Salmonella Typhi

Salmonella Typhi

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Salmonella Typhi

Salmonella typhi or in simple words typhoid is a bacterial infection that is associated with fever. It is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi bacteria that are mainly deposited in water. The bacterium after entering the body lives in the intestine and bloodstream of a person. While discussing the epidemiology of this disease, people living in developing countries that have improper sewage systems are more prone to get infected by this bacteria. This is because typhoid bacteria can live in dried sewage for weeks. According to the, WHO reports more than 20 million people to get infected with diseases every year. However, in most developed countries due to the improved condition, there has been a drastic reduction of people getting sick with typhoid (Wain J, 2019).

The typhoid is spread by the consumption of contaminated food or drinks. People who are infected with this disease also become carriers and can contaminate surrounding water through stool and urine that are a major source of bacteria. Even washing fruits and vegetables with contaminated water and eating them can cause typhoid. It has also been observed that infected people after the treatment harbors the bacteria in their intestine for years making them asymptomatic carriers. However, without proper care and precautionary measures, this disease can appear again.

Typically, the symptoms start appearing after 6 days of getting infected, yet sometimes it takes almost 30 days to appear. People infected with typhoid fever experience high fever associated with severe abdominal pain, headaches, and weakness. In severe cases, if not treated properly people can have severe intestinal bleeding that is life-threatening. To diagnose the diseases physicians usually suggest people take blood tests or stool and urine tests for S. typhi infection. Usually, antibiotics are prescribed to the patients having typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever can be prevented by taking some precautionary measures such as boiling water before drinking and washing vegetables and fruits. Also, eat only properly cooked food and avoid street foods. Maintaining oral hygiene is very important. Moreover, if a person is living or traveling to an underdeveloped country, then he or she must get a vaccine against typhoid that will prevent him or her from getting infected.

References

Wain J, e. (2019). Typhoid fever. - PubMed - NCBI. Retrieved 18 September 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25458731

Science

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Digestive Enzyme

Digestive enzymes, what science says about this?

Digestion is referred to as the process of breaking down of complex organic molecules into simple sugars e.g., glucose for producing ATP—energy packets. This breakdown takes place with the help of digestive enzymes e.g., amylase, sucrose, lipase, trypsin, pepsin and so on. When any digestive gland for instance pancreas finds it hard to function and produce enzymes properly, synthetic enzymes are used for carrying digestion (Bernard, 2008; Heather, 2011). These medicines can be found in form of tablets or liquid syrups. A bulk of research literature is evident that these medicines act as a supplement (when bile is being produced but undergoes malfunctioning) as in indigestion (Heather, 2011). Furthermore, we can use them as replacement therapies (when organs are not producing enzymes) in case of cystic fibrosis, cancer, surgery and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (Heather, 2011). Researchers are agreed upon their universal advantages with respect to their digestive functioning but other side of the picture is apparently more jaundiced. They are having accepted disadvantages as well: Difficulty is talking and breathing, swelling of throat, lips, tongue and mouth, chest tightness, itching, rashes, wheezing, peeling skin, red blistered swollen skin, headache, constipation, gas, diarrhea, cough, stomach pain, sore throat, neck pain, nausea, upset stomach, ear pain, stuffy nose, heartburn, nose-bleeding and dizziness (Bernard, 2008; Olesen, 2013). fibrosing colonopathy is a severe condition resulting in excessive use of digestive enzyme encapsulating the symptoms of constipation, stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting and upset stomach ((Bernard, 2008; Olesen, 2013). Esophageal perforation is another resulting condition involving severe irritation of esophagus tissues. This is why these supplements are not regulated by The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2018).

The only solution to these umbrella problems is to use these medicines as the second line treatment of digestive problems. Diet and exercise may prove effective alternates in this regard. Excessive use must be avoided (FDA, 2018).

Works cited

“Dietary supplements.” Food and Drug Administration Authority (FDA), 16 Nov. 2018. https://www.fda.gov/food/dietarysupplements/default.htm. Assessed 18 March 2019

Olesen Juel, Graversen Kolesnikov Wilder-Smith Drewes. “Pharmacological pain management in chronic pancreatitis.” World J. Gastroenterol. 2013, vol. 19, no.42, pp.7292–7301. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24259960 Assessed 18 March 2019

Heather Wiera and Robert Kuhnb. “Pancreatic enzyme supplementation.” Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2011, vol. 23 pp. 541-544.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21799412 Assessed 18 March 2019

Bernard Roxas. “The role of enzyme supplementation in digestive disorders.” Altern. Med. Rev. 2008, vol.18, no.4, pp.307–314. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152478 Assessed 18 March 2019

Science And Technology- Laboratory Course

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Name

Date

Instructors Name

Assignment SCI103 Unit 2 Lab Report

Title Measuring pH Levels

Section 1 You will be testing 4 known solutions for pH levels using a standard wide-range indicator. Based off of the results obtained in the lab room, fill in the following table

Table 1.0

Acid base solutions with their prospective pH values

Solution NumberpH from LabAcid, Base or NeutralSolution Name (what was in the test tube)Concentration Solution 19.78Basic Soap and tap water 0.32 mol/liter Solution 25.99Acidic Chicken soup and tap water 0.32 mol/liter Solution 31.32Acidic Battery acid and tap water 0.32 mol/ liter Solution 47.25Basic Blood and tap water 0.32 mol/ liter

Section 2 Now that you understand how to read pH measurements, go out into the field to gather pH samples from 3 different lakes to take back to the lab for testing, and answer the following questions

What was the pH level measured at Lake 1

At Lake1, the pH level was found to be 8.28

What was the pH level measured at Lake 2

At Lake 2, pH level was found to be 7.2

What was the pH level measured at Lake 3

At Lake 3, pH level was found to be 6.8

Which two lakes have the highest levels of acidity in their water

Only lake 3 has the highest level of acidity.

Part II

List and describe the acids you found. What things do the acids have in common

Vinegar

Lemon Juice

Yogurt

All are liquids or semi liquids, sour in taste and white in color

Description (Describe using complete sentences some suggestions- what do they contain, what they are used for and why, what are their properties, what is their pH.

a) Vinegar is made up to acetic acid, salt, sugar and water. It is moderately acidic in nature and is mainly used as taste enhancer in salads and vegetables. It is sour in taste and its pH is 4.5

b) Lemons are natural sources of vitamin C and citric acids and are used in embracing sourness to our edibles. It is highly acidic in nature and tastes exceptionally sour. Its pH value is 2.0

c) Yogurt is made prepared through bacterial or fungal fermentation of milk which gives lactic acid. It is a rich source of calcium and cobalamin. It is slightly sour in taste and its pH value is 4.4.

Some common attributes of acids

They are usually white in color

They are liquids

They taste sour

They are both synthetic and naturally occurring

Their edible forms are diluted

List and describe the bases you found. What things do these have in common

Soap

Baking soda

Washing powder

All the bases are white in color, have bitter taste, give foam when mixed with water and are synthetic in nature.

Description (Describe using complete sentences). Some suggestions- what do the bases contain, what they are used for, what are their properties, what is their pH.

a) Soaps contain sodium hydroxide which is a moderate base. It is synthetic in nature and is commonly used for washing and bathing purpose. Its pH ranges from 9-10.

b) Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is made up of sodium, carbon and hydrogen, together which are highly basic in nature (usually with pH 14). pH of baking soda is 9 and it is highly bitter in taste. It is used in baking.

c) Washing powder is used for removing stains and killing bacteria from the clothes. It has a complex chemical composition which makes it highly basic, with pH of 9-10. It gives foamy texture when mixed with water and is bitter in taste.

Some common attributes of bases

They are bitter in taste

They are liquids, semi-liquids or solids

They are comparatively more synthetic in nature

They give foamy texture when mixed with water

Look at your data for the three lakes in the virtual lab. Acid rain is impacting two of these three lakes. Explain what acid rain is and describe which two lakes are receiving acid rain. Also, discuss how the location of each lake relates to their pH level

What is Acid rain

When industrial sulfur and nitrogen mixes with the oxygen of air and rainwater in the atmosphere, the resulting products are acids e.g., dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid. These in turn make the earth water acidic and disrupt their optimal pH.

Describe which two lakes are receiving acid rain.

Only one lake (lake 3) is receiving acidic rain

Discuss how the location of each lake (Lake 1, Lake 2 and Lake 3) relates to their pH level

Lake I is located near a soup and detergent manufacturing industry and industrial wastes make the lake water basic in nature with the pH value of 8.28. Lake II is located near poultry industry which releases animal blood as a waste product the lake acquires the pH value of 7.2basic in nature. Lake III is located near coal power generation industry due to which acidic rain makes the lake water acidic with 6.8 pH value.

5. Imagine original pH of the lake was 6, but it has now dropped to pH 3. How many times more acidic has this lake become What negative impacts can this amount of acidification have on the environment

It is now 1000 times more acidic in nature and it will affect the marine life adversely including altered pH of water and poor accommodation of marine life to cope this pH change.

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Science As A Human Endeavour Task

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Science as a Human Endeavor Task

Introduction

Human beings have been blessed with a curious nature and they have been searching for an explanation of the various phenomenon going on around them since the beginning of times (French). The various kinds of processes going on around the world have always intrigued the man to dwell into it and find the reason for the process (Bowler). For example, the rising of the sun and moon, the growing of trees and plants, the changing of weathers and even the matters of life and death; all these things have deeply urged and motivated the humans in every age to search for the reasons behind them. This curious human nature has also benefitted him by providing the solution to many problems and issues that have arisen in his life. A very small and common example of this is the invention of fire and the wheel.

This quest or thirst of human beings for knowledge or exploration of a different kind of phenomenon is known as Science. Science provides knowledge regarding even the basic concepts of life to the huge phenomenon like big bang theory and provides explanations to many questions that were once unexplainable. All these facts are provided not in thin air but on the basis of clear observation and repetitive experimentation (Bradt). Science facilitates human beings in a number of ways, it helps us cook food, wash dishes, clean our homes and drive our vehicles (Stilgoe). As a matter of fact, it would not be wrong if it is said that science controls each and every matter of our life now. And this impact is not limited to our personal lives; Science not only benefits and improves the quality of a person’s life on an individual or personal level but it improves the level of satisfaction on a whole level as a society (Russell).

Discussion

Scientists have made numerous contributions to making this world a better and peaceful place to live. It has made social developments all over the world and has allowed humans to be a much better person all socially and personally (Tonnies). Science is important in the respect that it satisfies many of the basic human needs and improves the living standards of the people living in a society. The various advancements in science and technology have made communications less complicated and much faster. In addition to this, the various modes of travelling and transportation have shortened the distances and made it much easier to travel across the seas and oceans (Coyne).

And the subjects of science is not alone; with the advancements in the knowledge and information area, the field of science has also expanded to amazing areas. All thanks to the ever-changing and advancing research techniques, the subject of science has expanded to unbelievable stretches (Eddy). The subject of science is not only limited to a single subject but has been divided into a number of branches currently. These branches

The most interesting aspect about these branches of science is that although all these disciples are unique in their nature and perform their functions in their respective fields, all of them are strongly interlinked with each other. These disciplines are not only strongly linked and interconnected with each other bus sometimes dependent on each other. In some cases, this dependence increases to the extent that without the completion of the research in one filed, the research or study in the other discipline cannot be initiated (Campbell). The example of such dependence can be seen in the race of medical sciences, where the providence of adequate health care facilities and medication are heavily dependent upon the advancements in chemistry.

One of the important fields of science is Biology. In simple words, Biology is the study of life. This branch of science deals with the various aspects of life, from origination till the end, it studies all the stages of the life of a living being (Stehr). In addition to this, The field of Biology is not only limited to the study of the life of humans or the various stages of life of humans, in fact it includes the study of all forms of life that have been present on the face of the earth, from the very beginning of the time till present.

Moving a step further, the subject of Biology is not only limited to the exploration of the myths of various stages of life but also making life and its processes better. This has been made possible with the collaboration with other disciplines of science. In this specific context, the field of Biology has successfully collaborated with modern methods to technology to provide a better level of life quality to living beings (Blok). Biologists have been successfully conducting experiments with the technologists in order to get the desired results and provide an improved quality of life to human beings. This ultimately results in a better and tension-free society, where the people live in peace and harmony with each other.

Where science has made various processes easy it has also facilitated in curing various kinds of diseases, especially some of the deadly diseases. One of the most dangerous and deadly diseases that has found its cure in the arms of science and its advancements is cancer. Cancer is a deadly disease, in fact, a group of diseases, that destroys the already growing or the multiplying cells in the body. It is a kind of tumour that initiates at one place and starts growing from there and ultimately spreads all over the body (WHO). It is opposite to the benign tumours that initiate at one place in the body and stay there, they do not grow or spread and are usually less harmful (Seigel).

Cancer is such a deadly disease that it is the third highest killer in the world after diabetes and the brain haemorrhage (Miller). The annual death rate only in the United States of America due to various forms of cancer is 250000 individuals per annum (Miller). The most harmful types of cancer that cause the most diseases in the world is pancreatic cancer and liver cancer. Scientists experts and oncologists have been looking for a cure to this deadly killer for ages and have been successful in many cases but still, a lot needs to be done (van de Wetering). The ratio of beating the disease is not 100% yet. Various forms of the treatment of Cancer have been devised till now which include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, gene mutation and bone marrow transplant. Another very popular technique of the treatment of cancer is the cell process commonly known as apoptosis (Arends). The scientists are still working to achieve 10% success ratio in the treatment of the deadly disease. However, these treatment strategies have emerged as a blessing for the patients of cancer themselves and their family and friends (Coleman). The patients have cancer have found relief in this advancement of science as it provides a chance to completely cure the disease or at least elongate the life of the victim. It provides a chance to the victim of the disease to spend maximum time with their friends and family.

As it has been established that sadly the success ratio of the treatment of cancer is not 100% and still there is research going on in this respect that how to cure the disease 100% or eradicate this deadly killer completely from the face of the earth, the experts especially the oncologists studying in the field of cancer have become successfully to at least lessen the painful effects of the disease. Hence the patient has to experience less pain while still fighting with the disease. This has helped society in a considerable manner that there is still hope (DeSantis). The people especially the people fighting with the deadly disease and the relatives and friends of the victims can look forward towards science and technology that one day the scientific techniques will beat the disease and their friend or relative will be cured completely.

There are various organizations that are working for this purpose as well. Some of these organizations are profit and some are non-profit. Even the Australian Institute for the Research of Cancer and Oncology is contributing a great deal towards the successful research of cancer. It is giving serious hopes to the patients and people in general and a very positive step towards the research of Cancer.

Conclusion

Hence, it can be concluded that science has descended in the life of the human race as a true blessing. It has made human life much easier and facilitated people in unlimited ways. Science has made lives heaven for humans not only at a personal level but also on a larger scale, specifically on a social level. Where it has provided answers to many questions and resolved many queries, it has also found a cure to many deadly diseases like cancer. It provides a chance to the victim to recover completely or at least delays the possibilities of death to the minimum level.

Works Cited

Arends, J., Bachmann, P., Baracos, V., Barthelemy, N., Bertz, H., Bozzetti, F., ... & Krznaric, Z. (2017). ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clinical Nutrition, 36(1), 11-48.

Blok, Anton. Radical Innovators: The Blessings of Adversity in Science and Art, 1500-2000. John Wiley & Sons, 2017.

Bowler, Peter J. The Mendelian revolution: The emergence of hereditarian concepts in modern science and society. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.

Bradt, Joke, et al. "Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8 (2016).

Campbell, Tom. Adam Smith's science of morals. Routledge, 2014.

Coleman, R., et al. "Bone health in cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines." Annals of Oncology 25.suppl_3 (2014): iii124-iii137.

Coyne, Jerry A. Faith versus fact: Why science and religion are incompatible. Penguin, 2016.

DeSantis, Carol E., et al. "Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2014." CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 64.4 (2014): 252-271.

Eddy, Mary Baker. Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. BoD–Books on Demand, 2018.

French, Richard D. Antivivisection and medical science in Victorian society. Vol. 5492. Princeton University Press, 2019.

Miller, A. B., et al. "Reporting results of cancer treatment." cancer 47.1 (1981): 207-214.

Miller, Kimberly D., et al. "Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016." CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 66.4 (2016): 271-289.

Russell, Bertrand. The impact of science on society. Routledge, 2016.

Siegel, Rebecca, et al. "Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012." CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 62.4 (2012): 220-241.

Stehr, Nico. Knowledge politics: Governing the consequences of science and technology. Routledge, 2015.

Stehr, Nico. The governance of knowledge. Routledge, 2017

Stilgoe, Jack, Simon J. Lock, and James Wilsdon. "Why should we promote public engagement with science?." Public understanding of science 23.1 (2014): 4-15.

Tonnies, Ferdinand, and Charles P. Loomis. Community and society. Routledge, 2017.

van de Wetering, Marc, et al. "Prospective derivation of a living organoid biobank of colorectal cancer patients." Cell161.4 (2015): 933-945.

World Health Organization. (1979). WHO handbook for reporting results of cancer treatment.

Scientific Case Study

Scientific Case Study

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Scientific Case Study

Mobile phones are an essential part of communications in everyone's life. In almost every country every single person is a mobile phone user, and the market is also growing rapidly. While using the mobile phone it should be kept in mind that the mobile phones emit radiofrequency energy which is a non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation form., and any tissue which is close to the cell phones can easily absorb them. There are many factors that are involved in this process like the total distance between a person and the phone, the type of mobile phone users and also the user distance from cell phones tower ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CPRGbKbx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zhi, Wang, & Hu, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Zhi, Wang, & Hu, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1140,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/EMUM7AKZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/EMUM7AKZ"],"itemData":{"id":1140,"type":"article-journal","title":"Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains","container-title":"Military Medical Research","page":"29","volume":"4","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed.","DOI":"10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0","ISSN":"2054-9369","note":"PMID: 29502514\nPMCID: PMC5607572","journalAbbreviation":"Mil Med Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Zhi","given":"Wei-Jia"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Li-Feng"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Xiang-Jun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]],"season":"21"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zhi, Wang, & Hu, 2017). In 2011 after doing much research the International Agency for Research on Cancer said that the radiations that are produced from mobile phones are possible cancer-causing or carcinogenic, which means there are higher risk of the carcinogenicity and more research should be done in order to fully determine this claim. It is said that the risk of brain tumor is due to the increased use of cell phone.

Due to the increased use of mobile phone among the youth, it is now a growing concern among the healthcare individuals and the WHO has promoted further research in this field. The American Cancer Society says that the claim of IARC about the health hazards of cell phones means that there are some risks involved in this case but the overall evidence, in this case, is not so strong to claim that cell phones are the real cause of cancer and other health risks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xazPUet8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Naeem, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Naeem, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1135,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/XAWCAJ63"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/XAWCAJ63"],"itemData":{"id":1135,"type":"article-journal","title":"Health risks associated with mobile phones use","container-title":"International Journal of Health Sciences","page":"V-VI","volume":"8","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","ISSN":"1658-3639","note":"PMID: 25780365\nPMCID: PMC4350886","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)","author":[{"family":"Naeem","given":"Zahid"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Naeem, 2014). According to the scientists there are some serious health consequences of using cell phones which also includes the change in the brain activity and also sleep patterns of the users, although there are various studies that are currently in progress to prove these claims, they are not proved yet. Children are more at risk as compared to adults because their nervous system is still in the development stage; therefore they are more vulnerable. While using medical instruments like pacemakers, implantable defibrillators and other hearing support then there are possibilities that the mobile phones interfere with the operations of the devices. In the case of aircraft electronics as well there are also chances and potential of interference of mobile phones with them. Therefore in many countries, it is not allowed to use a mobile phone when in flight. Traffic accidents are also some major results of mobile phones during driving. There are 3-4 times more chances of accidents when using cell phones during driving. Cell phones are also not good for eye health; small texts and brightness can damage the overall health of the eye ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ITthhaUw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johansen, Boice, McLaughlin, & Olsen, 2001)","plainCitation":"(Johansen, Boice, McLaughlin, & Olsen, 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1138,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/5NBRIA4I"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/5NBRIA4I"],"itemData":{"id":1138,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cellular telephones and cancer--a nationwide cohort study in Denmark","container-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute","page":"203-207","volume":"93","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Use of cellular telephones is increasing exponentially and has become part of everyday life. Concerns about possible carcinogenic effects of radiofrequency signals have been raised, although they are based on limited scientific evidence.\nMETHODS: A retrospective cohort study of cancer incidence was conducted in Denmark of all users of cellular telephones during the period from 1982 through 1995. Subscriber lists from the two Danish operating companies identified 420 095 cellular telephone users. Cancer incidence was determined by linkage with the Danish Cancer Registry. All statistical tests are two-sided.\nRESULTS: Overall, 3391 cancers were observed with 3825 expected, yielding a significantly decreased standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.86 to 0.92). A substantial proportion of this decreased risk was attributed to deficits of lung cancer and other smoking-related cancers. No excesses were observed for cancers of the brain or nervous system (SIR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.12) or of the salivary gland (SIR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.29 to 1.49) or for leukemia (SIR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.78-1.21), cancers of a priori interest. Risk for these cancers also did not vary by duration of cellular telephone use, time since first subscription, age at first subscription, or type of cellular telephone (analogue or digital). Analysis of brain and nervous system tumors showed no statistically significant SIRs for any subtype or anatomic location.\nCONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation, the first nationwide cancer incidence study of cellular phone users, do not support the hypothesis of an association between use of these telephones and tumors of the brain or salivary gland, leukemia, or other cancers.","ISSN":"0027-8874","note":"PMID: 11158188","journalAbbreviation":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst.","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Johansen","given":"C."},{"family":"Boice","given":"J."},{"family":"McLaughlin","given":"J."},{"family":"Olsen","given":"J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001",2,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johansen, Boice, McLaughlin, & Olsen, 2001).

Although these are some of the reported health hazards of mobile phones, no strong evidence is available to prove the claim that cell phones cause cancer and other health risks. More research needs to be done in this regard. But cell phones are indirectly involved by causing accidents because most of the users use cell phones while driving which distracts the user from the road, and ultimately accidents happen. So some of the serious risks that are affiliated with cancer need to be studied in detail like causing cancer.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Johansen, C., Boice, J., McLaughlin, J., & Olsen, J. (2001). Cellular telephones and cancer--a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93(3), 203–207.

Naeem, Z. (2014). Health risks associated with mobile phones use. International Journal of Health Sciences, 8(4), V–VI.

Zhi, W.-J., Wang, L.-F., & Hu, X.-J. (2017). Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Military Medical Research, 4(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0

Scientific Method

Compare and contrast different types of chemical bond

Student’s Name

Institution

Introduction

Chemical bond is the key and basic learning concept in chemistry. Chemical bond is described as lasting attraction which exist between ions, atoms or molecules that allows the formation of chemical compounds CITATION aul14 \l 1033 (Albert, 2014). The formation of the bond can be triggered by electrostatic force of attraction occurring between two opposite charged ions. It is claimed by some scientists that chemical bond is what hold atoms together. Most importantly, chemical bonding takes place where electrons simultaneously attracted to two nuclei. The chemical reaction which occurs between two atoms lowers the rate energy and therefore, caused the separation of atoms CITATION Nah10 \l 1033 (Nahum, Mamlok-Naaman, Taber, & Hofstein, 2010). There are four major types of chemical bonds metallic, ionic and covalent. These bonds are formed between metallic and nonmetallic.

There are different between metallic and ionic bond. According to Gray (2012), ionic is formed from the transfer electrons from mental to a nonmetal. Covalent bond is formed from sharing of electrons between the atoms. The covenant bond is found between nonmetals. The covalent bond share electrons while ionic bond transfer electrons. In covenant bond the pair of electrons which exits in the polar covalent bonds is not equally shared. In ionic bond electrons are transferred. For example, Na (Sodium) + CI (Chlorine) = NaCI. The Chlorine (CI) is transferred and sodium lost an electron to become Na+. At the same time the Chlorine gained an electron to form CI. However, in covalent bonding the electrons are shared equally and therefore, no element lost any electron. For example, the chemical reaction which takes place between hydrogen (H) and hydrogen (H) result in sharing of the electrons and therefore, result to one chemical bond CITATION HBG12 \l 1033 (Gray, 2012). The covalent bond has lower melting points and electrical conductivity compared to ionic compound. Studies also indicate that solid ionic compounds or bond cannot conduct electricity because they do not have free mobile electronic or ions. However, dissolved ionic compound in water is electronically conductive solution.

In contrast, the covalent bond or compounds do not indicate any properties of conducting electricity either when in pure form or when it is dissolved in water. Helmenstine (2019) pointed out that ionic compounds do exist in stable crystalline structures. This therefore, makes it to have a higher melting and boiling point compared to the compound s of covalent. In terms of the strength, the chemical bonds have different strength. According to Helmenstine (2019), the covalent bond s stronger and therefore, a lot of energy are required to break it. It would take a double energy to break the covalent bond of two oxygen of O2 compared to the hydrogen atom of H2

However, ionic bond form crystals and has got higher enthalpies of vaporization and fusion than molecular compounds. The ionic compound is hard and brittle. The ionic bonds also have high boiling and melting points and only conduct electricity when dissolved in water. The ionic bond also form crystal and have both negative and positive attraction to each other. The ionic bond or compounds are also good insulators compound to other chemical bonds. Though ionic bonds conduct electricity when dissolved in water, it is good insulators because of its binds are held so tightly together to each other. This makes them not to conduct electricity well when in solid state. A lot of energy is also required to boil the ionic bond and therefore, it is the reason it has a higher boiling and melting point.

The third type of chemical bond is known as metallic bond and therefore, its compounds are metallically held. Metallic bond is regarded as the type of chemical bond established between free electrons and positively charged atoms and shared among the lattice of cations. In contrast the ionic and covalent bonds are established or formed between two discrete atoms. As pointed in the study conducted by Petterson (2015), metallic bonding is the major type of chemical bond which is formed between metal atoms. In terms of strength, metallic bond is stronger than ionic and covalent bond. The major different among the chemical binds exist in strength and conductivity. The metallic bond are can be used for electrical conductivity. The metal bonds are shinny and display metallic luster. The metallic bond is also opaque and certain minimum of thickness. The strength of the metal is based on the attractions between the two atoms exist between metallic bonds. This gives the metallic bond a higher density, high boiling point, melting point and low volatility CITATION HBG12 \l 1033 (Gray, 2012). For example, mercury is known mercury with high vapor pressure. It is therefore, means that all metals which are grouped under zinc are relatively volatile. It is evident metallic bond is volatile compared to ionic and covalent bond.

It is evident that ionic, covalent and metallic bond have certain similarities. The three types of chemical bonds have higher boiling and melting point. They also form crystal and conduct electricity though ionic is a poor conductor when in a solid state. They all form a chemical reaction either by losing or gaining electrons. In brief, the chemical bonds formed different reactions and form compound after reactions.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Albert, a. L. (2014). The Chemical Bond : Fundamental Aspects of Chemical Bonding. The

QTAIM Perspective of Chemical Bonding , 2-15.

Gray, H. (2012). Chemical Bonding - CalTech Authors. Journal of chemical Science , 2-15.

Helmenstine, A. M. (2019). Metallic Bond: Definition, Properties, and Examples. Understand

How Metallic Bonding Works , 2-15.

Nahum, T. L., Mamlok-Naaman, R., Taber, K., & Hofstein, A. (2010). Teaching and learning the

concept of chemical bonding. Studies in Science Education 46 , 2-5.

Petterson, M. (2015). Physical Properties of Covalent Molecules.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/physical-properties-of-covalent-molecules/ , 2-35.

Scientific Paper

Biology and Life Sciences

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Scientific Paper

Introduction

The biomedical researchers are looking for efficient and consistent ways to change the genome of a living organism according to their interests. A new tool CRISPR/Cas9 is used to perform successful experiments. Likewise, the chosen article also informs about research related to the gene editing of a human zygote by using the Cas9 protein. The test is performed by multiple Chinese Bio-medical researchers. It is based on the previous researches on a human zygote using the (CRISPER)/Cas9 as a tool in modifying the disease-causing genes in the human body. It gives a detailed report regarding the research conducted in 2016.

Discussion

The article further informs that there are so many diseases which are caused by gene-mutation and no treatments are identified for those diseases throughout life. The idea of modifying the defective genes seemed impossible because of the efficiency of practical performance. Therefore, this article notifies about a new tool, i.e. CRISPR/ Cas9 which is thought to be a reliable tool in order to improve the defective human gene. It is already known that CRISPR is the latest tool used in Molecular biology to amend the gene in a human cell. CRISPR was discovered in 2012 that consists of two components of trRNA and crRNA, which are used to develop a system used for genome editing later. Identifying the need of discovering cures for the gene related diseases, it was felt that CRISPR would be a better option to replace the mutated defective disease. It can help the bio-medical researchers to identify treatments for chronic diseases like Cancer, HIV and other gene-mutated disorders like Down's syndrome. It is relying on CRISPR/Cas9 which is a secure tool to build on. It will help the researchers to perform the experiment in an efficient and reliable manner. At the same time, it will save humankind from harmful diseases like cancer, colour blindness etc.

When the scientists were aiming to conduct research on the human zygote to change the defective gene using CRISPR/Cas9, they knew about the significances of CRISPR in modifying the gene. At the same time, altering genes was a topic that challenged the ethical challenges of the world. The feasibility of the role of CRISPR was not tested yet. However, the experiments using 3PN on human zygote gave only 10% efficiency in editing a gene. Therefore, the researchers were thinking of new tool, i.e. CRISPR. However, the researcher got an idea from the previous researches that gene editing is possible in cultured human cell and non-human zygote by using a single guide RNA (sgRNA) by targeting the Cas9 protein in order to modify the sequence position of a gene.

Consequently, the researchers aimed at addressing the questions like, is CRISPR/ Cas9 applicable in correcting a defective-gene in human zygote? Secondly, is it a useful tool in editing the human 2PN zygote? Likewise, the whole report is based on these two questions. By using the available tools, researchers will be able to experiment.

Furthermore, the bio-medical scientists used Cas9 protein and sgRNA, which were diluted in an injection. After that, they took different concentrations of Cas9 and sgRNA. Through microinjection it was injected into one-cell human embryo under the microscope. The embryos were provided by Patients who were seeking treatment for IVF at the Center for Reproductive Medicine at the Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Under the standard procedures, the zygote was formed at a Clinic. Cultured embryos provided Genomic DNA that was amplified with the REPLI-g Single Cell Kit by following the instructions of manufacturers. Further, the fetus was amplified by WGA DNA. Then, the genome sequencing was analysed through molecular analysis.

After a successful injection, the efficiency of Cas9 was tested. The 3PN embryos taken by informed consent from the patients. After the maximum 18 h fertilization, the embryos were studied under the microscope. However, ten of the embryos were injected and out of which nine edited on the locus of G6PD while two were designed HindIII. The efficiency for it shows 20%. There were no any additional changes other than HDR. However, 20 3PN embryos were injected and 16 of that exhibited cleavage in the T7E1 test. On the other side, for 2PN human embryo, the same procedure was conducted.

As a result, it was observed that it is an efficient combination of mediated modified gene in HBB and G6PD. The efficiency varies for both. HDR for G6PD happened to be 100% suitable for the mutant allele. Out of two embryos, one gene was completely modified, but the other one was half changed and half affected. On the other side, the results for HBB were totally different. The HDR for HBB showed 50% efficiency for the two of embryos. However, the researchers are not so sure about the conclusion. They are unclear about the differences they saw. Therefore, they recommend researching more number of embryos. At the same time, they are ambiguous about the genome sequencing because of the lack of evidence for the correction of the mutation on G1376T. It is one of the two embryos.

Moreover, the researchers have mentioned the limitations of the study due to which there is a lack of clarity in the research. At the same time, CRISPR/Cas9 is not possible for gene editing at a reproductive clinic because of the technical and ethical issues. There are other factors which can also influence gene editing. Therefore, the researchers are unable to conclude the results correctly.

However, this research needs successful experimentation by identifying the gap of the study which is the unclear explanation for the results of the experiment. A proper investigation will be conducted in a laboratory where that will be like a natural setting like at any reproductive clinic. It would be free of external factors like ethical and technical issues. It is identified that the research lacks the explanations for the differences. Therefore, in order to find out the role of helpful tools for correcting the disease-defective gene in a human zygote. For that, the experiment will be conducted on more number of embryos. This research will try to examine all the factors affecting the genome-correction by using the CISPR/Cas9 protein. The new research will address all the gaps identified in the previous study. It will also try to find out the variation in results. The study will aim to experiment with improved efficiency. However, there are minimal tools to examine the human gene under CRISPR approach. Using any other means for this proposal will be very helpful. The new device can be compared with CRISPR for the efficiency of the results. Molecular Biology needs more experiments to find out innovative ways to address the gene-related diseases.

After the successful experiment, it would be identified why the tools of CRISPR/Cas9 give altered results for two same genes of the embryos. It would also determine the different factors which are affecting the efficiency of the procedure. Such experiments help to address more issues related to human beings and contribute to the improvement of the health of individuals. These experiments are supposed to design a cure for the disease.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it has become essential to find out the treatment for diseases related to defective-genes. The Molecular Scientist are working on it, and they are planning to use CRISPR/Cas9 on a human zygote in a specific setting. As a result, some limitations were identified, and with the help of future research, improvements can be made for the experiment.

End Notes

1. Tang L, Zeng Y, Du H et al. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human zygotes using Cas9 protein. Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 2017;292(3):525-533. doi:10.1007/s00438-017-1299-z

Semester Project

Student

Professor

Class

Day Month Year

Human Kidney Anatomy and Physiology

INTRODUCTION

The H&P-II topic that I selected to embrace thorough discussion is Human Kidney. This paper is concerned with the exploration, elaboration and documentation of kidney histology, its structure, function, complications, associated treatments and side effects. Conclusion section, in the end, will wrap whole text of the article into single paragraph deducing meaningful inferences from the textual activity.

Kidney Anatomy and Physiology

Image 1: Outside view of kidneys

Kidneys are an integral part of Urinary System. They are two in number and are located slightly backside of the abdominal cavity (Seely, 2017). Their average weight is approximately 4-5 ounce but the proportion of blood they receive surpasses other organs i.e., 20% of the blood pumped by the heart. Kidney is the production site of urine which is then poured into associated structures and eventually expelled out of the body (Piolanti et. al., 2015).

The blood supply in kidney takes place through renal artery which brings oxygenated blood whereas for the removal of processed blood from kidneys back to the circulation is accomplished through renal vein. The inner portion of the kidney is referred to as renal medulla whereas renal cortex makes up the outer region (Seely, 2017). Other portions include pyramids, renal papilla, renal sinus, minor calyx, major calyx and renal column that are labeled below:

Image 2: Structure of kidney with its labeled parts

Nephrons are the basic structural and functional units of kidney (Seely, 2017). Each kidney contains over millions of Nephrons—extending from medulla to cortex.

Image 3: Structure of Nephron and its labeled parts

Nephrons consist of Nephron tubule and glomerulus—a ball shaped capillary cluster exclusively responsible for the absorption of waste substances and water from the blood and prevention of large protein molecules and nutrients (Seely, 2017). On the other hand, Nephron tubule allows the re-absorption of useful substances back to the blood. Other parts of the Nephron are presented and labeled in Image 3.

As far as histology of kidney is concerned, the renal parenchyma consists of four portions; blood vessels, interstitium, tubules and glomeruli. Glomeruli are complicated vascular structures made up of endothelial, epithelial, mesangial cells and capillaries tuft—arranged around strong basement membrane (Seely, 2017).

Image 4: Kidney histology

As far functions of kidneys are concerned, below is the detailed description of their primordial and secondary functioning. Their basic function is to maintain homeostasis and electrolyte balance however other wide range of functions is also performed by them:

1. Water excretion

Kidney removes various waste fluids and salts in urine and uric acid. Both the fluids contain waste materials absorbed from the blood after oxidation of food and its conversion to basic elements.

2. Re-absorption of nutrients

Kidneys are responsible for re-absorption of nutrients from the blood and taking them to the body where they are required (Radica et. al., 2016). They also re-absorb substances and other products for the maintenance of homeostasis for example, amino acids, glucose, sodium, water, phosphate, bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium and magnesium (Seely, 2017).

3. Maintenance of pH

Optima range of pH in human body is between 7.3 and 7.5. Between these ranges, enzymes and hormones will work well. Increase and decrease in pH levels gives rise to two abnormal conditions i.e., acidemia and alkalemia. In these conditions, proteins get destroyed and find it hard to function properly (Radica et. al., 2016). In such condition, kidneys reabsorb salts and nutrients to maintain the pH of body.

4. Osmo-regulation

Osmoregulation is referred to as the balance of electrolyte concentration in the water. When dehydration occurs, this balance is deteriorated and person either develops hypotension or hypertension (Oh & Galis, 2014). Kidneys attempt to maintain this balance through producing anti-diuretic hormones that increase the urine concentration and develop sense of thirst to compensate the water levels.

5. Secretion of active compounds

Kidneys release number of substances including Erythropoietin that controls the production of blood cells, Rennin that helps managing the elevation of arteries, lymph and interstitial fluid and volume of blood plasma (lymph is a fluid that contains lymphocytes for supporting immunity and producing interstitial fluid) and Calcitriol that actively metabolites vitamin D for increasing the amount of calcium in blood (Radica et. al., 2016).

Discussion

Kidneys are responsible for maintaining water and electrolyte balance in the body. When a person suffers from diabetes, the amount of sugar in the body becomes elevated. In these conditions, kidneys start absorbing sugar from the blood as extra waste products. Eventually, their functioning becomes distorted and kidney disease is developed which is known as diabetic nephropathy (Cameron, 2016).

Image 5: Left kidney affected from diabetes nephropathy

Kidney problems are comparatively more evident in the individuals suffering from diabetes type 1 and 2. Due to diabetes, sugar gets accumulated into blood arteries of kidneys reducing their diameter and making it hard for them to reabsorb and continue their functioning normally. Diabetic nephropathy strongly disrupts kidney functioning regarding removal of waste products and extracellular fluids from the body (Cameron, 2016). This condition is treatable during the initial stages however chronic diabetics find it hard to get rid of this unless their diabetes gets treated completely.

Treatment of diabetic nephropathy includes medicines i.e., angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). These medicines are used for controlling high blood pressure which is the main cause of diabetic nephropathy. However, they carry devastating side effects and are prescribed with limited use. Their potential side effects include dry cough, increased blood-potassium level (hyperkalemia), fatigue, dizziness, headaches and loss of taste (Cameron, 2016).

Conclusion

Based on the above presented documentation, it can be deduced that kidneys are although small in structure yet perform vital functions for the body. They are an integral part of urinary system which is concerned with the elimination of water and waste substances from the body. They consist of two main parts; renal cortex and renal medulla. Renal cortex is the outer region of kidneys whereas renal medulla is the innermost part containing artery, vein and ureter.

Nephrons are the basic structural and functional unit of kidney and are present in millions. They contain specified filtration apparatus (Bowman’s capsule, islets of langerhans, glomerulus, tubules and collecting ducts) that carry and facilitate the process of absorption. When we eat food, oxidation of glucose takes place in into simpler substances i.e., amino acids, glycerol, lipids and carbohydrates. These molecules are used in the production of energy which is necessary for executing daily functions. The waste products in the blood reach kidneys where they are absorbed to the collecting duct and expelled out of the body through ureter and urethra.

In a nutshell, kidneys play primordial functioning in balancing body fluids and producing important products as mentioned above. They perform their functions utilizing their filtration mechanisms. Their important functions include water excretion, balance of water to electrolyte ratio, production of significant substances and hormones (rennin, anti-diuretic hormones, calctriol and Erythropoietin), maintenance of blood pH through absorbing and eliminating required molecules (amino acids, hydrochloric acids and sodium bicarbonate) and Osmoregulation.

This point does not require further elaboration that all the body systems are interrelated; for that matter structural or functional impairment in one system gravely affects the other ones. Diabetic nephropathy is a serious kidney impairment in which diabetes plays detrimental role. Hence, it is important to ensure the structural and functional normality of other organs while treating the impairment of one.

References

Cameron, J. S. (2016). The discovery of diabetic nephropathy: From small print to centre stage. J Nephrol, 19(10), S75–S87.

Challenges, Progress, and Possibilities. CJASN, 12 (12) 2032-2045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.11491116

Oh, Y. S., Galis, Z. (2014). Anatomy of success: the top 100 cited scientific reports focused on hypertension research. Hypertension 63:641–7. Doi: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02677

Piolanti, N., Nesti, A., Andreani, L. et al. (2015). The fifty most cited Italian articles in the orthopaedic literature. Musculoskelet Surg, 99, 105–111. 10.1007/s12306-015-0352-5

Radica, Z. A., Michele, T. R. and Katherine, R. T. (2017). Diabetic Kidney Disease

Seely, J. C. (2017). A brief review of kidney development, maturation, developmental abnormalities, and drug toxicity: juvenile animal relevancy. J Toxicol Pathol. 30(2), 125–133. doi: 10.1293/tox.2017-0006

Sensation Vs Perception

Sensation vs. Perception

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Sensation vs. Perception

Did you know that the most sensitive cells present at the rear of an eye can detect the flame of a candle far from thirty miles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hKdNyzaj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Okawa & Sampath, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Okawa & Sampath, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":364,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/N282NK3U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/N282NK3U"],"itemData":{"id":364,"type":"article-journal","title":"Optimization of single-photon response transmission at the rod-to-rod bipolar synapse","container-title":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","page":"279-286","volume":"22","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Our ability to see in dim light is limited by the statistics of light absorption in rod photoreceptors and the faithful transmission of the light-evoked signals through the retina. This article reviews the physiological mechanisms at the synapse between rods and rod bipolar cells, the first relay in a pathway that mediates vision near absolute threshold.","DOI":"10.1152/physiol.00007.2007","ISSN":"1548-9213","note":"PMID: 17699881","journalAbbreviation":"Physiology (Bethesda)","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Okawa","given":"Haruhisa"},{"family":"Sampath","given":"Alapakkam P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Okawa & Sampath, 2007) and in a quiet place, the sensory receptors of the hair cells can perceive the impulse of a clock from twenty feet apart ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZsM0bRnk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marks & Stevens, 1968)","plainCitation":"(Marks & Stevens, 1968)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":369,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/7HWXKLXV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/7HWXKLXV"],"itemData":{"id":369,"type":"article-journal","title":"The form of the psychophysical function near threshold","container-title":"Perception & Psychophysics","page":"315-318","volume":"4","issue":"5","source":"Springer Link","abstract":"Psychophysical functions typically depart from a simple power law in the vicinity of the absolute threshold. Five versions of the psychophysical power law have been proposed to describe the function near threshold. An account is given of some of the difficulties encountered in attempts to decide among the various versions by means of empirical tests.","DOI":"10.3758/BF03210523","ISSN":"1532-5962","journalAbbreviation":"Perception & Psychophysics","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Marks","given":"Lawrence E."},{"family":"Stevens","given":"Joseph C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1968",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marks & Stevens, 1968). This is due to the extraordinary ability of sensory receptors to receive stimulus which is interpreted in the higher centers of the brain where they are perceived. It is quite evident that sensation and perception are related to each other, however, both of them play distinct characters in our interpretation of the world. The process of recognizing our surroundings via various stimuli such as touch, sight, sound, smell, and the taste is termed as sensation. Perception plays its part when these stimuli go to the higher centers in a brain where they are interpreted. Our interpretation of these signals is mainly termed as perception according to which we make sense of everything in our surroundings.

One way of looking at this paradigm is that Sensation is a physical process while perception is recognized as a psychological process. For instance, when you walk down to the kitchen and smell the odor of brownies baking in the oven, you might think "whoa! The smell seems similar to the brownies mama used to make on the day of Christmas". This is recognized as perception while the receptors in nose detecting the scent of brownies are termed as sensation.

Another factor affecting sensation and perception is attention. In assessing what has been sensed vs. what has been perceived, attention plays a crucial role. Assume that you are at a party filled with gossip and Joy. You are engaged with a companion in an interesting debate and you ignore all the ambient noise. You will not be able to answer the question if someone asks you about the music that we're playing earlier.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Marks, L. E., & Stevens, J. C. (1968). The form of the psychophysical function near threshold. Perception & Psychophysics, 4(5), 315–318. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210523

Okawa, H., & Sampath, A. P. (2007). Optimization of single-photon response transmission at the rod-to-rod bipolar synapse. Physiology (Bethesda, Md.), 22, 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00007.2007

Single Parent Struggle

[Author’s Name]

[Subject]

[Date]

Single Parent Struggle

Growing up with single parenthood at present is becoming progressively more common for kids in technologically advanced nations and also the family comprising of father, mother, and children. In current scenarios especially, single-mothers face more difficulties and hardships bringing up their children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Jl0gZeTi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). This current article analyses the examination of school performance, lack of confidence and living hardships associated with one parent's families and current effective school interventions. Demographic expansions for both USA and Western Europe display that one-parent families are a truthful pattern that is becoming progressively more evident, statistically ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"B6qY9Rkq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gioumouki et al.)","plainCitation":"(Gioumouki et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":260,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/2ZW9A48T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/2ZW9A48T"],"itemData":{"id":260,"type":"chapter","abstract":"Growing up with one parent is nowadays becoming increasingly common for children in developed countries in addition to the nuclear type of family consisting of mother, father and children. The present chapter reviews current research on school behavior difficulties related to single-parent families and present effective school interventions. Demographic developments for both America and Western Europe show that single parent families are a realistic pattern which is becoming more and more visible statistically. Single parenthood and cohabitation have lost much of their stigma as their prevalence has increased, a fact that warrants the focus of much interest and research in recent years. However, each case of family structure has its own specific characteristics and influences children's mental health and psychosocial development differently. Life in a single-parent household can be quite stressful for adults and children. A single parent usually faces loneliness, poverty and insecurity about raising children alone without help. Children who live with both biological parents tend to deal with fewer problems than their counterparts in other family arrangements. Teachers, on the other hand, must first identify and then try to reduce any biases towards separation or divorce. This prevents the projection of negative feelings and judgments towards the students that they teach on a daily basis. School culture and climate must be welcoming to diverse family structures and accommodating to their families. Professional development and training for staff, and parent volunteers can enhance a positive school climate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","collection-title":"Family issues in the 21st century","container-title":"Single-parenting in the 21st century: Perceptions, issues and implications","event-place":"Hauppauge, NY, US","ISBN":"978-1-5361-3277-9","page":"185-210","publisher":"Nova Science Publishers","publisher-place":"Hauppauge, NY, US","source":"APA PsycNET","title":"Single-parent families: School behavioral problems and school interventions","title-short":"Single-parent families","author":[{"family":"Gioumouki","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Smaili","given":"Despina"},{"family":"Antoniou","given":"Alexandros-Stamatios"},{"family":"Babalis","given":"Thomas K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gioumouki et al.). One-parent families have an extraordinary risk of financial adversity which may influence psychological health. Single parenthood and cohabitation have lost much of their stigma as their prevalence has increased; a fact that warrants the focus of much interest and research in recent years (Sherman). However, each case of family structure has its specific characteristics, and influences children's mental health and psychosocial development differently. Single-parent families are observed to face more struggle to meet their financial needs as they are at higher risk of economic difficulties.

Factors Behind Single Parent Families

Life in a single-parent household can be quite stressful for adults and children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CMceQFEB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). A single parent usually faces loneliness, poverty, and insecurity about raising children alone without help. Children who live with both biological parents tend to deal with fewer problems than their counterparts in other family arrangements ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GatrzjUB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sherman)","plainCitation":"(Sherman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":262,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/T343VLZ2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/T343VLZ2"],"itemData":{"id":262,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family","issue":"3","page":"657-674","title":"“Stress That I Don't Need”: Gender Expectations and Relationship Struggles Among the Poor","volume":"79","author":[{"family":"Sherman","given":"Jennifer"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sherman). Teachers, on the other hand, must first identify and then try to reduce any biases towards separation or divorce. This prevents the projection of negative feelings and judgment towards the students they teach daily. School culture and climate must be welcoming to diverse family structures and accommodating to their families ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AqmkNELr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","plainCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":264,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"itemData":{"id":264,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing","issue":"12","page":"1235","title":"The effect of single parent and both parents family on emotional and behavioral problems","volume":"6","author":[{"family":"Maurya","given":"Ajay Kumar"},{"family":"Parasar","given":"Ashok"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Ajay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maurya et al.). Professional development and training for staff and parent volunteers can enhance a positive school climate.

Single-parent families are at higher risk of food and fuel deficiency, and the need to make sacrifices to safeguard their children's necessities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FVSFcgdA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). In some cases, single parents went without food and struggle to pay bills ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"b1ogUXDw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","plainCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":264,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"itemData":{"id":264,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing","issue":"12","page":"1235","title":"The effect of single parent and both parents family on emotional and behavioral problems","volume":"6","author":[{"family":"Maurya","given":"Ajay Kumar"},{"family":"Parasar","given":"Ashok"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Ajay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maurya et al.). They have a greater risk of isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AuQOWX9q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). However, support for single-parent families by the government must acknowledge the effect of social circumstances and give more consideration to economic drivers of distress.

Stigma Attached to Single Parent Families

Single parents' struggles include work, poverty, and stigma. The societies and communities have shown critical views towards single-parent families ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jnm1sNSS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","plainCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":264,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"itemData":{"id":264,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing","issue":"12","page":"1235","title":"The effect of single parent and both parents family on emotional and behavioral problems","volume":"6","author":[{"family":"Maurya","given":"Ajay Kumar"},{"family":"Parasar","given":"Ashok"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Ajay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maurya et al.). It has been observed that single-parent families are increasing nowadays and the cause behind this is intolerance and lack of intimacy among partners. Stress-related illnesses such as anxiety and depression are increasing among communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kxpOivY0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Various studies have been conducted that have evaluated the concept of single-parent families and revealed that partners usually prefer to get separated instead of living together with little compromise ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lEggLELv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sherman)","plainCitation":"(Sherman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":262,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/T343VLZ2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/T343VLZ2"],"itemData":{"id":262,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family","issue":"3","page":"657-674","title":"“Stress That I Don't Need”: Gender Expectations and Relationship Struggles Among the Poor","volume":"79","author":[{"family":"Sherman","given":"Jennifer"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sherman). Financial hardship and poor health status are strongly associated with single-parent families. The mental health of children is severely affected because of single-parent status as communities are stigmatized towards single-parent families.

Low Socioeconomic Status

Low socioeconomic status is associated to cause more problems for families having responsibilities of child-rearing. Divorce, death of a parent, and unplanned pregnancies along with mental health are observed to be more prevalent among communities in recent years. Families involved in financial hardships have more difficulties in managing their children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yKNS7p9W","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Impaired behaviors and acquiring psychologically ill behaviors are observed to be more common among single-parent families ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4ubuVIss","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Failures in life and disappointments have been theoretically proved to be associated with stress and increasing depression-related problems among individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"drlSY9W1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Aggression and hopelessness combined with complicated relationships lead to separation or divorce among partners.

Research has shown that parents living in divorce have a higher level of stress-related disorders. Stress, depression, and general anxiety for meeting the financial requirements of children and home become a stronger factor to cause hardships in families ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"67zUo2l4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Therefore, seeking help from friends and family members lead them to suffer from an inferiority complex ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BtmX0o3X","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). An in-depth examination of a single-parent family has shown that financial hardships and the health of these families are interconnected with each other ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DXQ9Rm1e","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). When a child asks their parent to buy a new toy would put single parent in a state to sacrifice their food to fulfill the desires of their children. Low socioeconomic status is a strong factor leading to single-parent families ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mie9gbCz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). The impact of a single parent on the health of children and partners is observed to be significant.

Various studies have been conducted to identify and evaluate the stress level and depression among single-parent families. The overall surveys have shown that the answer to the question, "not possessing adequate resources" as received higher score ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EF3ATvPZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Families and children have reported that it is a big trouble for them to meet financial resources living in a single-parent family. Children have reported that they have to manage with less financial resources, less education, and poor healthcare services. Single-parent families are observed to be fighting for everything in life whether it is food, education, housing, and healthcare services ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4MGxkZzc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Running home expenditures in insufficient funds are observed to be more difficult with children for single parents. Single parent families supported by females have shown that it is not manageable for them to do work along with childrearing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HN9Tm6R2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chun et al.)","plainCitation":"(Chun et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":96,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/HRJ63NCN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/HRJ63NCN"],"itemData":{"id":96,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","issue":"1","page":"56","title":"Impact of intensity-modulated radiation therapy technique for locally advanced non–small-cell lung cancer: a secondary analysis of the NRG oncology RTOG 0617 randomized clinical trial","volume":"35","author":[{"family":"Chun","given":"Stephen G."},{"family":"Hu","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Choy","given":"Hak"},{"family":"Komaki","given":"Ritsuko U."},{"family":"Timmerman","given":"Robert D."},{"family":"Schild","given":"Steven E."},{"family":"Bogart","given":"Jeffrey A."},{"family":"Dobelbower","given":"Michael C."},{"family":"Bosch","given":"Walter"},{"family":"Galvin","given":"James M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chun et al.). Females are observed to be prone to depression as they have reported difficulties in work-related stresses and depression.

Parents with less finances have to manage the education and healthcare services for their children in limited resources. Different studies have shown that the central part of these families is stress and it is not avoidable. The stress of food, education and lack of funds are the major reason for children to adapt to impaired behaviors. Societies and communities living in poverty are more prone to acquire psychologically ill behaviors. Various studies have shown that single-parent families supported by females are observed to be more difficult in meeting financial needs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"s7wDMIyS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Women have to work for double shifts to meet the financial needs of the home and children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6kFUpFst","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). It has been observed that most single-parent families are supported of backed up by females as a male partner are observed to be less involved or responsible in childrearing.

Partners are observed to be less responsible for managing relationships among communities. Various studies have shown that the relationship between males and females is mostly started at an age where they have not even planned their marriages ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9f2yAcMe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Partners at an early age start their relationships however, unplanned pregnancies are a result of poor management of precautionary measures during their relationships. Therefore, single-parent families are mostly observed because of the lack of commitment among partners.

Various researches have been conducted on single-parent families and have evaluated that children and parents have to live or spent hours without food sometimes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"D5iAHBtE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). It has been observed that single parents have to sacrifice their food for the children so that their children would not go without food ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MBnEC8ZK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Management of home in less financial resources is difficult particularly, for families backed up by females. Single-parent families are observed to be living in stress and depression particularly managing their finances ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aFBpXjLq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chalabi)","plainCitation":"(Chalabi)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":265,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/BIMPY8ZX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/BIMPY8ZX"],"itemData":{"id":265,"type":"article-newspaper","abstract":"Data shows numbers have risen from only 7% in 1950 in America, when divorce was much less common","container-title":"The Guardian","ISSN":"0261-3077","language":"en-GB","section":"News","source":"www.theguardian.com","title":"National Single Parent Day: one-parent families are on the rise in the US","title-short":"National Single Parent Day","URL":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2019/mar/21/national-single-parent-day-family-data","author":[{"family":"Chalabi","given":"Mona"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,6]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chalabi). They are dependent on families and friends to meet their financial requirements. Self-sacrifice and the health of single parents have been observed to be a concept that is often neglected during separation. Males are dominant among societies and communities and the decision is often limited to them. Single-parent families have less adequate resources to manage their life, education and healthcare facilities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dMtz2W5I","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Poor health status and lack of resources to seek healthcare facilities are more common among single-parent families. The stress and depression-related disorders, cardiovascular disorders, and hypertension is more prevalent among single-parent families though the only factor is not separation or single parenting.

Single-parent families, when observed in studies, have shown a higher level of stress, psychologically ill behaviors, depression and more concerned about opinions and views of people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9qdpmoxR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). National single parent day was designated in the United States showing that 7% of the families were single in the year 1950 however, the statistics are rising ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gkexll89","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chalabi)","plainCitation":"(Chalabi)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":265,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/BIMPY8ZX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/BIMPY8ZX"],"itemData":{"id":265,"type":"article-newspaper","abstract":"Data shows numbers have risen from only 7% in 1950 in America, when divorce was much less common","container-title":"The Guardian","ISSN":"0261-3077","language":"en-GB","section":"News","source":"www.theguardian.com","title":"National Single Parent Day: one-parent families are on the rise in the US","title-short":"National Single Parent Day","URL":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2019/mar/21/national-single-parent-day-family-data","author":[{"family":"Chalabi","given":"Mona"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,6]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chalabi). Single parents have to struggle more to meet their needs and requirements regarding the necessities of life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TvXXGTHv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). It is very difficult for families to manage the education of their children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZJMiVtuw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","plainCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":264,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"itemData":{"id":264,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing","issue":"12","page":"1235","title":"The effect of single parent and both parents family on emotional and behavioral problems","volume":"6","author":[{"family":"Maurya","given":"Ajay Kumar"},{"family":"Parasar","given":"Ashok"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Ajay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maurya et al.). Low socioeconomic status and single parenting has been a cause of psychologically ill behaviors and its rise among communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HR2aaPxi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Children taking education in communities suffer from racial discrimination, inferiority complex, and stigma attached to single parenting make it difficult for children to continue their education ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wU79okBW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","plainCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":264,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"itemData":{"id":264,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing","issue":"12","page":"1235","title":"The effect of single parent and both parents family on emotional and behavioral problems","volume":"6","author":[{"family":"Maurya","given":"Ajay Kumar"},{"family":"Parasar","given":"Ashok"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Ajay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maurya et al.). Single-parent families have shown that their children used to face discrimination from their teachers and friends in schools and colleges.

Conclusion

Single parenting phenomenon is rising among communities in the United States ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"z5jh4LYr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chalabi)","plainCitation":"(Chalabi)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":265,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/BIMPY8ZX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/BIMPY8ZX"],"itemData":{"id":265,"type":"article-newspaper","abstract":"Data shows numbers have risen from only 7% in 1950 in America, when divorce was much less common","container-title":"The Guardian","ISSN":"0261-3077","language":"en-GB","section":"News","source":"www.theguardian.com","title":"National Single Parent Day: one-parent families are on the rise in the US","title-short":"National Single Parent Day","URL":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2019/mar/21/national-single-parent-day-family-data","author":[{"family":"Chalabi","given":"Mona"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,6]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chalabi). The significant factors behind the issue are lack of commitment of partners, unplanned pregnancies, lack of resources and low socioeconomic status ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"H7iUrdCy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","plainCitation":"(Maurya et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":264,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YFCVG7RF"],"itemData":{"id":264,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing","issue":"12","page":"1235","title":"The effect of single parent and both parents family on emotional and behavioral problems","volume":"6","author":[{"family":"Maurya","given":"Ajay Kumar"},{"family":"Parasar","given":"Ashok"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Ajay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maurya et al.). It has been observed that significance is another factor that can cause serious problems among families such as males are dominant partners whereas females have to suffer from gender discrimination. Intolerance and discrimination beyond acceptance lead them to get separated ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mTH2wiiq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","plainCitation":"(Stack and Meredith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/GEYG5L74"],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Single parent families are at high risk of financial hardship which may impact on psychological wellbeing. This study explored the impact of financial hardship on wellbeing on 15 single parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using constructivist thematic analysis. Participants described food and fuel poverty, and the need to make sacrifices to ensure that children’s basic needs were met. In some cases, participants went without food and struggled to pay bills. Isolation, anxiety, depression, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts were described. However, participants reported that psychological services not able to take the needs of single parents in to account. Support for single parents must acknowledge the impact of social circumstances and give more consideration economic drivers of distress.","container-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","DOI":"10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6","ISSN":"1058-0476","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"J Fam Econ Issues","note":"PMID: 29755247\nPMCID: PMC5932102","page":"233-242","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help","title-short":"The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Stack","given":"Rebecca Jayne"},{"family":"Meredith","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stack and Meredith). Lack of commitment among partners, for example, relationships are started but they have not committed to getting their marriages registered can also lead them to get separated or may have unplanned pregnancies that can lead them to run away from their partners. Single-parent families have unexpected risks of financial hardship which may impact psychological health. Single parenthood has lost much of their stigma as their prevalence has increased, a fact that warrants the focus of much interest and research in recent years. Single-parent families are in dire need of support and governmental policies that favor them and provide the services to survive successfully.

Work Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Chalabi, Mona. “National Single Parent Day: One-Parent Families Are on the Rise in the US.” The Guardian, 21 Mar. 2019. www.theguardian.com, https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2019/mar/21/national-single-parent-day-family-data.

Chun, Stephen G., et al. “Impact of Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Technique for Locally Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Secondary Analysis of the NRG Oncology RTOG 0617 Randomized Clinical Trial.” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 35, no. 1, 2017, p. 56.

Gioumouki, Maria, et al. “Single-Parent Families: School Behavioral Problems and School Interventions.” Single-Parenting in the 21st Century: Perceptions, Issues and Implications, Nova Science Publishers, 2018, pp. 185–210.

Maurya, Ajay Kumar, et al. “The Effect of Single Parent and Both Parents Family on Emotional and Behavioral Problems.” Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, vol. 6, no. 12, 2015, p. 1235.

Sherman, Jennifer. “‘Stress That I Don’t Need’: Gender Expectations and Relationship Struggles Among the Poor.” Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 79, no. 3, 2017, pp. 657–74.

Stack, Rebecca Jayne, and Alex Meredith. “The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help.” Journal of Family and Economic Issues, vol. 39, no. 2, 2018, pp. 233–42. PubMed Central, doi:10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6.

Spanish Moss Research

Student’s Name:

Instructor’s Name:

Class Name:

Date when Due:

Spanish moss Research

Introduction

Controlled geographic distributions of the species are mainly as a result of limitations like the abiotic requirements, dispersal ability limitation and the biotic interactions. Barve et al., (2015) investigated the scheduling of the fruiting and flowering periods of the Spanish moss in the ambient temperature of between 5-35 C and the relative moisture of between of .50 % and ≤15. Spanish moss has a wide geographic array and herbarium species that were examined to characterize and detect fruiting sand flowering periods for the species found across America. Barve et al., (2015) concluded that fruiting and flowering times of the Spanish moss populaces are optimized for whichever one or more than one factors or might be adjusted to make all the factors suboptimal. Spanish moss populaces were controlled nearly by the least temperature throughout the period.

Barve et al., (633-645) explored the geographical forecast of the physical measurements of the optimal relative humidity, rainfall, and temperature measured under the controlled conditions by usage of the climate dataset with the high temporal resolution for the Spanish moss. They compared the scaling special effects with the correlative function models that were adjusted with Maxent. Barve et al., (633-645) concluded that Spanish moss populations did not experience the ideal physiological settings for all the ecological variables.

Einzmann et al., (2015) explained that the process which governs the diverse plant groups have not been investigated in the life forms than plants. They examined the differences between the microclimatic situations in the deciduous vs. evergreen trees how would have impact epiphytes at the diverse levels from the community structure to the organ physiology. Einzmann et al., (2015) concluded that the tree phenology distresses the epiphytes at different levels. The outcome suggested the cascading effects of the composition of the tree and the linked differences in the phenology of tree on functioning and the diversity of the epiphyte communities in the lowland forests

Works Cited

Barve, Narayani, Craig E. Martin, and A. Townsend Peterson. "Climatic niche and flowering and fruiting phenology of an epiphytic plant." AoB Plants 7 (2015).

Barve, Narayani, et al. "The role of physiological optima in shaping the geographic distribution of S panish moss." Global Ecology and Biogeography 23.6 (2014): 633-645.

Einzmann, Helena JR, et al. "Host tree phenology affects vascular epiphytes at the physiological, demographic and community level." AoB plants 7 (2015).

Specific Vs Nonspecific Defenses; Active And Passive Immunity, And Natural And Artificial Immunity

Types of Immune Responses

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Types of Immune Responses

Immunity is the term applied to the body's repertoire of microbes and infection resistant responses. It is a complicated system, so defence is divided into three components such as Specific vs. Nonspecific, Active vs. Passive and Natural vs. Artificial ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"upCHx0rx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Elgert, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Elgert, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":37,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/S8QCXTY4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/S8QCXTY4"],"itemData":{"id":37,"type":"book","title":"Immunology: Understanding The Immune System","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","number-of-pages":"740","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Blends biology, clinical science, genetics, and molecular biology of the immune system to provide a complete account of our knowledge of immunology New features include full-color artwork and design, over 50 new figures, and text that has been completely revised to reflect the very latest references Incorporates a variety of pedagogical aids to assist students in the learning process, including chapter outlines, objectives, and summaries, as well as a self-evaluation section","ISBN":"978-0-470-08157-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: gpNPZFGDPzgC","title-short":"Immunology","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Elgert","given":"Klaus D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",9,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Elgert, 2009).

Nonspecific response: Such countermeasures operate against microbes and every foreign material. Instances involve physical barriers, like, nasal hair, mucus, cilia, and eyelashes. Chemical constraints are another form of protection that is not specific. Chemical obstacles involve low skin and stomach juice pH, proteolytic enzymes in tears, ear wax and vagina alkaline setting ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Mjg7UxWY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Elgert, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Elgert, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":37,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/S8QCXTY4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/S8QCXTY4"],"itemData":{"id":37,"type":"book","title":"Immunology: Understanding The Immune System","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","number-of-pages":"740","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Blends biology, clinical science, genetics, and molecular biology of the immune system to provide a complete account of our knowledge of immunology New features include full-color artwork and design, over 50 new figures, and text that has been completely revised to reflect the very latest references Incorporates a variety of pedagogical aids to assist students in the learning process, including chapter outlines, objectives, and summaries, as well as a self-evaluation section","ISBN":"978-0-470-08157-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: gpNPZFGDPzgC","title-short":"Immunology","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Elgert","given":"Klaus D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",9,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Elgert, 2009).

Specific response: The whole line of defence is effective against specific targets such as viruses, bacteria, prions, fungi, and mold. Typically, a particular defensive line which functions against one microorganism is not effective against the other. Resilience to chickenpox, from either interaction or vaccination, is an instance of specific immunity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ClH99K0F","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Elgert, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Elgert, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":37,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/S8QCXTY4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/S8QCXTY4"],"itemData":{"id":37,"type":"book","title":"Immunology: Understanding The Immune System","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","number-of-pages":"740","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Blends biology, clinical science, genetics, and molecular biology of the immune system to provide a complete account of our knowledge of immunology New features include full-color artwork and design, over 50 new figures, and text that has been completely revised to reflect the very latest references Incorporates a variety of pedagogical aids to assist students in the learning process, including chapter outlines, objectives, and summaries, as well as a self-evaluation section","ISBN":"978-0-470-08157-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: gpNPZFGDPzgC","title-short":"Immunology","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Elgert","given":"Klaus D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",9,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Elgert, 2009).

Active response: Active immune response is caused by antigen exposure. Surface patterns on the surface of the antigen behave as proteins that are antibody docking sites. Antibodies are protein entities that may reside alone or bind to the specific cell surface. The organism does not include a stockpile of antibodies on board to quickly take out a pathogen. The large group of antibodies is made via a process called clonal selection. An anaphylactic reaction seems to be an irrational response towards an allergen that is the result of active immunity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LtCYfMoD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Elgert, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Elgert, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":37,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/S8QCXTY4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/S8QCXTY4"],"itemData":{"id":37,"type":"book","title":"Immunology: Understanding The Immune System","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","number-of-pages":"740","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Blends biology, clinical science, genetics, and molecular biology of the immune system to provide a complete account of our knowledge of immunology New features include full-color artwork and design, over 50 new figures, and text that has been completely revised to reflect the very latest references Incorporates a variety of pedagogical aids to assist students in the learning process, including chapter outlines, objectives, and summaries, as well as a self-evaluation section","ISBN":"978-0-470-08157-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: gpNPZFGDPzgC","title-short":"Immunology","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Elgert","given":"Klaus D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",9,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Elgert, 2009).

Passive response: Passive immune response does not allow antibodies to be created by the body. Antibodies are produced from outside of the body. Such an instance of passive immunity is the defense of a baby towards certain diseases by obtaining colostrum or breast milk antibodies. An instance of passive protection is an antisera infusion, and this is an antibody particle suspension ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"biHkf6QO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Elgert, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Elgert, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":37,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/S8QCXTY4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9FPdQOCJ/items/S8QCXTY4"],"itemData":{"id":37,"type":"book","title":"Immunology: Understanding The Immune System","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","number-of-pages":"740","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Blends biology, clinical science, genetics, and molecular biology of the immune system to provide a complete account of our knowledge of immunology New features include full-color artwork and design, over 50 new figures, and text that has been completely revised to reflect the very latest references Incorporates a variety of pedagogical aids to assist students in the learning process, including chapter outlines, objectives, and summaries, as well as a self-evaluation section","ISBN":"978-0-470-08157-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: gpNPZFGDPzgC","title-short":"Immunology","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Elgert","given":"Klaus D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",9,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Elgert, 2009)

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Elgert, K. D. (2009). Immunology: Understanding The Immune System. John Wiley & Sons.

STABILITY AND POSTURE

Stability and Posture

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Stability and Posture

Posture is the body's expected state once it is is at rest or relocating ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4UwajCoD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Buck, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Buck, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":66,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/FITNKAKY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/FITNKAKY"],"itemData":{"id":66,"type":"article-journal","title":"Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management","container-title":"Physical Therapy","page":"1712-1713","volume":"86","issue":"12","source":"academic.oup.com","abstract":"This textbook presents an interdisciplinary and seemingly exhaustive evidence-based approach toward the understanding of low back pain, pain syndromes, and the","DOI":"10.2522/ptj.2006.86.12.1712","ISSN":"0031-9023","title-short":"Low Back Syndromes","journalAbbreviation":"Phys Ther","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Buck","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",12,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Buck, 2006). As a function of concerted action of different muscle groups operating to ensure stability, posture is achieved. Simply put, a posture could be comprehended as the position you hold when you stand or sit. According to the studies, posture constitutes two types i.e. active and inactive. Active postures require simultaneous action of several muscles while an inactive posture requires minimum muscle activity to facilitate relaxation in times of rest or sleep ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"i42rLlys","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Buck, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Buck, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":66,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/FITNKAKY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/FITNKAKY"],"itemData":{"id":66,"type":"article-journal","title":"Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management","container-title":"Physical Therapy","page":"1712-1713","volume":"86","issue":"12","source":"academic.oup.com","abstract":"This textbook presents an interdisciplinary and seemingly exhaustive evidence-based approach toward the understanding of low back pain, pain syndromes, and the","DOI":"10.2522/ptj.2006.86.12.1712","ISSN":"0031-9023","title-short":"Low Back Syndromes","journalAbbreviation":"Phys Ther","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Buck","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",12,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Buck, 2006).

As with any study, there is a norm, the same applies to the evaluation of postural orientation. The perfect orientation of the skeleton is regarded as the Ideal Posture or Standard Posture. We ought to learn the optimal orientation of both the backbone and other joints in rest to comprehend the ideal posture. Remember this ideal posture contributes towards giving the body stability which mainly results in a coordinated action of a component of a skeletal system ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mtcmX0W1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Buck, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Buck, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":66,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/FITNKAKY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/FITNKAKY"],"itemData":{"id":66,"type":"article-journal","title":"Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management","container-title":"Physical Therapy","page":"1712-1713","volume":"86","issue":"12","source":"academic.oup.com","abstract":"This textbook presents an interdisciplinary and seemingly exhaustive evidence-based approach toward the understanding of low back pain, pain syndromes, and the","DOI":"10.2522/ptj.2006.86.12.1712","ISSN":"0031-9023","title-short":"Low Back Syndromes","journalAbbreviation":"Phys Ther","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Buck","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",12,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Buck, 2006).

I think you recognize the correlation between posture and stability at this stage. The joints in the human body are structurally balanced to maintain stability as they adopt an appropriate posture. Our joints are arranged to ensure that our ligaments are evenly positioned on both points with sufficient surface interaction with tension. Muscle orientation is also optimal for enabling and relocating the lever arms of our body ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9yAobaJo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Buck, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Buck, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":66,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/FITNKAKY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/FITNKAKY"],"itemData":{"id":66,"type":"article-journal","title":"Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management","container-title":"Physical Therapy","page":"1712-1713","volume":"86","issue":"12","source":"academic.oup.com","abstract":"This textbook presents an interdisciplinary and seemingly exhaustive evidence-based approach toward the understanding of low back pain, pain syndromes, and the","DOI":"10.2522/ptj.2006.86.12.1712","ISSN":"0031-9023","title-short":"Low Back Syndromes","journalAbbreviation":"Phys Ther","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Buck","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",12,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Buck, 2006). The stabilization elements at the other side of the spectrum include good ligaments. They can endure mechanical forces to provide support to the skeletal system that it requires to sustain an ideal posture, both spatially and sequentially, across all movement planes.

In addition, a highly tuned nervous system administers muscular contractions for all sides of the body's joints to somehow generate the assistance required to maintain an ideal posture. From such a perspective, it is easy to comprehend that when the body posture loses its efficiency, it, in turn, loses stability and vice versa. To build effective systemic and structural physical movement, the two are largely dependent on each other ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GZZAEcO2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Buck, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Buck, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":66,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/FITNKAKY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/FITNKAKY"],"itemData":{"id":66,"type":"article-journal","title":"Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management","container-title":"Physical Therapy","page":"1712-1713","volume":"86","issue":"12","source":"academic.oup.com","abstract":"This textbook presents an interdisciplinary and seemingly exhaustive evidence-based approach toward the understanding of low back pain, pain syndromes, and the","DOI":"10.2522/ptj.2006.86.12.1712","ISSN":"0031-9023","title-short":"Low Back Syndromes","journalAbbreviation":"Phys Ther","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Buck","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",12,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Buck, 2006).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Buck, M. (2006). Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management. Physical Therapy, 86(12), 1712–1713. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.2006.86.12.1712

Staphylococcus Epidermidis

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Title: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Introduction

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a gram-positive bacterium and its cell wall consists of teichoic acid that is formed by glucose, polymerized glycerol, and N-acetyl glucosamine. This bacterium grows very well in aerobic conditions and it grows firmly in a medium that is 10 percent saline. S.epidermidis colonize the skin of human being and is mostly detected in the dental plaque and saliva. It is mostly associated with periodontitis., dry socket, and stomatitis. This bacterium is sensitive to novobiocin (Vuong and Otto).

S. epidermidisa’s is a very opportunist pathogen and makes a major breach in the defense system of the host. It can cause nosocomial infection and is linked with foreign infection in the body. The suspectable individual is the drug users, elderly, newborn and those who are using artificial appliances and cathedrals (Jetten and Vogels).

  S. epidermidisa’s colonies are raised, round, shiny and have full edges. Theses colonies have a diameter of 2.5mm approximately. They do not make any hemolytic zone thus they do not produce mucus that is present in sticky translucent colonies of bacteria. The organism produces a very thin layer which results in the formation of hydrophobic biofilm. The biofilm is formed by polysaccharide intracellular adhesin and the polysaccharide capsule and both are these are coded in the gene icaADBC. Another virulence factor of this bacterium is that it has fibrinogen binding (Jetten and Vogels).

The gene named as fbe codes for the protein that is a frame of 3,276 nucleotides. The promoting adhesin of the host cell and Fibrinogen contains in the plasma component of the bacterium (Jetten and Vogels).

Materials and methods of the tests being conducted

Gram stain:

Is used to differentiate between gram positive and negative bacterium by coloring them.

Material:

A sample of the bacterium was used and then the culture was evaluated (Gram Stain).

Gelatin Hydrolysis

Gelatin Hydrolysis is used to check the  ability of microorganism that produces proteolytic enzymes. Several methods are used for the production of gelatin substrate. A very heavy inoculum was used that contains 18-24 years old bacterium and were stabbed less than one inch on the tube that contains nutrient gelatin. The test tube was incubated and the optimum growth temperature of the bacterium was kept as 35°C. the tube was removed daily from the incubator and was kept in the refrigerator for 15-30 minutes. The tube is then observed to check whether gelatin was hydrolyzed (tankeshwar).

Fermentation Carbohydrate:

 The aim of this test is to govern the capability of bacteria to ferment some type of carbohydrate. In the test, acid phenol red was used to check the acid production and to collect the gases a Durham tube was fixed in the tube. The utilization of sucrose and lactose by the bacteria require the release of hydrolytic enzyme. Thus, the bacterium by the resulting formation of monosaccharide (Lammert).

Procedure:

 The tube that contained phenyl red was being labeled by the name of the bacterium used. Then hen the phenol red was inoculated with the help of aseptic technique and the tube was incubated at 35°C for a day and then the tube was examined for the acid production. Gas bubbles were collected with the help of Durham tube and then the tube was discarded for sterilization (Lammert).

Materials:

Phenol red tube, Durham tube that contained lactose, glucose, sucrose, and fructose were used. Pure culture of the bacteria was also used in the procedure that was kept in broth culture (Lammert).

Methyl red:

 This test is used identify the behaviors of some bacterium to ferment glucose with the help of mixed acid fermentation  (Lammert).

Materials used:

Methyl red broth tube was used and a pure beactirum culture was used. A pH indicator used in the test was the methyl red which was kept in a bottle with a bulb and a Pasteur tube (Lammert).

Procedure:

 The MR-VP broth tube was labeled with the bacterium name, our names and the date were also mentioned. MR-VP broth was inoculated with aseptic technique and the culture of the bacterium was used on the tube. Then the incubated tube was reserved at a temperature of 35°C for 48 hours. Methyl red was added in the tube after incubation and the Ph indicator and the broth culture were stirred gently to mix them up. The reaction was noted and red culture indicated a assorted acid fermentation while a yellowish or orangish color was for the negative test (Lammert).

Voges-Proskauer test:

The aim of this test is to find out the capability of bacterium to ferment glucose by the help of butanediol fermentation (Lammert).

Material used:

Methyl red and pure culture of bacterium on an agar slant was used. Barritts reagent A and B both were used (Lammert).

Procedure:

The MR-VP broth tube was labeled with the bacterium name and the tube was incubated with the help of the aseptic method. Then it was kept for up to 48 hours in 35°C temperature and after incubation 5 drops of Barrett’s agent B was put in the tube and 15 droplets of Barritt reagent A.Then the tube was fixed in a rake for almost half an hour and the result was checked. The tube was discarded then for sterilization (Lammert).

Citrate Utilization:

The purpose of this test is to check the utilization of citrate by a bacterium and to determine its main source of energy and carbon (Lammert).

Materials:

Simmons citrate agar slant tube and pure culture of agar slant bacterium and broth tube was used(Lammert).

Procedure;

 The tube was labeled with the name of the group and the bacterium then aseptic technique was followed to incubate it. The temperate was 3 kept up to 35°C for 4 days and then then the slant was examined each day to check the changes in color.

Indole test:

This test was done to check the skills of some bacteria to divide aminoacidic tryptophan into pyruvic acid and indole (Lammert).

Materials:

Tryptone broth tube was used along with the pure culture of the bacterium. A dropper bottle of Kovac's reagent and disposable gloves were used (Lammert).

Procedure:

 The tube was marked with the name of the bacterium and was incubated at a temperature of 35°C for max 48 hours. Then 5 drops of Kovac’s reagent was put in the culture and it was examined (Lammert).

Hydrogen Sulfide production test:

Materials:

Deep tobe of peptone iron was used with pure culture of bacterium (Lammert).

Procedure:

After labeling and incubating the culture up to 7 days at a temperature of 35°C and the blackening of the culture was examined (Lammert).

Catalase test:

Materials:

3% of H202 solution was used with a bulb and Pasteur peptide. Then a pure culture of the bacterium was ten on an agar surface along with a sterile stick and microscope slides (Lammert).

Procedure:

Pasteur peptide solution containing 3% of H202 was dropped on the culture of the bacterium and then the appearance of the bubble was examined (Lammert).

Nitrated reduction:

Materials:

Nitrate broth, Pasteur peptide , nitrate reagent A and B, and rubber bulb Were used. Powdered zinc and a wooden stick along with the culture of the bacterium were used (Lammert).

Procedure;

The name of the bacterium w3as wriiten on the tube and it was then incubated for 24-28 hours in a temperature of 35°C and then 5 drops of reagent A and B was dropped in the culture to check the changes in color (Lammert).

Litmus milk reaction:

Litmus milk tube and pure culture of the bacterium was used (Lammert).

Procedure:

After labeling the tube with the name of bacterium it was incubated up to 7 days at a temperature of 35°C. the litmus milk reaction was checked every day and tubes were discarded for sterilization (Lammert).

Motility test:

Materials:

 Motility test medium tube was used with an inoculating needle with a wire and pure culture of bacterium (Lammert).

Procedure:

After labeling the tube a sterile inoculating needle was put in the culture to get a small inoculum, then the bacterium was kept in the midpoint of the medium up to the depth of three quarters. The tube was examined for bacterial growth and the mobility was checked for 48 hours (Lammert).

Works Cited

Jetten, A. M., and G. D. Vogels. “Nature and Properties of a Staphylococcus Epidermidis Bacteriocin.” Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 112, no. 1, 1972, pp. 243–50.

Lammert, John. Techniques in Microbiology: A Student Handbook. Vol. 10, Prentice Hall, 2007.

tankeshwar. “Gelatin Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure and Expected Results.” Microbeonline, 24 Jan. 2014, https://microbeonline.com/gelatin-hydrolysis-test-principle-procedure-expected-results/.

Vuong, Cuong, and Michael Otto. “Staphylococcus Epidermidis Infections.” Microbes and Infection, vol. 4, no. 4, 2002, pp. 481–89.

Stem Cell Research

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Date

Stem Cell Research

Introduction

The stem cells have proven capability of replicating as well as transforming into specialized cells that are useful in many biological and clinical situations. The stem cells are undifferentiated, and they can give rise to undifferentiated as well as differentiated cells, both in a natural way as well as in controlled conditions. This paper defines the stem cells, describes their various kinds, and elaborates their various uses.

Discussion

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to divide into many different types of offspring cells. These offspring cells may be the stem cells, or differentiated cells other than the stem cells that have become specialized. These cells develop during the early years of an individual. The stem cells help in repairing the damaged tissues of the body by dividing into a countless number of cells. The stem cells continue to carry out internal repair until a biological organism is alive. The differentiated cells produced as a result of stem cells’ divisions serve specific purposes in their respective organs. Examples of offspring specialized cells include red blood cells that specialize in carrying oxygen through the bloodstream, brain cells responsible for carrying reflexes or messages through different parts of the body, muscle cells that contract and expand, etc.

Among the many different kinds of stem cells are the embryonic cells that evolve from (human) embryos and are often referred to as pluripotent stem cells (Rezania and Xu, N.p.). These cells are capable of developing into more than two hundred differentiated, or specialized cells in the organism. Other stem cells originate from the developed organs in the body, and these cells are used by the body to repair the damaged tissues in the same organs or areas from where they originate. These are referred to by the non-embryonic stem cells. An example of these cells are the stem cells found in bone marrow, which are used in developing new RBCs, WBCs, and other kinds of blood cells. Bone marrow transplantation has been possible due to the regenerative capabilities of these stem cells. A new kind of stem cells are induced pluripotent stem cells that can be produced by the intervention of medical technology by changing adult stem cells into pluripotent stem cells. These cells can be used to produce cells of all organs of the body (Tasoglu and Demirci, 16).

The stem cell biology research areas demonstrate great diversity. The stem cells are used to treat liver diseases by transforming these cells into specialized liver cells. These cells are used to derive neurons from them to conduct a study of neuron diseases. Bone marrow cells are generated with the use of the stem cells. The stem cells are also being tested in the production of pancreatic cells if they might have useful results in the treatment of diabetes. The stem cells have shown their effectiveness in treating cancer through immune cells generated using those cells (Bielecka et al., 1506). There are several other uses of the stem cells that prove their significance in curing diseases efficiently. These include treatment of injuries of the spinal cord, heart diseases, arthritis, diseases of kidney, and strokes (Boltze et al., 1143). The stem cells are being tested for their effectiveness in treating the damaged cells in the inner side of the ear, thereby restoring the loss of hearing. These cells are also being examined for treating AIDS by making changes to their genetic codes.

The stem cells' production from the embryonic cells has been a controversial issue, because this process completes at the cost of the embryo that is destroyed at all. Therefore, the social work professionals raise this issue and protest against it. They claim it is against the ethical values of a civilized society, and declare it to be a social crime (McLaren, 130).

Conclusion

Research on stem cells is still in the process of evolution. The stem cells have already proved helpful in treating several diseases. The scientists are hoping to reap benefits from the stem cells in future researches.

Works Cited

Bielecka, Zofia F., et al. “Three‐dimensional Cell Culture Model Utilization in Cancer Stem Cell Research.” Biological Reviews, vol. 92, no. 3, 2017, pp. 1505–20.

Boltze, Johannes, et al. “Concise Review: Increasing the Validity of Cerebrovascular Disease Models and Experimental Methods for Translational Stem Cell Research.” Stem Cells, vol. 35, no. 5, 2017, pp. 1141–53.

McLaren, Anne. “Ethical and Social Considerations of Stem Cell Research.” Nature, vol. 414, no. 6859, 2001, p. 129-131.

Rezania, Alireza, and Jean Xu. Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Google Patents, 2017.

Tasoglu, Savas, and Utkan Demirci. “Bioprinting for Stem Cell Research.” Trends in Biotechnology, vol. 31, no. 1, 2013, pp. 10–19.

Stem Cells

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Stem Cells

Stem cells are the precursors of all the cells and tissues of living body. Stem cells are able to maintain their number through division and have the skill to differentiate (transform) into dissimilar kinds of cells. With age, the number of stem cells in the human body decreases. Lessening of stem cells because of aging, serious diseases or bad habits (smoking and drinking alcohol) divests the living body of the possibility of self-treatment. As for this, the functioning of definite organs may be disrupted.

Individuals stem cells are conditionally separated into mesenchymal and hematopoietic. Hematopoietic (hematopoietic) stem cells (HSC) form a variety of blood cells that determine immunity, fight infections, carry oxygen and participate in blood clotting processes. The history of the clinical application of hematopoietic stem cells began above 60 years ago, and nowadays hematopoietic stem cell movement is the primary special method in the dealing of hematological, some oncological, and a number of immunological and hereditary illnesses. The hematopoietic stem cells may be attained from the peripheral blood, bone marrow, (after the introduction of special drugs) and from umbilical cord blood (Reya, 34)

Often the patient simply does not have period to interval for the call of a bone marrow donor, repeated analyzes and preparation of the donor for the bone essence collection, moreover, given the stringent wants for matching the donor's and the patient's HLA genotype, it is not for everyone to pick up a bone marrow example. In such examples, cord blood transplantation is not just an another to bone marrow transplantation, however the only chance for the patient. Mesenchymal (stromal) stem cells (MSCs) are able to transform into cells of bone, cartilage, connective tissue, to form elements of blood vessels. In addition to replenishing the lost elements of these tissues, mesenchymal stem cells synthesize a large set of biologically active substances with which they can change the behavior of other types of cells, for example, cells of the immune system (Moore, 1880).

These cells are unique, they are used in the treatment of more than 80 serious diseases, including cancer, leukemia, lymphoma and specific disorders of the immune system. In case of certain oncological diseases, such as leukemia, the presence of prepared cord blood with stem cells makes it possible not to search for a suitable donor for transplantation. With age, the number of stem cells decreases, and, accordingly, the restorative capabilities of the body decrease. To date, it has become possible to preserve stem cells for many years. The trunk at the root of the tree symbolizes stem cells with great potential; they can turn into all specialized cells of any organs and tissues. There are more than 200 types of such cells in our body. And for such a powerful potential, these stem cells are called pluripotent. These include embryonic stem cells.

Stem cells can also support the figure heal when it is broken. Stem cells differ from ordinary ones in that they can live incessantly. As people gap, provide offspring both stem cells and various kinds of specialized cells characteristic of the muscles, heart, liver, mind and other structures and tissues. For clarity, the scheme of division and development of cells in our body can be compared with a tree trunk. Where thin branches are these specialized cells. If these are muscle cells, they contract and provide us with movement, if there are brain cells, they are responsible for thinking and regulating many processes, if they are liver cells, then they neutralize toxic substances and synthesize a mass of different molecules that our body needs. But all these specialized cells have a limited lifetime. They give no offspring and cannot transform into other cells - this is a kind of dead end of development.

Works Cited

Moore, Kateri A., and Ihor R. Lemischka. "Stem cells and their niches." Science 311.5769 (2006): 1880-1885.

Reya, Tannishtha, et al. "Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells." nature 414.6859 (2001): 105.

Strep Throat

Strep Throat

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Strep Throat

This paper will discuss strep throat, which is the communicable disease, andprovide the ways through which it can be controlled. It will also recognizevarious factors related to this disease, particularly environmental factors. The other parts discussed in the paper include socioeconomic status, lifestyle influences, and disease management.

This is the form of bacterial infection that makes the throat feel scratchy and sore. Strep throat is accountable for the sore throat small portion ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LQxfGsQW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ebell, Smith, Barry, Ives, & Carey, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Ebell, Smith, Barry, Ives, & Carey, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":733,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/KM6ZEXQB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/KM6ZEXQB"],"itemData":{"id":733,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"ContextSore throat is a common complaint, and identifying patients with group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) is an important task for clinicians. Previous reviews have not systematically reviewed and synthesized the evidence.ObjectiveTo review the precision and accuracy of the clinical examination in diagnosing strep throat.Data SourceMEDLINE search for articles about diagnosis of strep throat using history-taking and physical examination.Study SelectionLarge blinded, prospective studies (having ≥300 patients with sore throat) reporting history and physical examination data and using throat culture as the reference standard were included. Of 917 articles identified by the search, 9 met all inclusion criteria.Data ExtractionPairs of authors independently reviewed each article and used consensus to resolve discrepancies.Data SynthesisThe most useful findings for evaluating the likelihood of strep throat are presence of tonsillar exudate, pharyngeal exudate, or exposure to strep throat infection in the previous 2 weeks (positive likelihood ratios, 3.4, 2.1, and 1.9, respectively) and the absence of tender anterior cervical nodes, tonsillar enlargement, or exudate (negative likelihood ratios, 0.60, 0.63, and 0.74, respectively). No individual element of history-taking or physical examination is accurate enough by itself to rule in or rule out strep throat. Three validated clinical prediction rules are described for adult and pediatric populations.ConclusionsWhile no single element of history-taking or physical examination is sufficiently accurate to exclude or diagnose strep throat, a well-validated clinical prediction rule can be useful and can help physicians make more informed use of rapid antigen tests and throat cultures.","container-title":"JAMA","DOI":"10.1001/jama.284.22.2912","ISSN":"0098-7484","issue":"22","journalAbbreviation":"JAMA","language":"en","page":"2912-2918","source":"jamanetwork.com","title":"Does This Patient Have Strep Throat?","volume":"284","author":[{"family":"Ebell","given":"Mark H."},{"family":"Smith","given":"Mindy A."},{"family":"Barry","given":"Henry C."},{"family":"Ives","given":"Kathy"},{"family":"Carey","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",12,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ebell, Smith, Barry, Ives, & Carey, 2000). If this portion remains untreated, it can cause severe complications, which include rheumatic fever and inflammation. This disease can further lead to inflamed and painful jointsor can cause damage to a heart valve, or a particular type of rashes are also observed in some cases. When anybody has this disease, their throat gets inflamed and irritated. This disease is most common in young people and children between ages 5 to 15 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Do5wQzpf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bisno, Peter, & Kaplan, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Bisno, Peter, & Kaplan, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":736,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"itemData":{"id":736,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Abstract. The clinical manifestations of group A streptococcal and nonstreptococcal pharyngitis overlap quite broadly. For this reason, the updated Infectious","container-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","DOI":"10.1086/342056","ISSN":"1058-4838","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"Clin Infect Dis","language":"en","page":"126-129","source":"academic.oup.com","title":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults: Are Clinical Criteria Really Good Enough?","title-short":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults","volume":"35","author":[{"family":"Bisno","given":"Alan L."},{"family":"Peter","given":"Garnet S."},{"family":"Kaplan","given":"Edward L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002",7,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bisno, Peter, & Kaplan, 2002). However, people of all age groups affected through strep throat. It begins with the incubation period from 2 days to 1 week. It is the viral infection that spread through sneezing, coughing, and sharing utensils. It is also reported that some people are group ‘A’ carriers of streptococcus, there are the bacteria all the time in their throat. There is a risk that they can cause infections to others, as well.

Strep throat has various symptoms and signs through which a person can identify that either they are victims of this disease ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ymjQfAlT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ebell et al., 2000)","plainCitation":"(Ebell et al., 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":733,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/KM6ZEXQB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/KM6ZEXQB"],"itemData":{"id":733,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"ContextSore throat is a common complaint, and identifying patients with group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) is an important task for clinicians. Previous reviews have not systematically reviewed and synthesized the evidence.ObjectiveTo review the precision and accuracy of the clinical examination in diagnosing strep throat.Data SourceMEDLINE search for articles about diagnosis of strep throat using history-taking and physical examination.Study SelectionLarge blinded, prospective studies (having ≥300 patients with sore throat) reporting history and physical examination data and using throat culture as the reference standard were included. Of 917 articles identified by the search, 9 met all inclusion criteria.Data ExtractionPairs of authors independently reviewed each article and used consensus to resolve discrepancies.Data SynthesisThe most useful findings for evaluating the likelihood of strep throat are presence of tonsillar exudate, pharyngeal exudate, or exposure to strep throat infection in the previous 2 weeks (positive likelihood ratios, 3.4, 2.1, and 1.9, respectively) and the absence of tender anterior cervical nodes, tonsillar enlargement, or exudate (negative likelihood ratios, 0.60, 0.63, and 0.74, respectively). No individual element of history-taking or physical examination is accurate enough by itself to rule in or rule out strep throat. Three validated clinical prediction rules are described for adult and pediatric populations.ConclusionsWhile no single element of history-taking or physical examination is sufficiently accurate to exclude or diagnose strep throat, a well-validated clinical prediction rule can be useful and can help physicians make more informed use of rapid antigen tests and throat cultures.","container-title":"JAMA","DOI":"10.1001/jama.284.22.2912","ISSN":"0098-7484","issue":"22","journalAbbreviation":"JAMA","language":"en","page":"2912-2918","source":"jamanetwork.com","title":"Does This Patient Have Strep Throat?","volume":"284","author":[{"family":"Ebell","given":"Mark H."},{"family":"Smith","given":"Mindy A."},{"family":"Barry","given":"Henry C."},{"family":"Ives","given":"Kathy"},{"family":"Carey","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",12,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ebell et al., 2000). The symptoms are common, which include sudden throat pain, swollen and red tonsils with pus, fever, headache, rash, body aches, and nausea. The common identification of this disease in children is nausea and vomiting ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bWf3poL8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bisno et al., 2002)","plainCitation":"(Bisno et al., 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":736,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"itemData":{"id":736,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Abstract. The clinical manifestations of group A streptococcal and nonstreptococcal pharyngitis overlap quite broadly. For this reason, the updated Infectious","container-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","DOI":"10.1086/342056","ISSN":"1058-4838","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"Clin Infect Dis","language":"en","page":"126-129","source":"academic.oup.com","title":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults: Are Clinical Criteria Really Good Enough?","title-short":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults","volume":"35","author":[{"family":"Bisno","given":"Alan L."},{"family":"Peter","given":"Garnet S."},{"family":"Kaplan","given":"Edward L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002",7,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bisno et al., 2002). There is also a possibility that the children or adults have some of the symptoms, but they do not have strep throat.The reason for these signs might be illness or some other viral infections.

The strep throat bacteria is called A streptococcus or streptococcus, as well. These bacteria are extremely contagious, which can be spread by airborne droplets. When somebody has an infection, it can be spread from sneeze or cough by sharing drinks and foods ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iwF4Qk4R","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bisno et al., 2002)","plainCitation":"(Bisno et al., 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":736,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"itemData":{"id":736,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Abstract. The clinical manifestations of group A streptococcal and nonstreptococcal pharyngitis overlap quite broadly. For this reason, the updated Infectious","container-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","DOI":"10.1086/342056","ISSN":"1058-4838","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"Clin Infect Dis","language":"en","page":"126-129","source":"academic.oup.com","title":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults: Are Clinical Criteria Really Good Enough?","title-short":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults","volume":"35","author":[{"family":"Bisno","given":"Alan L."},{"family":"Peter","given":"Garnet S."},{"family":"Kaplan","given":"Edward L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002",7,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bisno et al., 2002). The bacteria can also be transferred through eating utensils or doorknob to eyes, nose, or mouth.

This is the common illness for which patients in the United States consult family physicians. As the sore throat and fever are associated with this disease apart from some exceptional cases, this disease is self-limited ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4g7roQgG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":739,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"itemData":{"id":739,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"GABHS is the most common bacterial cause of tonsillopharyngitis, but this organism also produces acute otitis media; pneumonia; skin and soft-tissue infections; cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and lymphatic infections; bacteremia; and meningitis. Most children and adolescents who develop a sore throat do not have GABHS as the cause; their infection is viral in etiology. Other bacterial pathogens produce sore throat infrequently (e.g., Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae), and when they do, other concomitant clinical illness is present. Classic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis has an acute onset; produces concurrent headache, stomach ache, and dysphagia; and upon examination is characterized by intense tonsillopharyngeal erythema, yellow exudate, and tender/enlarged anterior cervical glands. Unfortunately only about 20% to 30% of patients present with classic disease. Physicians overdiagnose streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis by a wide margin, which almost always leads to unnecessary treatment with antibiotics. Accordingly, use of throat cultures and/or rapid GABHS detection tests in the office is strongly advocated. Their use has been shown to be cost-effective and to reduce antibiotic overprescribing substantially. Penicillin currently is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and American Heart Association as first-line therapy for GABHS infections; erythromycin is recommended for those allergic to penicillin. Virtually all patients improve clinically with penicillin and other antibiotics. However, penicillin treatment failures do occur, especially in tonsillopharyngitis in which 5% to 35% of patients do not experience bacteriologic eradication. Penicillin treatment failures are more common among patients who have been treated recently with the drug. Cephalosporins or azithromycin are preferred following penicillin treatment failures in selected patients as first-line therapy, based on a history of penicillin failures or lack of compliance and for impetigo. GABHS remain exquisitely sensitive to penicillin in vitro. There are several explanations for penicillin treatment failures, but the possibility of copathogen co-colonization in vivo has received the most attention. Treatment duration with penicillin should be 10 days to optimize cure in GABHS infections. A 5-day regimen is possible and approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for cefpodoxime (a cephalosporin) and azithromycin (a macrolide). Prevention of rheumatic fever is the primary objective for antibiotic therapy of GABHS infections, but a reduction in contagion and faster clinical improvement also can be achieved. Development of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis (\"flesh-eating bacteria\") are rising concerns. The portal of entry for these invasive GABHS strains is far more often skin and soft tissue than the tonsillopharynx.","container-title":"Pediatrics in Review","DOI":"10.1542/pir.19-9-291","ISSN":"0191-9601","issue":"9","journalAbbreviation":"Pediatr Rev","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 9745311","page":"291-302","source":"PubMed","title":"Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"Pichichero","given":"M. E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pichichero, 1998). There are various diagnosis strategies through which strep throat infection can be primarily identified for which patient’s required anti-microbial therapy. It is observed that these bacteria affect children mostly as compared to adults. Through research, it is evident that about 30% of cases of strep throat are noted in children, while 5% in adults ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6s4F2RYH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":739,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"itemData":{"id":739,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"GABHS is the most common bacterial cause of tonsillopharyngitis, but this organism also produces acute otitis media; pneumonia; skin and soft-tissue infections; cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and lymphatic infections; bacteremia; and meningitis. Most children and adolescents who develop a sore throat do not have GABHS as the cause; their infection is viral in etiology. Other bacterial pathogens produce sore throat infrequently (e.g., Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae), and when they do, other concomitant clinical illness is present. Classic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis has an acute onset; produces concurrent headache, stomach ache, and dysphagia; and upon examination is characterized by intense tonsillopharyngeal erythema, yellow exudate, and tender/enlarged anterior cervical glands. Unfortunately only about 20% to 30% of patients present with classic disease. Physicians overdiagnose streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis by a wide margin, which almost always leads to unnecessary treatment with antibiotics. Accordingly, use of throat cultures and/or rapid GABHS detection tests in the office is strongly advocated. Their use has been shown to be cost-effective and to reduce antibiotic overprescribing substantially. Penicillin currently is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and American Heart Association as first-line therapy for GABHS infections; erythromycin is recommended for those allergic to penicillin. Virtually all patients improve clinically with penicillin and other antibiotics. However, penicillin treatment failures do occur, especially in tonsillopharyngitis in which 5% to 35% of patients do not experience bacteriologic eradication. Penicillin treatment failures are more common among patients who have been treated recently with the drug. Cephalosporins or azithromycin are preferred following penicillin treatment failures in selected patients as first-line therapy, based on a history of penicillin failures or lack of compliance and for impetigo. GABHS remain exquisitely sensitive to penicillin in vitro. There are several explanations for penicillin treatment failures, but the possibility of copathogen co-colonization in vivo has received the most attention. Treatment duration with penicillin should be 10 days to optimize cure in GABHS infections. A 5-day regimen is possible and approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for cefpodoxime (a cephalosporin) and azithromycin (a macrolide). Prevention of rheumatic fever is the primary objective for antibiotic therapy of GABHS infections, but a reduction in contagion and faster clinical improvement also can be achieved. Development of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis (\"flesh-eating bacteria\") are rising concerns. The portal of entry for these invasive GABHS strains is far more often skin and soft tissue than the tonsillopharynx.","container-title":"Pediatrics in Review","DOI":"10.1542/pir.19-9-291","ISSN":"0191-9601","issue":"9","journalAbbreviation":"Pediatr Rev","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 9745311","page":"291-302","source":"PubMed","title":"Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"Pichichero","given":"M. E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pichichero, 1998). Strep throat can affect any person but some of the factors which increase the chances of this infection. This disease is rare in children younger than 3 years but common in school-going children. The adults who are at stake of getting these diseases are the parents of school-going children and those adults who are usually remained in contact with children. However, the most common reason for this illness is in contact with another person with this disease. It is commonly known that infectious diseases spread in crowded places.

Strep throat can be cured through medicines such as antibiotics. The commonly recommended medicines are amoxicillin and penicillin. However, the people who are affected by penicillin doctors recommend some other medicines as well. Those patients who are affected by strep throat but have no symptoms mostly do not require antibiotics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"50UXOGhT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(CDC, 2019)","plainCitation":"(CDC, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":741,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/8CZRIHVZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/8CZRIHVZ"],"itemData":{"id":741,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Seek medical care if you think you or your child may have strep throat.","container-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","language":"en-us","title":"Is your sore throat strep?","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html","author":[{"family":"CDC","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CDC, 2019).Through reach, it is observed that people who are affected by strep throat continuously even after taking medicines these people are regarded as carriers of strep throat as it is reported that through penicillin medication, about 35% of patients did not experience the eradication of bacteria. This penicillin failure is mostly reported in those patients who are recently treated with it. The administration of food and drug of the United States recommended 5 days of anti-bacterial treatment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HSYAB2BF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(CDC, 2019)","plainCitation":"(CDC, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":741,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/8CZRIHVZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/8CZRIHVZ"],"itemData":{"id":741,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Seek medical care if you think you or your child may have strep throat.","container-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","language":"en-us","title":"Is your sore throat strep?","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html","author":[{"family":"CDC","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CDC, 2019).

This infection initiates other complications as well, such as ear and sinus infections as well as other kidney and heart-related diseases. So, the first step is to avoid this disease, which is prevention as there is a possibility that people can be affected by strep throat again. Also, there is no vaccine developed for the prevention of sore throat. There are several things that a person can do for the prevention of disease. Good hygiene is the best practice to keep yourself away from getting viral infections as these infections enter mostly through soft tissues and skin ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zbbKdV82","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":739,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"itemData":{"id":739,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"GABHS is the most common bacterial cause of tonsillopharyngitis, but this organism also produces acute otitis media; pneumonia; skin and soft-tissue infections; cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and lymphatic infections; bacteremia; and meningitis. Most children and adolescents who develop a sore throat do not have GABHS as the cause; their infection is viral in etiology. Other bacterial pathogens produce sore throat infrequently (e.g., Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae), and when they do, other concomitant clinical illness is present. Classic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis has an acute onset; produces concurrent headache, stomach ache, and dysphagia; and upon examination is characterized by intense tonsillopharyngeal erythema, yellow exudate, and tender/enlarged anterior cervical glands. Unfortunately only about 20% to 30% of patients present with classic disease. Physicians overdiagnose streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis by a wide margin, which almost always leads to unnecessary treatment with antibiotics. Accordingly, use of throat cultures and/or rapid GABHS detection tests in the office is strongly advocated. Their use has been shown to be cost-effective and to reduce antibiotic overprescribing substantially. Penicillin currently is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and American Heart Association as first-line therapy for GABHS infections; erythromycin is recommended for those allergic to penicillin. Virtually all patients improve clinically with penicillin and other antibiotics. However, penicillin treatment failures do occur, especially in tonsillopharyngitis in which 5% to 35% of patients do not experience bacteriologic eradication. Penicillin treatment failures are more common among patients who have been treated recently with the drug. Cephalosporins or azithromycin are preferred following penicillin treatment failures in selected patients as first-line therapy, based on a history of penicillin failures or lack of compliance and for impetigo. GABHS remain exquisitely sensitive to penicillin in vitro. There are several explanations for penicillin treatment failures, but the possibility of copathogen co-colonization in vivo has received the most attention. Treatment duration with penicillin should be 10 days to optimize cure in GABHS infections. A 5-day regimen is possible and approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for cefpodoxime (a cephalosporin) and azithromycin (a macrolide). Prevention of rheumatic fever is the primary objective for antibiotic therapy of GABHS infections, but a reduction in contagion and faster clinical improvement also can be achieved. Development of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis (\"flesh-eating bacteria\") are rising concerns. The portal of entry for these invasive GABHS strains is far more often skin and soft tissue than the tonsillopharynx.","container-title":"Pediatrics in Review","DOI":"10.1542/pir.19-9-291","ISSN":"0191-9601","issue":"9","journalAbbreviation":"Pediatr Rev","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 9745311","page":"291-302","source":"PubMed","title":"Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"Pichichero","given":"M. E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pichichero, 1998).It is required to cover themouth while sneezing or coughing, and after that, throw this tissue in the waste bin. Wash your hands after some time with water and soap, and in case they are not available to use a sterilizer. The basic objective of antibiotic treatment is the prevention of rheumatic fever, but through this, clinical improvement can be achieved rapidly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YciFpUuV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":743,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ULKTDS6K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ULKTDS6K"],"itemData":{"id":743,"type":"webpage","title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” n.d.).It is required that the sectors of public health arrange public awareness seminars and educate the community about the methods through which strep throat can be controlled. Therefore community will be healthy when the disease is detected at an early stage and cured on-time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MdSoticv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":743,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ULKTDS6K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ULKTDS6K"],"itemData":{"id":743,"type":"webpage","title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” n.d.).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bisno, A. L., Peter, G. S., & Kaplan, E. L. (2002). Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults: Are Clinical Criteria Really Good Enough? Clinical Infectious Diseases, 35(2), 126–129. https://doi.org/10.1086/342056

CDC. (2019, April 19). Is your sore throat strep? Retrieved December 12, 2019, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Retrieved December 12, 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/

Ebell, M. H., Smith, M. A., Barry, H. C., Ives, K., & Carey, M. (2000). Does This Patient Have Strep Throat? JAMA, 284(22), 2912–2918. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.22.2912

Pichichero, M. E. (1998). Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections. Pediatrics in Review, 19(9), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.19-9-291

Summarize & Reflection

Summarize Reflection

Summary

Purpose

The current research paper under review was aimed to provide information on the biogeochemical cycle and the ecosystem supporting process. As in the way of eliminating some urban ecosystem challenges including pollution along with the climatic change and the atmosphere regulating cycles, the administration of many urban areas tend to shift their focus on ecosystem services including green infrastructure. However, in the way of this shift, people are only made to provide with sufficient data regarding the positive perspective. Hence, this paper is aimed at providing the positive as well as the negative perspective along with the related supporting ecosystem processes which tends to affect or be affected by this process.

Research question

The research question for this paper included

What are the supporting ecosystem services for the urban green space

What are the advantages of green infrastructure

What are the negative consequences of green infrastructures

What are the quantified measures to be used with the negative consequences of the green infrastructure

How is the effectiveness of green infrastructure related to the biochemical processes

Method

The method used in the current paper included analyzing the recent as well as already existing data on the topic. Already existing literature also served as a data point for the present study. Also, this research used the scientific assumptions as well as already measured ecosystem services, in the way of proposing the negative consequences of the green infrastructure. Moreover, the methods also consisted of the meta-analysis for multiple researches as in providing support for the research questions and aims.

Findings

The findings of the current study included that the evidence poorly supports the benefits proposed about the rain forests in urban setup for the air quality. Hence, in the way of implicating this for the future ecosystem services, this needs to be clarify more. Also, the study proposed that rain gardens are the best way in the reduction of runoff. However, its effect on the watershed scale and the cost-effectiveness must be explored further.

Reflection

Based on my perspective regarding this article, includes multiple aspects that are described in a structure below.

Strengths

Considering my evaluation, primarily the strength of this article is that the author has presented the knowledge in a very simple, concise and effective way, which is helpful for any person to retrieve the data1. Moreover, the researcher has provided an extensive range of references in the way of supporting every point in this article with the help of literature. Also, the topic of the article is significant for the field of biochemical cycles and ecosystem. The author has also chosen an essential aspect of the ecosystem which entails a lot of importance, but still, it requires effort to be researched more.

Weakness

Along with the strengths, the article also has some of the gaps that includes not providing detail information about the methods that was used by the author while working on this research paper. Moreover, the author did not provide any clue or information related to the research questions, they must be clearly stated.

Application

The findings of this article1 can be applied into ecosystem science as well as in the planning of green infrastructure and ecosystem related advancement. Moreover, the data can also be incorporated by the administration of bio scientists to evaluate and measure the effects and consequences of the ecosystem improving services.

Recommendation

Based on the review and evaluation of the current article1, it can be recommended that there is a need of more extensive research on the negative aspects as well as the measurement of the ecosystem services so that the benefits of the steps such as green infrastructure, rain garden, etc. can be evaluated.

References

Pataki DE, Carreiro MM, Cherrier J, et al. Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2011 9(1)27-36. Doi 10.1890/090220.

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Summary

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Summary

Yuval Harari is the famous historian and his ted talk he explained about the ways in which imagination of humans powered the spread and growth of species of Homo sapiens in the entire world. Yuval stated that approximately 70,000 years before the world was occupied by juts woodpeckers, fireflies and jellyfish (Harari, np). He asked the audience about the reason why in today's world the larger part is occupied by the humans. He also talked about the similarities of human beings with other animals, regardless of the differences. He emphasized on the factor which makes human different than other animals and that is the human being is flexible and present in a larger amount. The other animals are also flexible but in smaller numbers. The cooperation of humans is easier than similar animals like chimpanzees. Yuval also said that the achievements gained by humans are on the bases that they collaborate on bigger or larger levels. However, he said that this cooperation is not always for the betterment, such that he pointed towards the criminal activities. The imagination is the sole purpose of flexibility in humans according to Yuval (Harari, np). On the contrary, animals use imagination for describing reality. He also said that just like religion, human rights and politics also work in the same way. He described living in a twofold reality whereas animals tend to live in an impartial reality. Therefore, we as humans value the fictional reality more than the objective one. He ended his talk on his new book which he was at that time translating into the English language. He told about this book that it will focus on the possibility of human division into the biological caste system. According to this system, the rich and useless majority people will elevate to the level of virtual gods (Harari, np).

Works Cited

Harari, Yuval Noah. "What explains the rise of humans?." TED, Internet, July (2015).

Swallows Project

Title

Name

Institution

Swallows Project

Swallows are bird’s species which are small in size with a dark color, glossy-blue backs, red neck, pale-color underparts, and long tail streamers. These birds are quite active in their flight, and they spent most of the time on the wing. Swallows are common breeding birds which are mostly present in Northern Hemisphere, and they migrate to South in winter for better food availability and breeding. Swallows are extremely good parents, and they are quite protective for their children. To protect their children, they normally build nests in the form of hole or cranny in a tree, they also build tunnel or burrow in a sandbank or plaster mud onto a wall. Swallows can be found around the globe except for the regions that are very cold and present threat to their survival, so in such a situation, they travel from colder to hotter regions.

When in the colder season Swallows migrate to a new place then the first thing they do is building a nest. Swallows construct nests from mud bits that they gather in their beaks. These nests can either be mug-shaped or gourd-shaped. The interior of these nests is lined with leaves, feathers, and hair. Barn Swallows built their nests in bridges, docks or any ledges that are manmade that can easily support the nests and protect it from raining or any harsh environmental changes. While many people enjoy the sites of nests around there homes because it takes them closer to mother nature, many people face a problem when these Barn Swallows construct nests around their homes. As Swallows can build their nests in a short span of 24 hours, this causes huge problems for the people. Although Swallow eats a large amount of pesky insect which is their major food source later they tend to become the larger pests by constructing their nests in manmade structures. They can easily damage properties, and also their dropping creates large health issues, and also they require heavy, expensive and time-consuming cleanups and repair ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2PRfsfmI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Perrier, de Lope, M\\uc0\\u248{}ller, & Ninni, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Perrier, de Lope, Møller, & Ninni, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":564,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/CSZCRSB3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/CSZCRSB3"],"itemData":{"id":564,"type":"article-journal","title":"Structural coloration and sexual selection in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica","container-title":"Behavioral Ecology","page":"728-736","volume":"13","issue":"6","source":"academic.oup.com","abstract":"Abstract. Structural coloration has been hypothesized to play a role in sexual\n \nselection, and we tested whether this was the case in a field study of the\n \nb","DOI":"10.1093/beheco/13.6.728","ISSN":"1045-2249","journalAbbreviation":"Behav Ecol","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Perrier","given":"Claire"},{"family":"Lope","given":"Florentino","non-dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"Møller","given":"Anders P."},{"family":"Ninni","given":"Paola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002",11,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Perrier, de Lope, Møller, & Ninni, 2002).

Swallows are protected under the law which means that once these birds lay eggs or hatch their chicken, any population cannot harm them or displace them although it is legal to prevent these birds from building nests but is very challenging because they can do everything in their control to keep you away from their nests. The fact that these birds build their nests close to humans is due to protect themselves from crows and other predators. Frequent interaction with humans keeps them safe therefore they prefer to build nests in such areas. Now the conflict occurs when these nests that are close to humans have droppings and other deposits that fall on humans or their living area that not only cause diseases but also the cleaning procedure is quite hard. Normally when the swallows first hatch, then it is the parents who eat their dropping which helps to keep the nests fresh and insects-free. Then a few days later adult birds take the droppings away from the nests to prevent any kind of detection from the predators. So to solve this problem and also to avoid confrontation with these birds it is easy to place newspaper or any same material to accumulate the droppings to solve the problem. Once enough droppings re accumulated the paper along with the droppings can be buried in the ground because the droppings are an excellent source of fertilizers or they can also be thrown in the garbage. Similarly, to protect the car one can cover them with a blanket or any other sheet and it can be moved when needed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xjyA3Cba","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fakhar et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Fakhar et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":567,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/MBE9BHQS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/MBE9BHQS"],"itemData":{"id":567,"type":"article-journal","title":"Intestinal parasites among migrant barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) in the central region of Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran","container-title":"Veterinary World","page":"1179-1182","volume":"11","issue":"8","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Aim:\nSwallows are a family of migratory birds found worldwide except Antarctica. Annually, a number of species of swallows migrate to Iran. As they make their nests close to human living places, this may be a potential risk for public health. Conversely, no study has been conducted on intestinal parasitic infections of these birds so far. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in migratory swallows (Hirundo rustica) in the central region of Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran.\n\nMaterials and Methods:\nIn this cross-sectional study, 205 feces samples from two districts (Sari and Qaemshahr) in the central region of Mazandaran were randomly collected during the summer and spring sessions of 2016-2017. The collected samples were examined using the routine direct fecal examination and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration. In addition, the samples were examined by cold acid-fast staining method to detect possible Cryptosporidium oocysts.\n\nResults:\nThe results of this study indicated that 38 samples (18.5%) were infected with intestinal parasites. Among the helminthic parasites, eight genera and species were identified as follows: Ascaridia galli, Syngamus trachea, Raillietina, Toxocara spp., Choanotaenia, Taenia spp., Ascaridia spp., and Moniezia spp. In addition, among protozoan parasites, only the Coccidia spp. oocysts were identified.\n\nConclusion:\nOur findings showed a relatively high prevalence of parasitic infections in migratory barn swallows in Mazandaran Province. Given the presence of zoonotic parasites in the samples, further investigations are needed to identify all parasites fauna, particularly zoonotic species among swallows in the region.","DOI":"10.14202/vetworld.2018.1179-1182","ISSN":"0972-8988","note":"PMID: 30250381\nPMCID: PMC6141299","journalAbbreviation":"Vet World","author":[{"family":"Fakhar","given":"Mahdi"},{"family":"Chegeni","given":"Tooran Nayeri"},{"family":"Bastani","given":"Reza"},{"family":"Hosseininejad","given":"Zahra"},{"family":"Saberi","given":"Reza"},{"family":"Armat","given":"Saber"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fakhar et al., 2018).

Alternatively, boards are also installed below the nest to hold the feces and other such remains. In this case, the boards are quite near to the nest; therefore, they should be cleaned to avoid any sort of insect infestation and bugs that may accumulate in the debris. But before doing that, also notice the coming and going of the Swallows to stop installing something that could restrict their access to the nest. Another effective way to prevent these birds from building nests in your home is to remove 90 degree or less of the vertical surfaces Swallows prefer, creating a surface that these birds do not prefer to build their nests. In this way, they will choose other sites like bridges or any other trees or bulging surfaces to build their nests, and they will not come in contact with the humans unnecessarily. These changes in the surfaces can be temporary or it can permanent but the main purpose if the blockage of any surface that provide the base for the construction of nests. The fact is that these birds choose our residential area because humans have destroyed almost all their natural habitat, so they have no option left than coming close to our places. So encouraging our communities to build bridges that provide necessary nesting sites for these birds ensure that when you discourage them from nesting in your homes, they will ultimately choose these sites and in this way, both humans and these birds can live peacefully. Besides that, under-construction buildings should also be provided for the building of nests. Also by creating boxes for them can also help them to stay away from humans ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Wc2Ma9QX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Swallow Congregations: Dealing with a Common Problems,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Swallow Congregations: Dealing with a Common Problems,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":571,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/3DRZIWYC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/3DRZIWYC"],"itemData":{"id":571,"type":"article-journal","title":"Swallow Congregations: Dealing with a Common Problems","page":"6","source":"Zotero","language":"en"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Swallow Congregations: Dealing with a Common Problems,” n.d.).

Although these birds are creating problems for humans by building their nests around their houses, there are so many ways through which both can live in harmony without getting disturbed. It is also noteworthy that the population of the Swallows has rapidly decreased and the conservationists and other experts have noticed that these birds are now not migrating at the same rate than before which shows that they are also declining. So effective measurements should be taken for the conservation of these birds and then provide proper measures for building their nests in such a way that both live in peace.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Fakhar, M., Chegeni, T. N., Bastani, R., Hosseininejad, Z., Saberi, R., & Armat, S. (2018). Intestinal parasites among migrant barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) in the central region of Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. Veterinary World, 11(8), 1179–1182. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.1179-1182

Perrier, C., de Lope, F., Møller, A. P., & Ninni, P. (2002). Structural coloration and sexual selection in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica. Behavioral Ecology, 13(6), 728–736. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/13.6.728

Swallow Congregations: Dealing with Common Problems. (n.d.), 6.