Biology And Life Sciences Examples and Topics

WBC: Common Types Of Excesses And Deficiencies.

WBC: Common types of excesses and deficiencies

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WBC: Common types of excesses and deficiencies

White blood cells (WBCs) are defensive cells of the body and are also called as leukocytes. They are part of the immune system and are responsible for protecting the body against foreign invaders and infectious particles. WBCs are produced in the bone marrow from the multipotent cells called as hematopoietic cells. There are five different types of WBCs; neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. The average amount of WBCs produced in the blood range from 4000 to 11,000 cells per microliter ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NSmLc9Re","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Territo, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Territo, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":562,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/8J26X7FU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/8J26X7FU"],"itemData":{"id":562,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Overview of White Blood Cell Disorders - Explore from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version.","container-title":"MSD Manual Consumer Version","language":"en","title":"Overview of White Blood Cell Disorders - Blood Disorders","URL":"https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/white-blood-cell-disorders/overview-of-white-blood-cell-disorders","author":[{"family":"Territo","given":"Mary"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Territo, 2018). The WBCs related disorders occur due to under or over production of cells or issues with the functions of the cells. Common disorders related to the excesses and deficiencies of WBCs are as follows;

Leukocytosis: It occurs due to the increase in number of WBCs in the blood. The increase in the production of these cells can be due to response of the immune system to infections, drugs such as corticosteroids, leukemia and production of immature or abnormal WBCS. It can be divided into two different types;

Neutrophilic leukocytosis: increase in the amount of neutrophils in response to infections, injuries, inflammation, and bone marrow cancer. Myelogenous leukemia are a common cause of excess production of immature neutrophils.

Lymphocytic leukocytosis: increase in the amounts of B cells, T cells and natural killer cells in response to cancer and viral or bacterial infections, however, the most common cause is the viral infections such as mononucleosis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FN1BSfcS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Territo, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Territo, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":562,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/8J26X7FU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/8J26X7FU"],"itemData":{"id":562,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Overview of White Blood Cell Disorders - Explore from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version.","container-title":"MSD Manual Consumer Version","language":"en","title":"Overview of White Blood Cell Disorders - Blood Disorders","URL":"https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/white-blood-cell-disorders/overview-of-white-blood-cell-disorders","author":[{"family":"Territo","given":"Mary"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Territo, 2018).

Neutropenia: it occurs due to the decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood. It is mainly a side effect of chemo and radiotherapies. Chronic neutropenia may last for several month to years. It is further classified into different types such as;

Autoimmune neutropenia: it occurs in response to attack of antibodies on neutrophils.

Severe congenital neutropenia: it occurs due to a genetic mutation or recurrent bacterial infections.

Cyclic neutropenia: it also occurs due to a genetic mutation, however, neutropenia occurs in cycles of 21 days instead of on daily basis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1767KPmp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Yates, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Yates, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":560,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/4LNBDZH5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/4LNBDZH5"],"itemData":{"id":560,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"White blood cells may be affected by certain disorders. Understanding your symptoms and diagnosis can help you navigate between choices for treatment.","container-title":"Verywell Health","language":"en","title":"An Overview of White Blood Cell Disorders","title-short":"Overview of White Blood Cell Disorders","URL":"https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280","author":[{"family":"Yates","given":"Amber"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Yates, 2019).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Territo, M. (2018). Overview of White Blood Cell Disorders—Blood Disorders. MSD Manual Consumer Version. Retrieved from https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/white-blood-cell-disorders/overview-of-white-blood-cell-disorders

Yates, A. (2019). An Overview of White Blood Cell Disorders. Verywell Health. Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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Weekly Assignments

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Climate change

Week 7

It is surprising to know that the buildings consume 41% of the fossil fuel energy and that efficient construction of buildings is an important solution for mitigating the challenges of climate change. Michael Murphy has highlighted ways in his TED talk that can be adopted by cities for attaining the national goal of climate sustainability. CITATION TED171 \l 1033 (TED, 2016). Architecture contributes to global warming because most of the procedures used rely on fossil fuels. The environmental footprint can be reduced by adopting efficient architecture building. Natural ventilation is one of the common principles that will allow the world to reduced fossil fuel consumption. I think there must be alternative ways of construction rather than relying on fossil fuels. There is need for paradigm shifts in the architectural designing based on environmental safe practices. I conducted research to find the reality of the architectural climate change and found the concept of ecological architecture.

https://www.ted.com/talks/michael_murphy_architecture_that_s_built_to_heal?language=en#t-271065

The debate on the need for changing architecture and contraction leads to some questions as; what could be more radical architectural response to climate emergency? How the builders, designers and the policy makers can promote the concept of architectural climate change? This would require upending the conventions of the contemporary construction industry and making right material choices which leads to the decline in environmental conservation. Tons of concrete can considered as sustainable if it does not use fossil fuels. However the practical implications of this new concept of environmental sustainable construction is difficult too understand. Most of the construction industries are still using the traditional methods for architectures and buildings. However it is possible to embrace other natural materials and convincing the architectures to replace them with fossil fuels. The state and the policymakers should take active role in promoting the use of sustainable and environmental friendly methods of architecture and construction. Seismic cultural change is required for this national level transformation in the building practices. According to this idea repairing architecture can repair biosphere. This indicates that the emphasis must be laid on adopting new and environmentally safe practices. Hi-tech architectures also can take initiative in reducing environmental footprint by suggesting new and sustainable procedures. The whole idea is to challenge the contemporary construction methods by stressing on the concept of ecological architectural designs and building. The adoption of this solution depends on how environmentally responsive the community is. It also require acceptance of this solution at a larger level by the people as well as the construction companies. Repair is more appropriate then rebuilding the infrastructure because it will require less concrete and other construction materials. Without an effective architecture policy based on climate change, it is not possible to control environmental degradation.

Week 8

It is important to determine the economic and solutions to climate change. Annie Leonard in the “Story of Cap and Trade” aims at uncovering some of the effective ways of addressing climate change by focusing on the economic aspects. I agree that our entire system is playing negative role which leads to the deterioration of the environment. Human activities have been the major cause of climate change resulting from greenhouse gas emissions and high carbon foot print. Some of the activities which leaves an enormous ecological footprint include burning of coal, fossil fuel consumption, increased consumption of fast food and meat, cutting of trees, deforestation, excessive use of water and natural resources. All these practices can be controlled only by convincing the people. The leading solution could be ‘Cap and Trade’. The environmentalists have stated that the only way of saving our planet is by reducing carbon emission. This reduction should be at least 80 percent by reaching 2050. My research reveals that most of the carbon footprint is generated by the economic activities across the world because they are linked to fossil fuels. Due to economic developments at large-scale levels, the use of fossil fuels has also increased which ultimately leads to climate change.

The most important step is to engage governments to agree on reducing yearly carbon emission. This according to Leonard is cap and will do a lot of help for eliminating carbon emission from this planet. The governments according to this idea should also restrict companies from excessive manufacturing or production which will impact the economy negatively. However when the cost-benefit analysis can be used for determining the implications of this situation. Due to climate change the states have to invest in reducing the global warming on projects. The cost that states will have to pay will increase more in the future. This reflects that reducing profits could be compensated because improved climate will not require mush investments for environment sustainability. Another economic aspect can be evaluated by understanding how reduced carbon emission might help states. researches have revealed that global warming has been the reason behind many diseases such as asthma, cardiac issues and respiratory diseases. By controlling carbon emission the states would manage to give pollution free environment which means fewer people will get sick CITATION KIM192 \l 1033 (AMADEO, 2019). This will allow saving billions of funds made every year by states on healthcare. The analysis of the factors associated with the environment sustainability depicts that the solutions will be economically effective. This also suggests that investing in alternative methods is economically beneficial for the countries. The world cannot neglect the perils of increased consumption of fossil fuels because the threats are increasing with every passing year.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY AMADEO, K. (2019). Climate Change Facts and Effect on the Economy . Retrieved 10 12, 2019, from https://www.thebalance.com/economic-impact-of-climate-change-3305682

TED. (2016). Architecture that's buillt to heal. Retrieved 10 11, 2019, from https://www.ted.com/talks/michael_murphy_architecture_that_s_built_to_heal?language=en

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Weekly Assignments

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Discussion

Week 5

Fossil fuels have been the major source of generating energy in United States. Research evidence reveals that fossil fuels will continue to serve as the major source of energy in the future and will fulfill 60% of the world’s need CITATION Ari19 \l 1033 (Cohen, 2019). America’s consumption of fossil fuels depicts that its responsibility towards clean energy is limited. Josh Tickell’s film “Fuel” portray the implications of world’s reliance on fuels and proposes a solution to eliminate its use. This is the critical time when government and people can take initiate for ending fuel consumption. Obama lifted the ban on oil exports that was a strategy adopted for cutting the oil consumption for addressing the global issue of carbon and greenhouse gas emission. Trump’s policies also support fossil fuel industry because he has granted license for offshore drilling and the amount of land leased for oil and gas companies is also increased. The consumption of energy by Americans is expected to be fulfilled by fossil fuels even in the future. The film highlights the problems for mitigating the challenges of global warming. The most practical solution is to switch to the reviewable energy sources. This require eliminating the use of fossil fuels. The film has pointed out that the survival of the world without oil and gas is not possible because our all activities are directly or indirectly dependent on energy. Therefore, the need is develop alternative sources such as by investing in renewable plants. After considering the current efforts of the US state they are inadequate for handling the problem of fossil fuels. During the last five years, the coal exports in America increased significantly. Trump’s government has imposed 30% of tariffs on solar panels and cells which actually discourage the transformation to renewable energy sources.

An important solution presented in the documentary is of cutting our consumption of fossil fuels. It is crucial for everyone to take initiative for saving the planet by reducing their carbon and ecological footprint. Although American state is not taking serious measures for controlling the problem of global warming, there are still methods which can be adopted for saving the planet. The primary focus should be on cutting the consumption of fossil fuels an by encouraging everyone to take part in this climate protection mission. I don’t see any reduction in the fossil fuels for the next two decades because the policies of the government are still supporting its use. But still initiative can be taken to control the excessive dependence on coal and fuel. I think it is the right time to adopt the measures for addressing the issue of climate change. This require both individual and national level attention.

Week 6

Renewable energy technologies is a practical solution for overcoming the problem of global warming. The most promising future can be assured by investing in reviewable energies such as nuclear fission, solar energy and wind energy. Nuclear technology significantly contributes to the generation of greenhouse gases that will increase global warming. Scott Thinker explains hydro plant is a major source of clean energy. However the consumption patterns of the people is the major threat to this environment. I agree that the consumption of energy by a single human being is so huge. It can be accounted as 20 million watts hour. A single person’s total energy footprint for the whole year is so huge. People consume energy in daily activities such as traveling, washing, eating and using electricity. All these activities are connected to the generation of greenhouse gases. I think nuclear energy is used throughout the world for electricity production and other activities which is actually harming the humans. The environment is facing the threats of global warming which has rose to a threatening level. The need of the time is to stop or minimize our consumption of energy. This is the only way by which everyone of us can contribute to the creation of sustainable environment. Scott has revealed the facts that most of the companies are just pretending that they are generating electricity from clean coal. In reality they are only spending billions of dollars on advertisement to fool the people. I like the idea that clean coal must be defined by carbon emission. Even if the technology improves the companies can’t afford to make coal clean. The fact is that most of the energy is coming from coal and fuels and both are contributing to climate change. The most promising future can be assured only when the LNG and coal companies realize their global responsibility.

I think that the video has portrayed the real issues faced by the humans because everyone is impacted by climate change. The installation of the renewable plants is very limited that is also working to reduce 2% of the carbon dioxide. I think renewable plants require more investments but most of leading companies are not concerned about it. These plants costs billions of dollars so firms are still relying on coal and oils for fulfilling their energy requirements CITATION Vim13 \l 1033 (Vimeo, 2013). This will not make any significant change in controlling carbon emission. The largest LNG plants like Ras Gas is generating energy and fulfilling the needs of 13,958,591 people per year. The plant is supplying 30% LNG gas to the world CITATION Mel081 \l 1033 (Parag & Roberts, 2009). After watching the video I have come to the conclusion that the most effective method of minimizing thee implications of energy is by reducing our consumption of electricity.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cohen, A. (2019). U.S. Energy After 2020: Between Fossil Fuels And Climate Change . Retrieved 10 06, 2019, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2019/03/29/u-s-energy-after-2020-between-fossil-fuels-and-climate-change/#7bae8f49762a

Parag, Y., & Roberts, J. T. (2009). A Battle Against the Bottles: Building, Claiming, and Regaining Tap-Water Trustworthiness . Society & Natural Resources , 27 (7), 625-636.

Vimeo. (2013). SWITCH : The Complete Documentary . Retrieved 10 07, 2019, from https://vimeo.com/65772747

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Weekly Assignments

Title page

Agricultural impacts

The article highlights that our meat consumption has significant impacts on the environment. Per capita consumption of meat has increased due to the socioeconomic variables that pose risks for the environment. Kuznets-style inverted-U curve explains the per capita consumption in 150 countries. The evidence suggests that the consumption of meat in these countries is large enough which poses future challenges for the environment sustainability. The central claim made in the article is that high-income countries are consuming more meat compared to the low income countries. It is thus important to spread awareness about the negative implications of eating large amounts of meat. Environmentalists have proved that consumption of meat is linked to global warming and suggested that the society must transform to vegetarian. This is an effective solution for eliminating the threats of environment degradation. This reflects collective and individual level responsibility for understanding the devastating impacts of meat consumption on the planet CITATION Jen131 \l 1033 (Cole & McCoskey, 2013).

Cole and McCoskey in their article stresses on the need for taking notice of the climate change. By determining the factors of global warming it is possible to remove these threats. Evidence suggests that with population explosion malnourishment has also increased. Around 3 billion people are malnourished. While overconsumption of meat is prevalent in the developed and rich countries. It is assumed that on reaching the threshold income the consumption of meat will decelerate. Income inequality has been the reason for the wider gap between the wealthy and poor consumption of meat. This claim states that wealthy or high-income groups are more responsible for the global warming because they have access to meat. There is significant relationship between income and meat consumption.

Frank (2008) revealed a different relationship between income and meat consumption. It was found that people who have more incomes have developed emotional relationship with their animal. Agriculture is the central force which drives the environment because it engage production, distribution and consumption of meat. Compared to the rich, the poor are unable to develop any emotional bonding with the animals and are more likely to eat meat. This leads to a confusing argument because most of the meat in the world is consumed in the form of fast food. The research and evidence reveals that fast food such as McDonald’s and KFC is cheaper than healthy organic food. Michael Pollan has explained the entire process in his book. According to his research it costs more to a poor or low-income families if they start consuming vegetables or organic food. The cost of fast food is low because meat is provided to the companies on subsidized rates.

Cole and McCoskey have criticized the role of society in protection of environment. Most of the damage is done to the environment due to the involvement of human beings in harmful practices. According to them people can control their harmful activities such as excessive consumption of meat. They can simply transform to a vegetarian society by cutting their meat consumption. Meat and specifically fast food is made from fossil fuels which is linked to the generation of toxic gases and high ecological footprint.

There is need for addressing the issue of climate change and encouraging everyone to take initiative of cutting their ecological footprint by reducing meat consumption. People can simply quit meat and start eating organic food which is good for health and the environment. Without engaging the people of the society it is not possible to remove the threats of environmental sustainability. Animals raised for meeting the demands of humans also leads to carbon emission. Soil erosion and degradation are also factors which leads to environmental change.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cole, J. R., & McCoskey, S. (2013). Does global meat consumption follow an environmental Kuznets curve? Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy , 9 (2).

Gallet, C. (2010). Meat meets meta: a quantitative review of the price elasticity of meat. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 92 (1), 258–272.

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Weekly Assignments

Title page

Discussions

Discussion 10

Natural disasters have deteriorating impacts, which are directly linked with climate change. Dough and George have talked about biodiversity and its significance in the current world. The article published at Scientific American “Wetlands Can Help Fight Climate Change” stresses on the need for managing climate change. The article states that wetlands can help us in fighting against the climate change resulting for temperature rise. This requires controlling greenhouse gas emissions, which are linked directly to the human activities. A study has been published by Frontiers in Ecology based on research, which revealed that mangroves, salt marshes and sea grass meadows can play significant role in controlling climate change. Coral reefs and kelp beds are also crucial for managing the ecosystems CITATION Pat172 \l 1033 (Patterson, 2017). The researches have revealed that coastal ecosystem can provide a practical solution for mitigating the challenges faced in conservation of the environment. This is also a single effective way of restoring the systems. I think that this strategy can be adopted by all countries for preserving the nature environment. Coastal wetlands can provide the best solution for mitigating the risks of global warming at a larger scale.

Evidence suggests that coastal wetlands have the capacity of taking in carbon dioxide immediately. However the article has also emphasized on building national level policies for controlling the emissions. One of the most visible advantages of growing mangroves is that they are cheap and costs less compared to the other environmental sustainability projects. The article also explains that wetlands offer a easy solution because they can be managed easily. The state has an active role to determine the places where mangroves, seagrass meadows and salt marches are located. Phytoplankton is another effective ways of absorbing carbon emissions. Research has revealed that these can sink massive quantities of carbon from the environment and help societies in attaining their goal of cutting global warming. I think an international level initiative must be taken for convincing’s governments of all countries to grow every year more wetlands and mangroves. This is the critical time for understanding the need of controlling global warming. Scientists and environmentalists have also stated that the best advantages can be attained by involving governments in the process of policy making. Countries like Indonesia, Tanzania and Vietnam have massive amounts of mangroves. This improves their capacity of addressing the issue of carbon emission. I think there is still need for drafting conservation plans that sets exact limits and number of mangroves, seagrass meadows and marshes that must be grown each year. The countries can build goals for mitigating the risks of climate change and adapting the new wetland policies for maximizing the possibilities of reducing carbon emission.

Discussion 11

Climate change has impacted the environment and has potential of effecting the life of every individual. I agree that the major cause of climate change has been human involvement in harmful activities. One of the most visible reason that leads to emission of carbon is excessive use of energy. There can be different ways of mitigating the risks of climate change such as by planting more tress and cutting out consumption of electricity. I think multiple solutions are presented by different organizations and environmentalists for managing this serious issue. But I believe that one of the most practical way is by changing the behaviors of citizens. This requires every individual to take responsibility of saving the environment. We won’t come to any solution by putting the blame and responsibility on the states only. This is a critical time when everyone must understand that saving climate needs collective efforts and from the entire community CITATION Rog19 \l 1033 (Pielke, 2019).

The issue of climate change is also associated with natural disasters. Due to temperature rise the society face significant threats of floods, hurricanes and tornadoes. One think that all communities must realize is their involvement in harmful practices. Consider for example, the habit of unnecessarily traveling via car, which means more use of fuels and release of carbon dioxide. By changing the behavior of people it is possible to make them responsible citizens. Behavior management can be attained by providing education and information to the people through awareness campaigns. Without engaging citizens in the agenda of saving climate, the society cannot succeed in achieving its goal of providing a safe environment to the people. I think people must be educated that climate change is not only linked to the destruction of environment but natural disasters leads to many other problems such as diseases. Malaria, diarrhea, measles, respiratory infections and hepatitis are also spread by natural disasters like floods, earthquakes and tropical cyclones. Although fighting with natural disasters is not in the hands of humans yet they can take precautions for controlling climate change.

I think the governments must participate in the climate protection mission and design programs that can be implemented. Best results can be obtained only when everyone becomes part of this climate saving initiative. We can decide to cut out daily consumption of energy by travelling less, walking more, refrain from cutting trees, planting more trees and using recycled products. These steps will allow each one of us to contribute to this global issue of climate change and natural disasters. If we fail to manage our activities and cut our carbon emission, the future generations will be more likely to suffer the consequences. They will have to fight against the environmental problems and many air-borne diseases.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Patterson, B. (2017). Wetlands Can Help Fight Climate Change. Retrieved 10 31, 2019, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wetlands-can-help-fight-climate-change/

Pielke, R. (2019). Climate change is serious, but we have to have a realistic response . Retrieved 10 31, 2019, from https://www.theguardian.com/zurichfuturology/story/0,,1920333,00.html

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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What Causes Allergies?

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Title: What causes allergies?

An allergy occurs when the immune system of a body detects some foreign substances such as pet dander, bee venom and pollen and reacts by causing an allergic reaction. The substance which causes allergy is known as an allergen. In reaction to the response to a foreign substance, the immune system produces a substance known as antibodies. These antibodies travel to cells which produce histamine causing an allergic reaction and inflame a person’s skin airways, sinus and digestive system. The allergy severity varies from one person to another and can range from minor reaction to anaphylaxis. Most of the allergies cannot be cured however, treatment can reduce the symptoms of allergy. The allergy may be seasonal such as symptoms of hay fever can peak between April and May because the pollen count is higher in the air.

Globally hay fever affects almost 400 million individuals, food allergies affect around 250 million people, asthma affects 300 million and drug allergies affect approximately 10% of the world population. According to the World Allergy Organization, worldwide allergic diseases rise intensely in both developing and developed countries. Allergen has the potential to cause allergy and is found everywhere in the environment. Allergies can be manifested in many ways and experience of every individual is unique. The body reacts by developing hay fever (allergic rhinitis), eczema (atopic dermatitis), food allergies, allergic asthma and anaphylaxis (Medical News Today, 2019).

Types of allergy (Aafa.org, 2019)

Food Allergy

In the United States, more than 50 million individuals have some kind of allergy. According to the CDC, food allergies affect almost 4-6% of children and 5% of adults. The symptoms of food allergy are more common in children and babies but can appear at any age. A reaction to food allergy occurs when a person immune system overreacts to a food. Food allergy symptoms range from mild to severe. The most severe type of allergic reaction is known as an anaphylactic reaction. It is a life-threatening reaction that impairs the breathing of individual and causes a drop in blood pressure and also affects heart rate. An anaphylactic reaction can occur within a minute after exposure to food and can be fatal. Epinephrine is used to treat the symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction. The eight types of food which account for almost 90% of all allergic reaction include milk, egg, fish, peanuts, shellfish tree nuts, soy and wheat.

Drug Allergy

Drug allergies can cause by medicines that comes in injectable liquid or pill form. The symptoms of drug allergy include itching, skin rash, breathing problems and swelling. An anaphylactic reaction can also occur affecting two or more organs. Most common drug allergies trigger include anticonvulsants, penicillin, chemotherapeutic drugs, NSAIDs and antibiotic-containing sulfonamides. Drug allergies can be tested by the skin test.

Insect allergy

Wasps fire ants, bees, yellow jacket and hornet are common insects that trigger an allergic reaction. Non-stinging insects such as dust mites and cockroaches can also cause an allergic reaction. Allergies to dust mire and cockroach are one of the most common causes of year-round asthma and allergy.

Latex allergy

Individuals who are at a high risk of latex allergy include health care professionals who use latex gloves frequently, individuals with multiple surgeries, and people who exposed to rubber latex. The symptoms include runny nose, hives, chest tightness, itching and difficulty breathing. The most severe allergy symptoms of latex allergy include anaphylactic reaction. Skin problems can also occur after direct contact with latex gloves product and latex proteins. Symptoms include swelling and redness of skin and itching.

Mould Allergies

In the United States, there are more than 1000 mould species. When tiny spores of mould become airborne they can trigger an allergic reaction in individuals with mould allergies. As mildew and mould can grow in many places (both outdoor and indoor) allergic reaction can occur throughout the year.

Pollen allergy

Pollen is considered as one of the most common triggers for seasonal allergies. It is usually referred to as seasonal allergic rhinitis. It can be of two different types.

Seasonal: The seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms can occur in early fall, summer and spring. They are caused by allergy sensitivity to airborne pollen from weeds grass and trees.

Perennial: Individuals with perennial allergic rhinitis experience symptoms throughout the year. This is caused by dander, mould and dust mites.

Treatment

Over the counter antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, decongestants, corticosteroids, are prescribed by doctors to treat mild allergic symptoms. Saline nasal rinses can also be used to treat congestion related to allergy symptoms. For skin allergies, corticosteroids creams are used and for chronic allergy symptoms immunotherapy is used. Prevention of allergic reaction usually depends on the allergy type. If a person is allergic to some substance, then he or she should try to avoid allergic triggers ("Allergic Reaction: Causes, Symptoms, And Treatments").

Conclusion

Allergy is one of the chronic health condition and individuals with a family history of allergy are at an increased risk of developing an allergic reaction. The immune system purpose is to protect the person against foreign substances such as viruses, bacteria, fungi etc. and destroy infectious substance that invades the body. Allergens can be ingested, inhaled and enter through the skin. A common type of allergic reaction such as hives, hay fever, and certain asthma is linked to a production of antibody known as IgE. Each type of antibody is specific which react against allergens and some pollens. Whenever an individual is exposed to an allergen, the body produces a large quantity of IgE antibodies. The next exposure to same type of allergen results in an allergic reaction and the allergic symptoms depend on the amount and type of allergen encounter.

References

Medical News Today. (2019). Allergies: How do they develop?. [online] Available at: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319708.php#1 [Accessed 5 Dec. 2019].

Aafa.org. (2019). Types of Allergies | AAFA.org. [online] Available at: https://www.aafa.org/types-of-allergies/ [Accessed 5 Dec. 2019].

"Allergic Reaction: Causes, Symptoms, And Treatments". Healthline, 2019, https://www.healthline.com/health/allergies/allergic-reaction#causes.

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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When The Sea Saved Humanity

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Title: When the Sea Saved Humanity

A population bottleneck is described as an event that drastically reduces the population size. The bottleneck can be caused by different events, such as, habitat destruction that leads to the death of organisms, environmental disaster, and species hunting to the point of extinction. Around 195,000 years ago, climate conditions began to deteriorate. Before that, food was plentiful and the climate was mild. After that, our planet entered into a long glacial stage that is known as Marine Isotope Stage 6 and it lasted for 70,000 years. In interior Africa, this triggered severe drought conditions that resulted in most of the continent becoming uninhabitable. The genetic studies of modern human DNA have revealed that at some point during this period, the population of humans decreased from more than 10,000 breeding individuals to 600. At that time, Homo sapiens became an endangered species and were almost extinct. The population bottleneck means that all human beings that are alive today, are descended from this small group of survivors. When this climate disaster struck ancestors in the interior Africa, a small population of humans resettled to the coasts of Africa. The stability of the climate, along with greater access to marine food may have saved these small groups of human survivors. The new way of life has been triggered by the relative ease of life on the coasts. Along the southern coast of Africa, a small proportion of people utilized a unique combination of resources and this saved humanity from extinction. During glacial stage 6, the geophytes low fiber energy carbs, along with a unique combination of calorically dense and nutrient-rich protein from shellfish, have provided the ideal diet for survival. The readily available geophytes and shellfish provided a high-quality diet which made people less nomadic, reduced child mortality and increased birth rates as well.

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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Why Doctor Should Provide All Information And Options To Patients?

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Need for Doctors’ Information Disclosure to The Patients.

For an improved patient outcome, there must be an honesty relationship between the physicians and the doctors. Information sharing between the doctor and a patient ensures that a patient takes part in decision making which is the most preferred approach to the patient's diagnostic process. For a patient to become relevant in decision making, then, a physician plays a great role in educating the patient so that the decision made is in line with the values and preferences of the patients.

Patients have little understanding of the medical terms and therefore, as a physician, it is their duty to ensure that patients do understand what the physicians are communicating to them. Physicians can use a simpler language that the patient can understand which will include the risks and benefits associated with a certain medical procedure. Some of the information that a physician must provide include, the condition under treatment, proposed medical procedure and its nature, the results to be achieved, alternative procedures and the anticipated risks and benefits of the procedure (Annas, George, 2017.). Such information will help the patient to decide on whether to undertake the proposed medical procedure.

Informed consent is one of the guidelines set to ensure that requires that full disclosure of information to the patient is in place. The physician is required to give all the information to the patient to ensure that the patient is informed enough to go ahead and make the right decision. The doctrine of informed consent has its traces back to the second world war where it was regarded as unethical for a medical practitioner to carry out any experiments on a patient. If such an experiment has to be carried out then, the patient who is of the right age and sound mind must be informed about the operations that are about to be done in his or her body. The patient will thereby have a legal right to give a green light or he or she may deny and suggest a different approach to the treatment.

Works Cited

Annas, George J. "Informed consent: charade or choice?." The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 45.1 (2017): 10-11.

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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Why Evolution Is True Term Paper

Why Evolution is true?

Your Name (First M. Last)

Date

Why Evolution is true?

Abstract

This is a term rough draft paper. In this paper, I will reflect and talk about what I have learned from Why Evolution Is True written by Jerry A. Coyne. I will talk about my understanding of what evolution truly is and make reflections that demonstrate my understanding of the subject. This particular book is an effective source of information to critically understand different concepts related to the evolution theory.

Why Evolution is true?

Being born and raised in Chicago, I was never taught much about evolution. We were taught the basics topics of natural selection and what not, but never really went into depth about the subject. Before enrolling into a science course at Saint Leo University, I did not think the subject was very interesting. Now that I am around six weeks into the course, I realize that evolution is one of the most important subjects to learn about. In this science course, one of the books we read was titled Why Evolution Is True written by Jerry A. Coyne. Now I can truly say that it has enhanced the beauty of life.

Darwin. Charles Darwin is one of the most respected naturalists whose theory of evolution became one of the most learned theories to this day. Coyne (2009) describes Darwin’s theory of evolution by writing:

“Evolution can be summarized in a single (albeit slightly long) sentence: Life on earth evolved gradually beginning with one primitive species-perhaps a self-replicating molecule- that lived more than 3.5 billion years ago; it then branched out over time, throwing off many new and diverse species; and the mechanism for most (but not all) of evolutionary change is natural selection.” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YgUmenDf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Coyne, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Coyne, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1698,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/7VSZCMYJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/7VSZCMYJ"],"itemData":{"id":1698,"type":"book","title":"Why Evolution is True","publisher":"Viking","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=zOMNfAX-oLEC","ISBN":"978-0-670-02053-9","author":[{"family":"Coyne","given":"J. A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Coyne, 2009).

In this quote, Coyne has taken the six components of Darwin’s theory of evolution and crammed it into one sentence. These six components consist of evolution, gradualism, speciation, common ancestry, natural selection, and nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary change CITATION Jer09 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009).

Identification of the issue identifies by the author further enhance my interest to learn about the specific concept of evolution. It is one motivating prospect for me to learn about the entire process of evolution and figure out how it influences the lives of human in a different manner. It is critical to explore why evolution is true and what particular features help to determine this certain argument. Undoubtedly, the explanation of evolution illustrated by Coyne develop my understanding of the actual perspective associated with the idea of evolution. The book, “why evolution is true” by Coyne is one clear and easy piece of knowledge to figure out the evidence and paradigms that plays a critical role in the entire procedure of evolution. The most interesting aspect of this form of explanation is that it further helps me to understand my surroundings.

Various arguments are presented by Jerry Coyne that helps to determine the phenomenon of adaptation concerning the idea of changing the environment. It reflects how the feature of DNA records determine the idea of change in the overall perspective of life. This form of knowledge also helps to determine how effectively fossils play their role in the entire process of evolutionary change. The idea of evolutions directs about the entire concept of formulation and development of life.

The most interesting aspect I found about this book is that all the chapters give a smooth transition to build a connection with the actual topic of evolution. All the sections of the books help to identify and determine the various factors to make it easy to understand the concept of evolution. It is vital to explore important aspects of each chapter to figure out about the effectiveness and the appropriateness of the entire idea of the evolution of species over the years ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qUefDCq9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Haught, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Haught, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1701,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/8LRFWYG4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/8LRFWYG4"],"itemData":{"id":1701,"type":"book","title":"Making Sense of Evolution: Darwin, God, and the Drama of Life","publisher":"Westminster John Knox Press","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=YcCIjMlh6ysC","ISBN":"978-0-664-23285-6","author":[{"family":"Haught","given":"J. F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Haught, 2010). The main beauty of this book is that it is not loaded with heavy facts rather it gives me a feeling of relaxation and enjoyment. It helps me to identify and memorize different arguments and concepts related to the functioning of nature. Another significant prospect I found from the content of this book is that Coyne adopted the approach of scientific reasoning to make his arguments strong. This form of consideration helps its readers to identify that that why the arguments set by creationist are not significantly consistent with the actual facts and figures. Undoubtedly, the logics explored and mentioned by Coyne in this book changed my perspective to observe the reality of life. It can rightly be said that this particular piece of knowledge has the potential to change the thinking approach of the reader to a great extent. The information provided by Coyne also helps me to lead myself to some thought-provoking ideas and approaches about the world and how my existence is linked with the entire universe.

It is interesting to express the comprehensiveness of this book through the proper consideration of each chapter. Detailed understanding of each chapter ultimately helps to figure out the effectiveness of the ideas and theories presented by Coyne in the book. The first part of the book provides a general overview of the main idea of evolution. The main six factors of the evolutionary procedure are illustrated by the author to provide essential grounds about the overall domain of the evolution. The facets of ancestry and phylogeny are described by the author to find the origin of the entire debate of evolution. The first chapter about the evolution helps me that what the concept of evolution is all about and how it changes the life on earth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iyuMbLRX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Neal, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Neal, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1699,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/I8CASCFI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/I8CASCFI"],"itemData":{"id":1699,"type":"book","title":"Introduction to Population Biology","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=7492DwAAQBAJ","ISBN":"978-1-107-60512-1","author":[{"family":"Neal","given":"D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Neal, 2018). The understanding of the associated paradigms makes it simple to understand that evolution is the procedure that defines the evolution of life on earth over the years and started from with original species. The method of natural selection ultimately works for the idea of evolutionary change. Fundamental molecule becomes the reason for the further development of different species. The approach of evolution used in this certain book helps to identify the main features of evolution categorized in the form of evolution, gradualism, speciation, common ancestry, natural selection, and the feature of nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary change. These six basic components are used by the author to make his argument about the evolution valid and comprehensive. A proper understanding of all these tenants is essential to know how different phases of development and evolution helps humans to reach the point of modern man from the approach of a single cell organism. It is vital to indicate that all the arguments provided by the author have the strong potential to change the basic perspective about the idea of creation. It is a significant form of knowledge to identify and establish different forms of connections with other animals. It is interesting for me that how we humans share many features of genes with animals of the earth.

The entire idea of evolution theory developed by Coyne can only effectively understand by focusing on all the related domains. The first feature of concerns identified as the idea of evolution itself. This particular idea can be characterized as the basic explanation of the idea of evolution. This fundamental approach illustrates that species endures genetic change with the passage of time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Xteh8xF8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Debenedictis, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Debenedictis, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1700,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/EFS8WEQT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/EFS8WEQT"],"itemData":{"id":1700,"type":"book","title":"Evolution or Creation?: A Comparison of the Arguments","publisher":"Xlibris US","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=bFqnAwAAQBAJ","ISBN":"978-1-4931-6885-9","author":[{"family":"Debenedictis","given":"A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Debenedictis, 2014). Different generations experienced the process evolution that becomes the reason of many different forms of changes. It is vital to indicate that the feature of DNA recognized as the basic reason for different forms of changes linked with the prospect of mutations. Gradualism is the second main idea related to the concept of evolution explored by Coyne. It reflects is the concept of evolution as the gradual process in which many generations play their role to reach the domain of evolutionary change. This form of consideration can better understand through the example of birds who faced a long phase of evolutionary development from reptiles (Coyne, 2009, p.4).

The third concept related to the evolution theory is immensely interesting for me that defined the entire idea of evolution as the prospect of speciation. It indicates that various classes of creatures that are not able to exchange their genes with one another never have the option to propagate with one another. Common ancestry is another crucial part of the entire procedure of evolution that is linked with the features of DNA or fossils. It provides the opportunity to critically evaluate the domain of the past through the elements of DNA or fossils to find out the answer to the question that ancestors are joining each other in the past. Thorough understanding of the component of natural selection also helps to deeply assess the idea of the evolution of the species. The concept of natural selection builds on the argument that creation or guidance from a supernatural entity is not the basic requirements for the entire domain of life. It is worthy to indicate that it is only natural that encourages the population to adopt the facet of evolution within the flexibility of the environment. The six perspectives associated with the theory of evolution indicates the criteria of nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary changes. It is an effective explanation of one of the crucial concepts of life on earth which refer to the natural phenomenon of change which is applied to every living creature. This form of consideration helps to determine that all the creatures naturally change over time if they do not require to evolve to survive. This certain approach occurs due to the fact that the DNA of every living being is changing over time.

The word evolution itself defines how a species changes genetically over a period. It usually takes a species a while before they change physically that refers to the gradualism component. Sometimes populations within a species evolve and end up becoming somewhat of an individual species. For example, if populations within a species are separated by a physical barrier, such as a mountain, they will have a slightly different genetic makeup since they will have had to adapt to the different sides of the mountain. This form of occurrence known as speciation. The original species that these two populations relate too would still link to a previously found DNA structure. This is known as common ancestry. Natural selection is a process of how genes that produce better adaptations become more frequent over time CITATION Jer09 \p 117 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009, p. 117). There are three factors when it comes to natural selection: a variable starting population; gene changes within that population; and genetic effect on offspring probabilityCITATION Jer09 \p 117-118 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009, pp. 117-118). The proportion of different alleles can change over time entirely by chance and new mutations may rise or fall in frequencyCITATION Jer09 \p 123 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009, p. 123). This refers to Darwin’s last component of evolution.

Evolution is way more complexed then it seems. Before reading all about it, I used to think evolution is basically just natural selection. It turns out evolution is not just some random theory, it is a fact that every scientist has accepted. Evolution is not something that has only occurred in the past, it is still going on as we speak. It is not primarily focused on the creation of mankind, it focuses on every species.

Later were taught about rocks, and not just any type of rocks, fossils. Fossils form once the remains of an animal sink to the bottom of the water and quickly get covered with sediments CITATION Jer09 \p 21 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009, p. 21). Once the remains are buried with sediments, the remains are replaced by dissolved minerals and overtime, a cast of the living creature is formed through compression CITATION Jer09 \p 22 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009, p. 22). Once the formation has taken place, it needs to survive shifting, folding, heating and crushing within the earth’s crust CITATION Jer09 \p 22 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009, p. 22). Due to this process fossils are very hard to discover. Although, they can help us significantly learn new things. They allow us to learn how old a species is through radioactivity. If we believed a certain species was discovered around a certain date, a fossil can prove us wrong or right. Fossils can allow us to discover new species that we did not know had existed before. Fossils also let us learn more about the Earth since they go through a very intensive process. The fossilization process is a very interesting one. Before this course, I thought I knew all about them, but after learning more about them, I realized I did not even know the basics.

Fossil evidence has shown us that the wings of the ostrich are a vestigial trait. This means that the wings of the ostrich are a feature of a species that no longer performs the function for which it evolved CITATION Jer09 \p 58 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009, p. 58). Another example of a vestigial trait is the human appendix. It was once important to our ancestors but does not have any real value to us CITATION Jer09 \p 61 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009, p. 61). Vestigial traits are important because they show how we have evolved over time. Atavism also does this. During Atavism, an ancestral trait appears in a random generation after the trait not being seen in a long time. The book also taught us about dead genes. These are genes that once were useful but are no longer intact or expressed CITATION Jer09 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009).

Continental drift and molecular taxonomy can factor in our genetic makeup and evolution. If evolution happened, species living in one area should be the descendants of earlier species that lived in the same place CITATION Jer09 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009). Before the continent had drifted, it was easier for species to breed and mate. Most of the time, to get the strongest and best genes, males must fight for their females. This is due to investment-investment inexpensive eggs versus cheap sperm CITATION Jer09 \p 157 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009, p. 157). The currency of selection is not really survival, but successful reproduction CITATION Jer09 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009). Convergent evolution would cause the species that live in similar habitats to experience similar selection pressures from their environment CITATION Jer09 \p 94 \l 1033 (Coyne, 2009, p. 94).

Remnants: Vestiges, Embryos and Bad Design is another phase of this book that further helps to identify the concept of evolution in different and crucial forms. The content of this portion of the book particularly highlight those aspects which are no longer recognized as the operational features. The author of the book ranked these domains as ineffective examples of the entire process of evolutionary design. These detailed concepts are critically and effectively explained by the author to provide a better understanding and connection between different related domains. The idea of vestiges is characterized as an adaptation in its ancestors. The functions of this prospect never actually match with the main idea of evolution. The feature of atavisms is comprised of the idea of the reappearance of a trait belongs to the ancestral characteristic. This particular concept is the better understand through the specific example which refers to the fact that it is possible that a horse is born with an extra toe or human baby with a tail. It is crucial to mention that the traits of atavism are different from vestigial characteristics because they only have chances to appear occasionally in case of every individual. (Coyne, 2009, p 64).

The idea of perfect design associated with the approach of evolution theory is also critically discussed by the author of this book. He significantly builds the argument that the approach of the perfect idea is nothing but an illusion as there is the option of bad design. This facet of bad design is established by the author as the notion which refers to the symbol of the evolution process. It is the criteria that lead to an understanding of the paradigm of evolution. The geography of life established by Coyne helps to understand the operations and a particular distribution of plants and animals on earth. It is the proper explanation of the specific field of biography. I keenly want to mention this fact that consideration of this form of content helps me to connect the actual features of diversity and distribution of life with the idea of evolution. It enhanced my understanding level that only evolution procedure is the capacity to make inferences about the various operations and the elements of diversity linked with life. Adaption and natural selection identify as the main engines of the entire process of evolution. The content of the book is the better explanation of the whole process that plays a vital role to develop a balance between the entities of organisms and their related environment. Sex is recognized as another crucial reason for the feature of evolution. This form of idea creation further enhanced my understanding of the evolution of the phenomenon of sex.

Coyne also explained the idea of speciation in a detailed manner to determine its connection with the entire form of evolution. Different ideas associated with the speciation are highlighted by the author to enhance the overall perspective referring to the domains of geographical, sympatric, the form of polypoid speciation. My interest level enhanced when the author of the book helped me to identify the evolution of humans. It is exciting for me to enhance my knowledge about the entire process of evolution faced by the entity of humans. The fossil record of human ancestry is discussed by the author.

To conclude the discussion about the critical reflection on the different themes and concepts established by Coyne in his book, it is vital to mention that it is one effective piece of knowledge that enhance my understanding scientific reasoning and rational domain. It helps to determine the key features of evolution established by Darwin through his theory. Major tenants of Darwinism successfully verified by the author of this book by providing different facts and examples. The features of observations and experiments are enough to determine the correctness of the idea of the evolution process. Modern scientific evidence is enough to endorse this claim that why the phenomenon of evolution is true. It is also worthy to mention that there are many critical aspects which require more explanations and critical considerations. It is significant to understand different related features to accept the idea of evolutionary development in its true prospect and rationally response to the controversy of evolution. Moral aspects relevant to the process of evolution are also critically observed and discussed by the author. Various elements linked with the behavior perspectives also help to reflect on the facet of evolutionary heritage. Coyne successfully developed this idea that these domains are mostly linked with the matter of choice. The extensive form of evolution further demands to explore different forms of developments.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Coyne, J. A. (2009). Why Evolution is True. Viking. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=zOMNfAX-oLEC

Debenedictis, A. (2014). Evolution or Creation?: A Comparison of the Arguments. Xlibris US. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=bFqnAwAAQBAJ

Haught, J. F. (2010). Making Sense of Evolution: Darwin, God, and the Drama of Life. Westminster John Knox Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=YcCIjMlh6ysC

Neal, D. (2018). Introduction to Population Biology. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=7492DwAAQBAJ

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

Read

Woody Plant Diseases In Missouri

Name

Instructor Name

Art 101

19 November 2018

Woody Plant Diseases in Missouri

A sudden oak death has been found in Missouri which is caused by plant pathogen. Missouri department of Agriculture says that “it has found ramorum blight on rhododendron plants shipped to some retail nurseries in the state. The rhododendrons were shipped to Walmart and Rural King stores throughout Missouri, as well as the Springfield Home Depot, Stark Bros. Nursery Garden Center and Fort Leonard Wood PX ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"E4zIiFxP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Sudden Oak Disease Found in Rhododendrons in Missouri | FOX2now.Com})","plainCitation":"(Sudden Oak Disease Found in Rhododendrons in Missouri | FOX2now.Com)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":465,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/5IUJG34X"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/5IUJG34X"],"itemData":{"id":465,"type":"webpage","title":"Sudden oak disease found in rhododendrons in Missouri | FOX2now.com","URL":"https://fox2now.com/2019/07/21/sudden-oak-disease-found-in-rhododendrons-in-missouri/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sudden Oak Disease Found in Rhododendrons in Missouri | FOX2now.Com)”. There is no treatment for the pathogen as agriculture officials warned people who bought lilac plants and rhododendrons from Park Hills Plants. In order to save plants it is important to know the reason of oak declining in Missouri. Researchers have found that damage is increasing on the Mark Twain National forest in Missouri. The decline of oak tress occurs naturally. The decline of black and red oak trees are due to:

Where they grow: rocky soil, shallow, and often on upper slopes and ridge tops.

Historical land use.

Their age as live only 70 to 90 years.

Factors that triggered the decline are:

Repeated insect defoliation

Short-term drought

Acute pollution

Late-season frosts

The dying trees cause serious damage to ecosystem. Degraded timber values caused by decay and borer tunnels, loss of aesthetics, decrease and increase in habitat for some wildlife species, and loss of recreational opportunity such as hunting, camping and hiking can bring change in economic and social conditions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MkrqJf6d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Oak Decline in Missouri | Missouri Department of Conservation})","plainCitation":"(Oak Decline in Missouri | Missouri Department of Conservation)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":467,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/4QMDW5WC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/4QMDW5WC"],"itemData":{"id":467,"type":"webpage","title":"Oak Decline in Missouri | Missouri Department of Conservation","URL":"https://mdc.mo.gov/trees-plants/diseases-pests/oak-decline-missouri","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Oak Decline in Missouri | Missouri Department of Conservation). Short term as well as long term response should be taken for Missouri. It is important to remove hazardous trees from high-use areas such roads, yards etc. Increase in the variety of forest stands to reduce the dominance of two or more species of tree is necessary.

According to the researchers, Thousand Cankers Disease is threat for Missouri, although it is not found yet but early detection is important to control it. This disease affects black walnut. The symptoms are provided by researchers to know if tree is having such disease. Some of the symptoms are:

New sprouts can grow from trunk to roots which leads to bushy appearance.

Signs of walnut twig beetles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ATT3cF1v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}ID Thousand Cankers Disease | Missouri Department of Conservation})","plainCitation":"(ID Thousand Cankers Disease | Missouri Department of Conservation)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":469,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/ZKYIY8DI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/ZKYIY8DI"],"itemData":{"id":469,"type":"webpage","title":"ID Thousand Cankers Disease | Missouri Department of Conservation","URL":"https://mdc.mo.gov/trees-plants/diseases-pests/invasive-tree-pests/thousand-cankers-disease/id-thousand-cankers-disease","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (ID Thousand Cankers Disease | Missouri Department of Conservation).

With rising concern about environmental pollution and the damaging effects of chemicals, it has become essential to use biological control as an environmentally friendly alternative option. Traditional breeding of trees for confrontation remains one possible way, but it is a strategy that may be outdone by the introduction and spread of diseases and pests, as well as a time-consuming and sometimes difficult task. Despite the trials of bio-control of pest and tree diseases, research shows that endophyte treatments can be effectively applied, and there is a clear potential for application to trees such as BCA in the future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tDG7MAvy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Endophytes vs Tree Pathogens and Pests: Can They Be Used as Biological Control Agents to Improve Tree Health? | SpringerLink})","plainCitation":"(Endophytes vs Tree Pathogens and Pests: Can They Be Used as Biological Control Agents to Improve Tree Health? | SpringerLink)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":471,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/I4UIJET9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/I4UIJET9"],"itemData":{"id":471,"type":"webpage","title":"Endophytes vs tree pathogens and pests: can they be used as biological control agents to improve tree health? | SpringerLink","URL":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10658-019-01814-y","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Endophytes vs Tree Pathogens and Pests: Can They Be Used as Biological Control Agents to Improve Tree Health? | SpringerLink). Though, it is indistinct how endophytes enter plant tissue and spread throughout the plant. The effectiveness of the biological control technique can be improved by combining it with environmental conditions and cultural to stimulate plant health and promote the inhibition of pest or pathogens, but this still requires more attention in the future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BQJJlymU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Endophytes vs Tree Pathogens and Pests: Can They Be Used as Biological Control Agents to Improve Tree Health? | SpringerLink})","plainCitation":"(Endophytes vs Tree Pathogens and Pests: Can They Be Used as Biological Control Agents to Improve Tree Health? | SpringerLink)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":471,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/I4UIJET9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/I4UIJET9"],"itemData":{"id":471,"type":"webpage","title":"Endophytes vs tree pathogens and pests: can they be used as biological control agents to improve tree health? | SpringerLink","URL":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10658-019-01814-y","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Endophytes vs Tree Pathogens and Pests: Can They Be Used as Biological Control Agents to Improve Tree Health? | SpringerLink). Developments in molecular techniques, such as NGS, reveal more precise community structures, and with the study of new environments, it is likely that new fungal and bacterial species will be revealed and enable the dissection of societal effects of individual organisms.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Endophytes vs Tree Pathogens and Pests: Can They Be Used as Biological Control Agents to Improve Tree Health? | SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10658-019-01814-y. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.

ID Thousand Cankers Disease | Missouri Department of Conservation. https://mdc.mo.gov/trees-plants/diseases-pests/invasive-tree-pests/thousand-cankers-disease/id-thousand-cankers-disease. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.

Oak Decline in Missouri | Missouri Department of Conservation. https://mdc.mo.gov/trees-plants/diseases-pests/oak-decline-missouri. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.

Sudden Oak Disease Found in Rhododendrons in Missouri | FOX2now.Com. https://fox2now.com/2019/07/21/sudden-oak-disease-found-in-rhododendrons-in-missouri/. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Wound Management Plan 2

HLTENN006

Author Note

Case Study 1- Holistic Assessment of Patient

Medical History and Examination

77 years old man Mr Jackson with poor oral intake, intermittent pain from his wounds diabetic foot ulcer and arterial ulcer. Patient was examined and suggested to stay under observation in wound management care. The patient has previous medical history of IHD CABG, COPD, ETOH, GORD, Postural hypotension and T2DN on insulin. He had a second degree burn on his left arm as well as pressure ulcer stage 3 was also identified.

Types of Wound

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Diabetic foot ulcer is a wound which is usually observed in patients with diabetes. It is an open ulcer located on the lowermost part of the foot. It occurs due to high blood glucose level and poor circulation of blood.

Arterial Ulcer

These ulcers are often called as ischemic ulcers and are observed in patients having poor nutrition. It usually occurs at lower extremities. Arteries take oxygenated blood to the class and tissues. When the flow is lacking enough oxygen, the injury or damage to the arterial vessels occur. Nutrition and adequate sleep can help prevent these wounds in patients.

Pressure Ulcer

These ulcers develop due to the lengthy and constant stay on the bed. It is generally observed in elder individuals. It progresses due to pressure and compression of the skin.

Burn

These are frequently observed in patients having a burn or anything hot can also lead to burn injury. It may cause swelling, blister and painful skin.

Wound Management Principles

The wounds are difficult to manage in elderly patients because the age of the patient slow down the healing process by the tissues. The open wounds such as diabetic wounds, arterial ulcers are complicated wounds that can develop infections. The management of the sounds required moist healing, vacuum-assisted closure, and grafting in some cases. The diabetic ulcers take more time for healing as compared to other wounds. Use of pain killers and antibiotic therapy is usually suggested for the anticipation of the contamination and infection. The risk of wounds development increase with the age of the patients. Infections can aggravate the wound management and outcome in coughing, fever and other skin infections. Appropriate and suitable dressings, cleansing and management is mandatory for these types of wounds to improve the healing process. Patients should be educated regarding wound care, management and hygiene. Disorder skin, the colour of wound, area or location of the wound is important to note while taking a history of the patient.

Evaluation of Wound

Class

Diabetic Ulcer

Pressure Ulcer

Infected Arterial Ulcer

Burn

Wound bed status

Pus-filled, disruption of skin and painful.

Blood, red, painful and degenerative

Red and degenerative skin with infection

Painful blisters

Wound characteristics

Cloudy wound, presence of infection, dehiscence observed and slough present

Reddened, degenerative and itching

Dehiscence observed because of infection and slough but the cut was clear.

Red in colour having tenderness and swelling

Wound measurement

Not required

Condition of skin

Deteriorating

Soft, warm and bleeding

Degenerative and warm

Red and blisters

Wound exudate

Bad-odour, rough wound, red in colour, slough and pus

Red and pressure wound.

Soft, mal-odour, red and infected

Blisters

Further assessment

Itching, reddened

Painful

Itching and burning

Expectation of Wound Healing

Patients with diabetes and previous medical history of any surgery need more time for the healing of wounds. Age of the patient is also an important factor in the healing of the wounds. Patients with developing infections and contamination in the wounds would also need adequate time for wound healing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XHdFducm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lay-Flurrie, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Lay-Flurrie, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":161,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/DXKAZR6V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/DXKAZR6V"],"itemData":{"id":161,"type":"article-journal","title":"The properties of hydrogel dressings and their impact on wound healing","container-title":"Practice nursing","page":"00","volume":"7","author":[{"family":"Lay-Flurrie","given":"Karen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lay-Flurrie, 2019). In case of fever and cough, the patient is required to be adjusted in a safe and clean environment to improve healing time. Multidisciplinary approaches and regular dressing can improve the healing time of wounds ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6cCvQaX9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Van Lieshout et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Van Lieshout et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":162,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/TCTIUPMS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/TCTIUPMS"],"itemData":{"id":162,"type":"article-journal","title":"Epidemiology of injuries, treatment (costs) and outcome in burn patients admitted to a hospital with or without dedicated burn centre (Burn-Pro): protocol for a multicentre prospective observational study","container-title":"BMJ open","page":"e023709","volume":"8","issue":"11","author":[{"family":"Van Lieshout","given":"Esther MM"},{"family":"Van Yperen","given":"Daan T."},{"family":"Van Baar","given":"Margriet E."},{"family":"Polinder","given":"Suzanne"},{"family":"Boersma","given":"Doeke"},{"family":"Cardon","given":"Anne YMVP"},{"family":"De Rijcke","given":"Piet AR"},{"family":"Guijt","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Klem","given":"Taco MAL"},{"family":"Lansink","given":"Koen WW"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Van Lieshout et al., 2018).

Wound Management Plan

Writer Choice

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Cloning, IPSCs, and Future Contributions

Cloning, in biology, is referred to as the copying of a molecule, cell, plant, animal or human being in genetically. Mammalian cloning was the first success of the cloning process in which an embryo was created with a body cell and egg cell. Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) are those adult cells that are reprogrammed genetically to an embryonic stem cell. IPSCs were induced from the skin of a mice for the first time. The identity of IPSCs is changed and they are reverted to a state like an embryo without using eggs. For the procedure of IPSCs, eggs are not required. IPSCs can be processed with same gene order as of the nucleus donor. For Blastocyst of a normal human being is not destroyed and destruction is not a requirement to carry the procedure. Cloning is carried out by asexual reproduction, DNA is removed and manipulated with the help of a test tube and DNA is replaced in the cell again. Animals that have been cloned suffer more from Large Offspring Syndrome.

The neurons are lost in Parkinson’s disease or a spinal cord injury. IPSCs can be used to produce the parts for the damaged organs and cells. This can also help in the recovery of the genetic mutations which cause the diseases before they reintroduce the disease-causing cells.

IPSCs can help restore the damaged tissues and can avoid reactive responses to the immune system. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder. IPSCs is considered as a methodology for achieving disease-altering treatment. In the neurological damage, stem cells have been used for the therapy. The basic and important advantage is that human embryos are not required. In sickle cell anemia, cells are used from the amniotic fluid and it can be used for the prenatal diagnosis after reprogramming it with IPSCs. This can help in the diagnosis of a fetus which has been effected by illness.

Works Cited

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Title of the Book Being Referenced. City Name: Name of Publisher, Year. Type of Medium (e.g., Print).

LastName, First, Middle. “Article Title.” Journal Title (Year): Pages From - To. Print.

HEADINGS FORMAT

Formatted, unnumbered:

Level 1 Heading: bold, flush left

Level 2 Heading: italics, flush left

Level 3 Heading: centered, bold

Level 4 Heading: centered, italics

Level 5 Heading: underlined, flush left

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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Sexual Violence

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Response 1 (a)

Affirmative Consent

An individual engaged in sexually activity having legal age and capacity when delivering signals of willingness and satisfaction with a smile or other gestures is a form of affirmative consent ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"52xtNPEB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":121,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"itemData":{"id":121,"type":"webpage","title":"Legal Role of Consent | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/legal-role-consent","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.). During intercourse, a person would display signs that he is alright during the encounter.

Freely Given Consent

When a person is fully willing to encounter intercourse and deliver the signs of willingness with his free will would be termed as freely given consent. In this case, individuals are freely and willingly agreed to give their consent for the sexual activity would be categorized in freely given consent.

Capacity to Concept

A person having legal age such as the age of consent and have the ability to consent ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gTINScSE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":121,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"itemData":{"id":121,"type":"webpage","title":"Legal Role of Consent | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/legal-role-consent","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.). In persons that are included in the capacity to consent are of legal age and can give their consent. Persons having physical infirmity would not be able to freely give their consent and the capacity to consent would be altered or not considered. Similarly, the individuals suffering from infection would not be able to give consent freely ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NQ7EJZb3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":121,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"itemData":{"id":121,"type":"webpage","title":"Legal Role of Consent | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/legal-role-consent","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.). Older age persons and children would also be categorized as not able to capacity to consent as they cannot give their consent legally.

Response 1 (b)

Physical Disability

When a person is physically ill or have a disease that can cause hindrance In the process of giving consent would be considered as physically disabled. In the case of physical disability, the consent would be affected ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gTINScSE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":121,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"itemData":{"id":121,"type":"webpage","title":"Legal Role of Consent | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/legal-role-consent","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.). In individuals having physical infirmity would not be able to freely give their consent and the capacity to consent would be altered.

Intoxication

The person having drugs or is under the influence of intoxication would also be not considered to give their consent ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"c5rz9v6M","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":121,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"itemData":{"id":121,"type":"webpage","title":"Legal Role of Consent | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/legal-role-consent","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.). The intoxication state would affect the person's capacity to consent. The state of mind would be changed, a person will not be fully willing to give consent.

Vulnerable Adults

When the person is mentally ill, having a physical illness or are older than the age of consent would be considered as vulnerable. Similarly, the vulnerability of a person is affected by illness, age or sickness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pHtahNna","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":121,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"itemData":{"id":121,"type":"webpage","title":"Legal Role of Consent | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/legal-role-consent","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.). The person suffering from illness would not be able to give consent ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NQ7EJZb3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":121,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/MCN7XINM"],"itemData":{"id":121,"type":"webpage","title":"Legal Role of Consent | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/legal-role-consent","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Legal Role of Consent | RAINN,” n.d.). Older age persons would also be considered as vulnerable as they cannot give their consent. The capacity of older people and the sick person would be affected to give consent.

Response 1 (c)

QUESTIONS

ALASKA

ARIZONA

CALIFORNIA

Does physical disability, incapacity or helplessness impact the victim’s ability to consent?

Incapacitated describes temporarily incompetent of assessing the nature of one's conduct or physically unable to express unwillingness to act. Alaska Stat. § 11.41.470. Certain physical disabilities that prohibit an individual from making outward expressions may limit the ability to expressing unwillingness to act, thus constituting incapacitation.

Lack of consent is not an element of many sex crimes involving incapacity (meaning the offender is responsible regardless of whether the victim consented):

The following constitutes sexual assault in the second degree:

A person engaging in sexual penetration with a person who the offender knows is incapacitated. Alaska Stat. § 11.41.420.

The following constitutes sexual assault in the third degree.

A person engaging in sexual contact with a person who the offender knows is incapacitated. Alaska Stat. § 11.41.425.

No.

Yes, a person can be incapable of giving legal consent because of a physical disability. California Penal Code § 261.

Does the definition require "freely given consent" or "affirmative consent"?

No. Alaska Stat. § 11.41.470.

No.

Yes. California Penal Code § 261.6.

Response 2 (a)

Sexual violence is a term that describes rape, sexual assault, and sexual abuse. It is an all-inclusive term that refers the sexual abuse. Violence is present among communities of all states. It can occur in well-developed countries or underdeveloped countries. However, countries and states that are additionally prone to sexual violence are underdeveloped. Various kinds of sexual violence has been observed in states and countries. Major six types of sexual violence are described whereas only two would be discussed in detail.

Intimate partner sexual violence

Drug facilitated sexual assault

Sexual assault of men and boys

Incest

Child sexual abuse

Sexual assault

Response 2 (b)

Drug-Facilitated Sexual Abuse

The drug-facilitated sexual assault happens when liquor or medications are castoff to compromise a person's capability to consent to sex or intercourse action ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qO8v3sRS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":118,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"itemData":{"id":118,"type":"webpage","title":"Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/drug-facilitated-sexual-assault","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.). These drugs facilitate it easier for a committer to pledge sexual assault since they constrain an individual’s capability to repel and can avert them from memorizing the attack ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RqEbyiVz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":118,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"itemData":{"id":118,"type":"webpage","title":"Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/drug-facilitated-sexual-assault","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.). Medications and liquor can result in reduced capability, a lawful word that differs in meaning from region to region.

The drug-facilitated sensual attack happens in two behaviors: one form in which the culprit gets the benefit of a victim's voluntary consumption of drugs and second when a person is forcefully and unintentionally forced to consume drugs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jd6FFwaK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":118,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"itemData":{"id":118,"type":"webpage","title":"Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/drug-facilitated-sexual-assault","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.). Both methods are usually involved in drug-facilitated sexual attacks. Drugs and medications cause intoxication and vulnerable. The committer or offender is at ease to take advantage of the condition. In this form of sexual violence, the second behavior involved the forcefully use of medications and drugs whereas the first method involved the voluntary use of drugs. The first method creates additional benefit for the offender. Drug facilitated sexual abuse is common in societies having higher rates of crimes. The communities and societies have criminals that take the benefit of those persons that consume drugs. Both males and females are involved in sexual abuse or violence. Generally, individuals are well aware of those persons that consume medication regularly. The advantage of this state result in a way that individuals do not remember any misconduct and also are not able to give their consent.

Various victims usually responsible themselves for the consumption of drugs or alcohol that made them in a potentially hazardous condition ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tw5s7PwJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":118,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"itemData":{"id":118,"type":"webpage","title":"Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/drug-facilitated-sexual-assault","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.). It’s imperative to reminisce that if a sexual attack happens under these conditions, it is still not an individual's mistake. The offender is responsible for his actions. Drugs and medications facilitate offenders to conduct sexual assault of individuals as they are under the influence of drugs. The advantage of this state is taken by the offender as the individuals would not be able to remember any action of the offender ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"r9jgd2AS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":118,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"itemData":{"id":118,"type":"webpage","title":"Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/drug-facilitated-sexual-assault","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.). The committer usually take advantage of the state that individuals would be under drugs influence and would not resist in this state. Drug facilitated sexual abuse is most common in communities of low socioeconomic status. The communities and societies have offenders that take advantage of those persons that consume drugs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IBKB5twZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":118,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Q2WQ2DLF"],"itemData":{"id":118,"type":"webpage","title":"Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/drug-facilitated-sexual-assault","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN,” n.d.). As it is evident that men and women are equally involved in sexual abuse or violence. Generally, individuals are well aware of those persons that consume medication regularly. The advantage of this state result in a way that individuals do not remember any misconduct and also are not able to give their consent. Use of drugs that causes addiction is also rising in communities and societies that have given an edge to the sexual offenders to misuse individuals. Mental health problems are also rising with time which is the leading factor in the upsurge of drug abuse among individuals particularly, school-going adults. Drugs and medications affect individual and they become drunk or intoxicated which is a state when the offender or criminal can take the opportunity to misuse persons, children or females.

Child Sexual Abuse

Child abuse is very common in communities in various forms. Children are not able to give their consent for sexual activity and they cannot consent for sexual assault. Child sexual abuse is conduct performed to exploit children against their will physically, emotionally and sexually. Child abuse can happen everywhere such as hospitals, schools, and communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pY3LeoHr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"itemData":{"id":126,"type":"webpage","title":"Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/child-sexual-abuse","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.). Children in the current years are not safe. Child abuse is an activity that involved the exploitation of children sexually. Various individuals use drugs to manipulate children to take advantage of the state. Children are usually misused by the offenders and criminals as they are vulnerable and fragile ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N6d0c4vL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"itemData":{"id":126,"type":"webpage","title":"Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/child-sexual-abuse","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.). Child abuse is present in communities in various forms, for example, school-going children are misused by their teachers and educators. Children have no sensibility for the detection of abuse of misuse therefore, teachers use them for their sexual pleasure and continuous sexual activities are conducted in this form of child abuse ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IEQoyymV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"itemData":{"id":126,"type":"webpage","title":"Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/child-sexual-abuse","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.). It was known for ages that only males are involved in this conduct however, recent studies have shown that both males and females are equally responsible for this misconduct. Children are unaware of sexual activities and have no idea what is going on with them to report it as a crime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"r4lpsGY5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"itemData":{"id":126,"type":"webpage","title":"Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/child-sexual-abuse","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.). Media and television are also not highlighting these factors that can identify such offenders and children are misused for several years. Child abuse activities involve masturbation, intercourse, fondling, and sex trafficking. 93% of the children know who the offender is but are unaware of the facts to report (“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.).

Child abuse is linked and interconnected with the impaired behaviors in individuals that force them to use children against their will for sexual activities. Teachers particularly females misuse children for their sexual pleasure and excitement. Children are more close to their teachers as they recognize them as their familiar relations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"evIOB8Fz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"itemData":{"id":126,"type":"webpage","title":"Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/child-sexual-abuse","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.). However, teachers take advantage of the situation and use them for sexual activities. Child abuse is very common in cities and states of low socioeconomic status. Poverty and lack of education are associated with the upsurge in the number of offenders and therefore, every child is at risk of sexual abuse ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qRxhIGgI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/HPJNS2LS"],"itemData":{"id":126,"type":"webpage","title":"Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN","URL":"https://www.rainn.org/articles/child-sexual-abuse","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN,” n.d.). Individuals involved in this misconduct do not recognize it as offense and consider it a normal activity as children are not able to report against them. Though various offenders involved in child abuse were sent to rehabilitation therapy units after some time they again commit child abuse. Various studies have shown that individuals involved in child abuse can be easily identified from communities with multidisciplinary approaches.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Child Sexual Abuse | RAINN. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2019, from https://www.rainn.org/articles/child-sexual-abuse

Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2019, from https://www.rainn.org/articles/drug-facilitated-sexual-assault

Legal Role of Consent | RAINN. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2019, from https://www.rainn.org/articles/legal-role-consent

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

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Lab Report

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Lab Report

Hydroponics is a method of growing plants in a nutrient rich solution. In this method instead of using soil, the root system is supported by using an inert medium like perlite, Rockwool or peat moss. The main purpose of this type of solution is to allow the plant roots to come in direct contact with a solution containing all the required nutrients also providing it with easy access to oxygen which is required for the proper growth of the plant. The growing of plants without soil dates back to the fabled Hanging Gardens of Babylon which was among one of the seven wonders of the Ancient world. These gardens flourished of an intricate watering system which supplied a steady stream of river water which were rich in oxygen and also minerals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"s5XapmHE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}What is Hydroponics?,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“What is Hydroponics?,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1416,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/8SCUH87S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/8SCUH87S"],"itemData":{"id":1416,"type":"webpage","title":"What is Hydroponics?","URL":"https://generalhydroponics.com/about-us","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("What is Hydroponics?" n.d.).

Likewise, the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics which dated back to several hundred years BC shows the plant growth along with the River Nile without the presence of soil. Then in 1627, Francis Bacon wrote a book on the growth of land plants without soil which was printed a year after his death and from that point hydroponics started. Then John Woodward in 1699 published his water culture experiment with spearmint, in his experiment he found that plants were grown better in less pure water than in distilled water, later in 1842 nine elements were believed to be vital for plant growth and development and then the discoveries of Julius von Sachs resulted in the discoveries of soilless cultivation, in the mineral nutrient solution, without using soil the growth of terrestrial plants is called solution culture. He published his formula of nutrient solution for water in one of his books and his formula was used as a standard formula while researching plant nutritional needs. His studies brought revolution in the hydroponic trail. Later Hogland introduced another hydroponic nutrient solution which was developed by Hogland and Snyder in 1933, this medium is one of the most rapidly used solutions for plant growth. One of the prominent property of Hogland solution is that it contains all the important nutrients for plant growth, therefore, it can be used for the growth of a wide variety of plants.

Figure 1 Hogland Medium

It is important to optimize the concentration of elements for plant growth especially those elements that are used for mankind because some of the elements that are used for plants are useful for plant growth but if they are present in higher amount in mankind then it is possible that they have detrimental effects on human health. Therefore it is important to optimize their concentration in plants that are consumed for the humans so that they do not cause any harmful effects in plants.

Hydroponic farming is better than conventional farming because hydroponic farming is physically less demanding which is why it is one of the best technique for physically handicapped people. In this case, there is not tilling, no backbreaking weeding and also the farmers are not supposed to take tension about the weather because hydroponics are mostly used inside of greenhouses. Also, hydroponics does not require any pesticides, therefore, they are safe even for human consumptions and they require less space as compared to the conventional method of farming, therefore, they are better than the conventional farming.in this particular experiment, the two plants that were used were tomato and kidney bean plants ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gxLnPRdk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Hydroponics vs Soil \\uc0\\u8211{} Hydroponics Gardening Equipment & Supplies,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Hydroponics vs Soil – Hydroponics Gardening Equipment & Supplies,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1418,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/4YYAAQBC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/4YYAAQBC"],"itemData":{"id":1418,"type":"webpage","title":"Hydroponics vs Soil – Hydroponics Gardening Equipment & Supplies","URL":"https://www.farmhydroponics.com/hydroponics/hydroponics-vs-soil","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Hydroponics vs Soil – Hydroponics Gardening Equipment & Supplies,” n.d.). Tomato plants can grow in most of the climates, the temperature that is required is 68-80 F, in some cases it takes a longer time to germinate they need a nutrient-rich medium, the soil needs to be fast draining and also loamy. In order to produce consistent growth, they need a continuous supply of water. Kidney beans need a temperature around 60 degrees Fahrenheit to grow and they grow best in loose soil so that the roots can expand themselves better, while the plant is growing it must be kept in mind that the soil should be moist. Both of these plants are used ion daily basis and they are sources of some rich components ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gxLnPRdk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Hydroponics vs Soil \\uc0\\u8211{} Hydroponics Gardening Equipment & Supplies,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Hydroponics vs Soil – Hydroponics Gardening Equipment & Supplies,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1418,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/4YYAAQBC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/4YYAAQBC"],"itemData":{"id":1418,"type":"webpage","title":"Hydroponics vs Soil – Hydroponics Gardening Equipment & Supplies","URL":"https://www.farmhydroponics.com/hydroponics/hydroponics-vs-soil","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Hydroponics vs Soil – Hydroponics Gardening Equipment & Supplies,” n.d.)..

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient, it is part of various plant structures and also acts as a catalyst in most biochemical reactions. It plays a vital role in capturing the sunlight and then converting it into useful plant compounds. It is also a vital component of ATP which is the energy unit of the plants. ATP is synthesized during photosynthesis and it has phosphorus as its structural component. It helps in root development, it improves crop quality and also increases the resistance to plant diseases. Magnesium is also one of the important components in plant cells and one of the most important functions of magnesium is that it is the central atom in the chlorophyll molecule ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qxSM1ImK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Role of Magnesium in Plant Culture | PRO-MIX Greenhouse Growing,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Role of Magnesium in Plant Culture | PRO-MIX Greenhouse Growing,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1420,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/EQWPQU2C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/EQWPQU2C"],"itemData":{"id":1420,"type":"webpage","title":"Role of Magnesium in Plant Culture | PRO-MIX Greenhouse Growing","URL":"https://www.pthorticulture.com/en/training-center/role-of-magnesium-in-plant-culture/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Role of Magnesium in Plant Culture | PRO-MIX Greenhouse Growing,” n.d.). It helps to activate many plant enzymes which are needed for growth and also helps in protein synthesis. Plants that are deficient in phosphorus are stunted in growth and also they have an abnormal dark green colour. In case of Magnesium as it is mobile in plants so if they are deficient then the symptoms appear in the older leaves. The leaves will turn in to yellow colour with green veins. So in order to demonstrate the deficiency symptoms of Phosphorous and Magnesium, we created a medium in which all the other vital elements were present but only these two components were deficient and the plants that were grown in this medium are then compared with the nutrient-rich or complete medium plants and then the differences were studied in brief.

Materials and Methods:

In order to prepare each 250ml batch of the medium, we used three Solo cups this medium was deficient in phosphorus and magnesium. Apart from this medium one complete medium was also prepared and the composition of the complete medium is given below:

Figure 2 Complete Medium Composition

Then we labelled the cups with the name of the medium, our group name and also date. On one cup we labelled it –P, on another cup we wrote –Mg and on the third one we wrote Complete. For the batch, we put 250mL of distilled water into both of the cups. Then we added the medium components one by one into each of the cups while transferring the components we took care of contamination and also put the pippete stand near us. Once all the minerals were added we swirled the medium in order to mix them well. one-half cup of perlite was added into each cup, we added the perlite slowly and rolled the cups slowly while adding so that the perlite will set properly. In each cup, we placed one tomato seedling and on the other sup, one kidney seed plant was added. Each week we observed the growth of the plant in each of the seedling, the volume of the solution was replenished by adding distilled water. Once the trail was terminated then we made our final observation, shoot and root length were measured gently.

Results:

The plants that were grown in a complete medium were healthier and active as compared to those plants that were deficient in phosphorous and magnesium. The growth of the plants that were grown in medium all the requirements was better in their root and shoot length and also in their health, the plants were having a green colour and both the tomato and kidney beans plants looked healthier in all aspects. While the plant that was deficient in phosphorous and sulphur were weaker as compared to the plant that was grown in full medium. The plants grown in magnesium deficient medium were weaker their root and shoot length was quite less and mottled or chronic older leaves was observed, size of the plant was much smaller as compared to the controls and also the colour of the leaves was much lighter not full green. While the plants that were deficient in Phosphorous their root and shoot length was smaller as compared to the control but no apparent colour change was observed in the plants.

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3 The growth of the plant is shown in a complete medium.

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 4Plants growth in nutrient deficient medium is shown

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 5Growth of plant in Sand Mg-deficient medium is shown

Discussion

The expected results were quite different. At the beginning of the experiment we were expecting that the plants that are deficient in magnesium will be reddened, the leaves or the tip of the plants will turn upward and stems will be slender and the plants that were deficient in phosphorous we expected them to be dark green, and also red or purple due to the accumulation of anthocyanins although some of the changes were observed in the plants but the changes were not very clear. Although the plants were weaker and also their shoot and root length was smaller but as far as the colour changes were concerned they were not observed in the plants clearly. So some of the results were expected and then they were obtained but not all the results were obtained. This experiment was a viable way of farming in the future because here the entire experiment is done inside a lab and under controlled conditions so in future as well it would be easy to increase the production of the plants through this method. Because in this method there is very little chance of plant damage and also the plants are nutrient rich so on the basis of this, we can say the hydroponics is preferable than conventional farming.

This entire experiment gave a clear idea about the nutrient requirements of the pants that how every nutrient is significant in plants for their growth and also for their overall production. This can give an insight for the farmers to find out ways that will fulfil all the nutrition requirements of the plants.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hydroponics vs Soil – Hydroponics Gardening Equipment & Supplies. (n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2019, from https://www.farmhydroponics.com/hydroponics/hydroponics-vs-soil

Role of Magnesium in Plant Culture | PRO-MIX Greenhouse Growing. (n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2019, from https://www.pthorticulture.com/en/training-center/role-of-magnesium-in-plant-culture/

What is Hydroponics? (n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2019, from https://generalhydroponics.com/about-us

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

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Congenital Disorders

Congenital disorders were discovered in the 18th century and it has been one of the conditions people live with forever. The clinical treatment to prevent children from suffering from condition has been done for the last 35 years. According to CITATION Mic172 \l 1033 (Patterson, 2017), the treatment of the condition depends with the defect questions.

Congenital disorders can be treated using therapy, surgery, medication and assistant technology. The treatment of congenital disorders should be started as an early stage of development of growth of a child.

Congenital disorders are regarded as birth defects. It is a medical condition, which is present at or before a child is born. These are conditions, which are normally acquired during the fatal stage of genetic makeup of the parents of development CITATION CCA15 \l 1033 (CARTER, 2015). It is divided into two structural disorders which are associated with the shape of the body and the functional disorder which is associated with the problems related to how the body functions or works. The examples of congenital disorders are heart condition, spina bifida, crystic fibrosis and cerebral palsy.

Congenital disorders can be inherited are acquired through environmental factors. It can be inherited from parents. It means that a child can easily have defect if either of the parents have a congenital disorders. The environmental factors are related to low income, pesticide infection, medical medication condition, alcohol and other drugs and radiation which occur during pregnancy CITATION Cor12 \l 1033 (Corsello & Giuffrè, 2012). All these conditions can facilitate the spread or the occurrence of congenital disorder in a society.

Congenital disorders prevention lies on the cure of adolescent girls. It is important to ensure that adolescent girls have proper balance diet to reduce chances of getting congenital disorders.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Carter, C. (2015). Congenital Malformations. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973285/pdf/eugenrev00062-0015.pdf , 2-35.

Corsello, G., & Giuffrè, M. (2012). Congenital malformations. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine: the official journal of the European , 2-15.

Patterson, M. (2017). Birth Defects and Congenital Anomalies | Symptoms and Causes. Journal of science and nursing , 2-34.

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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PET Scanning

PET scanning is an image testing technique that allow doctors to examine the disease in the body. Radioactive tracers are the special dye that helps in identifying the inner state.

PET is a technological tool that increase physician’s ability of examining the organ and tissues of the patient.

Areas of higher chemical activity are highlighted by the tracer that helps in identifying the areas that need treatment.

This advanced tool allow doctors to measure the level of oxygen, blood flow and amount of sugar.

PET recognize problems at cellular level and offers a systematic view of the disease.

Evidence suggests that PET scans are more efficient in identifying the complex diseases such as cancer and inform the doctors on time.

Bright spots appear on PET when it examines a cancer patient. This is effective equipment for identifying the extent to which cancer has spread, the implications of the treatment and likelihood of cancer recurrence.

Although PET offer many benefits, there are also limitations such as large solid tumor are not visible.

Using PET physicians manage to take timely actions such as it reveal areas of low blood flow. It is also depicted that a healthy tissue take more tracer than unhealthy tissue.

PET scan reveal different degrees of brightness that gives clear idea of the disease.

The tracers of PET scans are connected to glucose compounds while areas of brain utilizing glucose at high levels are identified.

Metabolic changes experienced at cellular level by organ and tissue are recognized by the PET scan. This technological tool provides complex systematic view to the doctor that increase the chances of adopting treatment on time.

There are also risks of PET scans so it is important to gain complete information from the doctor.

References

Lammers, G. K., Esser, J. P., Pasker, P. M., Sanson-van, Praag M. E., de Klerk, J. H. (2014). Can I-124 PET/CT predict pathological uptake of therapeutic dosages of radioiodine (I-131) in differentiated thyroid carcinoma? Adv. Mol. Imaging, (3), 27–34.

Lin, F. I., Rao, J. E., Mittra, E. S., Nallapareddy K, Chengapa A, et al. (2012). Prospective comparison of combined 18F-FDG and 18F-NAF PET/CT versus 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for detection of malignancy. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 39(2), 262–270.

Kadrmas, D. J., Rust, T. C., Hoffman, J. M. (2013). Single-scan dual-tracer FLT+FDG PET tumor characterization. Phys. Med. Biol, 58(3), 429–449.

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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Olfactory receptors

30956251824355On the cilia, the odorants acts on the receptors to produce the sluggish depolarizing generator potential. The interaction between the odorant and the receptor is so complex and in most cases, the process needs an odorant-linking proteins to transport the odorant via the mucus. The uniqueness of the bipolar neurons of the olfactory epithelium in which they are CNS neurons is because they experience constant nourishment and turnover from the basal stem cells in the epithelium. The human nose have approximately 400 types of scent receptors that are able to detect at least one trillion different odours.

00On the cilia, the odorants acts on the receptors to produce the sluggish depolarizing generator potential. The interaction between the odorant and the receptor is so complex and in most cases, the process needs an odorant-linking proteins to transport the odorant via the mucus. The uniqueness of the bipolar neurons of the olfactory epithelium in which they are CNS neurons is because they experience constant nourishment and turnover from the basal stem cells in the epithelium. The human nose have approximately 400 types of scent receptors that are able to detect at least one trillion different odours.

The receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. The receptors play a critical function in identifying most of the odorant molecules in the olfactory sensory system. The spatial and temporal sequence of the olfactory receptors expression offers new intuitions in the transcriptional control of the gene family. The exceptional design of the custom array allows the attribution of the 3’ untranslated sections for the olfactory receptors which are crucial for the posttranscriptional control. The receptors are established in a patch of the olfactory epithelium that covers the medial and lateral walls of the top of cavity of the nasal. Olfactory receptors are specialized embryonic cells, bipolar neurons whose nuclei are located at the lower part of the epithelium.

1485900657225The olfactory receptors transmits sensory information to the brain and thus, it is accountable for the sense of the smell. In other words, it is responsible for the detection of the odorants which produces the sense of the smell. As a result, they are situated in the mucosa of the nasal cavity

00The olfactory receptors transmits sensory information to the brain and thus, it is accountable for the sense of the smell. In other words, it is responsible for the detection of the odorants which produces the sense of the smell. As a result, they are situated in the mucosa of the nasal cavity

References

Olfactory Receptors in Non-Chemosensory Organs: The Nervous System in Health and Disease. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4932117/

Olfactory receptors. - PubMed - NCBI. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999405

System-Wide Expression and Function of Olfactory Receptors in Mammals. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5903065/

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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Writer Choose One From The List Below

STDs

[Author’s Name]

STDs

Response 1

STDs are also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is an umbrella term that covers multiple sexually transmitted diseases. Regardless of sexual orientation or ways of sexual activity or STDs can be spread easily through intimate physical contact. As some of the infections depicts mild symptoms therefore it is possible that an individual has any kind of STDs but is not aware of it. Among all the STDs the most common are Bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, and genital herpes. If detected at an early stage almost every STDs can be cured however some of the sexually transmitted diseases have no cure such as HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, STDs can result in infertility as well. This is because chlamydia and PID can cause infection in the fallopian tube and damage genital tract that can damage the uterus permanently. According to the statistics, out of every two sexually active individuals, there are high chances that one of them will come in contact with STD by the age of 25 ("STD Data and Statistics", 2019). Also, every eight people have herpes while almost 80% of people had HPV at some point in their life ("STD Data and Statistics", 2019). The reason for choosing is topic is because there is a stigma associated with the people who are diagnosed with any kind of STDs and lack of awareness among people regarding precautionary measures that needed to be taken while engaging in any kind of physical activity.

Response 2

In the context of STDs, there is a stigma associated with the disease that makes individuals diagnosed with any kind of STDs make an individual at an increased risk of developing several mental illnesses. I have bachelor’s degree in the field of mental health and I have taken several courses of behavioral therapy as well that will facilitate me in advocating and spread awareness among regarding the consequences of unprotected sex and how to get help from healthcare professionals if an individual gets infected with any type of STDs. Individuals interested in becoming a behavioral therapist must take coursework in behavioral and cognitive psychology. I have also taken a course in cognitive psychology while I was completing my bachelor’s degree. I have completed an internship at a local community center also I have worked voluntarily in collaboration with several social workers to provide awareness among people regarding HIV/AIDS and other STDs.

Response 3

To treat the patients having any type of STDs it is necessary that not only the patient but his or her significant other get expedited partner therapy. Being a therapist I have studied expedited therapy and its benefits. This therapy enables healthcare professionals to provide medications that may facilitate patients diagnosed with STDs without first examining their partners (Shiely & Golden, 2010). The method I have chosen is to interact with the patient first and then his or her significant other. Direct observation of a patient can facilitate in getting an insight into the patient’s mental and emotional health. In most cases when an individual is diagnosed with any kind of STDs their partners also come under the scrutiny of the healthcare professionals. This makes partners feel humiliated and they in return do not cooperate at all. So using this therapy a patient is treated without the involvement of their partners.

Response 4

It is a general perception among many people that STDs cannot be treated when in reality there are effective treatments that can facilitate in curing various STDs. Several pieces of evidence suggest that expedited partner therapy facilitates in treating patients with STDs. In research published by the author Matthew, he highlighted that EPT is an uncontroversial treatment to treat a chlamydial infection (Hogben & Burstein, 2012). He also performed an experiment on a group of both heterosexual and homosexual people. The results revealed the effectiveness of EPT. According to the report published by the CDC, EPT is an effective treatment that aids in reducing gonorrhea infection rates. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lGWMHI4r","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}CDC - Gonorrhea and Expedited Partner Therapy,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2019)","plainCitation":"(“CDC - Gonorrhea and Expedited Partner Therapy,” 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":254,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sbFMNDWM/items/GQP3DXM2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sbFMNDWM/items/GQP3DXM2"],"itemData":{"id":254,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Expedited Partner Therapy","language":"en-us","title":"CDC - Gonorrhea and Expedited Partner Therapy","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/std/ept/gc-guidance.htm","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,13]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“CDC - Gonorrhea and Expedited Partner Therapy,” 2019). CDC also recommends using EPT for heterosexual males and females. This research will have a significant impact on individuals who are struggling after being diagnosed with any type of STDs. EPT is not limited to heterosexual people but patients having STDs regardless of sexual orientation can get benefit from this method of treatment.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY CDC - Gonorrhea and Expedited Partner Therapy. (2019, December 4). Retrieved December 13, 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/std/ept/gc-guidance.htm

Hogben, M., Kidd, S., & Burstein, G. R. (2012). Expedited partner therapy for sexually transmitted infections. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, 24(5), 299.

Shiely, F., Hayes, K., Thomas, K. K., Kerani, R. P., Hughes, J. P., Whittington, W. L., ... & Golden, M. R. (2010). Expedited partner therapy: a robust intervention. Sexually transmitted diseases, 37(10), 602-607.

STD Data and Statistics. (2019). Retrieved 13 December 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/default.htm

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Writer May Chose

Name of the Writer

Name of the University

Feather Color Affects the Aggressive Behavior of Chickens with the same Genotype on the Dominant White

Introduction

This research has focused on testing the relationship between the pecking behaviors of chickens and the color of the feathers of different chicken breeds. This is due to the fact that poultry farming is facing an extensive economic and animal welfare issue due to the aggression that has been seen in chickens. To understand the relationship between the pecking behaviors of chicken and the color of their feathers, two breeds of chickens are taken with different feather colors and are compared with each other. The relationship between the aggressive behaviors the two species and their feather color is then tested through comparison. The dictionary defines behavior as the way people act and control themselves. It was a basic understanding that humans are the only ones whose behavior and thought patterns are based on their needs and want and only they have this ability. But due to extensive research done on animals and their behavior, it has been shown not only humans but also animals have little to a high level of intelligence than they were previously believed to be. This research also focuses on the behavior of chickens regarding the aggressiveness they show in their pecking. Furthermore, it studies the link behind their behavior with the color of their feathers (Nie, et al, 2019).

Research Methodology

Any kind of organism that is present in this world is made up of certain genes and genetical strands of DNA. These genes decide what the features, characteristics, and behaviors of organisms would be, so their understanding is important in any research study regarding characteristics of an organism is important. The focus of this paper was on the genetical side. The genetics or genes were in focus of this study of the White Leghorn (WL), which is a white feathered breed and the Rhode Island Red (RIR) being a breed with red feathers. This research is designed to focus on the genes associated with the colors of their feathers and the level of aggressiveness shown by these two breeds of chicken.

The main or the specific gene that is being researched in this research is the premelansome protein 17 (PMEL17). This gene is the candidate gene for this research and is the basis for deciding the effects that color of the feathers have on the aggressiveness of chickens in poultry farms. The importance of premelansome protein 17 is that it is involved in the biogenesis or maturation of melanosomes. Melanosomes help in the storage and containment of melanin, which is the pigment that gives the color and photoprotection to the cells and tissues in animals. So, in turn, premelansome protein 17 plays an important role in the color generation of different breeds of animal's even chickens

The methods used in this research were in coordination with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Experimental Animals put forward by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. The Animals selected were the offspring generated from the mating of the male of RIR and the female of WL. The eggs were hatched from this mating at the same time and the female chickens with the red and white feathers were then kept in the chicken house with artificially controlled atmosphere. At adulthood, the chickens were broken into six groups in a way that group 1 and 2 contained only hens with red feathers, group 3 and 4 each contained 25 red and 25 white hens and finally, the group 5 and 6 only contained hens with white feathers. Finally, in order to determine the role played by genotypes either directly or indirectly on behavior, locus 3 was selected for analysis (Nie, et al, 2019).

Results

In the end, it was seen that the white hens have a more aggressive behavior compared to their counterparts with the red colored feathers. The white colored hens show more aggressiveness in traits such as pecking, chasing, attacking and threatening traits of behavior. For testing the hypothesis of this research three types of genes of feather color were focused at such as PMEL17, SLC45A2 and SOX 10. No relationship was seen between the three loci and color of feathers and the according to the research mixing of red and white color feathers can be a way to reduce the behavior of aggressiveness in chickens (Nie, et al, 2019).

References

Nie, C., Ban, L., Ning, Z., & Qu, L. (2019). Feather color affects the aggressive behavior of chickens with the same genotype on the dominant white (I) locus. PloS one, 14(5), e0215921.

Subject: Biology and Life Sciences

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Abnormal behavior in different species

Author name

Affiliations

Different captive animals whether they are contained in laboratories or zoos show different abnormal behaviors. These behaviors have persistent occurrence in different captive animals. A behavior is considered abnormal if it is different from behaviors characteristically observed in the wild. It differs both in terms of kind and degree among species. However, these behaviors in excessive can cause different injuries and hurt animals. It is also difficult to treat these behaviors once acquired. Though additional cage toys increased cage space have significantly reduced these behaviors. This paper will analyze the behavior of different species; species of Old World monkeys, captive rhesus monkeys and captive nonhuman primates such as baboon. It will further point out the similarities and differences among these animals.

Abnormal behavior can be seen in different captive nonhuman primate species such as in prosimians, Old World monkeys in addition to apes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"32YIa00t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","plainCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2583,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"itemData":{"id":2583,"type":"article-journal","title":"A cross-species comparison of abnormal behavior in three species of singly-housed old world monkeys","container-title":"Applied animal behaviour science","page":"52-58","volume":"199","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. K. Lutz, 2018). Some examples of abnormal behaviors in baboon are; motor stereotypies such as pacing and rocking), self-directed behaviors such as hair-pulling and abnormal appetitive behavior such as coprophagy. These behaviors are not rare and nearly 89–100% of singly housed macaque monkeys show these abnormal behaviors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3GaPhnU6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, Williams, & Sharp, 2014)","plainCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, Williams, & Sharp, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2576,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R9QPDTAF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R9QPDTAF"],"itemData":{"id":2576,"type":"article-journal","title":"Abnormal Behavior and Associated Risk Factors in Captive Baboons (Papio hamadryas spp.)","container-title":"American journal of primatology","page":"355-361","volume":"76","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Abnormal behavior, ranging from motor stereotypies to self-injurious behavior, has been documented in captive nonhuman primates, with risk factors including nursery rearing, single housing, and veterinary procedures. Much of this research has focused on macaque monkeys; less is known about the extent of and risk factors for abnormal behavior in baboons. Because abnormal behavior can be indicative of poor welfare, either past or present, the purpose of this study was to survey the presence of abnormal behavior in captive baboons and to identify potential risk factors for these behaviors with an aim of prevention. Subjects were 144 baboons (119 females, 25 males) aged 3–29 (median = 9.18) years temporarily singly housed for research or clinical reasons. A 15-minute focal observation was conducted on each subject using the Noldus Observer® program. Abnormal behavior was observed in 26% of the subjects, with motor stereotypy (e.g., pace, rock, swing) being the most common. Motor stereotypy was negatively associated with age when first singly housed (p < 0.005) while self-directed behavior (e.g., hair pull, self-bite) was positively associated with the lifetime number of days singly housed (p < 0.05) and the average number of blood draws per year (p < 0.05). In addition, abnormal appetitive behavior was associated with being male (p < 0.05). Although the baboons in this study exhibited relatively low levels of abnormal behavior, the risk factors for these behaviors (e.g., social restriction, routine veterinary procedures, and sex) appear to remain consistent across primate species.","DOI":"10.1002/ajp.22239","ISSN":"0275-2565","note":"PMID: 24323406\nPMCID: PMC4346173","journalAbbreviation":"Am J Primatol","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine K."},{"family":"Williams","given":"Priscilla C."},{"family":"Sharp","given":"R. Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. K. Lutz, Williams, & Sharp, 2014).

Lutz, Williams, and Sharp in their study of abnormal behavior and associated risk factors in captive baboons observed different abnormal behaviors in the baboon. The subjects of the study were 144 baboons (Papio hamadryas spp.); 25 males and 119 females ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IZwny1ol","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. K. Lutz et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(C. K. Lutz et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2576,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R9QPDTAF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R9QPDTAF"],"itemData":{"id":2576,"type":"article-journal","title":"Abnormal Behavior and Associated Risk Factors in Captive Baboons (Papio hamadryas spp.)","container-title":"American journal of primatology","page":"355-361","volume":"76","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Abnormal behavior, ranging from motor stereotypies to self-injurious behavior, has been documented in captive nonhuman primates, with risk factors including nursery rearing, single housing, and veterinary procedures. Much of this research has focused on macaque monkeys; less is known about the extent of and risk factors for abnormal behavior in baboons. Because abnormal behavior can be indicative of poor welfare, either past or present, the purpose of this study was to survey the presence of abnormal behavior in captive baboons and to identify potential risk factors for these behaviors with an aim of prevention. Subjects were 144 baboons (119 females, 25 males) aged 3–29 (median = 9.18) years temporarily singly housed for research or clinical reasons. A 15-minute focal observation was conducted on each subject using the Noldus Observer® program. Abnormal behavior was observed in 26% of the subjects, with motor stereotypy (e.g., pace, rock, swing) being the most common. Motor stereotypy was negatively associated with age when first singly housed (p < 0.005) while self-directed behavior (e.g., hair pull, self-bite) was positively associated with the lifetime number of days singly housed (p < 0.05) and the average number of blood draws per year (p < 0.05). In addition, abnormal appetitive behavior was associated with being male (p < 0.05). Although the baboons in this study exhibited relatively low levels of abnormal behavior, the risk factors for these behaviors (e.g., social restriction, routine veterinary procedures, and sex) appear to remain consistent across primate species.","DOI":"10.1002/ajp.22239","ISSN":"0275-2565","note":"PMID: 24323406\nPMCID: PMC4346173","journalAbbreviation":"Am J Primatol","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine K."},{"family":"Williams","given":"Priscilla C."},{"family":"Sharp","given":"R. Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. K. Lutz et al., 2014) who were singly housed for 9 days for the study. Categories of behavior that were included in the study were motor stereotypy, self-directed behavior and abnormal appetitive. Data was gathered and statistical analyses were performed to generate results. The results showed (26%) of the subjects showing at least one abnormal behavior during the 15-minute observation. among this most common behavioral category was motor stereotypy.

In addition, captive rhesus monkeys also show different abnormal behaviors such as self-directed stereotypies as well as self-injurious behavior (SIB). The type and frequency of these behaviors are extremely capricious among these animals. A study was conducted by Lutz, Well, & Novak in 2003 to have behavioral assessments in captive rhesus monkeys. For this purpose, the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) collected 362 individually housed rhesus monkeys ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VEVb8Cpi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. Lutz, Well, & Novak, 2003)","plainCitation":"(C. Lutz, Well, & Novak, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2579,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EG3FP2EX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EG3FP2EX"],"itemData":{"id":2579,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: a survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience","container-title":"American Journal of Primatology","page":"1-15","volume":"60","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Abnormal behavior in captive rhesus monkeys can range from active whole-body and self-directed stereotypies to self-injurious behavior (SIB). Although abnormal behaviors are common in singly-housed rhesus monkeys, the type and frequency of these behaviors are highly variable across individual animals, and the factors influencing them are equally varied. The purpose of this investigation was to survey abnormal behavior in a large population of rhesus macaques, to characterize the relationship between stereotypies and self-injury, and to identify potential risk factors for these aberrant behaviors. Behavioral assessments of 362 individually housed rhesus monkeys were collected at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) and combined with colony records. Of the 362 animals surveyed, 321 exhibited at least one abnormal behavior (mean: 2.3, range: 1-8). The most common behavior was pacing. Sex differences were apparent, with males showing more abnormal behavior than females. SIB was also associated with stereotypies. Animals with a veterinary record of self-injury exhibited a greater number of self-directed stereotypies than those that did not self-injure. Housing and protocol conditions, such as individual housing at an early age, longer time housed individually, greater number of blood draws, and nursery rearing, were shown to be risk factors for abnormal behavior. Thus, many factors may influence the development and maintenance of abnormal behavior in captive primates. Some of these factors are intrinsic to the individual (e.g., sex effects), whereas others are related to colony management practices, rearing conditions, and research protocols.","DOI":"10.1002/ajp.10075","ISSN":"0275-2565","note":"PMID: 12766938","shortTitle":"Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques","journalAbbreviation":"Am. J. Primatol.","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine"},{"family":"Well","given":"Arnold"},{"family":"Novak","given":"Melinda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003",5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. Lutz, Well, & Novak, 2003). Among these 362 animals, there were 321 that show at least one abnormal behavior such as pacing. In this study sex differences were also specious as males showed more abnormal behavior as compared to females. Different factors were affecting the behavior of these animals; intrinsic such as sex effects and rearing conditions along with research protocols ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"43OtpFVx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. Lutz et al., 2003)","plainCitation":"(C. Lutz et al., 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2579,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EG3FP2EX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EG3FP2EX"],"itemData":{"id":2579,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: a survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience","container-title":"American Journal of Primatology","page":"1-15","volume":"60","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Abnormal behavior in captive rhesus monkeys can range from active whole-body and self-directed stereotypies to self-injurious behavior (SIB). Although abnormal behaviors are common in singly-housed rhesus monkeys, the type and frequency of these behaviors are highly variable across individual animals, and the factors influencing them are equally varied. The purpose of this investigation was to survey abnormal behavior in a large population of rhesus macaques, to characterize the relationship between stereotypies and self-injury, and to identify potential risk factors for these aberrant behaviors. Behavioral assessments of 362 individually housed rhesus monkeys were collected at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) and combined with colony records. Of the 362 animals surveyed, 321 exhibited at least one abnormal behavior (mean: 2.3, range: 1-8). The most common behavior was pacing. Sex differences were apparent, with males showing more abnormal behavior than females. SIB was also associated with stereotypies. Animals with a veterinary record of self-injury exhibited a greater number of self-directed stereotypies than those that did not self-injure. Housing and protocol conditions, such as individual housing at an early age, longer time housed individually, greater number of blood draws, and nursery rearing, were shown to be risk factors for abnormal behavior. Thus, many factors may influence the development and maintenance of abnormal behavior in captive primates. Some of these factors are intrinsic to the individual (e.g., sex effects), whereas others are related to colony management practices, rearing conditions, and research protocols.","DOI":"10.1002/ajp.10075","ISSN":"0275-2565","note":"PMID: 12766938","shortTitle":"Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques","journalAbbreviation":"Am. J. Primatol.","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine"},{"family":"Well","given":"Arnold"},{"family":"Novak","given":"Melinda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003",5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. Lutz et al., 2003).

Furthermore, Lutz also conducted a study to assess the abnormal behavior in three species of singly housed old world monkeys. Motor stereotypy such as pacing, rocking, flipping, swinging, and head tossing was used as a category of abnormal behavior in the study. The study included singly-housed cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, and baboons for 30–120 days ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yNJJyWdB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","plainCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2583,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"itemData":{"id":2583,"type":"article-journal","title":"A cross-species comparison of abnormal behavior in three species of singly-housed old world monkeys","container-title":"Applied animal behaviour science","page":"52-58","volume":"199","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. K. Lutz, 2018). One-zero sampling was used to record the 5-min observation for each animal. Macaques showed higher levels of abnormal behavior than baboons; 29% and 14% respectively. However, macaque species with 28%; showed no differences ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yNJJyWdB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","plainCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2583,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"itemData":{"id":2583,"type":"article-journal","title":"A cross-species comparison of abnormal behavior in three species of singly-housed old world monkeys","container-title":"Applied animal behaviour science","page":"52-58","volume":"199","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. K. Lutz, 2018). Thus, there are differences in abnormal behavior across closely-related primate species. Consequently, it is not authentic to use single species as a model for abnormal behavior.

Animals control their environment with their normal behaviors. However, captive environments interfere with these normal behavioral retorts and change different physiological parameters for the animal. Care of captive nonhuman primates can be improved by focusing on factors that lead to abnormal behaviors. These behaviors are different within the species due to different intrinsic factors. Thus, for the welfare of animals, these factors must be eliminated.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Lutz, C. K. (2018). A cross-species comparison of abnormal behavior in three species of singly-housed old world monkeys. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 199, 52–58.

Lutz, C. K., Williams, P. C., & Sharp, R. M. (2014). Abnormal Behavior and Associated Risk Factors in Captive Baboons (Papio hamadryas spp.). American Journal of Primatology, 76(4), 355–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22239

Lutz, C., Well, A., & Novak, M. (2003). Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: a survey and retrospective analysis of the environment and early experience. American Journal of Primatology, 60(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.10075

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