Epidemiological Research Project
Name
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]
Author Note
Abstract
The use of force to damage, injury, and destroy physically is termed as violence. According to the world health organization, it is a physical force that is used against oneself, another community, threatening act, or use of power to injure someone is violence. The result of violence is damage, destruction, physiological harm, and deprivation among communities. It has been observed that low socio-economic status and poverty have a significant effect on increasing violence in communities and societies. Many types of violence are preventable and avoidable, such as domestic violence and violence against women and children through education and awareness.
Key words: Epidemiology, violence, domestic violence, gender inequality.
Introduction
The mental and physical health of the communities is severely affected due to violence. Communities and societies are observed to have higher probabilities of violence that are living in poverty and below the poverty line ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24do13pmbm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":925,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"itemData":{"id":925,"type":"article-journal","title":"Developmental epidemiology","container-title":"Developmental psychopathology","page":"1-35","author":[{"family":"Costello","given":"E. Jane"},{"family":"Angold","given":"Adrian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Costello & Angold, 2016). To address problems related to violence, it is essentially important to collect information through interviews and surveys to evaluate the reasons behind the violence. Several factors are associated with violent behaviors of individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a4390vjdbd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). Several epidemiological studies have shown that various kinds of violence are even ignored among communities because they are not counted in violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a10omll2i0g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bhopal, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Bhopal, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":926,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VIZBQ4NZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VIZBQ4NZ"],"itemData":{"id":926,"type":"book","title":"Concepts of epidemiology: integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology","publisher":"Oxford University Press","ISBN":"0-19-873968-0","author":[{"family":"Bhopal","given":"Raj S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bhopal, 2016). The article will utilize epidemiological research methods to evaluate and analyze views of the participants regarding violence against women among communities.
Methodology
Study Design and Data Collection
The study design chosen for the respective study was a mixed-methods approach in which quantitative methods were utilized. Data was collected through survey questions that were prepared using questionnaires ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2j61mqcd22","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":925,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"itemData":{"id":925,"type":"article-journal","title":"Developmental epidemiology","container-title":"Developmental psychopathology","page":"1-35","author":[{"family":"Costello","given":"E. Jane"},{"family":"Angold","given":"Adrian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Costello & Angold, 2016). The questionnaires were prepared using a 7-point rector scale in which options were added as strongly agree, agree, slightly agree, neither agree nor disagree, slightly disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aji4ng3vs8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Oakes & Kaufman, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Oakes & Kaufman, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":924,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/L5IE685U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/L5IE685U"],"itemData":{"id":924,"type":"book","title":"Methods in social epidemiology","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","ISBN":"1-118-50559-X","author":[{"family":"Oakes","given":"J. Michael"},{"family":"Kaufman","given":"Jay S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Oakes & Kaufman, 2017). The data collection was completed through the questions from 250 participants. Participants were African Americans of South Carolina.
Study Participants
The participants were age 18 to 25 years, and initially, consent was taken from them to willingly participate in the study ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2kmgo2v7h1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bhopal, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Bhopal, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":926,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VIZBQ4NZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VIZBQ4NZ"],"itemData":{"id":926,"type":"book","title":"Concepts of epidemiology: integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology","publisher":"Oxford University Press","ISBN":"0-19-873968-0","author":[{"family":"Bhopal","given":"Raj S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bhopal, 2016). The questionnaire was shared among participants that were answered by them, and around 10 to 15 minutes were taken to fill it. Every question has 7 options, including strongly agree, agree, slightly agree, neither agree nor disagree, slightly disagree, disagree and strongly disagree ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1d1mvd207v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Oakes & Kaufman, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Oakes & Kaufman, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":924,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/L5IE685U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/L5IE685U"],"itemData":{"id":924,"type":"book","title":"Methods in social epidemiology","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","ISBN":"1-118-50559-X","author":[{"family":"Oakes","given":"J. Michael"},{"family":"Kaufman","given":"Jay S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Oakes & Kaufman, 2017).
Recruitment Procedure
The participants were allowed to give their consent to become part of the study and initially, consent was taken from them.
Survey Development
The survey was oriented to measure the knowledge regarding violence, and how participants respond to violence, and the participants were African Americans of South Carolina.
Analysis and Results
The results were explored and evaluated after data collection, and excel spreadsheets were maintained. Data were analyzed using pie charts and bar graphs for a graphical representation of the data ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a21cb92r0o5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Costello & Angold, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":925,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI3KIR7S"],"itemData":{"id":925,"type":"article-journal","title":"Developmental epidemiology","container-title":"Developmental psychopathology","page":"1-35","author":[{"family":"Costello","given":"E. Jane"},{"family":"Angold","given":"Adrian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Costello & Angold, 2016). The data was analyzed through excel sheets utilizing pie charts and bar graphs. The data collected have shown that 1.25% of the individuals were strongly agreed to the question, a man has no right to hit his girlfriend even if she breaks agreements that she has made with him. Around 1.48 5 of the participants responded strongly agree to Even when a woman lies to her boyfriend/husband. She does not deserve to be hit. The survey has recorded that there is no excuse for a man hitting his girlfriend/wife of around 2.4 %. Approximately 6.5 % of participants responded strongly agree to the question, a woman who constantly refuses to have sex with her boyfriend/husband is asking to be hit. Around 6.2 % of the participants answered the question I would talk to a woman to get her to find help from a local domestic violence shelter as strongly agree.
Discussion
Gender inequality and income disparities are also linked to violence. Violence has been observed to be more common among countries that are underdeveloped and developing though it has been observed to be prevalent in developed countries also ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"asr089q7oi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). Awareness and education can significantly decline racial and discrimination systems from communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1lhg6auf3o","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). It has been observed that violence, particularly against women and children, is more prevalent among communities. The results have shown that approximately 6.5 % of participants strongly agree that it usually happens when a woman who constantly refuses to have sex with her boyfriend/husband is a victim of violence.
Violence against partners and teachers sexually assaulting children is a behavior that is common among communities; however, it has been unnecessarily ignored ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1ef6r914ef","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). Media has ignored this kind of violence to be highlighted, and therefore it is not considered as an important form of violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"afqst48qeu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). Numerous types of violence are avoidable and stoppable, as we discussed, for example, domestic violence and violence against women and children through education and awareness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24ubvsudvi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Browne, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Browne, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":927,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SAVLDV8Z"],"itemData":{"id":927,"type":"chapter","title":"Violence against women","container-title":"The women’s liberation movement in Scotland","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Browne","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Browne, 2016). Partners usually sexually assaulting their companions and left them suffering is another form of violence that is not considerably highlighted as violence and viciousness.
Appendix
Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 Results of the Survey in the form of Bar graph
3810003162300Figure 2 Survey Results
Figure 2 Survey Results
38100097155000
Figure 3 Results from the survey in the form of Pie Chart
12668253295015Figure 3 Results from the survey in Pie Chart Form
Figure 3 Results from the survey in Pie Chart Form
center889000
A man has no right to hit his girlfriend even if she breaks agreements that she has made with him. 1.25
Even when a woman lies to her boyfriend/husband. She does not deserve to be hit. 1.48
Occasional violence by a man towards his girlfriend /wife can help maintain the relationship 4.2
There is no excuse for a man hitting his girlfriend/wife 2.4
A woman who constantly refuses to have sex with her boyfriend/husband is asking to be hit. 6.5
Abused women try to get their boyfriends/husbands to hit them as a way to get attention from them. 1.5
Women who are hit by their boyfriends are responsible for it to happen because they are meant for it 4.1
Women who are hit by their boyfriends are responsible for it to happen because they are meant for it 4.1
People who are important to me think that it would do some women good to get hot by their boyfriends/husbands. 5.1
I would talk to a woman to get her to find help from a local domestic violence shelter. 6.2
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bhopal, R. S. (2016). Concepts of epidemiology: integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology. Oxford University Press.
Browne, S. (2016). Violence against women. The women’s liberation movement in Scotland. Manchester University Press.
Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2016). Developmental epidemiology. Developmental Psychopathology, 1–35.
Oakes, J. M., & Kaufman, J. S. (2017). Methods in social epidemiology. John Wiley & Sons.
