Scientific Case Study

Scientific Case Study

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Scientific Case Study

Mobile phones are an essential part of communications in everyone's life. In almost every country every single person is a mobile phone user, and the market is also growing rapidly. While using the mobile phone it should be kept in mind that the mobile phones emit radiofrequency energy which is a non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation form., and any tissue which is close to the cell phones can easily absorb them. There are many factors that are involved in this process like the total distance between a person and the phone, the type of mobile phone users and also the user distance from cell phones tower ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CPRGbKbx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zhi, Wang, & Hu, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Zhi, Wang, & Hu, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1140,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/EMUM7AKZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/EMUM7AKZ"],"itemData":{"id":1140,"type":"article-journal","title":"Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains","container-title":"Military Medical Research","page":"29","volume":"4","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed.","DOI":"10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0","ISSN":"2054-9369","note":"PMID: 29502514\nPMCID: PMC5607572","journalAbbreviation":"Mil Med Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Zhi","given":"Wei-Jia"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Li-Feng"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Xiang-Jun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]],"season":"21"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zhi, Wang, & Hu, 2017). In 2011 after doing much research the International Agency for Research on Cancer said that the radiations that are produced from mobile phones are possible cancer-causing or carcinogenic, which means there are higher risk of the carcinogenicity and more research should be done in order to fully determine this claim. It is said that the risk of brain tumor is due to the increased use of cell phone.

Due to the increased use of mobile phone among the youth, it is now a growing concern among the healthcare individuals and the WHO has promoted further research in this field. The American Cancer Society says that the claim of IARC about the health hazards of cell phones means that there are some risks involved in this case but the overall evidence, in this case, is not so strong to claim that cell phones are the real cause of cancer and other health risks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xazPUet8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Naeem, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Naeem, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1135,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/XAWCAJ63"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/XAWCAJ63"],"itemData":{"id":1135,"type":"article-journal","title":"Health risks associated with mobile phones use","container-title":"International Journal of Health Sciences","page":"V-VI","volume":"8","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","ISSN":"1658-3639","note":"PMID: 25780365\nPMCID: PMC4350886","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)","author":[{"family":"Naeem","given":"Zahid"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Naeem, 2014). According to the scientists there are some serious health consequences of using cell phones which also includes the change in the brain activity and also sleep patterns of the users, although there are various studies that are currently in progress to prove these claims, they are not proved yet. Children are more at risk as compared to adults because their nervous system is still in the development stage; therefore they are more vulnerable. While using medical instruments like pacemakers, implantable defibrillators and other hearing support then there are possibilities that the mobile phones interfere with the operations of the devices. In the case of aircraft electronics as well there are also chances and potential of interference of mobile phones with them. Therefore in many countries, it is not allowed to use a mobile phone when in flight. Traffic accidents are also some major results of mobile phones during driving. There are 3-4 times more chances of accidents when using cell phones during driving. Cell phones are also not good for eye health; small texts and brightness can damage the overall health of the eye ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ITthhaUw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johansen, Boice, McLaughlin, & Olsen, 2001)","plainCitation":"(Johansen, Boice, McLaughlin, & Olsen, 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1138,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/5NBRIA4I"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/5NBRIA4I"],"itemData":{"id":1138,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cellular telephones and cancer--a nationwide cohort study in Denmark","container-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute","page":"203-207","volume":"93","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Use of cellular telephones is increasing exponentially and has become part of everyday life. Concerns about possible carcinogenic effects of radiofrequency signals have been raised, although they are based on limited scientific evidence.\nMETHODS: A retrospective cohort study of cancer incidence was conducted in Denmark of all users of cellular telephones during the period from 1982 through 1995. Subscriber lists from the two Danish operating companies identified 420 095 cellular telephone users. Cancer incidence was determined by linkage with the Danish Cancer Registry. All statistical tests are two-sided.\nRESULTS: Overall, 3391 cancers were observed with 3825 expected, yielding a significantly decreased standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.86 to 0.92). A substantial proportion of this decreased risk was attributed to deficits of lung cancer and other smoking-related cancers. No excesses were observed for cancers of the brain or nervous system (SIR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.12) or of the salivary gland (SIR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.29 to 1.49) or for leukemia (SIR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.78-1.21), cancers of a priori interest. Risk for these cancers also did not vary by duration of cellular telephone use, time since first subscription, age at first subscription, or type of cellular telephone (analogue or digital). Analysis of brain and nervous system tumors showed no statistically significant SIRs for any subtype or anatomic location.\nCONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation, the first nationwide cancer incidence study of cellular phone users, do not support the hypothesis of an association between use of these telephones and tumors of the brain or salivary gland, leukemia, or other cancers.","ISSN":"0027-8874","note":"PMID: 11158188","journalAbbreviation":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst.","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Johansen","given":"C."},{"family":"Boice","given":"J."},{"family":"McLaughlin","given":"J."},{"family":"Olsen","given":"J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001",2,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johansen, Boice, McLaughlin, & Olsen, 2001).

Although these are some of the reported health hazards of mobile phones, no strong evidence is available to prove the claim that cell phones cause cancer and other health risks. More research needs to be done in this regard. But cell phones are indirectly involved by causing accidents because most of the users use cell phones while driving which distracts the user from the road, and ultimately accidents happen. So some of the serious risks that are affiliated with cancer need to be studied in detail like causing cancer.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Johansen, C., Boice, J., McLaughlin, J., & Olsen, J. (2001). Cellular telephones and cancer--a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93(3), 203–207.

Naeem, Z. (2014). Health risks associated with mobile phones use. International Journal of Health Sciences, 8(4), V–VI.

Zhi, W.-J., Wang, L.-F., & Hu, X.-J. (2017). Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Military Medical Research, 4(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0