What Were The Outstanding Features Of Ancient Egyptian Civilization.

Outstanding Features of the Ancient Egyptian Civilization

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Outstanding Features of the Ancient Egyptian Civilization

The Neolithic age is also referred to as the New Stone Age and it extends over a long period in history that ends around 3500 BCE. It is characterized by the transition from the Stone Age to the agricultural development. New techniques of farming, stock-breeding, and irrigation were introduced. People of Egypt lived around the Nile valley. They started making weapons made of bronze for use in war. They began building strong houses and buildings, some of which are intact to date.

The First Dynasty and Emergence of Pharaohs

A dynasty refers to a series of rulers who belong to the same family. In Egypt, there were had been several dynasties, each ruled for a considerable period in the history. The first dynasty of Egypt was a period between 3400 BCE and 3000 BCE. This period starts when the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt became effective by the first Pharaoh. The Kings who ruled Egypt during the first dynasty and afterward used to prefer to be called as “Pharaohs”. A Pharaoh was an extremely powerful king because he was usually believed to be a representative of gods and held the position of the highest priest of all the temples across the civilization. Egypt had, at the time of Pharaohs, fertile soils and plenty of natural resources. The society of Egypt had gradually evolved to be very complex. They had

Pyramid Era

Pyramids were buildings that had been made as tombs of the Egyptian rulers and their consorts (husbands, wives, or the closest companions). Egyptians indulged in the tradition of building pyramids during the third dynasty around 2600 BCE, and the last pyramid they made was around 1500 BCE during the 18th dynasty. The Great Pyramids of Giza are considered to be the most monumental and magnificent buildings of the mankind, which were built as the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu. They are said to be eternal out of their durability and endurance against the great spans and the wear and tear of time.

Capture by Hyksos and the Overthrow

The Hyksos spoke Hebrew or some other Semitic language. They were foreign invaders who first originated in Palestine and, later, they entered Egypt in the late 18th century BCE. They succeeded in occupying Egypt by the efficient use of bronze-made weapons. Their reign ended when Kamose and Ahmose, two brothers, marched against them one after the other and eventually defeated them in the capital of the Hyksos, Arvaris.

Importance of Trade by Sea and Land

Egyptians used the barter system for the exchange of goods all along their ancient history. The cash exchanges started due to the Persian influence in the 5th century. Egypt had great trade relations with Sudan. They used to trade along different routes, and the most important route was the Nile River. During the first dynasty, the kings had established trade as a strong means of earning money and the center of their business activities was the capital, Memphis. The trade was carried out at the international level with Nubia, Libya, and other regions. Some bureaucrats governed the trade activities with other countries.

Architectural Traditions

The ancient Egyptians used stones mostly in constructing the Pyramids, official buildings, temples, and tombs. They had unparalleled building skills and, therefore, the buildings made by them are the most durable in the history of mankind. They used mud bricks in building houses. The roofs had been flat supported by walls and columns. They used to inscribe writings on the walls.

Development of Pictorial Writing

The writing style used in Egypt involved the use of pictures which represented different types of things, that is, objects, ideas, actions, etc. The Egyptian writing script is known as hieroglyphs. The ancient Egyptians used to write hieroglyphs in the form of carving on the walls of their tombs and temples.

What You Do You Consider The Most Influential Invention In The History Of The United States And Why?

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Light Bulb

Introduction

Light bulb was invented by Thomas Alva Edison. He was an American Inventor and a businessman. He is known for the invention of a number of devices taking into account that he has influenced the world greatly. He was born on February 11 and he received several awards as well such as Technical Grammy Award, and Grammy Trustees Award. Light Bulb was constructed of a wire filament that was surrounded by the glass bulb. The wire gets heated with the rise of temperature followed by flow of electric wave passing through it. It is significant to note that the electric bulb has changed the world around it in a number of ways. (Learn About Inventions, 2017). There are a number of people who think that it is futile to assert that electric bulb is one of the most effective and influential inventions of all time, taking into account that candles are the pre-extension of bulbs. Many of the people think that there are numerous other inventions that must be appreciated for their influence such as, telephone, penicillin and indoor plumbing. Utilitarian school of thought asserts that those inventions are worth considering that have directly influenced human life such as penicillin as it saved the lives of a number of people. Academia infers that all the progression in this world is the product of whatever is being written or recorded so the stance of writing and the writing material would be the most influential invention over the course of time. Taking into account all the arguments, it is significant to note that only those things are recalled and memorized by history and historical records that have something extraordinary or they have some extension of influence in the present course of time.

Description

Electric bulb is one of those inventions that are counted as the trademark of history and invention. There are a number of facts that make electric bulb an extraordinary and influencing invention in the history of United States. It is significant to note that without the invention of electric bulb, there would have been no progression in the fluorescent breakthroughs. Moreover, an exegetical analysis infers that light bulb has paved the way for more inventions in another field of work were gas lights prevailed. Today, there are different types of bulb, the variety, and quantity, both are a tribute to the invention of Thomas Edison, taking into consideration that in civilized areas, there is hardly 10 sq. without any light bulb. It would not be wrong to say that the revival of American society began with the invention of bulb, where its functionality started from lighting homes to factories and workstation. (Delmarfans.com). Even the manufacturing of light bulb became one of the professional field, paving the way for both economic development and industrial development.

A clear depiction of remarkable influence can be analyzed with “graveyard shift”. It is a connotation to night shift that was initiated just because of light bulb. The presence of light made it easier for people to work and earn. Usually, researchers question the idea of light bulb, adhering to the term light. In accordance with the research on resources, it is observed that before electric light, gas was the only source of light and unfortunately it was one of the most inconvenient sources of light. Gas is an unclean, dangerous, nasty and unhealthy resource, asserting when gas was burned to seek light, it not only distorted and hampered the attire and structure of buildings by staining but it hampered the grace of workers as well. (Howard). It is evident that clean working platforms are more appealing and preferred rather than destructed and nasty work areas. Side by side, the stance of maintaining cleanliness added to the workload because the soot and stains of burn gases were to be cleaned daily.

The burning of gas not only polluted the work environment but it utilized all the oxygen in the environment. In summers, the workplace was more like a torture cell, taking into account that the burning of gas added to suffocation and unbearable environment reflecting a highly deplorable condition. Analyzing such situations infer that the invention of light bulb was more like a blessing because it mitigated a number of consequences. One of the major consequences that burning of gas beheld was disasters. Fire is an ultimate danger no matter what the scale of carelessness is. In the same way, there was a greater risk of explosions and fires in workplaces because of gas consumption. A reflection of past highlights a pathetic approach to life that was indulged in darkness and everyone was bound to the constraint of hours. People were not able to plan or work without the set time. Life was more like a narrow maze with both ends closed because there was no external source of light except gas and it was equally destructive. (Delmarfans.com)

There are a number of dimensions to be considered while stressing that the invention of electric bulb is one of the most influential inventions in America. One of the dimension asserts economics because economic timeline is the hallmark of America. It is the economic progression and the strength of economic resources that America has reached heights of success globally, and it would not have been possible without the introduction of light bulbs. It is imperative that the invention of bulb made people work more than the required hours in order to earn more money side by side the use of machines influenced more productivity increasing economic growth. It is evident that the availability of resources that could facilitate work paved the way for more employment options and it influenced the living standards of American society. (Freeberg, 2013). The shift in technological advancement in America is also one of the greatest contributions to the invention of electric bulb because home industries were introduced and women started to participate in the walk of life. Side by side, there was a complete shift in schedules. Before the invention of electric bulb, all proceedings were to be held during the day time but invention of electric bulb brought flexibility in the structure of routine where people could manage their work as per their will. Today, there is no restriction of time and hour in the chores of home, much less attention is given to the availability of light but the absence of light is more like a break because there are no work areas where there is no need of light.

All platforms of life such as schools, homes, grocery stores, and shopping malls require light. No doubt the Sun is a natural resource of light and its importance cannot be diminished. Another side of picture reflects sheer darkness after sunset asserting there is no life without electric bulb. Under the influence of modernism, technology is the only thing that is praised and rated as a mode of survival. It is significant to note that a major section of technological progression is dependent on light. There are several technological interventions that cannot work without light such as microscope, printers and computer screens. Another framework that highlights the importance of the electric bulb is the production of light emitting diode taking into account that it is one of the major sources of power and it is used in a number of other inventions. (Freeberg, 2013).

Luminous Efficacy is another dimension that is an evident tribute to the invention of the electric bulb. There are several other inventions that are an extension to the invention of the electric bulb highlighting that there would not have been such revolution without light. There are a number of arguments that assert that an invention is valid if it has both, a direct and indirect impact on the life of an individual. In accordance with psychological search, it is asserted that lights are one of the factors that is capable of changing mood of an individual Darkness is an evident connotation of fear, anxiety and pessimism whereas light has a highly positive impact on life. (Delmarfans.com). It is inferred that light; probably electric bulbs are able to create an environment and the stance of sensation because there is no entertainment without light. All the embellishment of parties and theaters is highly dependent on lights. One of the examples of this fact can be found by the analysis of MK illumination taking into account that it is one of the most appreciated arts.

Invention of electric bulb paves the way for synchronization in human conduct that was previously confined to the realms of the daylight. As soon as the sun sets, there was an end to human life leaving behind sheer darkness. Moreover, there were many constraints in taking future prospects in terms of innovation and progression. For example, people never thought of doing graveyard shift, part-time jobs and it was never imagined to work in industries for the whole night. All the instructions of life were brought to a single edge of human survival that was continuously at risk under the use of gas, considering it was also expensive and equally nasty. (Delmarfans.com). A comparison of toady’s life with past reflects that Thomas Edison has made the world's best contribution not only to American society but to the world. Today, lack of light is more like a jam pack to human activities, there would be no revolution, life would cease taking into account that almost all inventions need a channel to proceed and that channel is light. It is not possible to open a lock in darkness so how can one imagine to proceed with the flow of the world without light. (Learn About Inventions, 2017).

Conclusion

Today, electric bulb has taken a number of shapes, provided none of the shapes has mitigated the actual stance or productivity of the original invention by Thomas Edison. Electric bulb seems to be a minor invention but it has the potential to enclose several other platforms of life ranging from daily life to technological works. In the history of the United States, a number of inventions are made but none of the advancement has shaken the trademark set by Thomas Edison in the production of light bulb because light is life. Absence of light influences almost all dimension of life ranging from approaching basis necessities of life to the sources of entertainment because blank screens cannot display anything and light add colors to the screens. Light bulb is more like a supplement that empower other fields of life by assisting them. It would not be wrong to say that the invention of electric bulb is a practical approach to the idea that minor objects play a crucial role. Electric bulb is more like a platform for all the life proceedings inferring that renaissance in America would not have been turned into a reality without light because it added to opportunities and avenues of improvement.

Work Cited

"Learn About Inventions: Airplane, Light Bulb, Telephone." Home Science Tools. N. p., 2017.

"The History of The Light Bulb." Delmarfans.com. N. p., 2019. Web.

Freeberg, Ernest. The Age of Edison: Electric Light and the Invention of Modern America. Penguin, 2013.

Howard, Charles Lowell. "Illuminating device." U.S. Patent No. 1,256,232.

Whatever You Think It's Good

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Let us work together to put an end to slave trade

Good morning everyone. I take this opportunity to address you on the issue that is currently facing the world yet many people are shying away from it. This is a topic that has long been avoided by many people because they are either afraid to annoy their masters or they do not know the value of their freedom of speech. As a person, you have to be aware that your freedom of speech must be utilized in such situations. You have to speak against any of the vices in society that might affect the lives of people. The fact that something does not affect your life does not necessarily mean that it is good. We have to stand against everything that affects the lives of human beings even if it does not affect use in one way or the other. The issue that we have to handle currently is slave trade.

From 1492 to date, there are hundreds of millions of Africans who have been transported from their continent to America with the sole purpose of getting cheap labor (Ralph, p200). The question that we have to ask ourselves is, is it right to transport the Africans against their will to be used as labor in the US? We have to ask ourselves whether Africans always accept to come and work in the country as labor or whether they are forced. The answer is pretty simple. Everyone knows that they are always forced to come into the country so that they can provide the cheap labor needed by the farmers. This is a practice that has to be condemned by all means if people are to enjoy the freedom they have. All human beings are equal and should therefore be allowed to rights and freedom just like any other human being.

Looking at slave trade from a business perspective, one can conclude that it is very lucrative as there are many farmers who made a lot of profits from the farming they did. The ‘slaves’ as they were called by their masters mainly worked on Tobacco and sugarcane plantations in north America and this led to an increase in the profits they made by a great margin. The more the profits they continued to make during this period, the more they felt the urge to come up with ways of getting more Africans into the country. They were always sure of getting cheap labor which would translate to higher profits for them. They have continued this practice and hence we can note that most states now have many Africans living there. All that they are doing is working on the farms against their wish because they were forcefully transported to this place (Faber, p10).

The reasons why slave trade should be abolished are so many but the first one that any normal human being will have to think about is the issue of human rights. Slave trade depicts the highest level of violation of human rights by those who claim to be supporters of human rights. Every human being has a right to chose what they want to do with their lives as long as it does not go against the law. They also have the right to refuse to go anywhere against their will. Is this the case for the slaves who have been brought into this country to work on the farms? Definitely it does not show any case of respect for human rights. They were forced into this country against their will. They were not asked whether they were interested in going to another country to be the required labor on the farms (Philip, p40).

This country has laws that should be followed by every person. The law that should definitely be followed by all people is the fact that it is important to respect the rights and freedoms of every person. Forcing people to work on the farms is not in any way showing respect for the rights of others. If we are to force people to do things against their wish then we cannot claim that we are a country that respects laws. We do not have respect for the same laws that we have made as a country. Black people that are brought into this country also have families that they left behind just to come and work here against their will (David, p40). They do not have any means of reaching out to their families and this is definitely affecting them psychologically.

Another reason why it is important that we abolish slave trade is the fact that it does not only affect their rights but also their health as humans. They are forced to work on the farms without any proper food and the conditions under which they work are harsh. There have been many cases of black people dying on the farms just because they were not well taken of. This shows that the farmers do not have any respect for black lives. They are forced to work on the farms even when they are tired and have not taken any proper meal. Like any other worker in this era, they are not given the freedom to socialize with other people freely (Roger, p30).

It is time that we should stand up against this vice once and for all. We have to put a stop to this practice that does not respect the lives of black people as well as their well-being as human beings.

Additional 200 words for your friend

If slavery is to continue then we can rest assured that we are going to lose more Africans. We have to make every person feel what the Africans are feeling by being forced to work on the farms without any proper payment. The farmers have to stop and think about what they are doing to the Negroes who are also human beings just like them. They have to respect just like the whites have respect for fellow whites in the country. The problem can easily be solved if every person sits down and decided to do what is right. Being conscious means that people have to do the right things when dealing with other people. There are many people who do not show respect to others in this country and this should be something that should be addressed by any person who reasons correctly.

Coming up with ways of solving the problem that we have at hand is the topic that we should be discussing now. The practice if definitely wrong from every perspective and should not be allowed to continue in this country. It is the only way that we will be sure to regain the value of humanity and ensure that people respect each other.

Works cited

Austen, Ralph (1987). African Economic History: Internal Development and External Dependency. London: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-85255-009-0.

Anstey, Roger: The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760–1810. London: Macmillan, 1975. ISBN 0-333-14846-0.

Curtin, Philip D. (1969). The Atlantic Slave Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299054007. OCLC 46413.

Eli Faber (1998). Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814728796., argues the role was minimal

Eltis, David: "The volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade: a reassessment", William and Mary Quarterly (2001): 17-46. in JSTOR

White King Red Rubber Black Death

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White King Red Rubber Black Death

Introduction

If an account would be designed to list down the names of brutal and critical times, in terms of evil and malice that has served as a potential threat to the lives of people, the name of King Leopold appears on the top of list. His crimes eclipses in the atrocities’ of the World War II. A horrifying documentary by Peter Bate is a stance that has the power to drift viewers back to the state of King Leopold II, I.e. Congo Free. It is a timeline of 23 year ordeal that the people of nation suffered and they were affected by the enrichment of a nation that was never seen before. The documentary is more like an evidence of all the circumstances that surrounded the reign of King Leopold over Congo and it was the timeline of courage that behooved individuals to bring an end to the ever appealing and approaching terror of the dirty secrets that were embellished under the tag of colonial idealism in late 19 and 20 century.

Discussion

The documentary, Congo, White King, Red Rubber Black, is an astonishing documentary. It is the story of genocide that was perpetrated by the King of Congo. It reflects the story of how King Leopold II of Belgium made attempts to convert Congo into a private colony, referring to the time span of 1885 to 1908. It is significant to note that the documentary is an accusatory tone that is enforced by the tides of time, where King Leopold is placed on trial. Scenes are staged where an actor should be made to face the charges against him. It is asserted that the documentary is a clear depiction of amalgamation of both, emotions and courage to such an extent that signifies the elements of human life when doomed to be criticized and destructed by force and violence. It is a twinge of sadness that there were a number of lives that were squandered, taking into account that the documentary laments the endeavors of a state that is victimized by colonial idealism. It would not be wrong to say that this story is a clear depiction of brutality and atrocity. King Leopold II is portrayed in the documentary who wanted to extend glory of Belgium and enforce power in the world by means of colonies. King Leopold II hoodwinked European nations that give him the potential to control Congo and lay down the foundation of phony treaties with African chiefs. He aimed at bringing civilization to the Dark Continent with a hidden aim to make money. It added in the exploitation of Congo that continued for the time span of forty years and created a gigantic slave labor camp. This documentary comprises of the excerpts from the novel of Conrad as an evidence of the nightmarish entailments of the impact of Leopold’s bench men. The documentary reflects the history of Belgium in terms of the Colonial rule .It is an expression of scenes that have a mock court where people who witnessed brutality gave testaments. The video is a detailed entailment of the catalogues that uncover murder and torture that occurred in Congo. In accordance with the visuals, it can be asserted that documentary reconstructs and highlight certain events that paved the way for the death of about 10 million Congolese. Although these events have been forgotten by the government officials such as Democratic Republic of Congo especially Britain. The video aims at the display of crimes on the central stage by using archived photographs and certain reconstructions that can depict and highlight terror inflicted by the Belgium colonists.

The horror of the colonial rule in the Congo is highlighted by the testimonies of missionaries and humanitarians. This documentary is more like a serious threat into the eulogy of white Europeans who saved Black people in Congo. It is asserted that Belgium was not the only colonial power that was the tool to exploit Africa; in fact it is a depiction of exploitation that highlights former European powers. It is asserted that under the control of King Leopold II of Belgium, Congo was turned into a labor camp which was home to shocking brutality. Apparently, Leopold presented himself as a protector of the African people who migrated and fled the Arab slave-traders but in reality he was carving out an empire that could be based on the strong basis of terror in order to harvest rubbers. It has been highlighted that that whole scenario was more like a tragic play in which people were treated as puppets in the hands of the power who have sole aim of exploitation. It is significant to note that families were held as “hostages”. An individual was forced to death if they failed to produce enough rubber. Even children were not saved the brutality of the king, taking into account that the hands of children were chopped off as a punishment. If children were accustomed of late deliveries they were enforced to die in pain of chopped of hands. Their hands were presented as chocolate.

It would not be wrong to say that the area was turned into a labor tunnel, in which all the villages were brought to end; taking into account any negation by the locals to work for invading entrepreneurs would lead to death and destruction. The images of skinny bodies and scenes of flesh reminds of the brutality of the king for the sake of materialistic desires. The stance of destruction with which families were doomed to death for the sole reason of not fulfilling the required task and the implantation of “hands”, laborers illustrates the atrocity of the ruler. It can be inferred that the population of Congo was reduced to the ratio of 50% adhering to the fact that many of the regions were eradicated with 80% population, laborers died under the influence of hard labor, taking into account that the tasks were void of factors such as age, health and gender. The stance of the blood project, started by King Leopold was left under the deep layers of secrets until a shipping clerk who was named Edmund came to spot that there are some irregularities in the documents of import and export, considering that there was a large proportion of goods that were sent from Belgium to the Congo as compared to the past records and a comparative analysis. Although the king escaped the terrible punishment of his crimes, still this documentary is a stance of stand and trail that could consider him as a subject to listen to all the violence and death as a result of colonial schemes. It is significant to note that Bate uses several severe tools of tabloid television that could make him impart an ominous, overly dramatic and heavy named narration that could be delivered in a voice shaking with rage.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, it could be highlighted that the documentary is the pictorial display of the brutal dealing of the people living in Congo, taking into account that Bate uncovered a highly disturbing and ignored reality, adhering to a dispassionate approach. It would not be wrong to say that the display of horrific facts infer the pathetic and heart breaking scenario of Congo by Leopold II.

Why Did Southern Slaves Not Rebel More Often? Discuss.

Why Southern Slaves didn’t rebel often

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The southern cites of the United States are located at the intersection of Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The area is known for its significant water supply and hence was historically a Trading place. The city of New Orleans had one of the most active ports in the area, which means more opportunities for traders to enforce slavery. Like in Caribbean states, the settlers also started enslaving labours in the early 18th century. The main economic income of the southern states was its cotton production. This was a major source of income for French and British colonists in the area. British textile industry depended on this region for its growth and revenue. This was one of the main reasons the colonists opposed and didn't allow to enter the political and economic power of the north. There was also a difference in the lifestyles of the north and the south. The south was more polite and noble, while the north was focused on the accumulation of money.

Reasons for Benefits

Later, the seven year war which began in North America spread to Europe but made no effect on French-occupied Louisiana. During the American Revolution, the north was inspired by the abolitionists, their influenced grew from just little opposition to strong-armed movements against slavery. However, in fear of losing the agricultural hub of America, the white southerners rose against the movements with their logic of institutional behaviours. Bringing economic stability, biblical resources, racial superiority over black and a need for a well-disciplined and well-run society. The white-dominant south continued to insist on the inferiority of blacks and racial superiority of whites. For many years, the economy was based on the agricultural development and outcomes. This resulted in the increased economy of Britain and in turn, they legalized slavery. Slavery was a morally, ethically and socially acceptable institution of the colonial era. They controlled this system through legalized Jim Crow Laws which were the collection of local and state laws that allowed racial segregation. The south was big and wealthy, its cotton production made it the largest cotton producer in the entire world. This was the reason the colonists didn't allow any movement in the south because their real investment were those slaves rather than the land of the south itself. One of the main factors of increase in slavery was the invention of the cotton gin.

The number of slaves living in the United States were almost 700,000 and were worth an estimated $210m in today’s market. Before the American Revolution, tobacco along with cotton was the main crop of Southern USA. Its production was up to 1.5 million pounds by 1639 and by the end of the century, was producing more than 20 million pounds of tobacco per year and similar was the case with cotton as well. These were the reasons; White southerners didn't want any revolt among the slaves. One thing that should be kept in mind while knowing this, is that these were not mere agricultural products, rather whole government system was dependent on it. To carry more material, bigger ships and better navigation system was required. More powerful engines and weaving machines for clothing were required. In short, the economy of Settlers was mostly dependent on southern slaves and their work.

Differences that stood out

One of the reasons, the southern slaves didn't revolt was their familiarity with the plantation environment. They were comfortable with agricultural uses and customs. Although, they would continuously try to be free of the fear of the unknown, they themselves and their families would let them down in their pursuit. The Environment in the north was different as there were more factories than farms, and skills were important to work in these farms. The factories in the north were usually occupied by the people from Europe as they would come to the northern states in America and work on the factories. These immigrants were already skilled, but the locals or African slaves were not skilled enough and they knew that they wouldn’t find many opportunities to work in a factory. The north continued to move towards a factory minded world, the south continued to be a plantation and agriculture-based world. The southern states were created as economic ventures and their job was to create wealth for Britain through intensive labour on the field. While on the other hand, most of the northern colonies were self-sustaining and there was a great variety of economic options. In the north, the economic dependence was diverse which helped in building strong relations among them.

One other reason was that the north was more diverse and educated. With education, there is a will of freedom and self-respect. This gives more courage and channels to convey your voice to others. As compared to that, the south was poorer and communication means were less, that is why there was no cohesion and unity between people even if there were some struggles for freedom. In the south, only children of plantation owners used to get any significant form of education. However, on the other hand, basic schooling was available for everyone which means that even the poorest in the society were able to get some education. The Southern states were farther apart from each other with significant distance between towns and cities. There was interdependence in the north and more of independence in the south. The south also believed in the church of England while the north was Baptist and wider in diversity. Most of the farms in the south were owned by wealthy families that had strong connections with the British government. The northern states have a relatively low number of slaves while the southern states comprised of the majority of slaves present in the United States. While the northern slaves were thinking of the abolition of slavery, the southern states increased their economic dependence on the institutions of slavery. Their Ideas about the government also differed, the southern states wanted individual states to have more power while the northern states wanted to have a more centralized type of government.

One another difference was in the terrain of northern and southern states. The northern states are hillier while the southern states are flat and levelled. This means that the slaves' rebellion in the northern states had more chance of succeess because of natural help. They were more familiar with the geographical location of the area and hence got more chance of hiding and fighting back strongly. On the other hand, the southern states had more plain area and lacked significant hilly areas which made it less feasible for southern slaves to revolt. One significant factor that also favoured the northern slaves and went against southern slaves was their number. The southern slaves were huge in number, so organizing and keeping them intact was also very difficult. The northern slaves due to their lesser number found it easy to organize their forces and kept them intact. The large number in southern states and huge revenue generated by them also meant that the British kept a close eye on them. Furthermore, the British ownership of most lands and their relation to British monarchs meant that they were well protected and prepared for any consequences in advance.

Resistance

The slaves on individual levels have always tried to run away from their masters and become maroons. The act of running away was the most common form of resistance as the colonist would block any type of political support from outside. However, there was some organized form of revolt as well. The major examples of these include: Samba Bambara conspiracy, Antonio Cofi Mina conspiracy and the 1811 slave revolt. Many people have encouraged southern people to revolt and stand against slavery. Willis Hodges commented on the irony of slaveholding to encourage the oppressed minority by saying "slave of the south, now is your time". He asked the people to strike against slavery and at once against the governor who himself was one of the largest slaveholders in Louisiana. As slave has nothing to lose but everything to gain, a slave's freedom is everything to him, his pride and wealth everything lies in his freedom. Many notable revolts stood up against the settlers at that time but because of lack of proper communications system, travelling and proper organizations, they failed to mark a significant impact. A significant group of around 70 black men stood up and killed almost 60 whites in two days. But later were overwhelmed by the state military forces. One form of resistance is to preserve your culture and religion. African American slaves kept their culture and conventions throughout, which in itself, established a type of resistance. These slaves shared common religion, music, dance, and language among themselves and their families. These types of acts were used as a method for helping troubles, supporting expectation, building a network, and opposing control over their consciousness.

Different Slave revolts continued to provide persistent dismay in the American South, predominantly since coloured slaves represented more than 33% of the entire regional population. Most slave rebellions happened outside the larger plantation fields i.e. in bigger urban communities or territories of little commute. In these regions, the control over slaves was predominantly less and as a result, they were freer to do rebellious things that were not possible in the southern states.

Conclusion

Slavery in the south was more common than it was in the northern states of America. But a higher British control over the distribution of wealth and power meant that people were more confined in the south. There were a different set of rules through which slavery was officially legalized and monitored. Less development in the south meant that there were fewer opportunities for forces in the south to gather and execute a plan as compared to that of slaves in the north. Less education, less infrastructure, less communicational means and little diversity meant that the people in the south were more confined to their limits. Direct British control also meant that there fewer chances for any rebellion to take place in the first place. If in any case, some revolts took place it was dealt with immediately by the government militia. After different movements and wars, the whites of the south were even then not acceptable to believe in the freedom and termed it as a necessary evil. They conveyed that they would like to abolish the system it is still necessary for the development and progress of America.

References List

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Editors, History com, ‘Jim Crow Laws’, HISTORY <https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws> [accessed 5 October 2019]

‘Free Blacks Address the Enslaved: Resist, Run Away, . . . Revolt? 1843-1858’, 4

Timmons, Greg, ‘How Slavery Became the Economic Engine of the South’, HISTORY <https://www.history.com/news/slavery-profitable-southern-economy> [accessed 5 October 2019]

Why Didn't The South Take A Different Course And Choose To Become Involved In The Industrial Revolution In The 1820s And 1830s?

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Why didn't the South take a different course and choose to become involved in the Industrial Revolution in the 1820s and 1830s?

Introduction

From the late 17th century to early 19th century, the United States of America witnessed many significant changes in the socio-economic context. It was the period when every sector was going through drastic changes in society and Americans were adjusting to the changes that were revolutionizing their lives. Among them, the most important is the market and industrial revolution that changed the dynamics of the country and uplifted its economy. Industrialization began in the late 1700s and remained till 1820 as the production of the goods increased due to the establishment of factories and work organization (Kelly, Morgan, Mokyr, and O'Grada, 2015). Outwork system was a new strategy introduced in this period to save the time by the division of labor and cost reduction of commodities. Nature of specific tasks shifted the focus from outwork to factories so that all the functions can be performed under one roof. In the 1820s, Americans started replacing British immigrants with the inclusion of technology in production (Kelly, Morgan, Mokyr, and O'Grada, 2015). The South, however, decided to take a different course in the history and chose to remain agricultural oriented economy. South had many differences with the North whether they were geographical, communal perspective or the nature of the economy. For example, the south had plain land and suitable environmental conditions to grow crops. This was not the case in North, because North was colder, mountainous and had less area available for farming. South also had abundant human capital including slaves whereas North was in favor of demolition of slavery. This essay aims to analyze the reasons which motivated the south to take a different path by not opting in the industrial revolution in the 1820s and 1830s. Suitable environmental conditions for farming and the conservative approach to work in industries due to slavery discouraged south to take an alternative path to participate in the industrial revolution between 1820 and 1830s.

Discussion

The industrial revolution was an era of change that diverted from the traditional approaches of organizational structure and facilitated American people in all the possible ways. This era was important because innovation was taking place at that time as a result of which more technology was coming in. South was in strong position in agriculture due to its agricultural based economy as the region produced cotton and tobacco in abundance which was then needed by North. North used to buy many raw materials from the south. Therefore, the south chose not to opt for the industrial revolution so that they could earn more income in less time by accelerating the cultivation process of the cotton.

The second reason for not involving in industrial revolution was related to slavery. South and North faced many conflicts regarding slavery as South supported slavery, but north didn't (Scott, 2015). South had the competitive advantage of huge workforce in which majority of the people were slaves. They used to work in fields to grow crops in cultivated land. When the wave of industrial revolution came, plantation owners preferred plantation overwork in factories. The leading reason for their resistance was that they had to train and educate their slaves and for that, they had to pay them which was against their motive (Bezis-Selfa, John, 2018). South was to keep slaves whereas north wanted to free them and control other states. South was of the view that no law in the constitution demands the freedom of slaves held by the southern people and because of that, they were against the North for going against the system. This is why before the war, there were almost five times more abolition societies there than in the North (Scott, 2015).

The third reason which shifted the South's path away from the industrial revolution in the 1820s and 1830s was the South’s inflexibility to adapt to the changes brought by immigrants. They were more conservative as compared to the North and didn't want to change. For industrialization, technical skills and education were required because of the innovation and inclusion of technology (Shi, David, and Tindall, 2016). South showed opposition and didn't welcome immigrants. This is why the immigrants from abroad like Britain then went to the north and helped them polish their human capital.

Conclusion

The discussion as mentioned above based on the South's resistance to the Industrial Revolution in the early eighteenth century describes its socio-economic context along with some significant changes in the Industrial Revolution. The cotton production, for instance, was known for its majorly fueled agricultural progress in the south. There was a problem of the slave labor force for south as they did not end the slavery like North region. Labor in the southern states needed to be educated and incentivized so that they could become productive and efficient to a considerable scale for factories. The South lacked the free labor force which the North in the New England had. Thus, the South could not afford to take a different course, and this is why the region chose not to go for the industrial revolution like North. Also, during the four-year war from 1828 to 1832, many laws changed regarding tariffs and taxes. There was an inflation crisis during the time which had nothing to do with the aspect of slavery. There were many prominent factors due to which south could not change its course, more prominently relevant to the socio-economic and other cultural differences. However, south later became industrialized in the 1860s and adapted the modernism in the region.

Works Cited

Bezis-Selfa, John. Forging America: ironworkers, adventurers, and the industrious revolution. Cornell University Press, 2018.

Kelly, Morgan, Joel Mokyr, and Cormac O'Grada. "Roots of the industrial revolution." (2015).

Scott, Carole E. "THE VERY DIFFERENT BUT CONNECTED ECONOMIES OF THE NORTHEAST AND THE SOUTH BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR." B> Quest (2015).

Shi, David E., and George Brown Tindall. America: A narrative history. WW Norton & Company, 2016.

Why Is Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Considered The Most Influential Slave Narrative, And How Did The Events Of Frederick Douglass’s Life Impact His Views On Religion, Slavery, And The Abolitionist Movement?

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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

YOHANE NDJADJA DENAGUE

History and Anthropology

22 April 2019

Introduction

The Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglas is an autobiography by Friedrich Douglas revolving around the ideals of civil rights. Douglas refers to the ultimate recognition of the rights of slaves by identifying the ill ways they were treated.

The book is a reflection of how the young Friedrich who never knew his father lost his mother at the age of seven and witnessed her aunt another slave treated badly by the slave master. He highlighted that the slaves had to talk highly of their masters despite the ill-treatment they received since they were afraid of their masters. Friedrich thought of it as divine will when he was chosen to be sent at Mr. Aulds farm in Baltimore. The Mistress was kind and wanted to teach Friedrich how to read and learn, however, she couldnt as her husband did not approve of it. Friedrich, on the other hand, took it upon himself to learn to read. Thereafter circumstances sent him to work for his other son Thomas. Thomas and Friedrich did not get along well, therefore Friedrich was sent to Edward Covey. Douglas was beaten frequently at Edwards farm, hence one day he resisted. Edward who was known for his reputation to tame slaves did not fight or touched Douglas again. Later, he left Edwards farm to join William Freeland who was said to be the best master Douglas had ever had. There he started a school which taught 40 slaves. Later he also devised a plan for them to escape. However, the discovery of the attempt sent Douglas to jail. After being released under the custody of his previous master Hugh, Douglas was sent to work with white in calking who resented him. Pertaining to this he escaped to New York and then to New Bedford, for better life prospects. Douglas earned the way of independent living. He started reading the Liberator, which helped him with his views on the abolishment of slavery. His journey on anti-slavery campaign began with his speech at Nantucket, where he concludes his narrative referring to it as his fateful day.

Thesis Statement

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas is a book authored by Friedrich Douglas himself, he narrates his cruel experience of slavery and the fate he discovered for himself, by incorporating his views on religion, slavery and the abolitionist movement of the time.

Discussion

The subservient attitudes were instilled in the attitudes and psychology of the slaves. He incorporated that his memory was scared for life due to the cruelties his aunt faced for disobeying the orders of her master. He saw the injustice and the brutality the slaves suffered at the hand of their masters. Douglas stressed upon this by making observations in the songs the slaves sung. Douglas sustained that the living word of faith and spirit of hope instilled in him the ideals of Christianity and that God had a purpose for him by bestowing upon the fruits of his suffering. Douglas constantly criticized the hypocritical beliefs held by slave masters, as they continuously defied the teachings of Christianity by exercising absolute atrocities on their slave. Douglas held that slavery was bad for both the slave owners and the slaves as it posits slaves in an oppressed stand. It also affected the slave owners as they had to comply with the vices of humanity in their treatment towards the slaves. He observed that the lifetime of servitude and the labor of the slaves went unrecognized and unacknowledged. Hence concluding that masters were selfish in nature. Douglas used the phrase I am confined in bands of iron O that I was free to show that slaves were equally capable of adapting the literary styles as their white counterparts. His understanding of the dignities of a man was also whereupon undertook ideals of autonomy of a being. Douglas stated he found immense happiness in serving his fellow slaves by teaching them and improving the minds of those suffering. He concludes his narrative by stating that his struggle to break free from the bondage gave him the confidence to fight for his fellow slaves, giving the suppressed a voice

Conclusion

The life and struggles of the Friedrich Douglas highlighted in the book narrates that, slaves were constantly put under the spell of ignorance so that the masters could manage them carefully. It was after Douglas gained literary insight through religion he recognized the need of the abolitionism. He further recognized that the teachings of Christianity were and for all however the white masters had alluded them to suit their interests. Many critics have criticized Douglass for generalizing the treatment of slaves by the whites and the exaggeration of events in the story. He stresses that slavery did take a toll on everyone however women were the prime victims of slavery it, and basic to Friedrichs struggles to break free from bondage. The narrative comprehensively provides a literary value to the slave culture and the deviance of a man who struggled to break from it.

References

Douglas, Friedrich. 1845. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 57.

Douglas, Friedrich. 1845. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 27.

Douglas, Friedrich. 1845. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 40.

Douglas, Friedrich. 1845. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 55.

Douglas, Friedrich. 1845. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 56.

Douglas, Friedrich. 1845. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 70.

Douglass, Friedrich. 1845. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 6.

Douglass, Friedrich. 1845. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 11.

Douglass, Friedrich. 1845. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.100

Matlack, James. 1960. The Autobiographies of Frederick Douglas. Phylon 1528.

Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave 1845, Page 6

Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave 1845, Page 11

Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave 1845, Page27

Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave 1845, Page 40

Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave 1845, Page 55

Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave 1845, Page 56

Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave 1845, Page 57

Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave 1845, Page 70

Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave 1845, Page 100

Matlack, James. 1960. The Autobiographies of Frederick Douglas. Phylon 1528.

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William McKinley Vs. Woodrow Wilson's War Message

War messages of William McKinley in 1898 and Woodrow Wilson in 1917

William McKinley in 1898

McKinley presidency fell at the height of imperialism and protectionism in the United States. The country won the Spanish-American War (1898), Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam were occupied. In 1898, Hawaii became part of the United States. On April 11, 1898, finally, President Mc Kinley sent his message to Congress requesting approval to declare war on Spain with the purpose of ending the conflict in Cuba. He had previously transcended that the message would not recognize the independence of Cuba, which had led to protests by the Cuban representation in the United States and also by some sectors and US congressmen. September 6, 1901 was wounded by anarchist Leon Chol gosh at the Pan American exhibition in Buffalo, died eight days later.

Woodrow Wilson in 1917

After Germany restarted open submarine warfare in early 1917 and complete a failed try to win Mexico to its adjacent. Wilson obvious to jump in to the United States into World War I. He did not sign allied agreements with UK or France, favoring to act autonomously as an “allied” (not associated) country. For all the gravity of the decision, W. Wilson did not see another way out, believing that otherwise the authority of the US as a world power and a world mediator would suffer irreparably. “. Wilson from the very beginning, from the first days of joining the anti-German front, raised the importance of future issues” . The president by that time definite that war had develop a risk to all of mortality. He called for “declaring war to end all wars”, this inevitable that he desired to lay the basics for a world deprived of wars, to stop future disastrous wars that sow decease and devastation. “The American president was on the way to creating America’s full-scale ideological program in the current world crisis the famous“ 14 points “.

Bibliography

Gambone, Michael D., ed. Documents of American Diplomacy: From the American Revolution

to the Present. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002.187

Link, Arthur Stanley, and William Matthew Leary, eds. The diplomacy of world power: the

United States, 1889-1920. St. Martin's Press, 1970.78.

William Penn

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

William Penn

Introduction

William Penn was a very famous English Nobleman and writer of his times. He was also one of the earliest Quakers of the American History, but his most notable contributions to the United States of America is the foundation of the province of Pennsylvania, which later became the American North Colony of England. He was a great advocate of democracy and religious freedom and rights. More of his contributions include good relations and fruitful treaties with the Lenape native American and the planning and development of the city of Philadelphia.

Early Years and Education

He was born to a brave Admiral, Sir William Penn on October 14, 1644. He acquired his early education from Chigwell Grammar School, in the Essex countryside. The family moved back to London after the naval defeat of Admiral Penn in West Indies in 1655. From here, Penn moved to Ireland to look after his father’s properties.

In 1660, he took admission in University of Oxford, from where he was expelled due to his religious beliefs of non-conformity. Admiral Penn, watching all this situation, sent his son to Saumur, France, to attend the Protestant College, so his religious beliefs could be restored. William Penn returned to England after two years and studied law at the Lincoln’s Inn for a year.

Religious Conversion

Penn’s religious beliefs were greatly intensified when he moved to Ireland. At an invitation to an Admiral’s event, he heard a Quaker itinerate, Thomas Leo, preach his teachings to the family, which greatly inspired him.

During his stay in Ireland, William Penn met many leading Quaker personalities and stayed at their places with their families. He also attended many Quaker meetings in the process, which aided in shaping up his non-conformist religious beliefs (Endy). One of the most notable turns during his Ireland stay was his friendship with William Morris, a leading Quaker figure in Cork. He often stayed with Morris at Castle Salem near Rosscarbery. Penn’s research in Quakerism was published in 1726, eight years after his death.

Colonial Proprietorship

Colonization and religious persecution always go hand in hand, especially in the history of America. Quakers were facing a great deal of tough time in Europe, which is why they decided to move to America, to practice their religious beliefs freely. Here, they also faced problems in New Jersey, which interested William Penn significantly. He contributed to the formation of “Concessions and Agreements” that was signed in 1677. It was an extremely important document for the settlers as it secured many rights for them especially religious freedom, religious toleration, and trial by the jury, which were denied to them in England.

Founding and Governorship of Pennsylvania

During all this, Pen became significantly interested in American Colonization and became a Trustee of Edward Byllynge. Penn, along with 11 other Quakers, bought the propriety rights to East New Jersey in 1681. In the same year, he sought and received a large area of land on the west bank of Delaware River, which was later named Pennsylvania (Dunn). William Penn intended to provide a safe place to the Quakers and the other persecuted people to practice their beliefs without any fear and create an ideal Christian Commonwealth.

William Penn found it as a perfect opportunity to form a government that would give a meaning to Quaker-Whig ideas. He made sure in his state that every individual got the freedom to practice their religion traditional rights of the Englishmen were carefully safeguarded. The pattern of the city of Philadelphia was also laid out keeping the same idea in the mind. A great number of Quakers came and settled in the newly built city, capturing the fertile lands lying around it. Penn also signed a number of treaties with the Delaware Indians, already settled in the area, to develop mutual trust and corporation. William Penn also tried to build a boundary between the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania. For this, he held a conference with the proprietor of Baltimore, but it did not prove to be successful.

Marriage and Family

William Penn married twice in his life. His first wife was Gulielma Maria Posthuma Springett, who was the daughter of William S. Springett and Lady Mary Proude Penington. The marriage took place in 1672 and both had eight children together, three sons and five daughters (Jenkins).

Penn married for the second time to Hannah Margaret Callowhill, daughter of Thomas Callowhill and Anna (Hannah) Hollister. They both had great age difference as William was 52 and Hannah was 25 at the time of their marriage. This marriage took place after two years of his first wife’s death, in 1698 and both had eight children as well. The marriage continued for 12 years.

Final Years

Penn’s final years of life were not so happy. He suffered betrayal in the hands of his own many people, whom he trusted once, very much. His own son, William, Jr., disobeyed him and turned out to be scapegrace. In his days, he realized that his judgments were wrong and he had picked up unworthy people as his subordinates. His steward, Philip Ford, is especially notable in this respect as he cheated him at a very critical time w3hen he needed him the most. Penn even had to spend nine months in the debtor’s prison due to the incompetence of his trusted ones. Sir William Penn breathed his last on July 30, 1718, in Ruscombe, Berkshire, England, and Great Britain.

Works Cited

Dunn, Mary Maples. William Penn: Politics and Conscience. Vol. 2426. Princeton University Press, 2015.

Endy Jr, Melvin B. William Penn, and Early Quakerism. Vol. 1261. Princeton University Press, 2015.

Jenkins, Howard M., William Penn, and Laetitia Aubrey. "The Family of William Penn. V: William Penn's First Marriage (continued)." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 20.3 (1896): 370-390.

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Burned by her experience with Phillips, Anthony wanted wealthy women to prioritize giving to the movement.Suffragistsunderstood that they could not depend on men it would take the financial support of women to make change for women. It was only after Anthonys death in 1906, however, that they began to contribute enough money to turn the tide toward victory.

The leaders who were behind the movement had come to an understanding that they could not depend on men alone to sustain the foundation of the right of voting. The need to track down elite class women. They were well aware of the fact that without the help of these financially strong women, they could not have been able to pay the speakers or handle the traveling expenses when on a set out to unite all the women across the nation. It was clear that women were going to help themselves, as the money to support their cause would be taken from them.

The fact that women needed money from a very start drove this Women Suffrage movement. Elizabeth Cady and Susan Anthony had to decide and contemplate who they associated with back in the 1860s. Wendell Philips was in control of the important legacies and only gave a little in the name of women rights. Anthony was desperate this desperation led to taking money from George train, one of the most racist democrats. They needed the money to pay for the tours and paper. Due to their experience with Philips, the suffrage understood that only women from wealth could help lay their plan to play.

Congressional champions of ERA in the early 1970s simply did not expect problems securing state approval. Neither Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana nor Representative Martha Griffiths of Michigan, the measures principal congressional sponsors, anticipated any difficulty in winning ratification for the ERA. Maybe some other folks thought of it, Bayh later recalled, I didnt.

When it comes to this passage, the thesis statement states how the congressional champions of the era believed that no issue would be faced when asking the state for the approving of the amendment. The sponsors behind the bill did not take it seriously and were not expecting defeat, due to their lack of attention towards the history of constitution amending. Neither of the sides gave much attention to the history surrounding women rights and relevant past.

This passage helped me see very clearly the political issues faced. It was clear that asking for an amendment in a constitution was done in a manner that the past was ignored. It was based on the changes that were expected if the amendment gets accepted. Either side who was asking for amendments never did their research on the fact that were these amendments ever asked before If yes, what was the result, were they accepted ERA supporters were more focused on recent data available, as opposed to going through the whole body of the prior data. Due to the history of the four amendments getting ratified, everyone including the ERA supporters and sponsors ignored the need to campaign.

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HISTORY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

1

Running head HISTORY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

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Women

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Women

Introduction

The Viking culture has begun in the 8th century and flourished till three hundred years, the culture is shaped by the masculine imperatives but the women also had better roles to play to build up the society. The Viking society used to give women equal importance as men until she possessed the aggressive traits and the strength a man possessed. Women were not understood as very different from man, and they had the same rights and protections under the law. Viking culture shows great importance to women as they have voting rights, they could inherit property, they can choose where to and how to live if they are not married. They had the power to own their own businesses and could have farms, shops and taverns. The religious interpreters were women. In the Vikings time, neither man nor women could choose their mates. Both man and women had to wear similar pieces of jewelry of the same social class. Women were responsible for taking care of the children but both man and woman were responsible for preparing meals for the household (Bystydzienski and Jill M).

Later with the introduction of Christianity, society became more patriotic. Women and Men were given different roles. The new religion changes the setup of the society in different ways. They kept God at the top and gave more authority to the Church. The authority of husband and wife over the family became less and the state was given more authority (Bystydzienski and Jill M).

Discussion

The text portrayed Freydis as a great worrier and women to wisdom and strength. She fought against men calling then them the worthless creature who cannot protect their women. And her husband could not handle her aggression and claimed that he will give her a divorce. She fought against a group of men and almost defeated them. She was praised by her tribe by courage ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"M3N4ae1S","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fitzhugh)","plainCitation":"(Fitzhugh)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":195,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/JSHK9RCE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/JSHK9RCE"],"itemData":{"id":195,"type":"article-journal","title":"Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga","container-title":"AnthroNotes","author":[{"family":"Fitzhugh","given":"William W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fitzhugh).

Well, the first human being a dam was formed from the dust of the lands and he was given the breath of life by the Lord and he was alone until God gifted him, Eve. It has been said that God made Eve from the ribs of Adam while he was as sleep. So Adam said that this is now the flesh of my flesh and the bone of my bone so she will be called a woman (GEN 2: 4-23). The text also refers to the serpent who provoked the newly made creature of eating up the fruit in the garden so that their eyes will be opened and they will be as good as the god to understand the evil. The women went to the tree which God said not to eat, she saw her and realized that it is full of good fruits so she gave it to her husband as well to eat. Both ate the fruit and it opened their eyes. They find out that both of them were naked and they suddenly felt the need for something to wear and made apron form the leaves of the tree. Then they heart God among the trees and then they came to know that God saw them eating the fruit. Therefore, God sends them to earth.

The two women in the text were portrayed differently, one was presented as a worrier and the other was shown as a weak woman who could not keep the promise to God and made his husband part of the sin she committed. The story of Eve reveals that Eve represents the true image of someone weak and someone who cannot be trusted. Her actions generated a belief against the woman that they are by nature disobedient and more prone to temptations.

While Freydis in the Vikings is portrayed as a woman with strength as much as a man. She was shown as women who challenge men and killed them brutally. She was represented as a hero and got praise and appreciations for her actions. She was a woman who blamed her husband not to support her and in return got the signals of divorce. She fights fearlessly for herself and she showed that women are not weak and women can be good leaders.

So Freydis and Eve were the two sides of women, one is shown as a weak and disobedient while the other is a strong worrier and someone people look forward as a leader.

They are portrayed differently from each other in ways of their decision making power, appearance and leadership qualities. The other took her husband with her and betrayed him too while the other separated her path from her husband when she finds out that her husband cannot protect her. She stood on her own against the world and defeated every one against her. The similarities in both the stories are that both of the women need their husband along with them, one was able to make her husband stand with her and the other was not. But it showed that even the strongest women may want his man to be there for her.

If the historical origin of the women would be analyzed then Freydis belong to a society which made her a worrier, she was as a strong as a man because of the hardships she faced in her life she learnt to fight and to stand for herself in the war against patriarchy. While Eve was the first and only women who got all the attention of Adam and she was curious to explore what was around her and got betrayed by her thoughts. Adam trusted her because she was her partner and evolved himself in her sin. So both the stories had different versions of women based on their historical existence.

Conclusion

The story of Eve from the Genesis shows the negative image of women, which lead interpreter to imagine that women should always be submissive as Eve was inferior to Adam but Adam did agree with her in easting the fruit and received a penalty. Eve strayed Adam so the interpreters say that women should not be included in lawmaking and should not be given leadership positions. But some interpreter says that Eve was the helper and she helped to create human nature but got less credit (Pamela Milne).

While Freydis from Vikings was the story of re-evolution of women leadership and people started believing in the healing power of a woman. The image of women as a weak creature was completely denied by the story of Freydis from Vikings. In that society, women were free to choose their occupation so they were involved in all sorts of trade along with their men. They had got power and authority over most of the things in their lives. So Freydis was a woman who chose to use her ability as a fighter to protect her grace. This story can be interpreted in many ways like it is the society which either makes a woman strong or it is implementing the rules of patriarchy on her to prove her weak and worthless.

Both of the stories show that a woman can build or destroy society. It depends on the way the circumstances that make a woman weak or strong. So it was the moment of time that portrayed these women differently.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Fitzhugh, William W. “Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga.” AnthroNotes, 2000.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bystydzienski, and Jill M. Women in Electoral Politics: Lessons from Norway. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1995.

Pamela Milne. GENESIS FROM EVE’S POINT OF VIEW. 26 Mar. 1989.

Women And Gender In World History

Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects

Author name

Affiliations

Introduction

Mary Wollstonecraft was an educator, who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792. Her document is an attempt to declare women equality in society and was written in response to Charles Maurice de Talleyr and-Périgord’s report. That report was published in 1791 and emphasized the domestic education of women only. In her document, Wollstonecraft reacted towards those educational and political theorists who had no belief in women education and had not considered women as human beings. She is known as “mother of feminism” who wrote for women right of education. In the novel, she not only acknowledged women role in the home but she also did not detach them from their role. She had a belief in their domestic life along with the need of public life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ptSSbMaB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wollstonecraft, 1792)","plainCitation":"(Wollstonecraft, 1792)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2034,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2QMWLSZ3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2QMWLSZ3"],"itemData":{"id":2034,"type":"article-journal","title":"A Vindication of the Rights ofWomen, with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, ed","container-title":"Carol H. Posten (1792","author":[{"family":"Wollstonecraft","given":"Mary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1792"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wollstonecraft, 1792). According to her, domestic life is necessary to provide the foundation for public life. Therefore, women have to perform both duties; towards their family and towards the state in order to become an effective member of the society. Women should be given the rights of education as they have the responsibility of their children education. If they are educated they can perform these responsibilities well. Furthermore, these women would also be able to strengthen their matrimonial relationship due to understanding and cognitive skills. This paper will critically analyze the Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects and will discuss its effectiveness in the eighteenth and twenty-first century.

Discussion

In the first, second and third chapter of the novel she considered the necessity of reason and knowledge for mankind to perform their duties in the society. This called for equality between men and women to perform their duties effectively. Women must get an education to perform their duties effectively. She recommended marriage to be considered as a partnership between two rational human beings. In the fourth chapter, she asked women to come out of their unsatisfactory state. Then in the fifth chapter, she criticized different educational books written on the state of women in society. For example, she talked about Rousseau's Émile in detail and about Dr. Fordyce's Sermons. In the next two chapters, she empathized over the early association of ideas upon women character ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NSTLPtCO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wollstonecraft, 1792)","plainCitation":"(Wollstonecraft, 1792)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2034,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2QMWLSZ3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2QMWLSZ3"],"itemData":{"id":2034,"type":"article-journal","title":"A Vindication of the Rights ofWomen, with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, ed","container-title":"Carol H. Posten (1792","author":[{"family":"Wollstonecraft","given":"Mary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1792"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wollstonecraft, 1792). Her talk about the modesty as a sexual virtue is fascinating in chapter seven. In the next chapter, she targeted those people who care more about their public reputations as compared to their souls. Moreover, chapter nine is about social problems that are a result of inequality in society. Wealthy people had more respect and poor had less. She spoke against that and considered virtues as the standard for respect. Then the parents are the audience of her next two chapters. In addition, she also discussed the advantages of having a public school system. Then she closed her novel by discussing the faults of women.

Wollstonecraft has empathized over gender equality as an argument for their education and sexual standards in marital relationships. This had a revolutionary implication during the 18th century when there was a prevalence of sexual double standards. However, her writing did not support her argument of equality and in her writing, she regarded the dominance of masculine strength. She also considered men superior in social life and called them for the initiation of social and political changes. Women were educated and were not able to alter their situation on their own.

At the time of publication of Vindication of the Rights of Woman America was a new nation that had emerged from the revolution. During the revolution, women played their key roles as the nation counted on the assistance of every native to free itself from the oppression of the British. However, at the end of the war, it was expected from women to return to their place in the home. As a matter of justice, they should be given rights as a citizen of the New Republic but the predecessor was not willing to hand over their privileges. For instance, Thomas Jefferson was in favor of female education. This argument was further ignited as a result of different events in the world. In 1789, the French started their own revolution and Mary Wollstonecraft took that as a start of democracy in the world and was very much influenced by this Revolution ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"p18tgOyH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(smith, 2009)","plainCitation":"(smith, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2033,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/BURGP77P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/BURGP77P"],"itemData":{"id":2033,"type":"webpage","title":"The Reception of Mary Wollstonecraft in Early America","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzcUJhmJZsg","author":[{"family":"smith","given":"abigailm"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (smith, 2009). She was filled with the sentiments of liberty and took herself as a protector for women. She died in 1797 after giving birth to a daughter. Godwin wrote her biography and revealed about her previous child that was out of wedlock, her relationship with Gilbert Imlay and about her two suicide attempts that she made. His purpose was not to rescind his dead wife's repute, but he was the only portrayal of her life. That biography brought a catastrophic effect on her reputation. Horace Walpole after that remarkably mentioned her as a ‘hyena in petticoats’.

During the presidential election of 1800, the memoirs exploited her thoughts and used them against the Democrat-Republican candidate. However, this did not much disturb the Wollstonecraft reputation and her views about women education were still respected by those who considered women education necessary. This is evident in 18th to the 19th-century novels such as in novels of Charles Brockden Brown and in work of William Dunlap. Moreover, in 1847, the women’s movement approved the rights of a woman and started their campaign at Seneca Falls under the direction of Elizabeth Cady Stanton ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HBNUdzxI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(smith, 2009)","plainCitation":"(smith, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2033,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/BURGP77P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/BURGP77P"],"itemData":{"id":2033,"type":"webpage","title":"The Reception of Mary Wollstonecraft in Early America","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzcUJhmJZsg","author":[{"family":"smith","given":"abigailm"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (smith, 2009).

Conversely, she was arguing for women education so they could manage a household effectively and provide their sons with better education to make them good Republican and future leaders. Her work is among the initial works of feminist philosophical works. She went beyond her argument for the education of women in her book and exposed readers to different injustices to women at that time. For example, they were not given the right to vote and to have their own property. They were also not allowed to perform high-level duties. All these were her experiences that were proving the basis for her argument for female education. Initially, the impact of this book over the audience was limited as her views were considered radical at that time. Moreover, her personal life also brought negative impact on her views ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KWMHzIvP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(smith, 2009)","plainCitation":"(smith, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2033,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/BURGP77P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/BURGP77P"],"itemData":{"id":2033,"type":"webpage","title":"The Reception of Mary Wollstonecraft in Early America","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzcUJhmJZsg","author":[{"family":"smith","given":"abigailm"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (smith, 2009). However, in the twentieth century after the wave of feminism, her views became prominent in society.

Conclusion

Vindication of the Rights of Woman can be considered as a defense for women rights. The main emphasis is over their right to execution. This will make women a good mother, wife, and daughter. Education will equip her with cognitive and rational skills that she can use in her marital relationship. Although Mary Wollstonecraft asked for equality of women in different domains she did not state this explicitly in her writing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KUfnuNav","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wollstonecraft, 1792)","plainCitation":"(Wollstonecraft, 1792)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2034,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2QMWLSZ3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2QMWLSZ3"],"itemData":{"id":2034,"type":"article-journal","title":"A Vindication of the Rights ofWomen, with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, ed","container-title":"Carol H. Posten (1792","author":[{"family":"Wollstonecraft","given":"Mary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1792"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wollstonecraft, 1792). Her novel is full of thoughts and beliefs of the Revolution. She has many times repeated her ideas and provide her comments over them.

Moreover, the novel was written at the time of countless political turmoil and has an effect of these incidences ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cawslbD9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(smith, 2009)","plainCitation":"(smith, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2033,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/BURGP77P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/BURGP77P"],"itemData":{"id":2033,"type":"webpage","title":"The Reception of Mary Wollstonecraft in Early America","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzcUJhmJZsg","author":[{"family":"smith","given":"abigailm"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (smith, 2009). Her views were not accepted much in the eighteenth century and her name faded from print but she is still in public consciousness and now after the wave of feminism in the twentieth century she is considered as one of the pioneers of feminism.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Smith, abigailm. (2009). The Reception of Mary Wollstonecraft in Early America. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzcUJhmJZsg

Wollstonecraft, M. (1792). A Vindication of the Rights ofWomen, with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, ed. Carol H. Posten (1792.

Women And The Reformation In Germany

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Women and the Reformation in Germany

Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks is a famous professor at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee whose primary focus is on women, gender and sexuality within these. In her article, she has discussed the major restrictions women faced before the Protestant Reformation. In Germany, these restrictions were related to the social and political status of women and had limited choices regarding preaching and marriage.

Independence of women was not an acceptable practice at the beginning of the 16th century in Germany and most of the women were under the authority of their fathers and their husbands. They were compelled to follow and practice the religion of their husbands. But the Protestant Reformation changed everything and the first and foremost thing that changed was, women were permitted to read and study the Bible ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oMRPoVS6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(ccmustangs2001)","plainCitation":"(ccmustangs2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":246,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/HU4Y5WIC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/HU4Y5WIC"],"itemData":{"id":246,"type":"webpage","title":"&quot;Nuns, Wives, and Mothers: Women and the Reformation in Germany&quot; - WriteWork","abstract":"Nuns, Wives, and Mothers: Women and the Reformation in GermanyBefore the Protestant Reformation there were major restrictions to the social and political status of women. However, the Reformation caused a large change. Women were actually allowed to re...","URL":"https://www.writework.com:80/essay/nuns-wives-and-mothers-women-and-reformation-germany","title-short":"&quot;Nuns, Wives, and Mothers","language":"en","author":[{"literal":"ccmustangs2001"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (ccmustangs2001). Catholic church allowed many of the nuns and sisters to get married. It was a beneficial movement for women as it helped them to get an education and by the end of Reformation, more than ninety percent of women were educated. The impact of religious changes on women and their role in the movement wary throughout Germany.Though this movement was a revolutionary step towards the development of women's kind, it has its flaws and restrictions.Even during the Reformation period in Germany, women were only allowed to marry the reformers because they feared that if women marry someone else other than a reformer, they will start preaching to their husbands because at that time husbands were supposed to lead wives.This aroused tensions in Germany and resulted in severe protests againstthe Reformation and the strong female who ere leading this protest were the convents ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lQahz6yU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Harris)","plainCitation":"(Harris)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":245,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/T92ZCQNR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/T92ZCQNR"],"itemData":{"id":245,"type":"article-journal","title":"A New Look at the Reformation: Aristocratic Women and Nunneries, 1450-1540","container-title":"Journal of British Studies","page":"89-113","volume":"32","issue":"2","source":"JSTOR","ISSN":"0021-9371","title-short":"A New Look at the Reformation","author":[{"family":"Harris","given":"Barbara J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Harris).

Thus, this Reformation did make women strong as wives and mothers but it also cut off women’s opportunity to express themselves spiritually and after the 17th century, the religion for all the women in Germany was tied to the household.

Work cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY ccmustangs2001. &quot;Nuns, Wives, and Mothers: Women and the Reformation in Germany&quot; - WriteWork. https://www.writework.com:80/essay/nuns-wives-and-mothers-women-and-reformation-germany. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019.

Harris, Barbara J. “A New Look at the Reformation: Aristocratic Women and Nunneries, 1450-1540.” Journal of British Studies, vol. 32, no. 2, 1993, pp. 89–113.

Women In The Military

Women in the Military

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Thesis statement

There is always important role of women in the history of army forces. The policies against them are changing throughout the history with the purpose of repress the wrong stereotypes of women's abilities, which retain women from helping their country to the best of their capabilities.

Outline

The participation of women in the Army and their right to enter combat is the last frontier in equal rights.

Changes occurring on the eve of the new millennium, covering various spheres of public life, are inextricably linked with the strengthening of the role and influence of women in society (Akibayashi, et.al. 2018).

The Army also sees more and more the advantages of having women on an equal footing.

The biggest obstacle to women's progress is their exclusion from combat, which constitutes the main point of controversy within the current policy of recruitment and deployment of uniformed women (Wilmoth, 2018).

Since ancient times, the problem of the place and role of women in society, determined by the natural and cultural differences of the sexes, has stirred the hearts and minds of most prominent philosophers and naturalists, writers and poets, political, military and religious figures (Meyer, et.al. 2018).

The uniqueness of the development of this process and the social phenomenon in global world, including its Armed Forces, against the background of extreme aggravation of economic, demographic, political and legal, national, moral, religious and other relations is a prerequisite for a holistic, social and philosophical understanding of the problem of feminization. It has a pronounced practical orientation (Rank, et.al. 2018).

Since many years, the concept of women in the military has been changing. The armed forces would benefit from a more egalitarian policy towards women.

Although women and men receive equal pay for the same work, women are actually less expensive (Simon, 2018).

By changing the policies, it would be benefit for the women to do prove their abilities in order to serve the country. (McGlen, & Sarkees, 2018).

Conclusion

In summary, women are good investment. The policies against them are changing throughout the history with the purpose of repress the wrong stereotypes of women's abilities, which retain women from helping their country to the best of their capabilities.

References

Akibayashi, K., & Takazato, S. (2018). Gendered insecurity under long-term military presence: The case of Okinawa. In The Gender Imperative (pp. 37-58). Routledge India.

Rank, M. G., & Heroux, E. F. J. (2018). Military Women and Veterans. Military Behavioral Health, 6(1), 1-2.

Simon, R. J. (2018). Women in the Military. Routledge.

Meyer, E. G., & Wynn, G. H. (2018). The Importance of US Military Cultural Competence. In Military and Veteran Mental Health (pp. 15-33). Springer, New York, NY.

McGlen, N. E., & Sarkees, M. R. (2018). Women in foreign policy: The insiders. Routledge.

Wilmoth, J. M. (2018). THE MILITARY IN US WOMEN’S LIVES. Innovation in Aging, 2(Suppl 1), 350.

Women In The Military Throughout The World

Women in the Military throughout the World

Your Name here

Date Here

Thesis statement

Women throughout the history, played a vital role in armed forces although they were not provided with an equal opportunities to serve their nation. With the passage of time, the policy shift has been noticed bringing the negative stereotypes about the ability of a women in the battleground to rest. But still all around the globe, cases have been reported about the women suppression in the armed forces which pave hurdles in their line of duty.

Outline

Women participation and their right to enter the combat, in the armed forces is the foremost step that leads to their equal rights.

On the start of new millennium, several changes have been made that covers various sphere of life, with its direct relationship with the influencing and strengthening role that is performed by the women. (Akibayashi, et.al. 2018).

The Armed forces have also noticed the advantages of women inclusion in the field of combat.

The biggest hurdle set on the path of women progress is their exclusion from the field of combat, which is the main controversial point in deployment and recruitment under the current policy setting (Wilmoth, 2018).

Since ancient times, the issue regarding the role of women in the society is determined by the natural and cultural discrimination among genders. This problem has been made the center of discussion for most of the prominent philosophers, naturalists, writers, poets, political, military, and religious figures (Meyer, et.al. 2018).

The unique phenomenon of feminism that engulfs the social phenomenons all around the world, including the Armed Forces is the pre requisite for a holistic social and philosophical understanding of this problem. It has a pronounced practical orientation (Rank, et.al. 2018).

The concept of women inclusion and their role in armed forces is evolving with the passage of time. Egalitarian policy towards women would definitely benefit the armed forces.

Although women and men receive equal pay for the same work, women are actually more competent as compared to men (Simon, 2018).

By changing the policies, it would be benefit if the women are allowed to prove their abilities so that they can serve their country well. (McGlen, & Sarkees, 2018).

Conclusion

Women participation and their right to enter the combat, in the armed forces is the foremost step that leads to their equal rights. With the passage of time, the policy shift has been noticed bringing the negative stereotypes about the ability of a women in the battleground to rest. Although a shift is required to bring egalitarian policy towards women that would benefit the armed forces all over the world.

References

Akibayashi, K., & Takazato, S. (2018). Gendered insecurity under long-term military presence: The case of Okinawa. In The Gender Imperative (pp. 37-58). Routledge India.

McGlen, N. E., & Sarkees, M. R. (2018). Women in foreign policy: The insiders. Routledge.

Meyer, E. G., & Wynn, G. H. (2018). The Importance of US Military Cultural Competence. In Military and Veteran Mental Health (pp. 15-33). Springer, New York, NY.

Rank, M. G., & Heroux, E. F. J. (2018). Military Women and Veterans. Military Behavioral Health, 6(1), 1-2.

Simon, R. J. (2018). Women in the Military. Routledge.

Wilmoth, J. M. (2018). THE MILITARY IN US WOMEN’S LIVES. Innovation in Aging, 2(Suppl 1), 350.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Required Sources

“How Roles Have Changed for Women in the Military,” Norwich University Online, accessed May 29, 2019, https://online.norwich.edu/academic-programs/resources/how-roles-have-changed-for-women-in-the-military.

The article was published by the Norwich University in November 2018. The article discusses the role of women in the armed forces throughout the world. Different sources are used and the role of women in different eras and different parts of the world is shown. The made by them is that the women have always been serving the military and the armed forces but their role has consistently been neglected, and not given that much appreciation as required. They have given the references of the times of the American Revolution, American civil war, WWI, WWII, Korean and Vietnam War, and Post-Vietnam War. Also, the times of the 1990s and the 2000s are discussed regarding the women part in the war. The Publishing source of the article is Norwich University. It is an internationally acknowledged institution established in the year 1819. The University’s Master of Arts in Military History is world recognized for having an unbiased approach.

“Women in the Military,” Taylor & Francis, accessed May 29, 2019, https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781351299046.

The book puts that the part, rank, and treatment of women is one of the foremost concerns challenging the martial nowadays. This book is giving us a range of viewpoints on the number of apprehensions, the causes of complications, how problems might be addressed in the best possible way, and the future for womenfolk in the military. Historic and theoretic viewpoints are given by Lorry M. Fenner and Jean Bethke Elshtain. The author of the book is the University professor at the School of Public Affairs, as well as the editor of Gender Issues. She has included in the book different views of the scholars on the issue. All the scholars have given their own points of view and their distinct perspectives on this topic. The book is valuable to the researchers of Women's studies as well as those studying gender studies, sociology, history, and military studies.

“Women in the Army: The Percentage of Females in the World’s Biggest Armies,” Army Technology (blog), November 30, 2018, https://www.army-technology.com/uncategorised/women-in-the-army/.

The article provides data about the ratio of females and their roles in the 7 biggest armies around the world. China is the first one and the biggest army according to the number of personnel, had 4.1% of women in PLA. In India, women make up only 3% of the total number of army personnel, and they only work in a non-combat role. The writer also talks about the role and the ratio of women in the countries South Korea, Pakistan, and U.S. Russia. This article is good for the general information about the history, role and the percentage of women in these countries. This article was published by the Title Women in the Army, under the post-Army Technology. The author has provided overall information for the readers that gives an overview of the role of women in the military in the world's big militaries.

Erin Blakemore, “How Women Fought Their Way Into the U.S. Armed Forces,” HISTORY, accessed June 1, 2019, https://www.history.com/news/women-fought-armed-forces-war-service.

This article was published on a website that provides information about historical things and events. T is giving an insight into the struggle that the women in the U.S made to enter the army. 70 years ago it was unimaginable that the women would join the military and the armed forces. Though they served in World War II yet they were forced to join their civil life gain. However, during the year 1948, all this changed when women took vital steps and joined the armed forces as equal members. The author has briefly explained how WWII became a reason for the women to join armed force and opened ways for them to get equal opportunity to get into the military and serve equally as men. The author Blakemore has published this article through the publisher A&E Television Networks, and it was accessed through the authentic website named History.

Rebekah Ratcliffe, “Women in the Military: Around the World,” The Guardian, December 8, 2011, sec. UK news, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/08/women-in-military-around-world.

This article was written by Rebekah Ratcliffe by the world famous News source The Guardian. The article is about Women and their role across the globe. She has talked about lots of countries and women in their army. Names of these countries are the US, Australia, Israel, Norway, France, etc. According to this article American women are not allowed to join the infantry, but all other areas are open for them. Australian women make 18.5% of the defense force and only 4.5% of senior ranks in all the 3 services. In Israel, combat units have been opened for the women since 1994. Norwegian women make up to 8.5% of the total force, and the same is the ratio of women in the military of France. The author Ratcliffe has published the article under the news magazine and is a news article. The news magazine The Guardian is a world-renowned and authentic news source.

“8 Other Nations That Send Women to Combat,” National Geographic News, January 25, 2013, https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130125-women-combat-world-australia-israel-canada-norway/.

The article was published by the author Anna Mularine for National Geographic News. The article comprised the researches of the experiences of Australia, Canada and many other countries that have worked closely with the American military in Iraq, and Afghanistan. There have been many movements and talks about the role of women in the combat forces, however, these have always been suppressed. In 1980 Canada opened the combat roles for the women except for the ones that involved women to submarine warfare. Denmark since 1988 made a policy of total inclusion. Similarly, other countries like France Germany and Israel, etc are discussed and their efforts to include women in their combat forces. The source of the article is authentic and is world famous, The national geographic. This article is published by Anna for this news website. The authenticity of the article is unquestionable and indisputable.

Women's Rights And Liberation

Women’s Rights and Liberation

[Name of the Student:]

[Name of the Institution:]

Women’s Rights and Liberation

Introduction

Women’s rights have become recognized with efforts made by the feministic movement. It was not very early in the human history that women's rights were given considerable attention. Instead, a feminine mystique have been associated with the fulfilment of women. Women themselves remained confused about their situation whether they meet the social standards or not. They could not understand the cause of their problems. Men could not understand what they need. Even being involved in equal rights movements, men could not support to the required extent due to their unconscious assumption that men were superior to women. The two articles under discussion shed light on the problems faced by women in a male-dominant society, disclose practical hindrances that get in the way, and urge women to do whatever is needed for finding ultimate satisfaction in life.

The Feminine Mystique

The article was written by Betty Friedan (1921-2006) in 1963. She was an author and lecturer, and belonged to the feminist school of thought. Friedan speaks of women’s rights from the perspective of their ignorance and asserts the significance of the issue. She talks about the situation of women in the middle of the 20th century (Friedan, 1963). She argues that women do not know what they lack in life. They fulfil all their duties to the full extent, yet they find themselves guilty before their conscience because of the prevailing mystique associated with their femininity.

She ascertained that women have been hearing about the glory of femininity that kept them from thinking beyond their routine life. They could not be able to establish careers, pursue higher education, or utilize political rights. The American intellectuals even used to criticize any efforts made by enlightened women to create awareness of the issue. They continued to trumpet that women were satisfied with their life in America. The writer exclaims the stirring voice inside a woman’s heart has been ignored and never responded to. The depressive and discouraging questions arising in women’s minds were never answered appropriately. The writer argues that women need something more than just serving their families, such that they have opportunities to grow to their full potential, and find their identity, maturity, and completeness.

Feminism and the Civil Rights Movement

The article represents memos of Casey Hayden and Mary King, which they wrote in 1964 and 1965 during their involvement in the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). They have given remarks that the movement failed in recognizing issues related to women. They stated that the movement focused only on the issue of racial inequality, and that no concern was shown to struggle for eliminating gender discrimination (Hayden, & King, 1965).

The two white female writers disclosed that any time a qualified and competent young woman came to the SNCC, she was assigned a low-protocol or less important job such as typist, receptionist, administrative assistant, cook, etc. The reason behind this attitude toward women was the assumption of male superiority that had been deep-rooted in the subconscious. The writers explained that both men and women of that period were not in a state of mind to be able to understand the seriousness of the issue and show effortless inclination to discuss it purposefully. They exclaimed that women are subjected to a kind of caste system wherein they are assumed to be subordinates of men who exploit them in numerous ways. Though the country’s law does not impose this subordination on women, the social situation will not allow them to escape their misery. The biological differences are often quoted to justify women’s subordination. The writers insisted that women should get rid of their deeply learned fears, have courage for changing their self-perceptions, and indulge in a movement to get their rights recognized by the community.

Works Cited

Hayden, C. and King, M. (1965). Feminism and the Civil Rights Movement. Retrieved November 8, 2019, from https://wwnorton.com/college/history/archive/resources/documents/ch34_02.htm

Friedan, B. (1963). The Feminine Mystique. Retrieved November 8, 2019, from https://cswa.aas.org/status/2006/JUNE2006/FemineMystique.html

World Civilizations 1

World Civilizations 1

[Author’s name]

[Institute’s name]

World Civilizations 1

Introduction

           The current state of this world is the outcome of numerous historical phases of growth and upheaval. Undoubtedly, the recent form of this globe is the combination of different former civilizations that strongly influence people in different social, political, and cultural forms. A comprehensive understanding of past civilizations is interesting and critical to better understand the phenomenon of world transition and development with time. It is noteworthy to mention that many prominent historic personalities greatly influenced the overall history of this world. The momentous role of these individuals greatly impacted different perspectives of different societies and civilizations. Alexander the great recognized as one of the significant historical leaders that played a crucial role in the entire history of the world. Here, the main focus is to critically analyze the legacy of Alexander the Great’s empire and illustrate the impact of his conquests on Persia, India, and Egypt. 

Discussion

Alexander the Great

           Alexander the Great ranked as one of the most influential leaders in the history of this globe. It is established that some great qualities of Alexander the Great led him to conquered different parts of the world. The regions of Eastern Europe and Asia were mainly captivated by Alexander the great through his active approach to military geniuses. Moreover, the dramatic leading approach of Alexander the Great’s reign can also never be ignored when it comes to describing the world’s history. The subjugations of Alexander the Great can be mainly observed in the forms of his conquests in the regions of Persia, India, and Egypt ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"R3pIDLvd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Heckel, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Heckel, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1498,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/J9PLKAEH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/J9PLKAEH"],"itemData":{"id":1498,"type":"article-journal","title":"The conquests of Alexander the Great","container-title":"A Companion to the Classical Greek World","author":[{"family":"Heckel","given":"Waldemar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Heckel, 2008). It is interesting to examine the impact of Alexander the Great’s three major conquests that appeared in the case of Persia, India, and Egypt. 

The world history indicates that Alexander the Great had fought three main wars against the Persian Empire. These prominent battles are recognized as the battle of Granicus, the battle of Issus, and the great battle of Gaugamela. All these victories can be established as decisive domains that made it essential for Persian troops to retreat the entire perspective of war against Alexander the Great. The first major battle in case of Persia occurred during the period of 334 BC appeared on the river banks of the Granicus River. The military of Alexander the Great consisted of 40,000 individuals who greatly exploited the phenomenon of inconsistencies by the Persian army ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xNiLUjp6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Adler & Pouwels, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Adler & Pouwels, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/37UUZCGI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/37UUZCGI"],"itemData":{"id":1495,"type":"book","title":"World Civilizations: Volume I: To 1700","publisher":"Cengage Learning","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=TKvLYotBMUAC","ISBN":"978-0-495-91301-6","author":[{"family":"Adler","given":"P. J."},{"family":"Pouwels","given":"R. L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Adler & Pouwels, 2011). The consistent attacking by Alexander the Great eventually caused his victory in the region. After the great victory, Alexander the Great expanded his approach of supremacy by capturing the region of Issus. The final battle in the region of Persia between Alexander the Great and Darius's military occurred at the location of Gaugamela in 331 BC. It is critical to indicate this time scenario of battle was different Persian army had a better strategic approach. Macedonian right flank was greatly focused by the forces of Darius. The final approach of this battle was not greatly handled by Darius, and this prospect eventually opened the entirety of the Persian region to Alexander the Great.

The land of India invaded by Alexander the Great during the period of king recognized with the name Porus. The region of Punjab is identified as the main Indian regional part attacked by Alexander the Great. The phenomenon of invasion in the case of India was all started when Porus planned to march against the domain of Greek invaders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UZLJiTtN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Judge & Langdon, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Judge & Langdon, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1497,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/JFHAXNKZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/JFHAXNKZ"],"itemData":{"id":1497,"type":"book","title":"Connections: A World History: to 1650","publisher":"Prentice Hall PTR","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=kTFHXwAACAAJ","ISBN":"978-0-205-09435-6","author":[{"family":"Judge","given":"E. H."},{"family":"Langdon","given":"J. W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Judge & Langdon, 2011). The wide river was passed by Alexander and his army that eventually turned as a great fight. The strong military approach adopted by Alexander and led him to the great victory in this battle. This specific conquest ultimately opened new regions of India for Alexander the Great and his army. 

The land of Egypt was also greatly influenced by Alexander the Great when he entered this region in 332 BC. This prospect was started when Alexander the Great, defeated the Persian king Darius to obtain the authority of Syria and the Levant. After this development, the next approach for Alexander was to march towards Egypt forcefully. The controlled region of Egypt by the Persian kingdom was conquered by Alexander that observed as liberators and to adhesive the Oracle of Amun.

Hellenistic World 

           The historical perspective established by Alexander the Great can never be considered complete without critical consideration of the Hellenistic world. The period of Hellenistic world comprised of the time of Mediterranean history that prevailed between the death of Alexander and the development of the Roman Empire. This period was greatly important in the history of region because it established new forms of development and transitions mainly in the forms of artwork, mystery religions from the East and their great influence on the land of Greece. The conquests of Alexander caused a great spread of Hellenistic civilization towards the domain of the Middle East and Asia. 

The procedure of cultural transition, mainly in the form of artwork in the case of Hellenistic Civilization, started by 146 BCE. The artwork of this era had great significance, considering the active combination of different civilizations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rlIoTSIR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Erskine, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Erskine, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1500,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/EII927ST"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/EII927ST"],"itemData":{"id":1500,"type":"article-journal","title":"Approaching the Hellenistic world","container-title":"A companion to the Hellenistic World","page":"1-15","author":[{"family":"Erskine","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Erskine, 2003). This approach of artwork was different from classical Greek art because it greatly considered the domains of humanistic approach and human expressions. This was the time when sculptures were recognized as more naturalistic and expressive to portray the extensive positioning of emotions. The consideration of mystery religion during the phase of Hellenistic civilization is also important because it was the time when religion was ranked as the active combination of diverse systems, beliefs, and religious practices of the Eastern world. The overall perspective of mystery religion can be observed in the forms of Roman religion, Greek religion, the Middle East, The Mediterranean, Africa, and Persia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xf3TVpnR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kinzl, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Kinzl, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1501,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/522A7E96"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/522A7E96"],"itemData":{"id":1501,"type":"book","title":"A companion to the Classical Greek world","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","volume":"73","ISBN":"1-4443-3412-3","author":[{"family":"Kinzl","given":"Konrad H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kinzl, 2010). The combination of all these religious philosophies ultimately greatly influenced the overall religious and cultural domains of the region of Greece.  

Legacy

           The approach of legacy in the case of Alexander the Great can be mainly observed in case of his conquests in Persia, India, and Egypt. The great legacy in case of Persia appeared as the massive spread of Greek culture in the form of Hellenism is the Persian region. The prominent glimpse of Greek-style art can be observed in the case of blending culture of Persia. When it comes to consideration of Alexander's legacy in case of the Indian region, it is mainly recognized in the form of names of cities as Alexandria. He delivered his legacy by changing names of his conquered region to strongly established his powerful domain. The cultural influence in form of legacy established by Alexander can also be examined in case of his conquest in the region of Egypt. It is crucial to indicate that Alexander had a short stay in Egypt, but a great impact can be observed in the form of cultural modification. Cultural diffusion in Egypt is one great example of a strong legacy of Alexander the Great due to his conquest. He almost established twenty cities in the region and Alexandria is one of the prominent areas in the case of Egypt ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Xe2rRMT4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mark, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Mark, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1499,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/2X6X7WBN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/2X6X7WBN"],"itemData":{"id":1499,"type":"article-journal","title":"Alexander the Great, seafaring, and the spread of leprosy","container-title":"Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences","page":"285-311","volume":"57","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Mark","given":"Samuel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mark, 2002). The establishment of the Greek government as the authority in Egypt is one significant example of the Greek legacy established by Alexander in Egypt. 

Conclusion

           In concluding remarks, it is necessary to establish that the conquests by Alexander the Great immensely influenced the religious, cultural, and social prospects of Persia, India, and Egypt. The development of different forms of Hellenistic Civilizations in these regions is suitable examples to evaluate the powerful legacy of Alexander the Great.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Adler, P. J., & Pouwels, R. L. (2011). World Civilizations: Volume I: To 1700. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=TKvLYotBMUAC

Erskine, A. (2003). Approaching the Hellenistic world. A Companion to the Hellenistic World, 1–15.

Heckel, W. (2008). The conquests of Alexander the Great. A Companion to the Classical Greek World.

Judge, E. H., & Langdon, J. W. (2011). Connections: A World History: To 1650. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=kTFHXwAACAAJ

Kinzl, K. H. (2010). A companion to the Classical Greek world (Vol. 73). John Wiley & Sons.

Mark, S. (2002). Alexander the Great, seafaring, and the spread of leprosy. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 57(3), 285–311.

World War 1 Assignment

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

World War-I Assignment

Part-A

In “Dulce et Decorum Est” by Wilfred Owen, why is “Dulce et Decorum Est pro patria mori” the “old lie”?

Answer:

According to Owen, it is an old lie because it misleads the people and promotes jingoism for no rational reason. “Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori” is quoted from a Roman poem of Horace (65 BC - 8 BC), and the meaning of this quotation is that to die for one’s country is a sweet and an honorable thing. Horace is an ancient poem and he observed many wars and political transformations in Rome after the assassination of Julius Caesar. He romanticized war while he was in expeditions with Augustus. This quotation had been being glamorized in whole Europe until Owen called it an old lie during WW-I. The modern poets were the first poets who rebelled against the tradition of glamourizing war rather they called it empty jingoism to slaughter human beings. Owen portrays the state of young soldiers who are screaming in suffocation and then he says that you dare not tell your children this old lie or they would meet the same fate.

Do courage, loyalty, duty, or patriotism play any role in the universe conjured up by Owen’s poem? Why or why not?

Answer:

Courage, loyalty, duty, and patriotism are the words unknown to the world conjured up by Owen in the poem “Dulce et Decorum Est”. The poem is in the form of dramatic monologue where a soldier of WW-I is telling the miserable circumstances of his crew. Traditionally, the soldiers used to romanticize their war experiences where they used to tell their level of commitment to their country, but the narrator of this poem has nothing to do with these words rather he is sharing how pathetic and miserable was their condition. Everyone was running to save his life on the ground while some others were drowning helpless. Owen says: “Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots,” shows that Owen’s soldiers have nothing to do with bravery, patriotism, or courage (Poetry Foundation. N.p, 2019). They are just in war without knowing the reason for their fight. This was the state of almost all the European soldiers in the great wars.

Why does Rupert Brooke welcome war and what virtues does he find in death on the battlefield?

Answer:

Rupert Brooke is considered the poet of WW-I but he does not follow the tradition of the modern poets rather he follows the classical status quo while talking about war. He welcomes war and claims that it is honorable to die on the battlefield because it is the war that gives us our beautiful home England to live and enjoy. Brooke believes that his beautiful and prosperous England emerged after noble war and it survived staying integrated due to wars. He says that when a soldier dies on the battlefield, he thinks of the beauties of England that were the blessings of war. He says that when soldiers die they feel: “…hearts at peace, under an English heaven”.

How do Owen’s and Brooke’s attitude towards patriotism differ?

Answer:

Wilfred Owen and Rupert Brooke both are British poet soldiers of the modern age, but they both have the opposite attitude towards patriotism. It could be the result of their personal experiences but one demonizes the war while the other glamourize it. Brooke claims that dying in the battlefield fills the heart of the soldier with peace and satisfaction when he thinks about the beauty of England that was the result of wars and battles. Brooke's attitude towards patriotism is different from almost all the contemporary poets. He believes that one should fight bravely and die honorably for the country.

Owen disagrees with Brooke like all his contemporary poets. He considers that all the fuss of war is without any rational purpose and it has caused a traumatic situation for soldiers. He demonizes war by using war imagery to create a feeling of pity and fear in his reader.

Part-B

All Quiet on the Western Front

This excerpt has been chosen from a novel by Erich Maria Remarque that reveals the miserable state of German soldiers who fought during WW-I. Kat is a narrator in this part of the novel who tells facts about the trauma that the soldiers went through during the war. The narrator narrates that army drilling transform a civil person dramatically after he is trained like we train our dogs. The soldiers appear pitiable while fighting in trenches and they have no noble objective in their view when they fight there. The Western Civilization has no worth in the eyes of the soldiers and they believe that Bushmen are more civilized than them.

Remarque describes Himmelstoss as a cruel drilling sergeant who was a post-man before becoming a soldier. He says that Himmelstoss was not such a cruel man but the army drilling and uniform have transformed him. He explains it by giving an example: "if you train a dog to eat potatoes and then afterward put a piece of meat in front of him, he'll snap at it" (Remarque, Erich Maria, 2004). He says that if you give a man authority, he would behave like a dog. Drilling after drilling is a popular practice in the army and the officers are given full authority over the young soldiers that enable them to exploit those soldiers.

Soldiers who fight in trenches are portrayed in a pathetic state. They are tired, injured, untidy, and away from their homes and civil life. They are always at the threat of death, they do not know when they will be ordered to run and where to. They are unaware of their future and they do not know do they fight. When shells are thrown on them from the enemy side, they get disappear in a haze of those shells. Firing starts and when it stops, the soldiers find them among countless dead bodies. They are so helpless that they have no other place to keep the bodies so they rest lying among the rotten bodies of their deceased friends.

The soldiers have no idea about any noble objective of the war rather they know that it is wrong practice. They only know that they are fighting but they do not know the reason. They are in trauma and they do not believe that they are alive. The author quotes a soldier in these words: “A hospital alone shows what war is” (Remarque, Erich Maria, 2004). It shows that the only thing that is known to the soldiers is the fear of death, and all other subjects are irrelevant for them: “All other expressions lie in a winter sleep, life is simply one continual watch against the menace of death;--it has transformed us into unthinking animals in order to give us the weapon of instinct” (Remarque, Erich Maria, 2004). Moreover, the narrator says that: “I see how peoples are set against one another, and in silence, unknowingly, foolishly, obediently, innocently slay one another” (Remarque, Erich Maria, 2004). It reveals that the soldiers do not have any noble views about the war.

The soldiers who fought in trenches renounce the great advances of Western Civilization, and they believe that the so-called civilized Western community is poorer than Bushmen. The narrator renounces the civilization in these words: "It must be all lies and of no account when the culture of a thousand years could not prevent this stream of blood being poured out” (Remarque, Erich Maria, 2004). The soldiers are much pessimistic and they do not want to talk about anything like culture because they think the only thing they have in their life that they will save until they die at the hands of their so-called enemies. The narrator says that: "The Bushmen are primitive and naturally so, but we are primitive in an artificial sense" (Remarque, Erich Maria, 2004). It means that the aboriginals and the native Americans are primitive as their culture could not progress, but have become primitive like our millennia-old forefathers by killing our culture. Remarque writes the emotions of a soldier who believes that the Bushmen have the chance to enrich their culture through spiritual practices, but we do not have any such opportunity as we have lost our spirituality too.

All the noted arguments show the miserable and pessimistic state of the German soldiers who were forced into the battlefield during WW-I.

Works Cited

"The Poetry Of World War I By The Editors." Poetry Foundation. N. p., 2019. Web. 17 Nov. 2019.

Remarque, Erich Maria. All quiet on the western front. Vol. 68. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2004.

World War II

Name

Instructors’ Name

Course Title and Code

Date

World War II

Hacksaw Ridge (2016) by Mel Gibson represents the story of Desmond Doss, who was a World War II hero. The movie represents the scenes and setting of the Second World War which has been greatly appreciated by people all over the world due to its truest representation. The movie depicts Doss, as a combat medic who serves and shines in the Battle of Okinawa, by saving the life of seventy-five American soldiers. The remarkable thing about his service was that he did not harm even a single person during his effort of saving the people of his side, as he was against killing others to the extent that he did not pick any gun or other weapons. The film, Hacksaw Ridge may have been shot during the developed era of the twenty-first century, however, it depicts the scenes and time period of Second World War in a realistic manner.

Based on my knowledge of World War Two, the film Hacksaw Ridge is accurate regarding its portrayal of the conflict. The Japanese forces had attacked Pearl Harbor, which was the main reason for the participation of the United States forces in the war. Moreover, the battle depicted in the movie was one of the toughest, as the enemy forces were attacking the United States forces from a mount, which increased the chances of forfeiting for the United States forces. The forces fought diligently, without caring about their survival and the main character of the movie played an important role by depicting the difficulties and struggle of the medic combat n the scenario. The portrayal of the film is also accurate because of the fact that it has included locations which were quite same as the original background, which was also praised by the people who had actually served in the war (Gibson).

The modern world is still greatly interested in the history and stories of World War Two. One of the main reasons behind this is that it brought destruction at the international level and took the life of thousands of people and it is very important to communicate the destruction to the modern world, in order to instill the antiwar ideology. Another reason is that there was a number of soldiers who tried their best to save humanity in one or the other way, so it is important to shed light on their struggle and service. Moreover, the films are a better way of shedding light on the war strategy, which adds to the knowledge of the general public.

The film Hacksaw Ridge does not specifically depict the influences of the changing perceptions of World War Two over time, because of the fact it focuses more on the service of a war medic, instead of the original strategy of war. The movie does represent the war scenes, which are quite realistic, and do not represent the era of the 1990s. In the scene when war breakouts, the forces of the two sides are attacking each other and the bodies of the soldiers fly in the air due to the huge impact of the attack, which seems quite realistic. In addition to it, the main character of the film, try to save the soldiers from the enemy forces by burying them under the souls, which appears quite realistic (Gibson).

Hacksaw Ridge is another movie on the topic of the Second World War, which has been made in modern times. The movie perfectly depicts the time period and scenario of the wars, after a number of years of the actual happening. The movie does not give the look of have been made in modern time and is an important source of portraying the conditions of the Second World War.

Work Cited

Gibson, Mel. Hacksaw Ridge. Cross Creek Pictures. (2016).

Would Social Media Have Helped Mahatma Gandhi's Struggle For Freedom?

History Paper: Would social media have helped Mahatma Gandhi’s struggle for Freedom

Student name:

Dated:

Social media has become a tool of communication through which a message is conveyed to the target audience in a few seconds. It helps in sharing information on different social sites and at present social media has become one of the great sources through which awareness is created among the people. Social media has become a source of reaching people and is being used by people belonging to all the fields of life. Specifically, leaders are using social media to make their point of view approachable to higher number of people. At present, leaders are using social media and it would be interesting to think that how would social media would have helped Mahatma Gandhi?

According to Nipun Mehta, social media serves as a platform for bringing changes in society. Experts claim that Gandhi was never an anti-technology and change hating person rather he loved to do things as per the demand of the time. Gandhi was one of the leaders who knew how to accept changes that occurred with time. Nipun claims that as Gandhi was a revolutionary man, he would have used social media so that he could have reached more people and let them know his ideas regarding the concept of independence. If social networks were around, he would have used them for his revolutionary purposes.

According to V.S Gupta, Gandhi would have used the support of available sources that serve people and work in their favor. Gandhi himself was a great communicator and pays great respect to journalism. Journalism is now directly linked to social media. In the old days, the newspaper used to serve the same purpose that today is being served by social media. Gupta claims that Mahatma Gandhi was not only a great leader, social reformer rather he was a great communicator as well because he used all the available resources of his time in order to better communicate with his people. He used sources of communication that were common at that time as he supported the notion of using technology for spreading his message, so it is believed that Gandhi would have used social media if it was present during his time. One of the most prominent use that social media serves is communication and Gandhi more than anyone else recognized communication as the most effective tool for shaping one's opinion and mobilizing popular support. Gandhi had been one of the most successful and influential leaders of India because he was skilled at communication.

Experts claim that Mahatma Gandhi was the key figure of India who directed his people for independence from the British rule. He smartly united the neighboring identities and ideologies but if he would have access to social media, he could have achieved his aims in lesser time. Undoubtedly the battle and struggle of Gandhi for the independence of India would have turned out differently if there was social media back in those days. Clamor factor is the recognizing factor in Gandhi's strategies and the present-day online networking. Social media is helping people in knowing the fact and social sites have been instrumental in running different administrations by revealing the facts of damaging intentions. Gandhi would have used social media for creating awareness in his people as today social media indicates how impacting an activity or step could be, so likewise Gandhi would have used social media in his struggle for freedom for increasing the impact of his marches, walks and message as social media helps in creating an impact on a greater level. Social media would have helped Mahatma Gandhi in his struggle for freedom bypassing his message on to the places where he had to go personally.

Social media could have cut short his hustle of going place to place by conveying his message too far off places and gathering his people and comrades at one platform. Social media could have helped him in spreading his message to those who are out of the country so that he could keep them updated about the condition within the country. Mahatma Gandhi could have used social media to reach the international forums as at present; mainly social media is used for making people aware especially to those who are not living in a country that is going through something worse.

Taking a look at the role social media is playing today, it could be concluded that social media could have helped Gandhi in many ways. He could have used social media for passing on his message to far off places and making those people aware about the struggles he was doing for getting the freedom for his nation and people through regular updates. Taking a look at the ways how social media is used, it could be promulgated that Gandhi could have used social media for gathering his people who were supporting his freedom struggle. So as a whole, it could be promulgated that social media could have been used by Gandhi for communicating his ideas and motivating people for increasing their efforts that they were putting for getting freedom from the British rule.

Bibliography

"Could Social Media Have Helped Mahatma Gandhi’S Freedom Struggle?". 2017. Gmail Support Number. Accessed November 25 2019. https://facebookcustomerservicenumberusaweb.wordpress.com/2017/10/25/could-social-media-have-helped-mahatma-gandhis-freedom-struggle/.

"'Gandhi Would Have Had Social Media Accounts'". 2019. Rediff. Accessed November 25 2019. https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/gandhi-would-have-had-social-media-accounts/20170502.htm.

"M. K. Gandhi - Author, Journalist, Printer, Publisher: Complete Book Online". 2019. Mkgandhi.Org. Accessed November 25 2019. https://www.mkgandhi.org/mass_media.htm.

Chopra, Deepta. "The Mahatma Gandhi national rural employment guarantee act, India: Examining pathways towards establishing rights-based social contracts." The European Journal of Development Research 26, no. 3 (2014): 355-369.

Dwivedi, Yogesh K., and K. K. Kapoor. "Metamorphosis of Indian electoral campaigns: Modi’s social media experiment." Int. J. Indian Cult. Bus. Manag 11, no. 4 (2015): 496-516.

Rudolph, Lloyd I. "Gandhi in the Mind of America." Economic and Political Weekly (2010): 23-26.