Strep Throat
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Author Note
Strep Throat
This paper will discuss strep throat, which is the communicable disease, andprovide the ways through which it can be controlled. It will also recognizevarious factors related to this disease, particularly environmental factors. The other parts discussed in the paper include socioeconomic status, lifestyle influences, and disease management.
This is the form of bacterial infection that makes the throat feel scratchy and sore. Strep throat is accountable for the sore throat small portion ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LQxfGsQW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ebell, Smith, Barry, Ives, & Carey, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Ebell, Smith, Barry, Ives, & Carey, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":733,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/KM6ZEXQB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/KM6ZEXQB"],"itemData":{"id":733,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"ContextSore throat is a common complaint, and identifying patients with group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) is an important task for clinicians. Previous reviews have not systematically reviewed and synthesized the evidence.ObjectiveTo review the precision and accuracy of the clinical examination in diagnosing strep throat.Data SourceMEDLINE search for articles about diagnosis of strep throat using history-taking and physical examination.Study SelectionLarge blinded, prospective studies (having ≥300 patients with sore throat) reporting history and physical examination data and using throat culture as the reference standard were included. Of 917 articles identified by the search, 9 met all inclusion criteria.Data ExtractionPairs of authors independently reviewed each article and used consensus to resolve discrepancies.Data SynthesisThe most useful findings for evaluating the likelihood of strep throat are presence of tonsillar exudate, pharyngeal exudate, or exposure to strep throat infection in the previous 2 weeks (positive likelihood ratios, 3.4, 2.1, and 1.9, respectively) and the absence of tender anterior cervical nodes, tonsillar enlargement, or exudate (negative likelihood ratios, 0.60, 0.63, and 0.74, respectively). No individual element of history-taking or physical examination is accurate enough by itself to rule in or rule out strep throat. Three validated clinical prediction rules are described for adult and pediatric populations.ConclusionsWhile no single element of history-taking or physical examination is sufficiently accurate to exclude or diagnose strep throat, a well-validated clinical prediction rule can be useful and can help physicians make more informed use of rapid antigen tests and throat cultures.","container-title":"JAMA","DOI":"10.1001/jama.284.22.2912","ISSN":"0098-7484","issue":"22","journalAbbreviation":"JAMA","language":"en","page":"2912-2918","source":"jamanetwork.com","title":"Does This Patient Have Strep Throat?","volume":"284","author":[{"family":"Ebell","given":"Mark H."},{"family":"Smith","given":"Mindy A."},{"family":"Barry","given":"Henry C."},{"family":"Ives","given":"Kathy"},{"family":"Carey","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",12,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ebell, Smith, Barry, Ives, & Carey, 2000). If this portion remains untreated, it can cause severe complications, which include rheumatic fever and inflammation. This disease can further lead to inflamed and painful jointsor can cause damage to a heart valve, or a particular type of rashes are also observed in some cases. When anybody has this disease, their throat gets inflamed and irritated. This disease is most common in young people and children between ages 5 to 15 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Do5wQzpf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bisno, Peter, & Kaplan, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Bisno, Peter, & Kaplan, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":736,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"itemData":{"id":736,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Abstract. The clinical manifestations of group A streptococcal and nonstreptococcal pharyngitis overlap quite broadly. For this reason, the updated Infectious","container-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","DOI":"10.1086/342056","ISSN":"1058-4838","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"Clin Infect Dis","language":"en","page":"126-129","source":"academic.oup.com","title":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults: Are Clinical Criteria Really Good Enough?","title-short":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults","volume":"35","author":[{"family":"Bisno","given":"Alan L."},{"family":"Peter","given":"Garnet S."},{"family":"Kaplan","given":"Edward L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002",7,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bisno, Peter, & Kaplan, 2002). However, people of all age groups affected through strep throat. It begins with the incubation period from 2 days to 1 week. It is the viral infection that spread through sneezing, coughing, and sharing utensils. It is also reported that some people are group ‘A’ carriers of streptococcus, there are the bacteria all the time in their throat. There is a risk that they can cause infections to others, as well.
Strep throat has various symptoms and signs through which a person can identify that either they are victims of this disease ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ymjQfAlT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ebell et al., 2000)","plainCitation":"(Ebell et al., 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":733,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/KM6ZEXQB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/KM6ZEXQB"],"itemData":{"id":733,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"ContextSore throat is a common complaint, and identifying patients with group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) is an important task for clinicians. Previous reviews have not systematically reviewed and synthesized the evidence.ObjectiveTo review the precision and accuracy of the clinical examination in diagnosing strep throat.Data SourceMEDLINE search for articles about diagnosis of strep throat using history-taking and physical examination.Study SelectionLarge blinded, prospective studies (having ≥300 patients with sore throat) reporting history and physical examination data and using throat culture as the reference standard were included. Of 917 articles identified by the search, 9 met all inclusion criteria.Data ExtractionPairs of authors independently reviewed each article and used consensus to resolve discrepancies.Data SynthesisThe most useful findings for evaluating the likelihood of strep throat are presence of tonsillar exudate, pharyngeal exudate, or exposure to strep throat infection in the previous 2 weeks (positive likelihood ratios, 3.4, 2.1, and 1.9, respectively) and the absence of tender anterior cervical nodes, tonsillar enlargement, or exudate (negative likelihood ratios, 0.60, 0.63, and 0.74, respectively). No individual element of history-taking or physical examination is accurate enough by itself to rule in or rule out strep throat. Three validated clinical prediction rules are described for adult and pediatric populations.ConclusionsWhile no single element of history-taking or physical examination is sufficiently accurate to exclude or diagnose strep throat, a well-validated clinical prediction rule can be useful and can help physicians make more informed use of rapid antigen tests and throat cultures.","container-title":"JAMA","DOI":"10.1001/jama.284.22.2912","ISSN":"0098-7484","issue":"22","journalAbbreviation":"JAMA","language":"en","page":"2912-2918","source":"jamanetwork.com","title":"Does This Patient Have Strep Throat?","volume":"284","author":[{"family":"Ebell","given":"Mark H."},{"family":"Smith","given":"Mindy A."},{"family":"Barry","given":"Henry C."},{"family":"Ives","given":"Kathy"},{"family":"Carey","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",12,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ebell et al., 2000). The symptoms are common, which include sudden throat pain, swollen and red tonsils with pus, fever, headache, rash, body aches, and nausea. The common identification of this disease in children is nausea and vomiting ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bWf3poL8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bisno et al., 2002)","plainCitation":"(Bisno et al., 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":736,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"itemData":{"id":736,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Abstract. The clinical manifestations of group A streptococcal and nonstreptococcal pharyngitis overlap quite broadly. For this reason, the updated Infectious","container-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","DOI":"10.1086/342056","ISSN":"1058-4838","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"Clin Infect Dis","language":"en","page":"126-129","source":"academic.oup.com","title":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults: Are Clinical Criteria Really Good Enough?","title-short":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults","volume":"35","author":[{"family":"Bisno","given":"Alan L."},{"family":"Peter","given":"Garnet S."},{"family":"Kaplan","given":"Edward L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002",7,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bisno et al., 2002). There is also a possibility that the children or adults have some of the symptoms, but they do not have strep throat.The reason for these signs might be illness or some other viral infections.
The strep throat bacteria is called A streptococcus or streptococcus, as well. These bacteria are extremely contagious, which can be spread by airborne droplets. When somebody has an infection, it can be spread from sneeze or cough by sharing drinks and foods ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iwF4Qk4R","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bisno et al., 2002)","plainCitation":"(Bisno et al., 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":736,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/PF2Y2C49"],"itemData":{"id":736,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Abstract. The clinical manifestations of group A streptococcal and nonstreptococcal pharyngitis overlap quite broadly. For this reason, the updated Infectious","container-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","DOI":"10.1086/342056","ISSN":"1058-4838","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"Clin Infect Dis","language":"en","page":"126-129","source":"academic.oup.com","title":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults: Are Clinical Criteria Really Good Enough?","title-short":"Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults","volume":"35","author":[{"family":"Bisno","given":"Alan L."},{"family":"Peter","given":"Garnet S."},{"family":"Kaplan","given":"Edward L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002",7,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bisno et al., 2002). The bacteria can also be transferred through eating utensils or doorknob to eyes, nose, or mouth.
This is the common illness for which patients in the United States consult family physicians. As the sore throat and fever are associated with this disease apart from some exceptional cases, this disease is self-limited ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4g7roQgG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":739,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"itemData":{"id":739,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"GABHS is the most common bacterial cause of tonsillopharyngitis, but this organism also produces acute otitis media; pneumonia; skin and soft-tissue infections; cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and lymphatic infections; bacteremia; and meningitis. Most children and adolescents who develop a sore throat do not have GABHS as the cause; their infection is viral in etiology. Other bacterial pathogens produce sore throat infrequently (e.g., Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae), and when they do, other concomitant clinical illness is present. Classic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis has an acute onset; produces concurrent headache, stomach ache, and dysphagia; and upon examination is characterized by intense tonsillopharyngeal erythema, yellow exudate, and tender/enlarged anterior cervical glands. Unfortunately only about 20% to 30% of patients present with classic disease. Physicians overdiagnose streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis by a wide margin, which almost always leads to unnecessary treatment with antibiotics. Accordingly, use of throat cultures and/or rapid GABHS detection tests in the office is strongly advocated. Their use has been shown to be cost-effective and to reduce antibiotic overprescribing substantially. Penicillin currently is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and American Heart Association as first-line therapy for GABHS infections; erythromycin is recommended for those allergic to penicillin. Virtually all patients improve clinically with penicillin and other antibiotics. However, penicillin treatment failures do occur, especially in tonsillopharyngitis in which 5% to 35% of patients do not experience bacteriologic eradication. Penicillin treatment failures are more common among patients who have been treated recently with the drug. Cephalosporins or azithromycin are preferred following penicillin treatment failures in selected patients as first-line therapy, based on a history of penicillin failures or lack of compliance and for impetigo. GABHS remain exquisitely sensitive to penicillin in vitro. There are several explanations for penicillin treatment failures, but the possibility of copathogen co-colonization in vivo has received the most attention. Treatment duration with penicillin should be 10 days to optimize cure in GABHS infections. A 5-day regimen is possible and approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for cefpodoxime (a cephalosporin) and azithromycin (a macrolide). Prevention of rheumatic fever is the primary objective for antibiotic therapy of GABHS infections, but a reduction in contagion and faster clinical improvement also can be achieved. Development of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis (\"flesh-eating bacteria\") are rising concerns. The portal of entry for these invasive GABHS strains is far more often skin and soft tissue than the tonsillopharynx.","container-title":"Pediatrics in Review","DOI":"10.1542/pir.19-9-291","ISSN":"0191-9601","issue":"9","journalAbbreviation":"Pediatr Rev","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 9745311","page":"291-302","source":"PubMed","title":"Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"Pichichero","given":"M. E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pichichero, 1998). There are various diagnosis strategies through which strep throat infection can be primarily identified for which patient’s required anti-microbial therapy. It is observed that these bacteria affect children mostly as compared to adults. Through research, it is evident that about 30% of cases of strep throat are noted in children, while 5% in adults ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6s4F2RYH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":739,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"itemData":{"id":739,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"GABHS is the most common bacterial cause of tonsillopharyngitis, but this organism also produces acute otitis media; pneumonia; skin and soft-tissue infections; cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and lymphatic infections; bacteremia; and meningitis. Most children and adolescents who develop a sore throat do not have GABHS as the cause; their infection is viral in etiology. Other bacterial pathogens produce sore throat infrequently (e.g., Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae), and when they do, other concomitant clinical illness is present. Classic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis has an acute onset; produces concurrent headache, stomach ache, and dysphagia; and upon examination is characterized by intense tonsillopharyngeal erythema, yellow exudate, and tender/enlarged anterior cervical glands. Unfortunately only about 20% to 30% of patients present with classic disease. Physicians overdiagnose streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis by a wide margin, which almost always leads to unnecessary treatment with antibiotics. Accordingly, use of throat cultures and/or rapid GABHS detection tests in the office is strongly advocated. Their use has been shown to be cost-effective and to reduce antibiotic overprescribing substantially. Penicillin currently is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and American Heart Association as first-line therapy for GABHS infections; erythromycin is recommended for those allergic to penicillin. Virtually all patients improve clinically with penicillin and other antibiotics. However, penicillin treatment failures do occur, especially in tonsillopharyngitis in which 5% to 35% of patients do not experience bacteriologic eradication. Penicillin treatment failures are more common among patients who have been treated recently with the drug. Cephalosporins or azithromycin are preferred following penicillin treatment failures in selected patients as first-line therapy, based on a history of penicillin failures or lack of compliance and for impetigo. GABHS remain exquisitely sensitive to penicillin in vitro. There are several explanations for penicillin treatment failures, but the possibility of copathogen co-colonization in vivo has received the most attention. Treatment duration with penicillin should be 10 days to optimize cure in GABHS infections. A 5-day regimen is possible and approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for cefpodoxime (a cephalosporin) and azithromycin (a macrolide). Prevention of rheumatic fever is the primary objective for antibiotic therapy of GABHS infections, but a reduction in contagion and faster clinical improvement also can be achieved. Development of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis (\"flesh-eating bacteria\") are rising concerns. The portal of entry for these invasive GABHS strains is far more often skin and soft tissue than the tonsillopharynx.","container-title":"Pediatrics in Review","DOI":"10.1542/pir.19-9-291","ISSN":"0191-9601","issue":"9","journalAbbreviation":"Pediatr Rev","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 9745311","page":"291-302","source":"PubMed","title":"Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"Pichichero","given":"M. E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pichichero, 1998). Strep throat can affect any person but some of the factors which increase the chances of this infection. This disease is rare in children younger than 3 years but common in school-going children. The adults who are at stake of getting these diseases are the parents of school-going children and those adults who are usually remained in contact with children. However, the most common reason for this illness is in contact with another person with this disease. It is commonly known that infectious diseases spread in crowded places.
Strep throat can be cured through medicines such as antibiotics. The commonly recommended medicines are amoxicillin and penicillin. However, the people who are affected by penicillin doctors recommend some other medicines as well. Those patients who are affected by strep throat but have no symptoms mostly do not require antibiotics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"50UXOGhT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(CDC, 2019)","plainCitation":"(CDC, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":741,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/8CZRIHVZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/8CZRIHVZ"],"itemData":{"id":741,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Seek medical care if you think you or your child may have strep throat.","container-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","language":"en-us","title":"Is your sore throat strep?","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html","author":[{"family":"CDC","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CDC, 2019).Through reach, it is observed that people who are affected by strep throat continuously even after taking medicines these people are regarded as carriers of strep throat as it is reported that through penicillin medication, about 35% of patients did not experience the eradication of bacteria. This penicillin failure is mostly reported in those patients who are recently treated with it. The administration of food and drug of the United States recommended 5 days of anti-bacterial treatment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HSYAB2BF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(CDC, 2019)","plainCitation":"(CDC, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":741,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/8CZRIHVZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/8CZRIHVZ"],"itemData":{"id":741,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Seek medical care if you think you or your child may have strep throat.","container-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","language":"en-us","title":"Is your sore throat strep?","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html","author":[{"family":"CDC","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CDC, 2019).
This infection initiates other complications as well, such as ear and sinus infections as well as other kidney and heart-related diseases. So, the first step is to avoid this disease, which is prevention as there is a possibility that people can be affected by strep throat again. Also, there is no vaccine developed for the prevention of sore throat. There are several things that a person can do for the prevention of disease. Good hygiene is the best practice to keep yourself away from getting viral infections as these infections enter mostly through soft tissues and skin ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zbbKdV82","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Pichichero, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":739,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/CNDQ998N"],"itemData":{"id":739,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"GABHS is the most common bacterial cause of tonsillopharyngitis, but this organism also produces acute otitis media; pneumonia; skin and soft-tissue infections; cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and lymphatic infections; bacteremia; and meningitis. Most children and adolescents who develop a sore throat do not have GABHS as the cause; their infection is viral in etiology. Other bacterial pathogens produce sore throat infrequently (e.g., Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae), and when they do, other concomitant clinical illness is present. Classic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis has an acute onset; produces concurrent headache, stomach ache, and dysphagia; and upon examination is characterized by intense tonsillopharyngeal erythema, yellow exudate, and tender/enlarged anterior cervical glands. Unfortunately only about 20% to 30% of patients present with classic disease. Physicians overdiagnose streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis by a wide margin, which almost always leads to unnecessary treatment with antibiotics. Accordingly, use of throat cultures and/or rapid GABHS detection tests in the office is strongly advocated. Their use has been shown to be cost-effective and to reduce antibiotic overprescribing substantially. Penicillin currently is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and American Heart Association as first-line therapy for GABHS infections; erythromycin is recommended for those allergic to penicillin. Virtually all patients improve clinically with penicillin and other antibiotics. However, penicillin treatment failures do occur, especially in tonsillopharyngitis in which 5% to 35% of patients do not experience bacteriologic eradication. Penicillin treatment failures are more common among patients who have been treated recently with the drug. Cephalosporins or azithromycin are preferred following penicillin treatment failures in selected patients as first-line therapy, based on a history of penicillin failures or lack of compliance and for impetigo. GABHS remain exquisitely sensitive to penicillin in vitro. There are several explanations for penicillin treatment failures, but the possibility of copathogen co-colonization in vivo has received the most attention. Treatment duration with penicillin should be 10 days to optimize cure in GABHS infections. A 5-day regimen is possible and approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for cefpodoxime (a cephalosporin) and azithromycin (a macrolide). Prevention of rheumatic fever is the primary objective for antibiotic therapy of GABHS infections, but a reduction in contagion and faster clinical improvement also can be achieved. Development of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis (\"flesh-eating bacteria\") are rising concerns. The portal of entry for these invasive GABHS strains is far more often skin and soft tissue than the tonsillopharynx.","container-title":"Pediatrics in Review","DOI":"10.1542/pir.19-9-291","ISSN":"0191-9601","issue":"9","journalAbbreviation":"Pediatr Rev","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 9745311","page":"291-302","source":"PubMed","title":"Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"Pichichero","given":"M. E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pichichero, 1998).It is required to cover themouth while sneezing or coughing, and after that, throw this tissue in the waste bin. Wash your hands after some time with water and soap, and in case they are not available to use a sterilizer. The basic objective of antibiotic treatment is the prevention of rheumatic fever, but through this, clinical improvement can be achieved rapidly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YciFpUuV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":743,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ULKTDS6K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ULKTDS6K"],"itemData":{"id":743,"type":"webpage","title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” n.d.).It is required that the sectors of public health arrange public awareness seminars and educate the community about the methods through which strep throat can be controlled. Therefore community will be healthy when the disease is detected at an early stage and cured on-time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MdSoticv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":743,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ULKTDS6K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ULKTDS6K"],"itemData":{"id":743,"type":"webpage","title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” n.d.).
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bisno, A. L., Peter, G. S., & Kaplan, E. L. (2002). Diagnosis of Strep Throat in Adults: Are Clinical Criteria Really Good Enough? Clinical Infectious Diseases, 35(2), 126–129. https://doi.org/10.1086/342056
CDC. (2019, April 19). Is your sore throat strep? Retrieved December 12, 2019, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Retrieved December 12, 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/
Ebell, M. H., Smith, M. A., Barry, H. C., Ives, K., & Carey, M. (2000). Does This Patient Have Strep Throat? JAMA, 284(22), 2912–2918. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.22.2912
Pichichero, M. E. (1998). Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections. Pediatrics in Review, 19(9), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.19-9-291
