporate, intellectual property, or personally identifiable information of a customer (Sadgrove, 2016).

When it comes to patient safety, it has been observed that in the public sector, a number of efforts for enhancing healthcare quality have required a relationship between quality and risk professionals for improving patient safety. There are certain action recommendations that are crucial to take into consideration. There is a high need to ensure that not only just patient safety but quality and risk activities are also aligned with the strategic goals of companies. Previously due to lack of knowledge for patient safety, I had no idea that there is required to assess current activities in patient safety, risk, and quality for reducing duplication of effort and clarifying responsibilities. Moreover, it is to be taken into consideration that seeking guidance for ensuring that the structure of for patient safety, quality, and risk activities tends to maximize legal protections. Meanwhile, it allows the flow of information across all functions.

The third and the last thing to discuss is litigation for which I had pretty much knowledge before. My previous perception of litigation as compared to my knowledge after studying for this workshop are quite similar. However, there are still certain differences between my perceptions. One thing that must be taken into consideration is that litigation regardless of being settled by agreement between more than one parties. Litigation may also be heard and decided in the court by either a judge or jury (Born, et al., 2018). Another important thing to take into consideration is that my previous perception for litigation was wrong that it is another name for a lawsuit.

Another important difference that must be highlighted here is that it was wrong that litigation does not include different activities for enforcing a legal right. It can simply be said that litigation cannot be referred to as another name for a lawsuit. When it comes to the litigation process, it has been observed that arbitrations, pre-suit negotiations, actual lawsuits, and appeals may also be part of it. Previously, I had no idea that how litigation begins, but after studying for this workshop, I have come to know that litigation tends to begin right after someone decides to defend or enforce his/her legal rights formally (Weil et al., 2017). In the majority of the cases, this happens when a party tends to hire an attorney for representing the interest. A majority of attorneys engage in different "pre-suit" activities. Suh attorneys may include a demand letter as well for demanding that a party compensate victims for physical or economy injury. One thing that must be taken into consideration is that there is no meaning of litigation without information about the harm that occurred.

References

Born, G. B., & Rutledge, P. B. (2018). International civil litigation in United States courts. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.

McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., & Embrechts, P. (2015). Quantitative Risk Management: Concepts, Techniques and Tools-revised edition. Princeton university press.

Sadgrove, K. (2016). The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge.

Weil, R. L., Lentz, D. G., & Evans, E. A. (2017). Litigation services handbook: The role of the financial expert. John Wiley & Sons.

Writer Discretion

Legal Issues in the Healthcare Industry and How to Avoid Them

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Legal Issues in the Healthcare Industry and How to Avoid Them

Introduction

Legal procedures are a matter of routine for businesses. Organizations and firms indulge in the legal processes on a regular basis for various purposes, for example, taxation issues, expansion of business and many other matters. It can be said that for big organizations and firms indulgence in the legal procedures is a routine matter, and it is done for positive purposes. Just like all other types of business, the healthcare industry also goes into litigations from time to time various purposes, either for the attestation of some new drug, verification of some new medical procedure or the registration of some new unit meant for the healthcare purposes. All the above-mentioned tasks portray a positive meaning or indulgence in the legal activities for constructive purposes, but sometimes the medical practitioners or health care institutions go in litigations regarding a negative or harmful purpose as well.

In some of the cases, the health care institute or any specific healthcare practitioner is sued by the patient or the family of the patient for conducting malpractice in the medical procedures. Such cases are not a rare sight in the United States of America and every now and then we come across such news that in some part of the country or the state, a patient has sued the medical practitioner for conducting medical negligence. This piece of writing will throw light over the possible reasons why the patients sue individuals related to healthcare and how to avoid such litigation.

Discussion

Medical practitioners have to go through various situations on a daily basis; most of them are tough and tiring. They have to handle patients in critical conditions and treat patients with complex medical disorders. In addition to this, sometimes, a medical practitioner has to go through legal processes as well. A medical practitioner, whether he or she is a doctor, a nurse or even the ward boy may have to face the consequences of a little mistake for their whole life. It can result in the loss of their job or termination of their medical career forever. Sometimes, even the whole medical institute or the organization, like a hospital or a clinic, may also be sued depending upon the nature or the severity of the issue. If the case has been filed against some healthcare institute, it may have to bear serious legal procedures, and its future may be in a hoax.

There are multiple reasons behind taking legal action by the patient or their family against a doctor or hospital or clinic. The first and foremost always stands to be medical negligence. A healthcare institute or medical practitioner may be sued over the fact that they have shown irresponsibility towards their patient and treated him or her irresponsibly (Wu, 2015). Such cases mostly arise when the patients fail to survive even after complete effort to be saved by the hospital staff and the medical practitioner. In such cases, the plaintiff feels that the doctors or the hospital staff has not shown enough care towards the patient and has committed irresponsibility towards the serious condition of the patient, which is the reason behind patient’s death. If the case had been different, the patient would have survived.

When asked from the medical practitioner, they informed that 90% of the lawsuits are filed after the death of the patient. Other reasons for filing a lawsuit include multiple other reasons like failure to diagnose the correct medical issue or the occurring of an abnormal condition during the medical procedure. Moreover, the patients or the relatives of the patients also come up with the reasons like failure to treat the disease in a proper ways or failure to document all the information related to the patient whether its general information like age, gender etc. or specific information like certain allergies and medical conditions (Mathes, & Reifsnyder, 2014). A few numbers of people have also filed legal claims again medical personnel because they did not take their consent before performing any specific medical procedure over the patient or failed to follow the safety rules and regulations essential for the people of medical sciences.

A medical practitioner can avoid these hectic and lengthy legal procedures by taking some precautionary measure so that the patient or their family and friends could not claim for any irresponsibility or negligence in the medical procedure. The professionals working in the area of Clinical Risk Management remain busy in devising multiple strategies to take medical personnel out of such situations. A doctor, nurse or any medical practitioner should maintain a high standard of healthcare services like getting additional tests done, high-quality imaging and additional procedures in order to reduce liability (Paik, Black, & Hyman, 2014).

Another approach that should be used by a medical practitioner to avoid exposures and the likelihood of a lawsuit is keeping the lines of communication open from the very beginning. A doctor should maintain a positive relationship with the family or friends of the patient (whoever is dealing with the patient's case) and should keep them educated continuously about the patient's updated condition. It has been widely observed that patients trust the doctors that keep the doors of communication open and keep them or the family informed about the current medical conditions and the options.

Conclusion

Hence, it can be seen that along with being tough in the clinic or the operation theater; medical practice is a tough occupation in the legal grounds as well. Patients or their families may charge a medical practitioner for showing negligence and file a suit any time. So a medical professional should always be ready for any such condition and take necessary precautions in the very beginning so that he may not have to face litigations.

References

Mathes, M., & Reifsnyder, J. (2014). Nurse's Law: Questions & Answers for the Practicing Nurse. Sigma Theta Tau.

Paik, M., Black, B., & Hyman, D. A. (2014). Do doctors practice defensive medicine? Revisited. Accessed on October 5, 2016.

Wu, A. H., White, M. J., Oh, S., & Burchard, E. (2015). The Hawaii clopidogrel lawsuit: the possible effect on clinical laboratory testing. Personalized medicine, 12(3), 179-181.

Writer Discretion

Management and patient affairs

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Introduction

Risks are the product of negligence. There is no setting in this world that is void of risk. In the realms of healthcare and nursing, there are several facts and figures that can pave the way for risky environment. In subject case study, the incompetency of reception nursing staff doomed a Russian couple to become victim of unwanted risk. It is asserted that lack of attention from reception made the couple stay for comparatively longer time. Wife was having a serious issue and she has to bear pain for a long time, waiting in the emergency room. It is important to note that it was the communication barrier that paved the way for such circumstances. As the couple was unable to convey what they want, so the nurses swapped the patient for inadequate and wrong surgical procedures. In a nutshell, there are few facts to note, the first fact refers to the incompetency of the reception staff, highlighting lack of attention from reception staff that the wife has to wait for a long time and she had to bear pain. After that language barrier made it hard for them to convey the subject matter and it lead nurses to swap wrong surgical processes.

Background

The background of case study highlights that a Russian couple visited hospital because wife was having a critical condition. As soon as they get into the hospital, there was a lack of competency of the nursing staff, taking into account that they failed to address the situation of the wife and they were made to wait in the emergency hall. The couple had to wait for a very long time because none of the nurses bothered to ask them. It is important to note that the wife failed to convey her ailment because of the language barrier and it resulted in the negligent swapped for wrong surgical procedure. The wife was not given the required surgery, in fact, her surgery was swapped with some others ailment.

Issues Identified in Case Study

There are a number of issues that are identified in the case study; taking into account that each of the issues played an equally important role in paving way for negligence that resulted in great loss to women.

Negligence

One of the major and potent issues is "Negligence”. It refers to the lack of responsibility and an inability. It would not be wrong to say that the analysis of case study leads to evident conclusion of negligence. It is the inability of nurse that patient was not given required treatment. Negligence is also found in catering to the needs of patient as they entered hospital. It is evident that the couple had to wait for a very long time taking into account that the wife was in a highly critical condition; still there was no attention from nurses.

Lack of language intelligence

Understanding is a crucial part of communication and conveyance. There is no way out to have positive communication without language intelligence. In subject case study, language barriers play a significant role. It is evident that the nursing staff failed to understand what the patient wanted to say and it paved the way for swapped surgical treatment. Side by side, it can be inferred that it was lack of communication and understanding that the couple had to wait for long in the emergency room, the reception staff failed to communicate adequately. If there would be an adequate understanding in term of language, wife could have conveyed what is required of nurses. (Blackford, et, al. 2003).

Lack of cultural intelligence

Culture intelligence refers to the analysis and understanding of the norms, values and ethics that are associated with a particular culture. It is significant to note that in subject case study, nurses failed to understand that the patients belong to Russian culture, having linguistic barriers and they should try to understand, and facilitate them. It is important to note that if nurses would be educated in terms of cultural diversity, it would be a great option to address the needs of culturally diverse people. (Blackford, et, al. 2003)

Lack of competency required to handle diversity of patients

World has become a global village with different culture amalgamate. It is not acceptable to stay confined to an individual culture. In terms of healthcare, lack of competency to handle diversity of patients is more like a dilemma. It is evident that if nurses could have managed to address culturally diverse people i.e. Russian couple, there wouldn’t have been such devastating results. (Blackford, et, al. 2003)

Lack of Nursing Competency for Cultural Intelligence

In order to comprehend and address the lack of nursing competency in terms of cultural intelligence, there are several aspects to consider. For a nurse to be competent enough, skills will not be sufficient, she should be well learned to cultural diversity, taking into account that she should be socially, emotionally, and culturally intelligent. She should have all the skills that could help her cater to ambiguous situations, confusing scenarios, and stance of negligence such as the one mentioned in case study. It is significant to note that cultural skills are one of the major paradigms that should be addressed because skills cannot be practiced without knowing the context. Cultural diversity is a major section that can help nurse to address all these aspects.

Cultural Diversity

Cultural diversity refers to the attribute of resilience attitude and keen attention in order to know concerns of patients. Competency in cultural diversity is an attribute that fulfills the stake of public services. Cultural Diversity includes the following main features

Overcoming language barriers

A nurse should try to overcome language barriers taking into account that all the languages can’t be learnt but there are certain strategies that could be incorporated such as sign language, written text and asking help from another colleague belonging to the same culture. (Chew, et, al. 2004)

Overcoming cultural stereotypes

Cultural stereotypes refer to overgeneralized thinking that is associated with any culture. A common example of this stance could be found in African culture. A nurse should be duty bound without adhering to cultural stereotypes; she should try to impart equality and equity. (Chew, et, al. 2004)

Overcoming any biases and opinions

Professionalism and sense of vigilance require actions that should be void of all opinions and biases. A nurse should treat all the patients with equality, taking into account that she should try to act in accordance with actuality rather than relying on biases and opinions. (Chew, et, al. 2004).

Acting in a professional manner to avoid any ambiguities and negligence.

It is mandatory for a nurse to perform all her duties in accordance with her role. It is asserted that nurse should deal with all the patients in a highly professional manner. She should try to clarify and address all the ambiguities, side by side she should try her best to negate negligence. (Chew, et, al. 2004)

Negligence of Nurses on Behalf of Language Diversity

Negligence on the basis of language diversity is one of the major aspects to address. It is affirmed that nurses especially those handling the reception services and interviews of the patient should be well trained to address language diversity. It is significant that not all the patients would be good at language adhering to diversity, so the nurse should be well learned to cater to language difference such as pronunciations and dialects. It is the duty of nurse to understand and ensure that there should be no negligence on the basis of linguistic and geographical paradigms. Nurses should be trained to incorporate reliability, verifiability, and validity while recording data. Reliability refers to the facts that all the information that is recorded by the nurse should be valid for long term use. Verifiability highlights that a nurse should not try to overgeneralize, she should try to document everything in accordance with the information that is conveyed by the patients. Validity stresses the correctness of information.

It is a common observation that these three or any of the three aspects are ignored while recording information. A clear illustration can be found in this case study as well; there are a number of cases in which negligence in recording information lead to devastating results. It is affirming that nurses should be trained to make precise and valid documentation, taking into account that details will consume time and it may hamper or affect others. Besides recording and documentation, a nurse should be well aware of her actions. The necessary characteristics for documentation are associated with the staff this is held responsible for reception. It is important to note that a nurse should be vigilant enough to perform her duty. Any negligence in terms of dealing with patients my results in a life-threatening situation such as wrong decisions, giving wrong dosage or recommendations for surgery. It is also a common observation that nurses take instruction for granted, usually, it is the stress of work that a nurse couldn’t maintain vigilance and it results in long term negative impact on the health of patients. (Chew, et, al. 2004).

Wait Time, Negligence and Cultural Profiling

It is asserted that the couple had to wait for a very long time so that they can get women treated. It is significant to note that the nursing staff should be vigilant enough to address the needs of patients Side by side, it can be asserted, and as it was a Russian couple their nationality can be one of the reasons of negligence. It is a common observation that in all settings, diverse people are directed to have a seat and they are usually addressed at the end. It would not be wrong to say that it is hard to comprehend marginalized groups, taking into account the gaps in terms of vocabulary and pronunciation but it never means that their needs will not be addressed. Nurses should be trained enough to address the wait time that none of the patients has to wait for a long time. Lack of competency of nursing depicts that there was a lack of staff that could facilitate everyone, taking into account that the lady had to wait for a very long time. A nurse should be well aware of cultural profiling, elaborated that culture differs from each other in terms of various disciples such as beliefs and social order.

It is the duty of nurses of analyzes condition of patients, taking into account that somewhere, it was the cultural identity of Russian couple that made them a victim of negligence. It is one of the obligations of the nurse to address inclination of human instinct, taking into account that all unapparent stances should also be addressed along with the one that is already visible. In case of any ambiguity, a nurse should seek guidance from community welfares programs or workshop that has the intention and art to build a campaign. The same can be recommended to patient. Among all the other mentioned hurdles, one of the famous aspects is ‘social groups”. It is assertive that nurses should not select a group on the basis of their belonging; in fact, they should try to make efforts that can address their needs. In the case of major complication social groups and welfare groups should be contacted because they usually have ample back up for foreign people. Side by side, nurses should try to communicate actual policies and roles that could affect them. (Morath, et, al. 2003).

Possible Implications and Applicable Legislations

These are several implications that can be adopted in order to address the increasing ratio of negligence. The first and major stance is criminal negligence taking into account that nurses should be made clear that they can be accustomed to criminal negligence that results in punishment. It is important to note that nurses should be taught that a major negligence can result in a threat to life for itself denying the type of negligence. A nurse could be made responsible for a life-threatening situation. Negligence should be termed as a violation of a professional code of conduct berceuse it will make accused liable to several punishments. Nurses should be made clear that violation is a crystal approach to dismissal of job or punishment. It can be inferred that negligence is a violation of the integrity of the patients and it can make a nurse liable to serious punishment because there is nothing more precious than self-integrity. It is affirming that treating negligence as the violation of “healthcare integrity” is also a major stance that could be counted as an implication to negligence because negligence is a crackdown of the actual official conduct and carelessness towards required duty. (Melynk, et, al. 2017)

There are several other claims that can be applied to the nurse or any staff member who would be guilty of negligence. It has been highlighted that negligence is a multidimensional stance it can have a number of devastation for the patient himself and his family. One of the basic aspects is financial loss, as negligence is a breach of factual conduct so money would be required to fix or make efforts to fix the gap. Sometimes negligence can lead to emotional distress for the patient and his family as seen in the subject case study. As negligence will cause some sort of hampering, it will drift away from the actual conduct and it may lead patient to increased bills and anticipated future medical care. Negligence is an evident stance of pain and suffering for both patient and his family as found in subject case study as well, taking into account that it can further lead to disfigurement and scarring as well. (Melynk, et, al. 2017)

Recommendations

There are certain recommendations that could be used in order to manage the stance of negligence. It is asserted that nurses should be trained to adhere to cultural competency, taking into account that a nurse should have competency skill. Nurse should be trained to address patient diversity, such training should be imparted that could attract nurses towards patient with the passion to understand and help them. It is asserted nurses should try to address patient diversity and cultural differences, taking into account that preceding documentation should be made. There should be verifiable and valid conversation. It is significant to note that documentation should not be too precise that there would be a lack of information neither it should be much detailed that the patients have to suffer because of such exaggeration. (Chew, et, al. 2004).

Conclusion

In accordance with an exegetical analysis of case study, major errors and the areas of improvement are found. It can be asserted that it is one of basic obligations of health care system or ensure that none of patients should become a victim of negligent action or ambiguities. It is affirming that this negligence can be too strong to tarnish the stance of living and impose life-threatening positions.

References

Blackford, J. (2003). Cultural frameworks of nursing practice: exposing an exclusionary healthcare culture. Nursing Inquiry, 10(4), 236-244.

Chew, L. D., Bradley, K. A., & Boyko, E. J. (2004). Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy. health, 11, 12.

Melnyk, B. M., Fineout‐Overholt, E., Giggleman, M., & Choy, K. (2017). A test of the ARCC© model improves the implementation of evidence‐based practice, healthcare culture, and patient outcomes. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 14(1), 5-9.

Morath, J. (2003). Changing the healthcare culture: the consumer as part of the system of care. Frontiers of Health Services Management, 19(4), 17.

Writer Discretion

Introduction

Problem Statement: Because of incompetency of reception nursing staff, the Russian couple was made to wait longer while the wife suffered in pain; and the language barrier led to negligent mistake by nurses swapping the patients for wrong surgical procedures.

Background

Overview of Case Study

The Russian couple waited longer than necessary in emergency department with wife in critical conditions.

The patients were negligent swapped for wrong surgical procedures.

Issues Identified in Case Study

Negligence

Lack of language intelligence

Lack of cultural intelligence

Lack of competency required to handle diversity of patients.

Lack of Nursing Competency for Cultural Intelligence

For a nurse to be competent enough, it is important that she is not only skilled but also culturally, emotionally and socially intelligent. Inability to have these skills can lead to increased cases of ambiguities, confusions and negligent mistakes such as the ones mentioned in the case study.

To improve these skills, nurses need to develop healthcare literacy.

Nurses need to be competent enough to handle cultural diversity in patients.

This will include:

Overcoming language barriers

Overcoming cultural stereotypes

Overcoming any biases and opinions

Acting in a professional manner to avoid any ambiguities and negligence.

Negligence of Nurses on Behalf of Language Diversity

It is important that the nursing staff, specifically handling the interviewing and reception services, must be capable of handling linguistics diversity.

There is no chance of negligence because of wrong pronunciation or lack of understanding of the dialect.

The nurses should ensure validity, verifiability, reliability and precision of their documentations regarding the patients.

Any issues in dosage or surgery recommendations can lead to life threatening situations

Wait Time, Negligence and Cultural Profiling

The couple had to wait unnecessarily long while the wife suffered in pain

Russian couple. Could the increased wait time be because of cultural stereotyping?

Thoughts regarding health are, along these lines, cultural. They differ broadly crosswise over social orders and ought not just be characterized by measures of clinical care and sickness. Health can be characterized in overall terms or very neighborhood and recognizable ones (Melnyk et al. 2017).

in clinical settings, an inclination to institutionalize human instinct can be, incomprehensibly, determined by both a nonappearance of attention to the assorted variety with which prosperity is contextualized and a guarantee to express both patient needs and caregiver commitments in generally reasonable terms.

In order to overcome such instances, it is important that the healthcare practitioners including the nurses must work towards raising community welfare. This include general informative workshops and sessions, purpose-built campaigns, etc.

In any of these approaches, the most crucial aspect is the ability of the nurses to connect with the society and overcome misconceptions regarding healthcare services and policies.

Possible Implications and Applicable Legislations

In case of any nursing negligence, multiple code of conducts and liabilities can be applied. Some of these are:

Criminal negligence

Life-threatening situation on purpose/negligence

Violation of professional code of conduct

Violation of patient’s integrity

Violation of healthcare’s integrity

These claims or even worst can be applied on the staff since the negligence can lead to the following for the patients and their families.

Financial Losses for the patients

Emotional Distress for patient and the family

Increased and unjustified Medical bills and anticipated future medical care

Pain and Suffering for the patient as well as their families

And Scarring and Disfigurement

All of these implications are critical and need to be voided.

Recommendations

Some of the recommendations are:

Developing cultural competency skills.

Capability to handle patient diversity.

Capability to handle language diversity.

Ensuring accuracy and precision in documentation

Ensuring verifiability and validity.

Conclusion

Ensure that the nurses do not lead to any negligent errors and ambiguities.

References

Blackford, J. (2003). Cultural frameworks of nursing practice: exposing an exclusionary healthcare culture. Nursing Inquiry, 10(4), 236-244.

Morath, J. (2003). Changing the healthcare culture: the consumer as part of the system of care. Frontiers of Health Services Management, 19(4), 17.

Melnyk, B. M., Fineout‐Overholt, E., Giggleman, M., & Choy, K. (2017). A test of the ARCC© model improves implementation of evidence‐based practice, healthcare culture, and patient outcomes. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 14(1), 5-9.

Chew, L. D., Bradley, K. A., & Boyko, E. J. (2004). Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy. health, 11, 12.

Schillinger, D., Piette, J., Grumbach, K., Wang, F., Wilson, C., Daher, C., ... & Bindman, A. B. (2003). Closing the loop: physician communication with diabetic patients who have low health literacy. Archives of internal medicine, 163(1), 83-90.

Nutbeam, D. (2000). Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health promotion international, 15(3), 259-267.

Writer Discretion

Clinipace Organization

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Clinipace Organization

Introduction

In purview of the risk management and patient affairs Clinipace is a full-service contract organization operating in the United States. It provides solutions and personalized services along with regularity expertise and therapeutic leadership. Significant challenges and risk management issues are effectively dealing by the organization with the advancement of technology and outlining laws and rules. Expert knowledge and technicalities are used for regularity measures with expansive approval of the market. The complex regulatory process is navigated in vast range areas of therapeutic interventions, which is a complete array of dosage forms and the traditional small molecules. In the progressive biologics, there is intensive work on regulations of operations and actions where the needs of clients are fulfilled in regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Regulatory affairs include the global expertise, strategy and execution, agency meeting, responses, and investigational applications.

Discussion

The regulatory agency meeting ensures the application of marketing for biologics and drugs, and it also includes liaison services. The type II drug master files and orphan indications are also part of regulations in the organization. The management has extensively design models and rules to cope with risk assessment, and challenges that occurred in the patient affairs. One of the significant factors that are underlined by the organization is how to deal with consultation and drug development strategy. The formulation of assistance for patients, specifications and process control are the areas followed by rules. Coordination of the supply chain is significant, and it is well supported by documentation/medical writing. The support for regulatory dossier submission around the globe among non-eCTD and eCTD formats are applied to use for IND and CTA services.

Similarly, the regulatory measures of the organizations are followed extensively, and these are assured by supplier auditing (Flaumenhaft & Ben-Assuli, 2018). The assessment, preparation and audit readiness is also part of services provided by the company. Metrics, designs, SOPs and the quality system ensures a proper way of how people are using the drugs or anything significant for their health. Remediation in the quality system is a vital tool that reflects the value of following laws and prescriptions given by the medical consultant. The inspection reports are classified and compose to support the regulatory authority securely and transparently. In the management, change is something significant after a due course of time because it provides chances to other people to serve for the betterment of laws.

The regulatory laws of Clinipace well support quality agreements among the corporate sector those associated with medical and patient affairs. There is a simple tool of data which has driven decisions for internal control and concerned the issues for the stakeholder. Using the dashboards and data visualization models the organization makes predictive analytics which is easily accessible. The administrative service also includes the technical, medical and scientific documentation of biologics, drugs, and devices. The preparation and compilation of annual reports is a sign of the importance of patients and their well-being. Regular and personal clinical trial applications are also used for valuable results (Kramer & Luxton, 2016). The formal dossiers are the key documents that are regulated by US health laws and recycled for the interaction among inter-organizational groups and those related with the corporation.

Further, the integrated clinical reports ensure that every patient has due importance and it is supported by the data collected over the year. There is an in-depth analysis of the cases where everyone is assessed and analyzed according to the given reports, integrated tools, and other elements. Investigator Brochure safeguards the regulation and streamlining of data collected through the interviews, personal and clinical assessment of the patients (Kramer & Luxton, 2016). The company designs clinical evaluation reports in line with the needs and basic requirements of a sick person. After a thorough passage of interviews and the use of technical tools inside the clinic, the report is composed of an individual patient following given laws and rules. The organization designs specific marketing applications for enhancing productivity and reduction in risk management. Purchasing, selling and excessive use of drugs by the patient requires particular measures to be taken for balancing the market effectively and efficiently. Same is the case with protocols which are followed to impact positively on the life of a person going through specific treatment.

Organizations like Clinipace cannot work under the regulatory areas unless these are supported by legislation, commissions, and rules set by the regulatory bodies. They have a significant impact on the affairs of a patient which is reflected through annual briefing documents. These files are presented in meetings and other associations of people to know the setback and flaws operating in it (Rohilla et al., 2018). Specific risk management plans, mitigation strategy, and risk evaluation are established by the organization across the various units and sections. At the end of services provided by the company, there are some safety rules followed for review and change control in Clinipace. Systems that are well supported by laws unfolded the real interests and need of the patient.

Conclusion

Concluding the discussion the regulatory affairs of Clinipace are closely related to risk management and patient well-being across the sections and various branches of the organization. Through these rules, the company significantly care about others and rationalize the process of supplying and exchanging drugs for interventions and other purposes. Without following the rules there would have been no care plan or the safety measures for the health of a patient. Detrimental impacts would be there for the company if it is not following the risk management policies.

References

Flaumenhaft, Y., & Ben-Assuli, O. (2018). Personal health records, global policy, and regulatory review. Health Policy, 122(8), 815-826.

Kramer, G. M., & Luxton, D. D. (2016). Telemental health for children and adolescents: An overview of legal, regulatory, and risk management issues. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 26(3), 198-203.

Regulatory Affairs – Strategy, Submissions | Clinipace. (2019). Clinipace.

Rohilla, A., Deep, A., Khurana, G., Yadav, M., Marwaha, R. K., & Sharma, P. C. (2018). Regulatory Success and Challenges for Medical Devices in the United States and the European Union. Applied Clinical Research, Clinical Trials, and Regulatory Affairs, 5(3), 181-199.

Writer Must Come Up With The Title

Regulating the Natives Identity

Author Note

Introduction

The article is written by Bonita Lawrence, in which she talks about the relationships between the modern world and pre-established traditions. And how this relationship has changed the laws and the ways of native people towards the present treatment, which is shaped for the whole population. Before the colonization of Canada and the United States, the Natives were living an independent life, but they were greatly isolated and deprived of their possessions and freedoms. The tradition and culture of Native Americans were abused during the settling of the Americas. The article is a valuable contribution to the existing literature. Overall, the discriminating behavior from colonizers is nothing new. The article depicts an overall picture of colonization and its impacts on the contemporary world. The colonizers consider it their right to discriminate between the natives and the colonized communities based on their culture, race, and possessions of land. Above all, it is the fact that Native people have different customs, principles, and beliefs that the colonizers are unable to understand, and they make the people deprived of their natural rights and respect, which they earned from long before the colonization took place.

Summary

In this article, the author well-articulated the fundamental aspect of colonization, as a process of developing a classification system and a processor regulating the native identity. The two systems introduced in America by White people at the time of colonization substituted the traditional way of pursuing the relationships living of native Americans on individual and community level and the land-erasing knowledge of self, their culture, traditions, and the overall history in the process.

Native identity has been characterized and “measured” according to the criteria of race and sex. The groupings were then used to separate the communities and to denial of entitling the land to specific groups of Native Americans. This division of native Americans helps the colonizers in the theft of lands of natives. The coercion faced by native Americans was escorted with much violence and unjust dealings. The violence was enough to say "Indian" as a politically incorrect word. Natives were paid very little attention, deprived of their equality rights, and suffered from stereotypical behaviors. Colonizers divide their lands and placed the natives into reservations strictly followed by laws and government ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WXtWpehT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lawrence 2003)","plainCitation":"(Lawrence 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":262,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/55bqtMd8/items/N9Q45B3S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/55bqtMd8/items/N9Q45B3S"],"itemData":{"id":262,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gender, race, and the regulation of Native identity in Canada and the United States: An overview","container-title":"Hypatia","page":"3-31","volume":"18","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Lawrence","given":"Bonita"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lawrence 2003).

The Indian Act

The Indian Act was implemented to control and regulate the Native population by limiting their rights and freedoms, their movements, and participation in matters about lands and other issues. Whites used the land of native Americans rightfully and created much discrimination for native individuals. The regulation of the Indian act works well to accept the ways of understanding Native identity, which helps in replicating the pre-colonial systems with new forms, in case of any resistance to government systems.

The process of regulation was facilitated by the image description of the Native population occur within the culture of colonization. These images played an important role in the process of colonization by presenting the complete scum of history. These images of racism and sexism contribute to regularize the government rule of Native identity, even if they were focused on forming its categories.

Gender Discrimination

One of the more important issues pertains to gender. The needs of the colonizers dictated that who is to be granted with status and who is to be withheld. The act defined that if a native male marries a white woman and is allowed to maintain their status but a native woman who marries a white man, she would have to lose her native identity. This clause of the Indian act seems ridiculous and is unacceptable. The loss of native identity means the loss of power of native women in society. It is rightly said by the author that with the change of native woman's identity, they will also lose all of their rights to possess the land or any other property from their native family. As a result of these marriage laws, the property owned by a native Indian man automatically becomes the property of Whites through inheritance laws.

Racial Discrimination

The author well-articulated the basis of discrimination between the Indians granted with status and those with the status withheld. The racial distinction between the two fails to acknowledge a common history of their culture, traditions, and laws. Cultural discrimination appears as a result of ways in which a legal framework influences the aspects of daily life. The two different cultures put the communities on two different paths of development. The problem of "mixed-blood" also has adverse gender implications given the loss of status of native women, married a white man. The problem of mixed-blood raised a question mark on the identity of future generations.

American Discourse

The United States imposed legislation in the country based on blood quantum in contrast to the Canadian-Indian Act. The problem with the American legislation was that it failed to identify the Natives with whom they did not prefer to create treaties. These are the people who are nor granted federal recognition and are considered as extinct. Because of the choices presented by colonial regulation in the times of Indians, the highly patriarchal structure practiced under the Indian Act was equal to the blood quantum. The reason it was equated with the blood quantum was its race-based nature. One example of this is the sexism and patriarchal connotations of the system.

The Native community was facing difficulty declaring boundary mark between their small portion of lands and the lands of colonizers around them due to colonial encroachment. According to the Indian act, only those Indians having access to the Indian land are known as people of indigenous heritage.

Colonization is not simply the breakdown of traditional institutions or the matter of brainwashing, but it puts the natives in a continuous struggle for their rights and freedoms, which were ruined by the colonizers. The critical issue faced by the Native societies is whether they can oppose the discourses of government to recreate the geopolitical alliances without bothering the settler's definition of indigenous governance.

Comparison

To further my understanding of the issue of gender and race, I have gone through another article titled "Racism, Sexism, and Colonialism: The impact on the Health on Aboriginal Women in Canada," written by Carrie Bourassa, Kim Mckay-Mcnabb And Mary Hampton. The article is comparatively more focused on describing the links between racism, sexism, and colonialism and their impacts on native women's identity. The author well-articulated how externally-imposed oppression disrupts the identity and health of Aboriginal women as a result of colonialist policies. Authors clearly state that Cultural identities are impossible to be separated from family, community, spirituality, and history. While these elements are cohesive in a holistic understanding of well-being and health.

The underlying concept of Bonita's article is gender and law, but she has focused a little on gender specifically. Bonita discusses more the diverse relationships between Natives and colonizers. She talked more about the Canadian-Indian law for the gender identity of natives but has not described how that law particularly impacts the Native women of the colonized society. However, the laws regarding the act of blood-quantum require to be defined in a more comprehensive way in both the articles.

Overall the two articles give some arguments on colonization and the sufferings of the Native communities. Both articles have made a necessary contribution to the existing literature in recognizing the continual impacts of colonialism on the cultural and historical transmission of values. Papers highlighted the effects of colonization on the health and welfare of Aboriginal communities. These two articles are a healthy contribution to the growing body of literature on the impacts of colonization. The series of the “Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS)” is used by the authors to observe the relationship between Indigenous-specific sources and social capital.

Moreover, Bonita states that Aboriginal communities are still suffering from restricted access to residential school systems, and laws for governing membership in Aboriginal communities with gender-specific impacts. All this is happening just because of colonialism and the legacies of the Canadian-Indian act, with limited access to economic resources. “Colonization required the quietening of Indigenous Nations and other Native women, as co-operative societies did not adjust within the individualistic and gender biased ways of the colonization” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZYAVin4o","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Moffat 2006)","plainCitation":"(Moffat 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":260,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/55bqtMd8/items/SSF8M4MW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/55bqtMd8/items/SSF8M4MW"],"itemData":{"id":260,"type":"article-journal","title":"Racism, Sexism and Colonialism: The Impact on the Health of Aboriginal Women in Canada.","container-title":"Resources for Feminist Research","page":"173–174","volume":"31","issue":"3-4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Racism, Sexism and Colonialism","author":[{"family":"Moffat","given":"Sandra"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Moffat 2006).

One major addition of Bonita Lawrence's article in literature is that she comes up with a claimable argument that the general concept of Indigenous politics in the history of Canada is race-based as a whole. Bonita claimed that racial discrimination embodied in Indian status denies the autonomous power by substituting the communalist’s concept with Indian ideas.

Bonita further her argument by saying that the disparity in the race, gender, and laws that were created by the colonizer Government is now being counteracted as integral differences, and Canada, up to some extent, is successful in securing their rights and affiliation with Indian status. This success leads the Natives Canadians to come up with an Indian identity that remains static.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Lawrence, Bonita. 2003. “Gender, Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview.” Hypatia 18(2): 3–31.

Moffat, Sandra. 2006. “Racism, Sexism and Colonialism: The Impact on the Health of Aboriginal Women in Canada.” Resources for Feminist Research 31(3–4): 173–174.

Writer Must Come Up With The Title

History of Smallpox in American Indian

Your Name here

Date Here

In the article "Smallpox and American Indians Revisited," author James C. Riley discussed the smallpox issue during the early modern era. Smallpox became a crucial health issue in American Indians and Europeans which leads to death and depopulation in the regions. The author used both new and old hypotheses to analyze the reasons behind deaths due to smallpox. He also used previous researches and sources to collect the information related to smallpox. The issue of smallpox is crucial because due to the vast death and depopulation, smallpox leads to low population growth in the country, which increased the confusion and fear that smallpox might be used as bioterrorism. The author argued that lethal smallpox came with the African slaves and Europeans in the new world. During the 1490s smallpox reached the West Indies and Hispaniola in 1518. The author further argued that smallpox is correlated with variola phylogenic disease in Asia, and it is possible that Asian immigrants transferred this disease to Europe and Africa. Report depicting fatality rates in variola major indicates that India had 26.5% total death due to this disease.

Another argument that the author gave was unawareness about the disease. In 1960 medical tests indicated that the disease is highly contagious, and before that major reason for disease expansion and deaths might be the visiting of sick people with friends, family, physicians, and other people. Research indicates that during 1968-70, 70% of people who lived close to each other or within the same compound fell sick in rural west Pakistan while those who did not have face to face contact remained healthy. Another reason that the author added in his argument was the amount of dose. The author believed that fewer doses, as well as high doses both, resulted in the seriousness of the disease. Children caught this disease more than young due to incompletely developed immune response and also older adults because of impaired immune system.

Furthermore, the author discussed the argument of historians by using familiar hypotheses, including social disruption, nutrition, genetic impairment, and genetic homogeneity. Both old and new researches agreed to the hypotheses that a shortage of food or malnutrition increases the chances of infection. Lack of access to the food weakens the immune system to respond towards infections, and people who have genetic issues related to disease face more difficulties to cope with smallpox. He also used some other additional hypotheses like host behavior in ordinary times, pregnant women and maternal antibodies to find a conclusion. Reports indicate that out of 14,800 about 2300 people had smallpox in the market town of Chester, England. People migrated from different nations and settled in Europe where due to uncommon features between communities smallpox transferred in speed. The main issue was that smallpox was not identified at that time and people's communication increased the risk. Evidence indicates that the infant was high on risk as most of the children under three months died due to smallpox. The parents were unaware of the transferable characteristic of the disease, which resulted in sickness among parents while taking care of their children. Pregnant women face premature birth, miscarriage, congenital smallpox in neonates, and even death. Iceland's researches and reports indicate that 40% of the total population was died due to smallpox in the new world. In Europe, fatality percentage was further higher than Iceland where American data shows 50% plausible fatality rate.

Through hypotheses, reports, researches, tables, and articles author concluded that food and dosage became the main issue while coping with the disease. People who were able to get vaccination with vaccinia virus and protein-energy food recovered while others faced death. Nutrition played the main role in smallpox as it improves the immune response and enables the patient to survive. Therefore, malnutrition resulted in a vast death rate in American Indians. In addition, various genetic characteristics resulted in an inability in American Indians to cope with smallpox. The most crucial factor was the novelty of smallpox. It means, women who had smallpox were unable to pass protective antibodies to the infants which increased the risk of smallpox in the children below the age of three, and this is why most of the children died upto six months. Lastly, the lifestyle of the American Indians depends on living close to others and having a big social circle that resulted in the transfer of infection. People were unaware of the disease and remained close to the people who were infected, which resulted in the depopulation of American Indians due to smallpox.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cameron, Catherine M., Paul Kelton, and Alan C. Swedlund. Beyond Germs: Native Depopulation in North America. University of Arizona Press, 2015.

“Demographic and Immune-Based Selection Shifts before and after European Contact Inferred from 50 Ancient and Modern Exomes from the Northwest Coast of North America | BioRxiv.” Accessed October 2, 2019. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051078v1.abstract.

Duggan, Ana T., Maria F. Perdomo, Dario Piombino-Mascali, Stephanie Marciniak, Debi Poinar, Matthew V. Emery, Jan P. Buchmann, et al. “17th Century Variola Virus Reveals the Recent History of Smallpox.” Current Biology 26, no. 24 (December 19, 2016): 3407–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.061.

Ghio, Andrew J. “Particle Exposure and the Historical Loss of Native American Lives to Infections.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 195, no. 12 (June 15, 2017): 1673–1673. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201609-1810LE.

Writer Must Come Up With Title

R. v. D.L.W. 2016 SCC 22

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

R. v. D.L.W. 2016 SCC 22

Style of cause:R. v. D.L.W. 2016 SCC 22

Appellant: Her Majesty The Queen

Respondent:D.L.W. and Animal Justice (Intervener)

Date heard before the court: November 9, 2015

Date decision was released:June 9, 2016

Previous court: Supreme Court of Canada

Judges in majority: McLachlin C.J. and Abella, Cromwell, Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Côté and Brown JJ.

Judges in concurrence: McLachlin C.J. and Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Côté and Brown JJ.

Judges in dissent: Abella J.

Issue on appeal:Whether the legal meaning of the term “bestiality” has well understood in common law? If yes, then whether Parliament anticipated leaving from that meaning when “bestiality” was first usedin Criminal Code (English version)?

Background Information

D.L.W, who was the respondent in this case, after thirty-eight-days trial convicted to perform sexual offense with his two stepdaughters. He used his stepdaughters and family dog for a sexual purpose. When his stepdaughter was 15 to 16 years old, he tried his family dog to do intercourse with his daughter in her bedroom. He wanted to make intercourse video between step-daughter and dog, but when he got failed, he put peanut butter on her vagina. The dog licked that peanut butter while the respondent made a video during the process. Later on, the respondent again asked her daughter to repeat the process so he can make videos and can use it for a sexual purpose. Trail found that all his activities were for a sexual purpose, so the term "bestiality" came under discussion during the trial.

The respondent appeals that within the bestiality, penetration is the element that is considered as an offense, and there is no penetration occurred in the case. Therefore, the respondent ought to have been released. The crown made an argument that penetration is not the only element that is considered in bestiality, and the meaning of bestiality is unambiguous in criminal code, which explained that any sexual interaction between humans and animals is bestiality. The concurring opinion was based on the conclusion that penetration is an essential of bestiality while dissenting opinion was made on the conclusion that penetration is not the element of bestiality. Common law plays an important role while defining criminal conduct in Canada. Common law concepts are commonly used to define the elements of statutory offense. In this case, common laws were applied to understand the concept of bestiality because this term was added without any definition, which leads to trial and different opinions by the judges.

Majority Opinion

The majority opinion was 6 of 7 judges against the respondent. The majority opinion was against the respondent, who believes that penetration is an essential element in bestiality; therefore, the appeal by the respondent should not be dismissed. Six out of seven judges gave opinions against the respondent, while only one judge was in favor of the respondent and provided the dissenting opinion.

Concurring Opinion(s)

McLachlin C.J. and Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Côté, and Brown JJ gave the concurring opinion that criminal offense has been totally statutory in Canada. The main issue in the case was whether the penetration is required in the offense of bestiality or not. They considered the previous offense known as "buggery with an animal." This offense indicated that penetration is an element of bestiality. However, the parliament did not provide a definitive and clear language for term bestiality. Any expansion of criminal liability for this offense is within Parliament's exclusive domain. Parliament should have a clear definition and explanation of the term, and if no definition is provided that its explanation cannot be generated unless parliament clearly indicates the reason.

Judges gave reasoned that no clear meaning could be drawn about the bestiality, and the only way is to consider the criminal law to conclude the case. Therefore, "buggery with an animal" is the case that is used to understand the correlation between penetration and bestiality. In this case, when the parliament used the term bestiality, it gave clearly meaning for criminal code that penetration is an essential element of bestiality. Therefore, the prosecution, in this case, should have provided evidence to prove the penetration of dog, or in case of the daughter, penetrating by animal had occurred. Otherwise, the appeal would not be dismissed. This was the state of the law when the Offences Against the Person Act, 1861 was passed in Britain. This meaning of offense was used in the Canadian criminal code (English version) in 1892 and implemented until the term "bestiality" was introduced in the revision of the English version of the code during 1955. Parliament intended to adopt the term "bestiality without further definition, which well-understood legal meaning.

In conclusion, opposing the reasoning of dissent's view, the majority stated that penetration is not perfectly legal in all types of sexually exploitative acts. In the codes, there are various provisions that are introduced to protect the people, especially children, to protect from sexual activities with the animals which do not essentially involve penetration.

Dissenting Opinion(s)

Abella J. provided opposite opinions and used criminal laws to explain his opinion. He gave the example of the 1954 amendment according to which penetration was excluded from the term bestiality, and hence, two separate terms were used that is bestiality and buggery. In addition, the dissenting judge gave the reason that penetration may result in an absurdity, and it does not stop an adult from inciting a minor to have intercourse with the animals. Therefore, penetration cannot be considered as the essential elements of the bestiality that is why the appeal should be dismissed.

Writer's Choice

Slow Death

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Introduction

There are certain moments of uncertainty that can make one feel terrible and this horrible emotion can lead to depression and anxiety. When an individual feels that way they fight back this dreadful sentiment by embracing the notion of optimism. This bitter reality is what the recent work by Laurent Berlant argues about. According to Berlant, there are times when attachment with optimism can be quite cruel. Cruel Optimism by Laurent Berlant discusses how in everyday life a person can opt for adjustment and weaken themselves in the process. People mostly do that to survive the radical contingency that is caused by the neoliberal catastrophe. This optimism is to create a new mean of relation or habit to this world. Berlant’s study of the generic convention and aesthetic forms is in regards to post-Cold War American and Europe. Cruel Optimism investigates ways in which impactful relations can arbitrate the national culture and citizenship of a country. Berlant sheds lights on the notion of “the good life” and how this fantasy is becoming more far-fetched by the day. With the help of an introduction and seven chapters, complete clarity is being given on the concept of cruel optimism. This paper will reflect on the book “Cruel Optimism by Laurent Berlant,” specifically the concept of “slow death” represented by the author in chapter three of the book.

Discussion

There is no doubt in the fact that “Cruel Optimism” does not end with hope and nor raw pessimism. In fact, Berlant uses this opportunity to shed light on how the political era is in continuous jeopardy. To conclude everything Berlant says that the present environment that everyone is living in is utterly cruel. Cruel optimism can be described as desiring something that may hamper one from thriving. Berlant’s work forms a substantial foundation based on the study of performance and desire. Chapter three of Cruel Optimism “slow death” helps further establish and strengthen Berlant’s foundational point. Slow death is the notion of feeling worn out because of the activity of reproducing life. Chapter three is invested in the concept of biopolitics, given the fact that the book constantly raises Giorgio Agamben and Michel Foucault. By doing so the author unloads arguments on agency to make the statement that sovereignty is basically a concept that is nothing but a fantasy and this notion is repeatedly mistaken as an objective state. Further, reflection is also done on the fact that often times we comprehend this model as something that is purebred via our knowledge of the sovereign state.

Berlant gives the notion of “slow death” as a method that can aid in conceiving how capitalism avoids agency and moreover, preserves non-living by the formation of subjects that are too caught up to re-produce life. Berlant tries to explain that the concept of neoliberal is not a one-stop simple process, there is no concept of commanding or stopping anything so an individual can make do by catching up. The notion of slow death makes an individual feel uneasy and puts them on edge. There are many awful emotions like anxiety and depression associated with the concept of slow death. So, to compensate, people embrace the idea of optimism. Attaching oneself with something that represents or is optimistic can help a person cope with various negative emotions that might be building up. However, in accordance with Berlant, this acceptance is causing a fair share of issues in the contemporary world.

There is a certain lag and panic associated with slow death which is evident in all of us. A good example to explain this notion would be obesity. There are many individuals who eat to make themselves feel better, but obesity is the dire consequence that they face. Eating might give an individual a sense of control and people might feel that they have immense regulation on their life, however, in reality, things are much different. Obesity can become a cruel result of this kind of an attachment.

The concepts that are explored and given by Berlant help in adding a significant amount of value to the modern psychological and social thoughts. This is being done by giving prominence to the role of slow death and its part in sustaining personal agency in the daily routine. Berlant is trying to explain this concept by explaining the notion of obesity. The issue of obesity not only has an impact on a person’s health but it also pertains an ethico-political condition. Obesity is not the only concept that is being highlighted by Berlant, the notion of coolness, detachment, distraction, alienation and depression are also being discussed as an issue in every society which can push an individual towards an environment of slow death. The concept of masculinity is also a cruel optimism as people talk about manning up but no one can truly describe the notion. Further, it is a dire fact that not acting a certain way makes one feel fearful or shameful in accordance with this concept ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cl1G31ZS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super 1\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"1","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":24,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/b7DLYQym/items/RZJPVR3C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/b7DLYQym/items/RZJPVR3C"],"itemData":{"id":24,"type":"article-journal","title":"Masculinity as cruel optimism","container-title":"NORMA","page":"175-190","volume":"13","issue":"3-4","author":[{"family":"Allan","given":"Jonathan A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 1.

Berlant’s work is very effective as it is portraying the citizens of the contemporary world as survivalists. Her theory showcases that we mold ourselves in a manner that we make the use of optimism to take down the capitalist annihilation of life. Cruel intentions very cleverly talks about an individual’s physical and mental health to present the gateways of individual tolerance and also social resistance. Berlant constantly puts emphasis on the fact that every citizen fights and endures to survive on a daily basis and how this fact has led to people embracing cruel optimism. However, there are hardly any deliberations on how people suffer and are in this position because of the government. This issue has caused the loss of great creativity and people have made peace with a very mechanical life.

The burden of responsibility caused by various institutes has changed the way people function forever. Capitalism and Neoliberalism have caused great issues in the contemporary world. People make do with what they have and the environment of slow death forms inevitability. The government has played a great part in making cruel optimism a serious problem of today’s world. The world has progressed in a manner that no one even bats a lash on these aspects which are causing a significant issue in various communities. People have come to the notion that life is all about living until one eventually dies.

Conclusion

For a common man who works, the concept of life and death where the regular schedule functions and progresses in regards to the intricate procedure of law, state control and globalization, has become old news. Everyone is aware of it and more importantly accustomed to it. People are more focused on making use of the time that they do not have to reproduce and function in their mechanical life. In fact, this way of living is normalized to the point that no one questions in it. It is a vicious circle that is just not stopping. People are have been conditioned to believe in false hope by society. The work that is given by Berlant gives valuable stance to the social sciences and the humanities. Berland has put in great effort by making use of abundant cultural and historical resources to give the audience a perfect image of the troublesome critique of the life of every other person who is living in a post-war society.

End Notes

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Allan JA. Masculinity as cruel optimism. NORMA. 2018;13(3-4):175-190.

Writer's Choice

International Impact of the Walt Disney Company

Business acquisition is established as one great strategic perspective adopted by business corporations to enhance the overall growth of the business. The organization of Walt Disney is recognized as an influential name when it comes to the exploration of successful acquisitions around the globe (Winseck, p. 36). Walt Disney expands its global business by adopting the option of acquiring different forms of businesses in different countries. It is worthy to critically examine the exercise of foreign acquisitions adopted by Walt Disney to enhance its approach of global business. Business acquisition is characterized as a great opportunity for business organizations to enhance their corporate position at a global level. The approach of business acquisition is adopted by organizations to enhance their level of strength and gain maximum benefits at the corporate level. The broad idea of acquisition is closely linked with the perspective of business at international level. There are examples of many successful business organizations who utilized the option of business acquisition and alliances to enhance their capacity of business functioning. The business organization of Walt Disney is one significant example to explore the idea of business acquisition as a great strategic prospect to achieve business targets at the global level. The company of Walt Disney increases its involvement in local markets of different countries by adopting the option of business acquisition. Disney acquires different forms of businesses in different parts of the world to attain and sustain strong business position at international level. Here the particular focus is to critically analyze the international impact of the Walt Disney Company considering the approach of business acquisition.

The approach of acquisition adopted by the organization in many different forms with the motivation of business expansion at a global level. Undoubtedly, the business instrument of acquisition is successfully utilized by the management of the organization to get benefits from the strengths of acquired organizations and increase its global position. Acquisition of Lucasfilm Ltd. by Disney is one significant example to explore the strategic aim of the organization to enhance its perspective of branded content and the utilization of advanced technologies at the global level (Schou, para. 3). Acquisition of Hungama TV from UTV Software Communications Limited is another example of successful acquisition by the organization of Walt Disney at the global level. The main objective of this form of consideration is to increase the viewership at a worldwide level. Development of theme parks at a global level is another strategic move adopted by Disney in different countries of the world. In 1982, the theme park was established by Disney in Japan that is established as the first theme park outside the United States of America. Successful examples of the phenomenon of acquisition considered by Disney indicate its overall progress and growing impact at the global level (Ritzer, p. 13). International marketing opportunities are successfully utilized by the company to expand its market share at the global level.

The impact of business acquisition at a global level can observe in many different forms. It is vital to assess how significantly the idea of business acquisition plays its role for the Walt Disney Company to influence the global market by targeting various regions. Undoubtedly, the business presented by the Walt Disney Company at the global level influence the business and social perspectives of host countries. The particular corporation organization developed itself as the leading and most diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise by considering the prospects of subsidiaries and corporate partners. The entertainment organization of Walt Disney expands its global position by acquiring different foreign companies in different time-period. There are many successful examples of Disney’s acquisition in international business. The company of Walt Disney get huge revenue share through the successful utilization of the main idea of the acquisition of international companies. It is worthy to notice that the option of business acquisition is used by the higher management of Walt Disney for its diverse products.

When it comes to the practical implications of business acquisition at the global level than the company expands its business by selecting the specific countries that have high Disney knowledge and propensity to accept new products. Stable economies are the main focus for the organization to enhance its investment at the international business level. Market size is one critical feature considering the idea of entering into a global business. This particular consideration is successfully valued by Walt Disney Company to adopt the approach of acquisition according to the actual needs of the local entertainment business markets. Changing marketing trend due to the idea of globalization is one major factor that encourages Walt Disney Company to consider the option of business acquisition to successfully avail business opportunities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3deediFQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Langer)","plainCitation":"(Langer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":907,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/U8ZVGU8P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/U8ZVGU8P"],"itemData":{"id":907,"type":"article-journal","title":"The business of branded enchantment: Ambivalence and disjuncture in the global children’s culture industry","container-title":"Journal of Consumer Culture","page":"251-277","volume":"4","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Langer","given":"Beryl"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Langer, p. 261). The management of the company successfully target the potential businesses and align them with the basic entertainment products offered by the company around the world.

Consideration of specific successful example of business acquisition of Walt Disney at the global level is essential to explore the actual implication of this particular strategic plan of action. Acquisition of Lucasfilm Ltd. by Disney is one significant approach of business acquisition that eventually enhance the prospect of global business for the company. Another significant example of acquisition adopted by the company is reflected in the form of acquiring Hungama TV from the company of UTV Software Communication Limited. This form of acquisition is immensely beneficial for the organization because it helps the business to expand its position in the potential target markets. Another prominent and successful example of business acquisition by Walt Disney Organization at the global level is established as its approach of opening theme parks in different countries. This specific prospect is started from establishing a theme park in Japan which is ranked as the first Disney theme park outside the original country of the United States of America. All these three cases of business acquisition are prominent examples of the increasingly global business role of Walt Disney Organization at international level.

It is vital to critically examine all these significant examples of business acquisition adopted by the business organization of Walt Disney to attain and sustain its strong position at the global business level. This form of consideration eventually helps to determine the actual motivation of the company and how it influences its business operations. It is also vital to determine how the practical domain of business acquisition adopted by Walt Disney influence the cultural and social prospects for the people of foreign countries. It is critical to determine how the specific decision of business acquisition by Walt Disney change the lives of people in host countries in the forms of economic and social opportunities.

Acquiring the business company of Lucasfilm Ltd. is one prominent business advancement in the case of Walt Disney Organization as it ultimately changes the business perspective for the company. The approach of acquisition in case of Lucasfilm Ltd. is adopted by the company of Walt Disney to expand its approach of different products relevant to the idea of increasing potential entertainment at a global level. The basic motivation for Walt Disney in case of this form of acquisition is to enhance its businesses at a global level as the company of Lucasfilm Ltd. have strong implication at the international level. The basic strategy of the organization of Walt Disney is to deliver exceptional content to the customers in different parts of the world. The business company of Walt Disney decided to utilize the global experience of the organization of Lucasfilm Ltd. LLC. The merger agreement between Walt Disney and Lucasfilm Ltd determine the aspect of business acquisition in the form of $4 billion. The marketing trends of that time revealed that the company of Walt Disney buy the business domain of Lucasfilm Ltd. for $4 Billion to enhance its approach of global business and attract more customers as much as possible. Consideration of the basic motivation of this acquisition is important to determine the basic motive of acquisition in this specific form. Star Wars is one popular product offered by Lucasfilm Ltd. that attract a huge range of customers at a global level. The organization of Walt Disney was interested to utilize world-class content at international level and maximize its market share ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tvhALnOa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wasko)","plainCitation":"(Wasko)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":902,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/EY7HMGMF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/EY7HMGMF"],"itemData":{"id":902,"type":"book","title":"Understanding Disney: The manufacture of fantasy","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","ISBN":"0-7456-6904-2","author":[{"family":"Wasko","given":"Janet"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wasko, p. 25). This form of acquisition eventually positively influences the domains of profitability and cultural impact for the company of Walt Disney.

Business acquisition of Hungama TV from UTV Software Communications Limited is one great and profitable approach of business profitability for the company of Walt Disney. This particular acquisition is one major step for the Walt Disney Organization to achieve a strong position in the international market of entertainment. It is essential to explore the historical perspective of this form of acquisition to enhance the understanding level about the actual implications of the merger of Hungama TV and Walt Disney Company. Hungama TV from UTV Software Communication Limited is recognized as a leading entertainment channel for children in the region of India. Walt Disney Organization expands its corporate position in the Asian market by acquiring the entertainment channel of Hungama TV. The basic motivation of the company of Walt Disney to acquire this particular business domain is to successfully target the Indian market by utilizing the popularity of Hungama TV channel in the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2bjeN9Or","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Westcott)","plainCitation":"(Westcott)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":906,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/85EZJJ3S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/85EZJJ3S"],"itemData":{"id":906,"type":"article-journal","title":"Globalisation of Children’s TV and Strategies of the “Big Three”‘","container-title":"2002) Children, Young People and Media Globalisation. Yearbook","page":"69-76","author":[{"family":"Westcott","given":"Tim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Westcott, p. 72).

It is also essential to critically discuss the implications of the approach of acquisition in case of Hungama TV from UTV Software Communication Limited. Comprehensive consideration of the idea of acquisition for Hungama TV revealed that this channel is acquired by the international company of Walt Disney for USD 30.5 million. It also referred to achieved the domain of 14.9 per cent equity in the overall form of UTV’s media. The implications of this specific acquisition appeared in the forms of profit enhancement and strong positioning of the company in the local market of India. The increasing presence of Walt Disney ultimately reflects as changing cultural perspective for the region. Indian children get more and easy access to international entertainment content that also appeared in the form of changing traditional forms of culture and social paradigms. The focal point for the company of Walt Disney through this acquisition is to achieve its future targets in the market that appears in the forms of increasing participation in the overall movie market of the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"19WlNRxq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marr and Fowler)","plainCitation":"(Marr and Fowler)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":905,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/NA25TI26"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/NA25TI26"],"itemData":{"id":905,"type":"article-journal","title":"Disney rewrites script to win fans in India","container-title":"Wall Street Journal—Eastern Edition","page":"A1-A10","volume":"249","issue":"135","author":[{"family":"Marr","given":"Merissa"},{"family":"Fowler","given":"Geoffrey A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marr and Fowler, p. 7). The idea of acquisition for Hungama TV makes it easy to offer different cultural products for the Indian children and enhance market involvement in the host country. The business philosophy of hybridity is considered by the company of Walt Disney to influence the cultural prospects of the country of India. The business strategy of acquisition helps the organization of Walt Disney to align two different Indian and Western cultures by offering international entertainment content to local customers in India.

Developing Disney theme parks in different countries is another crucial business approach adopted by Walt Disney Company to attain a strong position in international business. Walt Disney Company offered the first theme park in the country of Japan to offer its popular business products to international customers. The existence of Disney in different countries eventually change the existing paradigms of cultural products and values (Appadurai, p. 296). Establishing theme parks at international level is one profitable idea for the company of Walt Disney to deliver its experiences and products outside the United States of America. Tokyo Disneyland is characterized as the first international theme park that consists of 115-acre (47 ha) land. It is one great development for the business of Walt Disney to attract international customers towards the products and services offered by the company ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UnRgLhFC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Milman)","plainCitation":"(Milman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":903,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/7AH9CBDS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/7AH9CBDS"],"itemData":{"id":903,"type":"article-journal","title":"The global theme park industry","container-title":"Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes","page":"220-237","volume":"2","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Milman","given":"Ady"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Milman, p. 230). The basic motivation of the idea of establishing theme parks in different parts of the world is to increase the presence of Walt Disney entertainment for customers around the world. The organization of Walt Disney collaborate with the local investors in Japan to develop the idea of a theme park in the region. This form of acquisition ultimately plays a positive role to increase the profitability level and increase cultural dominance in the host country. It was one major international business attempt adopted by the company of Walt Disney to attract international clients towards the international entertainment content offered by the company. It is crucial to indicate that traditional approach of labor in the host country greatly influenced by the idea of acquisition adopted by the Walt Disney Organization in the form of developing a theme park in the region of Tokyo ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nmglvnzX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Clav\\uc0\\u233{})","plainCitation":"(Clavé)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":904,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/SCU8FCT6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/SCU8FCT6"],"itemData":{"id":904,"type":"book","title":"The global theme park industry","publisher":"Cabi","ISBN":"1-84593-210-2","author":[{"family":"Clavé","given":"Salvador Anton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Clavé, p. 15). On the other hand, the availability of new cultural products in Japan increase the influence of western culture in the country.

To conclude the discussion of the impact of the Walt Disney Organization on global business, it is important to mention that the idea of business acquisition is successfully utilized by the company to enhance its business position. Finally, it is crucial to indicate the growing impact of Walt Disney acquisition in the forms of increasing profit level and dramatic change in the overall cultural perspective at the international level. The business perspective of local communities is greatly influenced by the involvement of Walt Disney as an international organization. Local consumers are greatly influenced by the international horizon that appeared in the form of the phenomenon of hybridity.

Work Cited

Appadurai, Arjun. “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.” Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 7, no. 2–3, 1990, pp. 295–310.

Clavé, Salvador Anton. The Global Theme Park Industry. Cabi, 2007.

Langer, Beryl. “The Business of Branded Enchantment: Ambivalence and Disjuncture in the Global Children’s Culture Industry.” Journal of Consumer Culture, vol. 4, no. 2, 2004, pp. 251–77.

Marr, Merissa, and Geoffrey A. Fowler. “Disney Rewrites Script to Win Fans in India.” Wall Street Journal—Eastern Edition, vol. 249, no. 135, 2007, pp. A1–10.

Milman, Ady. “The Global Theme Park Industry.” Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, vol. 2, no. 3, 2010, pp. 220–37.

Ritzer, George. “An Introduction to McDonaldization.” McDonaldization: The Reader, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 4–25.

Schou, Solvej. “Mickey Meets’ Star Wars’: Walt Disney Co. Completes Acquisition of Lucasfilm.” Entertainment Weekly, 2012.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Wasko, Janet. Understanding Disney: The Manufacture of Fantasy. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.

Westcott, Tim. “Globalisation of Children’s TV and Strategies of the ‘Big Three’‘.” 2002) Children, Young People and Media Globalisation. Yearbook, 2002, pp. 69–76.

Winseck, Dwayne. “The State of Media Ownership and Media Markets: Competition or Concentration and Why Should We Care?” Sociology Compass, vol. 2, no. 1, 2008, pp. 34–47.

Writer's Choice

Name

Name of Professor

Class

Date

International Impact of the Walt Disney Company

Business acquisition is established as one great strategic perspective adopted by business corporations to enhance the overall growth of the business. The organization of Walt Disney is recognized as an influential name when it comes to the exploration of successful acquisitions around the globe ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"76YONIZX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Winseck)","plainCitation":"(Winseck)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":882,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/LVIR67TG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/LVIR67TG"],"itemData":{"id":882,"type":"article-journal","title":"The state of media ownership and media markets: competition or concentration and why should we care?","container-title":"Sociology Compass","page":"34-47","volume":"2","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Winseck","given":"Dwayne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Winseck, p. 36). Walt Disney expands its global business by adopting the option of acquiring different forms of businesses in different countries. It is worthy to critically examine the exercise of foreign acquisitions adopted by Walt Disney to enhance its approach of global business.

The approach of acquisition adopted by the organization in many different forms with the motivation of business expansion at a global level. Undoubtedly, the business instrument of acquisition is successfully utilized by the management of the organization to get benefits from the strengths of acquired organizations and increase its global position. Acquisition of Lucasfilm Ltd. by Disney is one significant example to explore the strategic aim of the organization to enhance its perspective of branded content and the utilization of advanced technologies at the global level ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rOyrIlT9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schou)","plainCitation":"(Schou)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":883,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/JCVEMU9U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/JCVEMU9U"],"itemData":{"id":883,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mickey meets' Star Wars': Walt Disney Co. completes acquisition of Lucasfilm","container-title":"Entertainment Weekly","author":[{"family":"Schou","given":"Solvej"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schou, para. 3). Acquisition of Hungama TV from UTV Software Communications Limited is another example of successful acquisition by the organization of Walt Disney at the global level. The main objective of this form of consideration is to increase the viewership at a worldwide level. Development of theme parks at a global level is another strategic move adopted by Disney in different countries of the world. In 1982, the theme park was established by Disney in Japan that is established as the first theme park outside the United States of America. Successful examples of the phenomenon of acquisition considered by Disney indicate its overall progress and growing impact at the global level ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BDUZblJe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ritzer)","plainCitation":"(Ritzer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":880,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/L7MDU2XM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/L7MDU2XM"],"itemData":{"id":880,"type":"article-journal","title":"An introduction to McDonaldization","container-title":"McDonaldization: The Reader","page":"4-25","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"Ritzer","given":"George"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ritzer, p. 13). International marketing opportunities are successfully utilized by the company to expand its market share at the global level.

Finally, it is crucial to indicate the growing impact of Walt Disney acquisition in the forms of increasing profit level and dramatic change in the overall cultural perspective at the international level. The business perspective of local communities is greatly influenced by the involvement of Walt Disney as an international organization. The existence of Disney in different countries eventually change the existing paradigms of cultural products and values ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yFBJbLhm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Appadurai)","plainCitation":"(Appadurai)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":881,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/JAKRSNJD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/JAKRSNJD"],"itemData":{"id":881,"type":"article-journal","title":"Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy","container-title":"Theory, culture & society","page":"295-310","volume":"7","issue":"2-3","author":[{"family":"Appadurai","given":"Arjun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Appadurai, p. 296). Local consumers are greatly influenced by the international horizon that appeared in the form of the phenomenon of hybridity.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Appadurai, Arjun. “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.” Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 7, no. 2–3, 1990, pp. 295–310.

Ritzer, George. “An Introduction to McDonaldization.” McDonaldization: The Reader, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 4–25.

Schou, Solvej. “Mickey Meets’ Star Wars’: Walt Disney Co. Completes Acquisition of Lucasfilm.” Entertainment Weekly, 2012.

Winseck, Dwayne. “The State of Media Ownership and Media Markets: Competition or Concentration and Why Should We Care?” Sociology Compass, vol. 2, no. 1, 2008, pp. 34–47.

Writer's Choice

Name

Instructor Name

Subject

Date

St. George and the Parisian Society

This essay revolves around the documentary, Le Mozart Noir: The Life & Music of Joseph Boulogne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges. In this documentary life events of the great composer of the 18th century, St. George is described. His musical compositions are also played and critically analyzed by various violinists, whereas his life choices and circumstances are explained by various historians. This essay revolves around the themes of slavery, racial prejudice, art and age of enlightenment because these things dominated his life circumstances and at the same time influenced his compositions.

Slavery prevailed in the 17th century France and Black Africans were pushed into slavery by the French influential and aristocratic class. They used to ridicule them by referring them as dirty and heathens. The skin color also served as a bone of contention under the regime of French colonization, however, the aristocracies would keep Black women as mistresses because of their exotic persona. St. George's father brought him and his mother to France because they both had a good relationship with one another. His father adored him and he was affectionate towards him. However, his father wanted him to introduce in the French aristocratic class because he had high plans for St. George's future in France. I quite disagree with this thinking and I believe that George Bologne was highly obsessed with the class system as a part of the French aristocracy himself. Moreover, he could never accept a mulatto as his son so he wanted to change his personality by removing the true ethnic identity of St. George. Besides, this can be the sole reason that he introduced St. George to an alien culture by removing the latter’s sense of his native cultural values. George Bologne still placed his own cultural values at a high pedestal as compared to the African culture. The Parisian society was ill at odds with St. George because of their class system and discriminatory practices.

St. George had to face racial prejudices in the Parisian society where his art was admired nonetheless but he always remained an outsider of them. French women used to lust after him because of his exotic looks and this also reflects at the colonial practice of viewing the Other from a distance. He would court French women but he never received love and true acceptance from them because he was an outsider. In history, he is written as a ladies man because of his inferior position. In my opinion, this treatment of St. George points to the hypocritical behavior of the Parisian society because of their pretentious attitude, at the same time they would use him as a prop. St. George failed to assimilate in the host country because of his ethnic differences and people would ask him for a duel in fencer, not because they admired his skills. Instead, it showed their obsession with their hierarchical position and they could never tolerate a talented Black man because of his inferior social standing.

St. George took refuge in art and became an excellent composer. I believe that his talent was better expressed through art because it provided him with an opportunity to express himself. This can also suggest that he could never take hold of the narrative power so he resorted to compositions and his tunes enamored the Parisian society to some extent. Besides, it also refutes the French colonizers’ claims that the culture he lived in was the culture of heathens or illiterate people. African culture in every age has prioritized its cultural and mythological values as a reminder to their people that they have a sense of culture and morals. His art was targeted because of his race and ethnic background. He could never be viewed as a gentleman. He always remained a “mulatto” in the eyes of the French aristocracies and the artist in him also became a victim to racial prejudices. He got distanced from art and took up the role of a soldier, this points at the reaffirmation of racial prejudices that Black men are violent. On the other hand, these social stigmas made it even harder for them to develop their own sense of identity and in order to assimilate with the home culture, they suffer through the fragmentation of their identities.

The Age of Enlightenment influenced St. George and he became a revolutionary, fighting for the rights of people of color alongside his French countrymen. However, he failed to safeguard the rights of his people because he was imprisoned by the newly formed French government. People of France saw better days but slavery could not be fully abolished because the revolution only benefitted the French public. This affected his art too and he got further distanced from his art because the Parisian society decided roles for him and he could never really be treated as a gentleman. I view his role as a revolutionary because he fought for both his home country and his country of origin but he suffered from double consciousness. He was a part of both societies yet one society ridiculed him publically whereas the other thought of him as assimilated in an alien culture.

St. George's life events are very much similar to every African American or the Caribbean who were once colonized. The Parisian society treated him as a prop and they decided roles for him and rejected his artistic matter because of his skin color and ethnicity. He was never really welcomed in the French aristocratic class despite his status as a skilled fencer or a great composer. He was always viewed as an “outsider” and “unmarriageable” because of his low social status. Besides, he was publically humiliated and his “Christian” name also never earned him respect because he was addressed as a mulatto and not a French gentleman. He never got the authority to hold his narrative power and his music became his avenue for expressing his freedom of voice and freedom of expression. He was never treated well in a Parisian society because of racial prejudices and even when he was free, he lived a life worse than any slave.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Writer's Choice

Epidemiological Research Project

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Abstract

The use of force to damage, injury, and destroy physically is termed as violence. According to the world health organization, it is a physical force that is used against oneself, another community, threatening act, or use of power to injure someone is violence. The result of violence is damage, destruction, physiological harm, and deprivation among communities. It has been observed that low socio-economic status and poverty have a significant effect on increasing violence in communities and societies. Many types of violence are preventable and avoidable, such as domestic violence and violence against women and children through education and awareness.

Key words: Epidemiology, violence, domestic violence, gender inequality.

Introduction

The mental and physical health of the communities is severely affected due to violence. Communities and societies are observed to have higher probabilities of violence that are living in poverty and below the poverty line ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24do13pmbm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":925,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"itemData":{"id":925,"type":"article-journal","title":"Developmental epidemiology","container-title":"Developmental psychopathology","page":"1-35","author":[{"family":"Costello","given":"E. Jane"},{"family":"Angold","given":"Adrian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Costello & Angold, 2016). To address problems related to violence, it is essentially important to collect information through interviews and surveys to evaluate the reasons behind the violence. Several factors are associated with violent behaviors of individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a4390vjdbd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). Several epidemiological studies have shown that various kinds of violence are even ignored among communities because they are not counted in violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a10omll2i0g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bhopal, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Bhopal, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":926,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VIZBQ4NZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VIZBQ4NZ"],"itemData":{"id":926,"type":"book","title":"Concepts of epidemiology: integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology","publisher":"Oxford University Press","ISBN":"0-19-873968-0","author":[{"family":"Bhopal","given":"Raj S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bhopal, 2016). The article will utilize epidemiological research methods to evaluate and analyze views of the participants regarding violence against women among communities.

Methodology

Study Design and Data Collection

The study design chosen for the respective study was a mixed-methods approach in which quantitative methods were utilized. Data was collected through survey questions that were prepared using questionnaires ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2j61mqcd22","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":925,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"itemData":{"id":925,"type":"article-journal","title":"Developmental epidemiology","container-title":"Developmental psychopathology","page":"1-35","author":[{"family":"Costello","given":"E. Jane"},{"family":"Angold","given":"Adrian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Costello & Angold, 2016). The questionnaires were prepared using a 7-point rector scale in which options were added as strongly agree, agree, slightly agree, neither agree nor disagree, slightly disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aji4ng3vs8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Oakes & Kaufman, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Oakes & Kaufman, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":924,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/L5IE685U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/L5IE685U"],"itemData":{"id":924,"type":"book","title":"Methods in social epidemiology","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","ISBN":"1-118-50559-X","author":[{"family":"Oakes","given":"J. Michael"},{"family":"Kaufman","given":"Jay S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Oakes & Kaufman, 2017). The data collection was completed through the questions from 250 participants. Participants were African Americans of South Carolina.

Study Participants

The participants were age 18 to 25 years, and initially, consent was taken from them to willingly participate in the study ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2kmgo2v7h1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bhopal, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Bhopal, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":926,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VIZBQ4NZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VIZBQ4NZ"],"itemData":{"id":926,"type":"book","title":"Concepts of epidemiology: integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology","publisher":"Oxford University Press","ISBN":"0-19-873968-0","author":[{"family":"Bhopal","given":"Raj S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bhopal, 2016). The questionnaire was shared among participants that were answered by them, and around 10 to 15 minutes were taken to fill it. Every question has 7 options, including strongly agree, agree, slightly agree, neither agree nor disagree, slightly disagree, disagree and strongly disagree ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1d1mvd207v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Oakes & Kaufman, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Oakes & Kaufman, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":924,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/L5IE685U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/L5IE685U"],"itemData":{"id":924,"type":"book","title":"Methods in social epidemiology","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","ISBN":"1-118-50559-X","author":[{"family":"Oakes","given":"J. Michael"},{"family":"Kaufman","given":"Jay S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Oakes & Kaufman, 2017).

Recruitment Procedure

The participants were allowed to give their consent to become part of the study and initially, consent was taken from them.

Survey Development

The survey was oriented to measure the knowledge regarding violence, and how participants respond to violence, and the participants were African Americans of South Carolina.

Analysis and Results

The results were explored and evaluated after data collection, and excel spreadsheets were maintained. Data were analyzed using pie charts and bar graphs for a graphical representation of the data ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a21cb92r0o5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":925,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"itemData":{"id":925,"type":"article-journal","title":"Developmental epidemiology","container-title":"Developmental psychopathology","page":"1-35","author":[{"family":"Costello","given":"E. Jane"},{"family":"Angold","given":"Adrian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Costello & Angold, 2016). The data was analyzed through excel sheets utilizing pie charts and bar graphs. The data collected have shown that 1.25% of the individuals were strongly agreed to the question, a man has no right to hit his girlfriend even if she breaks agreements that she has made with him. Around 1.48 5 of the participants responded strongly agree to Even when a woman lies to her boyfriend/husband. She does not deserve to be hit. The survey has recorded that there is no excuse for a man hitting his girlfriend/wife of around 2.4 %. Approximately 6.5 % of participants responded strongly agree to the question, a woman who constantly refuses to have sex with her boyfriend/husband is asking to be hit. Around 6.2 % of the participants answered the question I would talk to a woman to get her to find help from a local domestic violence shelter as strongly agree.

Discussion

Gender inequality and income disparities are also linked to violence. Violence has been observed to be more common among countries that are underdeveloped and developing though it has been observed to be prevalent in developed countries also ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"asr089q7oi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). Awareness and education can significantly decline racial and discrimination systems from communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1lhg6auf3o","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). It has been observed that violence, particularly against women and children, is more prevalent among communities. The results have shown that approximately 6.5 % of participants strongly agree that it usually happens when a woman who constantly refuses to have sex with her boyfriend/husband is a victim of violence.

Violence against partners and teachers sexually assaulting children is a behavior that is common among communities; however, it has been unnecessarily ignored ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1ef6r914ef","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). Media has ignored this kind of violence to be highlighted, and therefore it is not considered as an important form of violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"afqst48qeu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). Numerous types of violence are avoidable and stoppable, as we discussed, for example, domestic violence and violence against women and children through education and awareness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24ubvsudvi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). Partners usually sexually assaulting their companions and left them suffering is another form of violence that is not considerably highlighted as violence and viciousness.

Appendix

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 Results of the Survey in the form of Bar graph

3810003162300Figure 2 Survey Results

Figure 2 Survey Results

38100097155000

Figure 3 Results from the survey in the form of Pie Chart

12668253295015Figure 3 Results from the survey in Pie Chart Form

Figure 3 Results from the survey in Pie Chart Form

center889000

A man has no right to hit his girlfriend even if she breaks agreements that she has made with him. 1.25

Even when a woman lies to her boyfriend/husband. She does not deserve to be hit. 1.48

Occasional violence by a man towards his girlfriend /wife can help maintain the relationship 4.2

There is no excuse for a man hitting his girlfriend/wife 2.4

A woman who constantly refuses to have sex with her boyfriend/husband is asking to be hit. 6.5

Abused women try to get their boyfriends/husbands to hit them as a way to get attention from them. 1.5

Women who are hit by their boyfriends are responsible for it to happen because they are meant for it 4.1

Women who are hit by their boyfriends are responsible for it to happen because they are meant for it 4.1

People who are important to me think that it would do some women good to get hot by their boyfriends/husbands. 5.1

I would talk to a woman to get her to find help from a local domestic violence shelter. 6.2

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bhopal, R. S. (2016). Concepts of epidemiology: integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology. Oxford University Press.

Browne, S. (2016). Violence against women. The women’s liberation movement in Scotland. Manchester University Press.

Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2016). Developmental epidemiology. Developmental Psychopathology, 1–35.

Oakes, J. M., & Kaufman, J. S. (2017). Methods in social epidemiology. John Wiley & Sons.