WEEK 1 Project

Human Figures in Arts

Mark Wrublewski

HUM1002 History of Art from Middle Ages

30/10/2019

Early Renaissance (fourteenth century, 1300–1399

The artist: Giotto di Bondone

Title of the work of art: Lamentation of Christ

The date(s) it was created: 1306

The medium or materials used to create the work of art: oil paint in fresco technique

Where the work is located now. Church of St. Panteleimon (Gorno Nerezi)

Historical importance

This fresco is included in the cycle of painting of the Skrovegni chapel, which has glorified and preserved the name of the artist for centuries. The master brought to his work something that was so lacking in the painting of previous eras - living emotions. It is enough to look at the fresco to immediately see its sharp difference from the works of church painting, made according to the Byzantine canons. There is no static and schematic in the image. Before us are living people, each of whom grieve differently. They are captured in different, but very natural and lively poses, and their clothes are folded with real bodies, and not illusory ethereal models. They have expressive and recognizable faces with individuality, and not differing in iconographic sketchiness.

The figure of Christ is striking this is really a dead body, not the dolls that were previously depicted. And the point is not in his mortal pallor, but in how the artist conveyed his lifelessness - relaxed, limp hands, thrown back head, outstretched legs, absent expression. And in contrast - the stormy emotions of the apostles surrounding him - the arms of the young apostle John, beloved disciple of Jesus, thrown back in despair, the restrained experiences of Joseph of Arimathea, who redeemed the body of Christ after the execution, and Nicodemus, who helped in his burial. Gathered around the still body of the myrrh-bearing wife, this is a real achievement in art.

Northern European Renaissance (fifteenth century, 1400–1499)

The artist: Rogier van der Weyden

Title of the work of art: Saint Luke Drawing the Virgin

The date(s) it was created: between 1435 and 1440.

The medium or materials used to create the work of art is oil paint.

The work is located now at: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Fred, 2017).

Historical importance

The image of the Madonna is one of the central images in all of Western European painting. And in the work of Rogier, he also occupies one of the main places. The piercing and reliable image of the Mother of God is created by the artist in the paintings of the "passionate" cycle. But no less expressive are his canvases, where the Virgin Mary is depicted with the Baby. Pay attention to the image of the "Madonna and Child" (after 1454), placed on the next page. The master does not resort to "additional" effects in order to emphasize the holiness of the Virgin. But Her very face emits an unearthly light. (Bartlett, 2014).

While the painting is realistic externally, there are no signs of holiness, it contains symbols such as, carved on the bench, naked Adam and Eve, symbolizing the Fall of man, who was born for his redemption. The balcony has a triple opening symbolizing the Holy Trinity and the circular window above it has three divisions. At the table below the window there is an open book, a symbol of Luke as an Evangelist. Underneath the table, in the deep shadow to prevent the illusion of reality from dissolving in his presence, is an ox, the symbol of St. Luke

Italian Renaissance (fifteenth century, 1400–1499)

The artist: Angelo Poliziano

Title of the work of art: Birth of Venus

The date(s) it was created: between 1484 and 1486

The medium or materials used to create the work of art : oil paint

Where the work is located now in Uffizi Gallery in Florence. (Cranston, 2017).

Historical importance

The topic is taken from ancient literature, more precisely, from Ovid's Metamorphoses. Naked Venus swims across the sea on a seashell, the god of the winds flies to her left, to the right, on the shore, Venus meets Ora with clothes in her hands in the nymph of the seasons. Violets bloom under her feet is a symbol of the renewal of nature. Among other literary landmarks is the poem "Stans" by Angelo Poliziano, a contemporary of Botticelli and the main Neoplatonist poet from the Medici circle. The philosophical interpretation of the work according to Neoplatonism is as follows: the birth of Venus is a symbol of the birth of love, the highest virtue and spiritual beauty, which is the driving force of life. (Malanima, 2018).

Among Renaissance artists, the naked Venus, in contrast to the dressed, symbolized heavenly love. Botticelli endowed his heroine with that chastity, which is revered as the highest virtue, hence the motive of worship present in the picture. The heroine’s beautiful face resembles the faces of Madonnas in Botticelli’s paintings, and therefore in this work the Christian theme sounds through the antique theme, and the combination of ancient humanism and Christianity gave the phenomenon of the Italian Renaissance.

Conclusion

In this fresco, Giotto was far ahead of his time, introducing emotions, movements, real human experiences into the monumental church painting. Pictures have ceased to be standard icons but have become a real reflection of reality - real or imagined. Botticelli has devoted a great deal of research to the "Birth of Venus." And in all, one way or another, poems by Angelo Poliziano are mentioned, which describe the same myth. There are different points of view, and among them there are two extremes, opposite: some researchers argue that Poliziano's poems were the main source of inspiration for the artist, that they were the basis of Botticelli's work; others argue that there is no connection between the picture and the poems. These are two extreme points of view, and there are many in between.

References

Bartlett, K. R. (2014). The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance : A Sourcebook (Vol. 2nd

edition). Toronto [Ontario]: University of Toronto Press, Higher Education Division. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1565411&site=eds-live

Cranston, J. (2017). Italian Paintings of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Art Bulletin,

99(2), 186–189. https://doi-org.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/10.1080/00043079.2017.13046

Fred P. Kleiner. (2017). Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume II

(15th ed). Cengage. ISBN: 9781305645059

Malanima, P. (2018). Italy in the Renaissance: a leading economy in the European context,

1350–1550. Economic History Review, 71(1), 3–30. https://doi-org.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/10.1111/ehr.12650

Week 11

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Question 1

The state-managed development strategies were means by which the government takes the task of investing for the purpose of improving the living standards of its citizens, creation of job opportunities and increase on the wages. State-managed development strategies however, relies on the successful efforts by the various agents who implement government programs at various levels of government making it difficult for the government to implement these strategies across the state. Market-based strategies on the other hand encompasses suitable compensation, a suitable macro-environment and ownership of private property. Development works to empower people so as to allow them to pursue their goals, while improving their living standards and monitoring the environment within which they are interacting.

The international monetary fund (IMF) acts to advice its members on the various policies pertaining the economy and finances to enhance economic stability. The world bank acts to give advice, oversee implementation of the policies pertaining competition and markets. The WTO acts to ensure that there is sound commercial negotiations and follows up to ensure these negotiations are enacted.

Question 2

Poverty governance

Poverty is as a result of low productivity which means that the poor cannot afford to feed themselves adequately, a decent shelter, clothing, quality education and health care. Low productivity emanates from the poor people lacking access to credit, lack of information, use of outdated technologies and lacking the appropriate skills to perform a given task. With globalization in place, there will be an opportunity for everyone to access the markets, technology, and credit/capital to enhance better governance.

Outsourcing

Outsourcing is the practice of acquiring a party previously not in the company or a party from abroad, to carry out the activities within the organization or the country. Globalization on the other hand means that there are set of rules that govern trade practices among states. Outsourcing is therefore, possible through globalization where companies are hiring experts across the globe.

Recolonization

Through globalization, there is a rapid growth in international trade leading to the world’s economy integration.in the modern world, recolonization is evident whereby territories are being captured by use of materials or resources through an agreed term without the use of force. For example, Africa invasion by the Chinese.

Week 12

Name:

Course:

Professor:

Date:

Structural Adjustment Policies

Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) allude to robust starkness programs established in the 1980s in various countries. They were operated by worldwide monetary advances attached to IMF/World Bank conditionalities. What was new with SAPs was their more extensive degree and their association with the foreign debt issue that came up in the late 1970s and mid-1980s. The amassed debt was the consequence of an assortment of variables such as the oil emergency of the 1970s, the lax loaning policies that came about because of the aggregation of petrodollars in global banks, and the increase in loan fees in the United States in the late 1970s (Benería 10).

Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) have brought various adverse effects, especially on women and children. Particular research conducted demonstrated the degree to which SAPs have not been gender-neutral. Hence, women's activist studies developed. To begin with, given the division of work and ladies' job in the family unit, austerity projects and contracting spending plans strengthen ladies' household and conceptive work. In this sense, more prominent proficiency and lower expenses of production may, in reality, represent an exchange of costs from the market to the circle of the family. Second, some budget cuts in fundamental administrations, for example, in housing, education, and healthcare, tend to influence impoverished people and to build ladies' obligations in family care. Third, lower genuine livelihoods power new family individuals to partake in the paid work power - especially ladies and the youth, given their lower support rates- regularly under the unsafe states of the casual area. Fourth, low compensation in the fare division, especially ladies' wages in labor concentrated businesses, is a critical factor in keeping trades focused (Benería 11). All these effects are a result of the structural adjustment policies (SAPs).

References

Benería, Lourdes. "Structural adjustment policies." The Elgar Companion to Feminist Economics (1999): 687-95

Week 14

Student’s Name

Instructor’s Name

Course Code

Date

Q1. In the reading, War Making and state making as organized crime, Charles Tilly argues that Making and state can be thought as example of organized crime

The state is regarded as an organized crime based on the way states operates. For the last centuries, Europe States have engaged in wars which some were created by themselves. The wars were meant to extend territories region and later prosecuted those involved in those wars. In the mind of Tilly, a state is a double sword. It does then opposite and acts in a different way for the benefit of itself. Tilly argues that state and war is one thing because the wars establish state and the state formed wars. Tilly argues that emerging states established themselves by acting in violence and many people killed on the process. Though states are supposed to be against wars and protect citizens from any wars, the irony of the matter is the states prosecute wars and at the same time start and engage in most wars. Till further argues that the government creates most of the wars we witnessed in the last centuries in Europe and other parts of the world. It is also pointed that government operates by issuing threats and intimidation to opponents and other people who are against their policies and then charges for its reduction as well. Tilly stated that the Europe nations were formed as a result of war and therefore, the states and war is one thing only acting differently to sway people who still believe in the ideology of the state.

Tilly used example of historical construction of European nations because of the fact that most European nations were established as a result of war. Spain, France, even the United Kingdom were established as result of war where thousands of people died. It also evident that later the war crimes perpetrators were prosecuted by state and therefore, European states make good example of how the state operates like an organized crime. Most European nations have come to be established through decolonization and colonization. The states set new boundaries after engaging in series of wars, which led to the death of several people.

Q2. The construction of Israel has been met by series of war against its neighbors especially the Palestine. In regard to state is organized war crime, the established of Israel can be used to demonstrate how European, the United States and other countries, which supported the establishment of Israel on the Palestinian land, are organized crime. The United States and some European nations believed that Israel is the legitimate owner of the Jerusalem and therefore, the establishment of Israel does not violate the rights and freedom of Palestine. The British issued Balfour Declaration, in 1917, and mobilized allies including the United States to provide support in establishing Israel in 1948 on the Palestine land. The British declared Palestine as the homeland of Jewish. There is a strong believe among the European nations and the United States that Jewish is a holy land and therefore, Palestine has been occupied their land.

However, since the establishment of Israel in Palestine land, deaths have occurred and Palestine citizens have been attacked without any help or condemnation from European nations and the United States. It is believed that the United States and British sworn to protect the state of Israel because they believe that Palestine occupied their land. Several resolutions, which have been made before were violated by Israel. Israel argues that the West bank and Gulf were never occupied and therefore, they were not part of settlement and therefore, Israel is not established on Palestinian land. It is the same arguments which have been made by other countries supporting Israel and therefore, deaths along the Gulf and West bank have been viewed as self defense against the intruders.

Week 2

Question 1

The past decades are characterized by unprecedented growth and prosperity. Economic growth is has enriched several states and groups of people, and as a result, consumption levels have increased skyrocket. However, prosperity is not evenly distributed throughout the world. Global economic growth may not be felt in the lives of the poorest, and it is seen will benefit them less. country's economic growth can be defined as a long-term increase in its ability to offer its population an ever-expanding range of economic goods. This growth capacity is based on technical progress and the institutional and ideological adjustments that it requires. More generally, economic growth is the sustainable growth of the total net product, in real terms, of an economy. It is therefore a quantitative phenomenon that can be measured, and a phenomenon of long period. “A human development approach to development requires the integration of policies taking into consideration both economic and noneconomic factors”( Beneria, Berik and Floro17).

Colonization, imperialism, and endogenous development are addressed by Rostow. As for the role of culture: its linear and global theory is deliberately simplified, so it does not dwell on the cultural factors that vary in each region. According to the theory of stages of economic growth, a society should go through different phases, always the same. In reality, things are much more complex. For Rostow, development would be an inevitable phenomenon. Approximately few countries have just underway the course earlier others, so all would be just a matter of time. But, under firm conditions, development could be enhanced.

Rostow in his book "The Steps to Economic Growth" has tried to identify the uniform characteristics of the modernization of societies. According to him, companies are going through five stages in their progress: traditional society, pre-conditions for take-off, take-off, progress towards maturity, and the era of mass consumption(Dorfman573). Rostow acknowledges, their history is marked by transformations and technical innovations. But the increase in production made possible by the latter remains marginal.

Answer2

The developmental gap , according to modernization theory is based on the transaction from traditional society in to modern society means of economic development . According to modernization theorist , the self-generating and sustained economic growth can develop likely in South, third world countries must experience the same deal from traditional to modernity formerly undertaken by North.(Lairson and Skidmore 251)

At another place North -South economic interdependence is to be respected, according to modernization thinkers , not only for common gain that generally stream from market dealings but also for the advantageous impact that such bonds have in serving to wear down and weaken the traditional social standards and structures that restrain development. Due to various pressures including internal and external helped to shrink the society and economy but the growth of modern sector takings a pace.( Lairson and Skidmore 252)

Dependency theorists discard modernization theory's positive forecast that Third World nations that copy the cultural attitudes, organizations, and strategies of the North can trail the same path on the way to development formerly tramped by current rich nations.

According to some researchers, dependence was formed with the industrial revolution and the expansion of European power around the world due to military and economic superiority. It is believed that prior to this, exploitation was internal; there were a number of major economic centers that prevailed over the rest of the country (like South England and the Northern States). The development of world trade in the 19th century made capitalism a global system. The gap between rich and poor has widened. The super profits extracted from the colonies were aimed at social stabilization within the metropolis, the reassurance of the "dangerous classes", which prevented popular revolutions in the countries of the center.

Work cited

Benería, Lourdes, Günseli Berik, and Maria Floro. Gender, development and globalization:

Economics as if all people mattered. Routledge, 2015.

Dorfman, Robert. "Economic development from the beginning to Rostow." (1991): 573-591.

Skidmore, David, and Thomas D. Lairson. International political economy: the struggle for

power and wealth in a globalizing world. Routledge, 2016.

Week 2 Discussion

Question 1: Renaissance and Baroque Sculpture in Italy

Early Renaissance: Donatello. David. 1446-1460.

The statue of David by the sculptor Donatello portrays the young hero in a dreamy, meditative mood after the triumph over Goliath, whose head lies at his feet. The free natural poet of David combined with his shy appearance and sensual texture of bronze give the statue life. Donatello's utmost ability was the skill to feel human emotions into classical statues. Along with other remarkable sculptors, architects and painters who revolutionized Florentine art, Donatello is considered one of the creators of the Renaissance style. He was a favorite artist of the famous patron of arts Cosimo Medici Sr. Until Michelangelo, Donatello remained the largest Florentine sculptor and perhaps the most daring and influential Renaissance artist. (Fred, 2017).

Michelangelo's Style

Michelangelo, of course, was primarily a sculptor. His statue "David" (Florence, Academy of Fine Arts) is an unrivaled example of the image of the human body. Pieta (Vatican, St. Peter's Basilica) is an unsurpassed example of the image of a dead body. (The word “drink” means pity, as the scenes depicting the Mother of God with Christ lifted from the cross in her arms are called.) And Michelangelo came to paint in many ways as a master of form. His figures are voluminous and anatomical, the postures are full of tension and drama. Murals of Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel - a grandiose monument to his genius. Michelangelo gave much strength and inspiration to the Cathedral of St. Petra at the Vatican. A wonderful dome, striking in its size and at the same time lightness, designed by Michelangelo.

Baroque. Gianlorenzo Bernini. David. 1623.

The best of the early works of the master can be seen in the Borghese Gallery , located in the villa of the same name. Bernini portrays David in a frenzied outburst of anger, at the spell of the session, full of histrionic pathos. His work is in a high-pitched turn and slant, violating the compositional equilibrium, entails deliberation from different angles. The sculptural compositions of this time are characterized by special tension, concentration, and the expectation of some changes. (Bernini, 2015).

References

Bernini, Gianlorenzo 1598-1680. (2015). Chambers Dictionary of Great Quotations. Retrieved

from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edscra&AN=edscra.21832827&site=eds-live

Fred P. Kleiner. (2017). Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume II

(15th ed). Cengage. ISBN: 9781305645059

Reply Marci Fiorillo

The work of Donatello embodied the search for new expressive means characteristic of the art of the Renaissance, a deep interest in reality in all the variety of its concrete manifestations, the desire for a sublime generalization and heroic idealization. The master’s early works (statues of the prophets for the side portal of the Florence Cathedral, 1406–1408) are still marked by Gothic constraint of forms, crushed by the fragmentation of linear rhythm. However, already the statue of St. Mark for the facade of the Church of Orsanmichele in Florence (marble, 1411-1413) is distinguished by clear tectonics of plastic masses, strength and calm grandeur. The Renaissance ideal of a warrior-hero is embodied in the image of St. George for the same church (marble, circa 1416, National Museum, Florence).

Reply to Eric Blackmon

Thankyou for your post. The Renaissance as revolutionary for the history of all human culture. Themes of the Renaissance. The image of David in the works of Donatello, Michelangelo and Bernini. Features and differences of each image of David and the influence of the era on the image of his image. David Bernini is a counterweight to the completed action in the statues of Donatello and Verrocchio, calmly balanced harmonious heroes of the Renaissance. Now that it is society itself that is the center and everything is viewed through the prism of its interests, the way of depicting is completely different.

Week 2 Discussion

Question 2

Frans Hals, The Women Regents of the Old Men's Home at Haarlem, c. 1664

It seems to me that Frans Hals was just like that - with an obvious, huge gift, with the lightness of an envious hand, with a true eye, but at the same time simple-minded and immediately understandable (Fred , 2017). One can’t write long about his portraits, even if he is a genius or something like that, but it comes out only briefly. I want to bring one wonderful detail - a thinned, senile hand, covered with wrinkles, again just a few free strokes, and the character of the thinned old fingers is immediately clear

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, 1632

The painting "Anatomy Lesson ..." is a general portrait of the Amsterdam Surgeon Guild. Once a year, the Guild held a solemn event (admission by ticket, guests are entitled to wine and snacks) - a public anatomy lesson, accompanied by a lecture by the head of the guild. Such were the morals, such entertainments. Why Rembrandt did everything more beautiful and neat - is understandable. It is not clear what happened to the anatomized hands: the right one is very short (look at your hand - the elbow should be approximately at the waist level), and the left one is much longer than the right one.

Johannes Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance, c. 1664

"The woman will have powers that will impress the man. It can handle many problems and withstand heavy loads. It will withstand joy, love and opinions. She will smile when she feels the need to scream. She will sing when she feels the need to cry. She will cry when she is happy and will laugh when she is scared. He will fight for what he believes. It will resist injustice. He will not accept "no" in response when he can see a better solution. She will do her best for her family to triumph. (Parks,2015). She will take her girlfriend or her boyfriend along to the doctor when she is scared. Her love will be unconditional. She will cry when her children succeed. She'll be happy when her friends make it.

References

Fred P. Kleiner. (2017). Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume II

(15th ed). Cengage. ISBN: 9781305645059

Parks, J. A. (2015). Universal Principles of Art : 100 Key Concepts for Understanding,

Analyzing, and Practicing Art. Beverly, MA: Rockport Publishers. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=958740&site=eds-live

Week 2 Project

Religion in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century European Art

Mark Wrublewski

BUS3001 Ethics in Organizations SU01

11/5/2019

Religion in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century European Art

Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, 1508-12

At the time of the beginning of the work of Michelangelo, 33 years old, he is already known and achieved success. Behind him is the creation of David and Pieta, all his time and skill is directed to work in sculpture, so the wish of Pope Julius II is like a bolt from the blue. “Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel frescos are typical of the High Renaissance, and the artist’s own style, in their glorification of Christianity”(class notes: The High Resinance in Italy)

From Florence, Michelangelo goes to Rome at the invitation of the pontiff, Julius II wants the sculptor to execute for him a large-scale tombstone. Subsequently, Michelangelo will call this order his curse, the work will drag on for 40 years, and the vindictive Buonarotti will encrypt the image of this Pope in one of the unsightly figures in the scene of The Last Judgment.

May 1505. An understanding immediately arises between the pontiff and the sculptor, and it seems that the work is being argued. Michelangelo goes on a trip for valuable Carrara marble, and his pocket nicely burns a fee of 10,000 ducats, of which a thousand are for material. The initial design of the tombstone was huge and assumed 40 statues in human growth, so it only takes 8 months to choose the perfect material in quarries.

Everything is ready for work: marble is delivered to Rome along the Tiber, but by that time the mood and ideas of the Pope had already changed. Julius II aims to build the most grandiose Christian cathedral in the world, St. Peter's Basilica, and also wants to sing the greatness of the pontificate by renewing the frescoed venue of the meeting of the conclave, the Sistine Chapel. The work is expensive, and they need all the wealth available in the treasury, including the fee of our hero in ten thousand gold.

Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece, 1510-15

When the seriously ill came to the Isenheim Abbey, he was first taken to a church where he was silenced in front of an altar painting of Jesus' Passion painted by Mathis Grünewald . The idea of ​​healing was that pain can be overcome by experiencing Christ's suffering. The work was completed in 1515 as a result of four years of work. New ideas about the individual's relationship with God and society revolutionized the world at that time. The altar is now on view in the town of Colmar at the Unterlinden Museum, which was founded in 1853 in the church of the former Dominican Monastery to display and preserve Grünewald's work. (Isenheim)

At the same time as Michelangelo and Rafaello were commissioned by Pope Julius in Italy to strive for maximum harmony and balance, Grünewald did the opposite in Germany.Liisa Väisänen describes Grünewald as a reformer in both color and composition. People are like captured directly from the surrounding reality. John the Evangelist is reminiscent of a young German student, and John the Baptist has the characteristics of a rotten German country man.

Durer, Four Apostles, 1526

German painter, engraver, draftsman and art theorist. Born in 1471 in Nuremberg. First goldsmith's apprenticeship with his father, 1486/89 student of the painter Michael Wolgemut. Between 1490 and 1494, among others in Kolmar, Basel and Strasbourg. Two vertical boards fastened together with the image of the four apostles John, Peter, Paul, Mark (Dürer, 1996). Here, the viewer sees not only the significant innovations that characterize Dürer’s work as a whole - personalization of biblical heroes, dynamism of images, attention to detail, but also the philosophical ideas of the master, a peculiar illustration of his human ideal. The artist believed that a perfect person is one who is spiritually rich, has a will, is ready for action. He tried to portray all these high ethical standards in the apostles. Indeed, noble calm is read in their images, coupled with a lively character and a sharp mind. Divided into different wings, the work, meanwhile, seems indivisible in both compositional and spiritual terms. It is known that after the completion of the diptych, Dürer presented it as a gift to his hometown of Nuremberg, but appreciating the artist’s skill, the City Council decided to pay the author money for such a perfect gift.

Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew, 1599-1600

According to a long-established tradition, during the Christmas liturgy the Gospel of Matthew is read. On that festive evening, parishioners who filled the church — and among them were two Matthew brothers with wives and children, as well as some friends — were imbued with special reverence, listening to the words of the reading deacon, and before their eyes was a picture illuminated by many burning candles, telling about an important episode from the life of the first evangelist. It is known that at the gates of Capernaum Christ met the publican Levi and called him to become an apostle. But Caravaggio in his own way decides this scene from the Holy Scriptures (Olson, 2002). At first glance, the picture is difficult to determine where the action takes place. Only the window shutter on the wall - in Italian houses, as in Russian huts, it is always outside - indicates that the people depicted in the picture sitting at the table after the works of the righteous. Caravaggio is true to himself. Having violated the established traditions in the interpretation of the gospel plot, he creates a typical genre scene for the life of a Roman street, devoid of any hint of holiness. Everything in the picture is extremely clear, reliable and vital. The red-bearded tax collector or tax collector Levi calculates the collected daily revenue with the help of an old man with glasses.

Rubens, Elevation of the Cross, 1610

Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish Baroque artist, best known for his extravagant “European” painting style. He was knighted, felt rich, incredibly rich from commissions, and died before he survived his talent. The theme of the Erection of the Cross does not appear until the end of the XVI century (around 1590) and it owes its existence to the counter reform. It is necessary to make the scene feel as if the spectator was present. The table is worth sermon, failing to understand it, the faithful is touched. His spirit was to rise from the terrestrial sphere to the celestial sphere, between art and religion, it is mass communication. The particularly spectacular presentation device can be brought closer to theatrical devices. It is intended to obtain the support of the crowds by artifices giving to the cosmetic effects the depth of a truth. (McCarthy, 2008). There are two approaches, one for the crowd and the other for the individual. The triptych is a pictorial composition with multiple panels that are fixed or mobile. Sundays during Mass, or during certain religious holidays, the shutters are open revealing the message delivered to the faithful. The outer faces are often reserved for Saints revered by the church. As a result, the sculptural appearance of saints (grisaille imitating stone) belongs to a tradition peculiar to the southern Netherlands.

References

Dürer, A. (1996). Four apostles, 1526. University of Manitoba.

Fred P. Kleiner. (2017). Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume II

(15th ed). Cengage. ISBN: 9781305645059

Isenheim Altarpiece (exterior). Retrieve from :

http://www.learner.org/courses/globalart/work/234/

McCarthy, D. (2008). ART 232-01, History of Western Art II, Spring 2006.

Olson, T. P. (2002). Pitiful Relics: Caravaggio's Martyrdom of St. Matthew. Representations,

77(1), 107-142.

The high Renaissance of Italy.Retrieve from :

https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/d2l/le/content/54185/viewContent/2179898/View

The Sixteenth Century in Northern Europe. Retrieve from

https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/d2l/le/content/54185/viewContent/2179899/View

Week 2 Project

Week 2 Project

Mark Wrublewski

HIS1101

South University

Dr. Hayburn

10/2/19

The War of Independence (1775-1783) of the 13 English colonies against the British crown resulted from the Seven Years War and led to the founding of the United States of America. The revolting colonists were supported by absolutist France, which a few years later would sink itself in the revolution, which led to a significant shift of the war on the sea. The British naval supremacy could be stabilized in this war but did not lead to victory in America. There are some other factors like French and Indian War, the Breakdown of Imperial Power, Proclamation Act, 1763 and the British Revenue Acts weighted against British

The French and Indian War

In 1754, with the French and Indian War raging, Britain ordered 13 American colonies to organize under one centralized government. While the Albany Union Plan was never implemented, it planted the first seed of independence in the minds of Americans. Competition for new territories in North America has sparked a dispute between Britain and France. The British colonies in North America are located along the east coast of North America. While the territory of Louisiana to Canada is a French colony. The two colonies are separated from the interior. But the British movement which was continually expanding its colonies had led to England which began to transgress French colonies in Louisiana such as the history of the Balkan wars . This started a tense relationship between the two that led to war. This battle lasted for 7 years from 1756 - 1763 and ended in the defeat of France.

Breakdown of Imperial Power

Another significant factor was the breakdown of imperial power in terms of England’s choice to play a direct part in the government over colonies, and the Americans’ yearning to govern themselves at home. British as well want that colonist pay them back the cost of French war.so they transform colonies in to abstract entities.(The American revolution )

Proclamation Act, 1763

To limit the settlers, English parliament passed a most damaging act known as proclamation act. In this act territories restricted to American settlers. It also effected native Indian who believe that if , they crossed from Allegheny Mountains to the Mississippi River, they will be caught. This lead another tension among settlers and natives.

British Revenue Acts

The financial difficulties faced by the British government, which had incurred huge losses in the seven-year war, shifted their attention to America to solve the problem. Americans have been forced to pay one-third of the 360,000 pounds of British debt through payments from the introduction of some 45,000 Sugar Act and 75,000 from the Stamp Act. (Berkin, Miller, Cherny & Gormly, 2011). The same applies to the Townshend Act and other pressures on these economic factors. British colonies had imposed a tax on America, some of these taxes are as follows:

Sugar Act (sugar law, 1764): tax on any sugar imports of the American colonists

Stamp Act (stamp duty, 1765): material tax on all official documents issued by the American colony.

Townsend Act (Townsend law): taxes on tin, paint, glass and paper.

Tea Act (tea law, 1773): a contented tea monopoly which requires the colonists to buy tea only from the EIC (British Trade Company)

In response to this financial crisis the British passed the Trade and Production Act at the end of the 17th century. Trade unions prohibited colonies from selling other countries tobacco, cotton and leather except for low prices. The colonies were also forced to buy ready-made goods from Britain. allowing British traders to make huge profits. Whereas the Withdrawal Act prohibits colonies from producing goods similar to Britain's. This Act came into force in 1760 .After the seven years' war there arose dissatisfaction with the people. Moreover, the act introduced by George Grenville furthered the colony's dissatisfaction with the British government.

References

Berkin, C., Miller, C., Cherny, R., & Gormly, J. (2011). Making America: A History of the

United States, Volume 2: From 1865. Cengage Learning.Retrieve from : https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781305793323/cfi/6/16!/4/6/52/2/2/2/2@0:0

The American Revolution, week 2 , lecture 3. Retrieve from

https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/d2l/le/content/52439/viewContent/2095680/View

Week 3 Case Study: Mobilizing The Masses

Week 3 Case Study: Mobilizing the Masses

Name of the Writer

Name of the University

Week 3 Case Study: Mobilizing the Masses

Q1

The economy and the political situation of Germany was very dire after the First World War. Due to this Hitler had many opposite views in making Germany the Weimar Republic (Niewyk, 2018). These emotions were further aggravated from the defeat that German and the German Empire had faced. This was due to the fact that he was a soldier and a proud german soldier at that. As he was a very staunch nationalist, he believed that the defeat of Germany was only possible in the case where they were betrayed. In that regard, his focus was only on communists, jews and the socialists. He disregarded their sacrifices in war and their deaths were in vain. In his view, the German race was the superior race or the master race and it was in their destiny to rule all over Europe. Furthermore, he believed that homosexuals, black people, and jews including other races were the biggest threat that Germany is facing. This was because he considered them an inferior race.

Q2

In order to appeal to the nationalism of the German people, Hitler took staunch steps in order to increase his support. He stated the conditions that the German people had been facing such as increased unemployment. Furthermore, the German people were starving, whereas, the middle class and artists are in the case where they are impoverished. Moreover, he further shows how the collapse of Germany will affect the peasants as they will be facing immeasurable disasters (O'Shaughnessy, 2017). For the peasants not only will their country fall but also their inheritance, culture, and civilization will be as well. Hitler also states how people are having troubled hearts regarding what the life of the German nation would be after the World War. Hitler further called out to people in different political parties to suffer and fight again under his leadership. So the pride of the German nation can be salvaged. This was because in his mind their home was the battleground.

Q3

According to Hitler, the National Government will be able to solve the problems of the people by using two four year plans. In order to provide the German nation with the necessities of life, the German farmer should be focused on and saved. Within these four years, the peasants would be saved from the pit they have fallen into. Furthermore, unemployment will be another area that will be focused on and would be overcome (Nicholls, 2016). During this further investment would be done to provide the perfect conditions for an increase in trade and commerce. Moreover, while doing this task, Hitler also promised to reorganize the financial and the administrative side of the government. This was important due to the fact without this the existence of the Reich as a federal state was on stake. Other basic principles of this four-year program were back to the land policy and labor service that was compulsory.

Q4

If I were a german national and was present at the time this speech was taken I would have been swept away by the words of Hitler. This is a highly contradictive statement and would garner me huge amounts of hate but if a closer look at the emotions that were running high in Germany during the time Hitler came into power, it would have been hard even for me to not fall for his words. There was extreme poverty, unemployment, segregation, and other evils as well. If I had heard how he was promising to do great things even without knowing the measures he would take it would have been hard not to support him. Through his words, he was giving hope to the people for a better future and a release from their miserable lives. In truth, I do not believe anyone in their situation would not be able to fall in love with the words of such a heinous monster.

References

Nicholls, A. J. (2016). Weimar and the Rise of Hitler. Macmillan International Higher Education.

Niewyk, D. L. (2018). Jews in Weimar Germany. Routledge.

O'Shaughnessy, N. (2017). Marketing the Third Reich: Persuasion, packaging and propaganda. Routledge.

Week 3 Discussion

Week 3 discussion

Question 1: Monumental Architecture and Sculpture

India

Taj Mahal India

China

Temple of Heaven monument china

Japan

Todai-ji Temple Nara Japan

Taj Mahal India

The building of the mausoleum creates a unique architectural ensemble in combination with a park, which is divided around it. The entire structure is made of snow-white marble, the semicircular niches penetrate the square facade, and thanks to this it looks as if weightless, despite its massiveness. The impression of “soaring” is also created by the reflection of the facades in the canals of the gardens that surround the mausoleum (Singh, 2016). And the most amazing feature of this building is the ability to change its color depending on the time of day and weather. In the rain it looks like translucent, glows pink in the morning, and casts gold when sunset. The inner walls of the mausoleum are decorated with painted tiles and inlaid with precious and semiprecious stones and pearls. The luxury of the Taj Mahal used to be even more impressive: the front doors were made of pure silver, but like many other valuable pieces of furniture, they were stolen. Nevertheless, the Taj Mahal still impresses with its luxury and rich decoration.

Temple of Heaven monument china

Only the emperor had the sacred right to make sacrifices to the supreme deities - Heaven and Earth -. For these rites, the Tiantan, or Temple of Heaven, was built. Its construction began in 1406, that is, immediately after the capital of China was moved from Nanjing to Beijing and lasted 14 years . Initially, the temple was dedicated to Earth and Heaven, but then a separate sanctuary was erected for the Earth. For 500 years, three times a year, emperors, considered the Sons of Heaven, visited the temple and prayed to the supreme deity for the rich harvest and prosperity of the Celestial Empire (Jim, 1999). The temple is conditionally divided into two parts - heavenly and earthly. The square palace, located in the western part of the complex, resembles a small Forbidden City - another famous landmark of Beijing. The heavenly part includes the rounded prayer hall and the round Altar of Heaven. Previously, in China it was believed that the earth is square, and the sky is round - precisely on the basis of these concepts, and the main buildings of the mansion were completed.

Todai-ji Temple Nara Japan

Todaji, "Great Western Temple") is one of the most famous and historically significant temples and attractions of Nara. The temple was built in 752 and was considered the main temple of all provincial Buddhist temples in Japan. The influence of the temple grew so much that the capital was moved from Nagaoka to Nara in 784 in order to reduce the influence of the temple on public administration.

The main hall of the Todaiji temple, Daibutsuden (Big Buddha Hall) is considered the largest wooden building in the world, despite the fact that during the last reconstruction of 1692 the size of the newly built building was only two-thirds of the original temple. The largest building in Japan houses the largest bronze statue of Buddha (Daibutsu). On both sides of the 15-meter seated Buddha Vairochan are statues of two bodhisattvas. (Japan,2014)

The Nandaimon’s large wooden gate leads to the temple, guarded by two fiercely looking statues. The gates and statues depicting the two guardians of the gates of Nio have been declared a national treasure of Japan. Visitors to the temple can meet deer from the nearby Nara Park, asking for special cookies for shika-sambei deer, which can be bought here for 150 yen.

Question 2: The Function of Art Objects

The Taj Mahal is a white marble palace, one of the most grandiose monuments of Indian architecture with chic interior decoration and an amazingly beautiful park. This is the last gift of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to his late wife Mumtaz Mahal, as well as the main and most popular attraction in the country, which is visited annually by thousands of tourists.

In ancient times, in China it was believed that the emperor is a messenger of heaven and that is why there must be a special connection between earth and sky. This connection was maintained and strengthened by the annual solemn prayer, which was performed on the day of the winter solstice. For almost five hundred years, emperors arrived at a special temple to bring generous gifts to Heaven after a strict three-day fast. It was believed that only emperors can turn to heaven with prayers and requests for the well-being and prosperity of the state.

In the ancient capital of Japan , the city of Nara , majestic and not at all timid deer roam the parks. According to legend, the Shinto god Takemikazuchi came here riding a deer to establish a city - since then these animals are considered sacred here. For the smelting of the bronze deity, a nationwide subscription was organized. According to the records, more than 2 million people participated in the creation of the statue. She was smelted and brought to Nara in parts. The resulting figure was more than 16 meters high and weighed more than 500 tons. After the "opening eyes" ceremony, it turned out that not a single piece of bronze was left in all of Japan - all the metal went to the statue.

References

Japan, Kansai, Nara, Todai-ji Temple, Nigatsu-do hall. (2014). Bridgeman Images: DeAgostini

Library. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edscrc&AN=edscrc.15666612&site=eds-live

Jim, A. M. W. (1999). Inside out: new Chinese art. Parachute, (95), 48–49. Retrieved from

https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ofm&AN=505821444&site=eds-live

Singh, R. P. (2016). The contestation of heritage: The enduring importance of religion. Graham

and Howard, 125-142.

Week 3 Discussion

Discussion

Author

Institution

Discussion

Thomas Jefferson's views of the American Republic are reflected in his words "we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Following the declaration of independence, each state declared its independence as a sovereign nation unto itself, supremely ruled by its respective people, i.e., its registered voters. In short, each state is a sovereign nation, by law, and its respective People are its ruling sovereigns by popular vote ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lndYhmqv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ackerman & Fontana, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Ackerman & Fontana, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1353,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/PHRGBFED"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/PHRGBFED"],"itemData":{"id":1353,"type":"article-journal","title":"Thomas Jefferson counts himself into the presidency","container-title":"Va. L. Rev.","page":"551","volume":"90","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ackerman","given":"Bruce"},{"family":"Fontana","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ackerman & Fontana, 2004). The Constitution was simply a suggestion, and the People of each state eventually adopted it as a voluntary union of sovereign nations, just like the UN; i.e., each state remained a sovereign nation, by law; and its People remained the ruling sovereigns. State and federal governments were simply the hired employees, just like a corporation's board of directors: i.e., the stockholder owns the corporation, and therefore they can overrule the board at any time-- it would be silly, after all, for the owners to be limited in their authority, or permitted simply to elect board-members but not overrule them.

Jefferson limited the federal government's growth and reduced the national debt, defeated the Barbary Pirates (something even the British hadn't accomplished), kept the US out of the Napoleonic wars, outlawed the importation or export of slaves, sent Lewis and Clark to explore the west, and doubled the size of the nation with the Louisiana Purchase ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7ghjBZ2V","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ackerman & Fontana, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Ackerman & Fontana, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1353,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/PHRGBFED"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/PHRGBFED"],"itemData":{"id":1353,"type":"article-journal","title":"Thomas Jefferson counts himself into the presidency","container-title":"Va. L. Rev.","page":"551","volume":"90","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ackerman","given":"Bruce"},{"family":"Fontana","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ackerman & Fontana, 2004). While his embargos against Britain backfired, he kept the young nation out of another war against that world power for at least his term. He expanded the right to vote and encouraged citizen participation.  Yes, Jefferson was a good president.

Thomas Jefferson, during his term, was greatly opposed by Alexander Hamilton. They both disagreed about almost everything, and two of their disagreements that are still pretty relevant are; Hamilton believed that there should be a strong federal government, Jefferson believed that the states should be stronger. Secondly; Hamilton believed that Blacks and Whites were equal in ability and that the apparent differences were due to different circumstances (like the Blacks being slaves, being forbidden to read, being ill-fed, etc.). Jefferson believed Blacks were "inferior in both mind and body." Alexander Hamilton came with his own trade policies; Hamilton’s policies were in fact greatly inferior to Jefferson’s, harming a large percentage of the population who had to pay high prices for goods ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZYvlMlYG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Katz, 1976)","plainCitation":"(Katz, 1976)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1356,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/X2MIHC9Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/X2MIHC9Z"],"itemData":{"id":1356,"type":"article-journal","title":"Thomas Jefferson and the right to property in revolutionary America","container-title":"The Journal of Law and Economics","page":"467–488","volume":"19","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Katz","given":"Stanley N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1976"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Katz, 1976). They, of course, were praised by those few who made these goods since they made big profits as a result, but for the nation as a whole, it was a clear loss.

 Jefferson was a proponent of the agricultural system of independent yeoman farmers. In short, his beliefs were the antithesis of today's Democrats. Hamilton's story is the virtual embodiment of the American dream. Alexander Hamilton rose on his own merits and abilities, and he wrote the seminal work “On Manufacturing” that said that manufacturing was the country's future, which of course, ended up creating the urban proletariat that became the northern half of the Democrat party. Hamilton saw an American future that eliminated Jefferson's yeoman farmer. Hamilton said to fund all state debts at full value because it would ensure confidence in the American economy and help consolidate American debts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9GNMPJVj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Katz, 1976)","plainCitation":"(Katz, 1976)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1356,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/X2MIHC9Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/X2MIHC9Z"],"itemData":{"id":1356,"type":"article-journal","title":"Thomas Jefferson and the right to property in revolutionary America","container-title":"The Journal of Law and Economics","page":"467–488","volume":"19","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Katz","given":"Stanley N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1976"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Katz, 1976). Jefferson said the opposite, not to fund debts, like war debts, etc. and that states should retain their own debts. States like Virginia, who paid off their debts, should not have to help more negligible states pay off their debts.

Hamilton and federalists also favored the making of the bank of the U.S. since they felt that the U.S. needed a bank of the U.S. to regulate currency and interest rates. Besides, he also said that the bank should be privately controlled by bankers who are invested in the nation’s economy. Jefferson and fellow anti-federalists did not support that idea, however.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ackerman, B., & Fontana, D. (2004). Thomas Jefferson counts himself into the presidency. Va. L. Rev., 90, 551.

Katz, S. N. (1976). Thomas Jefferson and the right to property in revolutionary America. The Journal of Law and Economics, 19(3), 467–488.

Week 3 Project

Alexander Hamilton - as the founding father of the United States

Mark Wrublewski

HIST1101

10/09/2019

Background

Hamilton was not the president, and therefore noticeably inferior in popularity to George Washington or Thomas Jefferson. Nevertheless, he is among the ten most influential in the history of this country. Alexander Hamilton was among the few statesmen whose portrait is immortal in the national currency of the United States. Hamilton is a symbol of America's financial strength (on the ten-dollar bill) and as an instrument of its formation as a single state.

Hamilton's views are hardly liberal. One of the founders and leader of the federalist party, he defended the benefits of a centralized federal state with reliable president power. As a result, Hamilton was one of the primary opponents of the expansion of state rights and many principles of democracy, characteristic of the early period of the history of the independent American republic.

John Ward Densmore "Betty Ross and the First Star-Striped Flag"

However, Alexander Hamilton managed not only to lay the foundations of the most powerful economy but also to determine the economic landmarks. His strategy provides a path along which the country was able to move over the next two and a half centuries successfully. It was related to such fundamental foundations of American statehood as the constitution, the institution of the presidency, the army, and the federal structure. However, his work as the first Minister of Finance in the country's history deserves special attention.

Hamilton was appointed to this position by US President George Washington in 1789 and immediately began to promote his financial program actively. In 1790, he prepared the famous State Credit Report, in which he formulated a series of bold and radical proposals. The volume of debts amounted to a substantial sum of $ 75 million for the not-so-rich state then. (Grosvenor, 2017).

The aim of "State Credit Report" was to solve major economic and political, and not just financial problems. Hamilton sought to create and strengthen strong central institutions as a necessary political and economic infrastructure of a single state, which caused severe opposition from supporters of broader state autonomy. Calling for the payment of state debts, he hoped to link the interests of the federal government with those of powerful and wealthy people who held most of their debt obligations. Against such an obvious step towards strengthening the power of the federal government concerning state governments, the then US Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who advocated less centralization, initially spoke out. (Grosvenor, 2017).

John Trumbull Adopting the Declaration of Independence

Besides, one of Hamilton's main goals was to restore confidence in the state as a reliable borrower, since in the future it would inevitably have to resort to issuing bonds. The State Credit Report states: "Debt is the price of freedom ... America's trust was the key to freedom, and this circumstance gives particular strength to our obligations." Where others saw only the problem, Hamilton found opportunities. He argued that consolidating national debt would make it possible to turn debt into liquid capital, making it one of the factors of economic growth. "If the national debt is not too big, it can become a national blessing," the minister said. (Chu, 2011).

A serious problem for the young state was a disordered banking system and, as a result, currency chaos reigned in the country. After the end of the War of Independence, banking began to develop rapidly, and by 1790 a network of private banks had appeared in the country, the activities of which, however, had several features. Firstly, a bank that received a license to work in one state did not have the right to conduct operations in the territory of another. Secondly, most private banks issued their banknotes.

Each time private bank-issued banknotes, it thereby increased the country's money supply. Such a system should have been regulated. Hamilton believed that the regulator should be some particular bank, endowed with the functions of a state institution. His opponents believed that the financial market itself is a regulator since banks will not print unsecured money so as not to burn out.

Alexander Hamilton depicted on a 10-dollar bill.

In 1791, Hamilton obtained a license from the US Congress for the first central bank of America, the so-called First Bank of the United States, with an initial capital of $ 10 million. The dollar received the status of national currency. Initially, the initiative of the Minister of Finance provoked intense debate at the highest level. After all, it was a joint-stock bank created based on a Philadelphia state bank. Bank's shareholders include the government and private individuals, even foreigners (incidentally, the charge of foreign presence prevented the renewal of the bank's license, which expired in 1811). (Berkin, Miller, Chern & Gormly, 2011).

However, Hamilton wanted to create not just a joint-stock bank, but a powerful and efficient financial instrument of the state. The bank was supposed to take taxes and lend money to the government. Bank also pay interest on government bonds, and most importantly to regulate the issuance of banknotes by private banks, presenting them for payment in gold. The prospect of a big bank with branches in all states, offering money at low-interest rates and overseeing the money emissions of other banks, scared all the supporters of decentralization. Hamilton's opponents pointed out that in this case, the states lose their constitutional right to prohibit and create banks. All the southern states (where congress members were close to the shareholders of local banks or were opposed. However, the northern states and especially Philadelphia, Hamilton's proposal was supported.

US First Central Bank

One way or another, the First Bank of the United States was created and for 20 years served as a financial base for a rapidly developing economy. Its main task was to provide conditions for building up production capital in the country. Hamilton wrote: "Gold and silver, used only as an instrument of exchange and alienation, are dead assets subject to denomination. When deposited with banks, they become the basis for the circulation of paper money, and in this case, they receive life, or, in other words, active and productive quality"(Cornog, 2017). The liquidation of the central bank in 1811 led to banks being dependent on state governments and a "lack of reliability" of the banking system. Therefore, a few years later, in 1816, the central bank was revived under the name of the Second Bank of the United States.

Alexander Hamilton was convinced that the central government, formally endowed with extensive powers, could not be strong without a solid financial basis for its activities: "Money rightly considers the backbone of political structures to ensure their existence and activity, the fulfilment of the most important functions. Sovereignty regarding regular and to receive them properly, as far as the country's resources allow, can be considered as an integral part of all constitutions. "Lack of funds proceeds to the system, "robbery of the people instead of acceptable methods of satisfying social needs, or the complete atrophy of a government that dies in the shortest possible time." Therefore, the Minister of Finance paid particular attention to the creation of an effective tax system, (Cornog, 2017).

However, this position had severe opponents in the face of anti-federalists, supporters of broad state autonomy with which Hamilton had to wage an ideological and political struggle even before the adoption of the US Constitution in 1789. Hamilton believed that the government should have "all power to solve the tasks entrusted to it." (Chu, 2011). He cares and performing the functions entrusted to him to the end, for which it is responsible, "and should be completely free from any other control," other than public good. "However, he acknowledged that states should have independent tax collection rights to meet their own needs.

"The Minister of Finance noted, that, "as long as the duties of supervising national defense and ensuring public peace against external or internal atrocities. It includes appropriations in connection with losses and dangers of the size of which cannot be determined in advance. The rights to these appropriations should not know any other boundaries than urgent the needs of the nation and the size of the country's resources."( Douglas, 2014) Income is the main engine by which funds are provided to meet national needs. The right to receive the necessary funds in full shall be the authority of the appropriation for these needs. " (Douglas , 2014)

Hamilton considered the most important for the state to encourage the development of industry and trade. People believe that the United States would not be able to compete with industrially robust Europe if it remained a nation of farmers. The lack of capital investment in the industrial sector was a serious problem, and Hamilton intended to eliminate this shortcoming. Using various management tools, he sought to create a holistic system of stimulation of industrial production. As a result, several forms of state support for entrepreneurship have emerged in the United States, such as protectionist import tariffs and government subsidies. The Minister of Finance believed in the spirit of free enterprise and its function as a catalyst for the economy, but believed that the state could and should intervene in the economy, in particular,

Such an economic policy had many opponents. A clear focus on the development of commerce and industry, including the quick profit that the program promised business people of the more industrialized North, soon led to the formation of powerful opposition from among the agricultural states of the South. Thomas Jefferson was Hamilton's opponent who advocated that " the protecting the common man from political and economic tyranny". Moreover, Jefferson proposed to develop a more decentralized agrarian democracy, since "small farmers are the real representatives of the great American people." (Grosvenor, 2017).

Conclusion

Hamilton contributed to the creation of not only the class of industrialists necessary for the development of the capitalist method of management but also the capital with which they could work. In the famous Manufacturer's Report submitted to Congress, he argued that America had a solid foundation for the capital inflows required for industrial development, citing the growth of banks, attracting foreign investment and using consolidated debt as a form of capital." (Styrt, 2018). The three mentioned sources of obtaining capital came mainly from the actions of Hamilton himself. The implementation of the new program contributed to the formation of a financial system adequate to the realities of the united American state, and to strengthening the position of the federal government. The importance of the activities of Alexander Hamilton for the further development of the United States is difficult to overestimate. With a slight stretch, we can say that the course that the United States took at the end of the XVIII century.

References

Berkin, C., Miller, C., Cherny, R., & Gormly, J. (2011). Making America: A History of the

United States, Volume 2: From 1865. Cengage Learning.

Cornog, M. (2017). Alexander Hamilton: The Graphic History of an American Founding Father.

Library Journal, 142(14), 98. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=125073047&site=eds-live

Chu, J. M. (2011). Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich.\The First

Wall Street: Chestnut Street, Philadelphia and the Birth of American Finance.\One Nation under Debt: Hamilton, Jefferson, and the History of What We Owe. Journal of the Early Republic, 31(1), 170–177. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=57626832&site=eds-live

Douglas L. Martin, H. (2014, July 5). Hamilton’s role in making American history. Hamilton

Spectator, The (ON). Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rch&AN=Q4KHSON2014070529700721&site=eds-live

Grosvenor, E. S. (2017). The Best of American Heritage: Hamilton. Rockville, MD: New Word

City, Inc. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1513347&site=eds-live

Styrt, P. G. (2018). Toward a Historicism of Setting: Hamilton and American History. Modern

Drama, 61(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3138/md.0902

Week 3 Project

Exhibition of world art

Student’s Name

Institution affiliated

Exhibition of world art

India

Pilichamundi with an extended tongue

Pilichamundi is a totemic spirit of ancient tiger as practiced by pre-Hindus societies in the Tulu Nundu Region in Karnataka. The artist is unknown and the title of work is believed to Bhuta worship. The art dates 19th century. It was made from brass, but its tongue was made of silver. It is currently located in India’s national museum.

Pilichamundi was a repsentative of Bhutan cultic ceremonies. People worshiped spirit called bhuta in a ceremony called Bhuta-Kola where a priest or oracle invokes the spirits which then appears and interacts with locals by answering their questions and solving their problems. Bhuta worship was intimate practice where families curve out niche in their houses where worshipping was made.

Karnataka Breastplate

Karnataka breastplate was a 18th -19th century art work created by communities in south India. The ancient communities develop this artwork as a representation of women protection during the ancient tribal wars. Karnataka breastplate was entirely made using bronze. It is currently located in New Orleans Museum Art.

Anthropologists have documented different ways in which breast plate was used especially in Kanara region in southern coast of India where Karnataka Bhutan worship thrived. Apart from acting as protective gear, women adorned Karnataka to show beauty and worship of bhuta. Adorned together with jewelry and beautifully painted consumes, Karnataka served purpose of bringing out beauty of cultural dances.

Chinese artwork

Painting of Chinese Qingming Festival in 13TH century

This art was painted by Zhang Zeduan in around 13th century. It is located in Beijing Museum. It is panoramic handscroll

This art represented a painted of Qingming Festival performed in China to celebrate festive spirits and wordly possessions. The festival contained rich art factual elements and cultural meanings in Chinese culture.

Night Shining White

This is a painted art work created by artist Han Can in around 13th century. The painting is located in Metropolitan Museum in New York. It is painted on Handscroll using ink.

The painted shows cavalry horse belonging to emperor Xuanzong during the Tang Dynasty. It represented life during the ancient times especially the reign of Tan dynasty. The horse depicted the mythological high tempered horse, which represented dragon.

Japan

The great wave of Kanagawa

The art was painted by Katsushika Hokusai in around 1829 – 1833. It was painted in color woodblock. It is located in Mentropolitan Museum Art.

The painting depicted the lives of ancient Japanese fishermen especially in the coastal town of Kanagawa. Although many assumed the painting as a representative of tsunami which rocked ancient town, study of the painting showed that it was representation of rogue wave. The painting also represented ancient Japanese landscape during the 19th century

Landscapes of Autumn and winter

This painted was made by Sesshu Toyo in 15th century during the Muromachi period . It is located in Kyoto National Museum. It was painted in color wood block

This painting depicted the winter and autumn period in ancient Japan. It shows the changing seasons and the beauty of region during the 15th century. It represents ideal understanding of the area.

African

Ndop of King Mishe

The Ndop of King Mish was made by Mishyaang Mambul in around 1760 – 1780. It is currently found in Brooklyn Museum. It is sculptured out of wooden material.

The ndops are royal portraits representing leaders of Kuba people in Central Africa. These portraits were not only intended to represent naturalist portraits of leader but also kings/leaders spirit. Ndops represented kingship style of leaderships and indicated people believe on immortal of kings.

Ashanti Trophy head

The ashanti trophy head was made in 1870s in the then powerful Asante Kingdom. Though the creators was unknown, it is believed to be created by ancient chiefs who were often leaders in wars. The art was made of pure gold and it is found in Wallace Collection in London.

The trophy head represented head of enemy killed by chief in the battle. It depicted socio-political lives of ancient Ashanti people characterized by tribal wars. It also showed structure of political leadership and role of each leader within the leadership structure.

Oceania

Gable figure (Dilukai)

This was 19th century painted wood made by Belauan people. It is found in Metropolitan Museum ART in New York. It was made by Belauan people

The painted art represented a figure of young women carved over doors of chiefs. The art shows a young woman seated and hands placed on thighs. It is believed by Belauan people that the women protected the community from evil spirits.

Dinonga eidu

This wooden sculpture made in 1800 in Caroline Islands. It is found in Auckland Museum. it was made of wood.

Dinonga Aidu was important idol worshiped in pre-Christian times in Nakuoro Atoll in eastern Caroline Islands. It was regarded as a representation of community and individual deity. It was highly adorn by people as master guider and protector. It was offered sacrifices.

Overview of “World exhibition art”

The exhibition generated above shows art from different parts of the world including Africa, china, Japan, Oceania and India. These art work has similarities and differences. Some of these arts were made from similar materials, for example, there are made of wood, while others made of metal. Some similar in terms of shape and size of the objects. There are also significant differences. Each artifact had own specific meaning which was relevant to the community owning it. Besides, there was also big difference in where the art were displayed. Some were displayed in leader’s houses while others were carried by people in their daily lives. Generally, arts from different parts of the world showed different meaning and carried specific significance

References

Saffronart (2016) Pilichamundi with extended tongue. Retrieved from https://www.saffronart.com/customauctions/PostWork.aspx?l=20945

NOMA. 2017. NOMA unveils dance ritual objects in new Indian art gallery. Retrieved from https://noma.org/indian-art-gallery-ritual-dance/.

China Online Museum. 2019. Night-Shining White. Retrieved from http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting-han-gan-night-shining-white.php

The British Museum (2019) Kanagawa-oki nami-ura 神奈川沖浪裏 (Under the Wave off Kanagawa) / Fugaku sanjūrokke. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20141211122356/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3097579&partId=1

Tokyo National Museum (2019)Landscapes of autumn and winter. Retrieved from https://www.tnm.jp/modules/r_collection/index.php?controller=dtl&colid=A1398

Wallace collection (2012) trophy head (Asante) Ghana. Retrieved from HYPERLINK "https://www.wallacecollection.org/collection/trophy-head/" https://www.wallacecollection.org/collection/trophy-head/

Khan Academy (2018) Portrait of King Mishe miShyaang maMbul (Kuba peoples). https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/africa-ap/a/ndop-portrait-of-king-mishe-mishyaang-mambul

Metropolitan Museum Art, 2017, Dilukai from the Caroline Islands, Belau (Palau). Retrieved from https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/10/oci/hob_1978.412.1558a-d.htm

Journal of Polynesian society (1968) A Wooden Image from Nukuoro in the Auckland Museum. retrieved from http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_77_1968/Volume_77%2C_No._1/A_wooden_image_from_Nukuoro_in_the_Auckland_Museum%2C_by__Janet_M._Davidson%2C_p_77_-_79/p1

Week 4

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Answers

Individuals who guarantee that Marxism can't address the critical edge world. It predicts the speed and heading of real industrialist improvement in nations, for example, the US and Germany by decades and clarifies a great deal about twentieth century private enterprise, particularly in a significant number of the alleged 'Third World' nations. Clash between the classes of the old society arises on different agenda. The bourgeoisie winds up engaged with a steady fight. From the start with the gentry; later on, with those bits of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests have become opposing to the advancement of industry; at record-breaking with the bourgeoisie of outside nations. In this fight middle and lower class were involved in political issues. The bourgeoisie itself, along these lines, supplies the working class with its very own components of political and general training, at the end of the day, it outfits the low class with weapons for battling the bourgeoisie. Further, as we have just observed, whole segments of the decision class are, by the development of industry, encouraged into the low class, or are in any event undermined in their states of presence. These likewise supply the working class with crisp components of edification and progress. At last, in times when the battle nears the explicit to explicit, the advancement of disintegration going on inside the decision class. Due to incertainityu inside the entire scope of old society, expect such a brutal, glaring character, that a some of the decision class cuts itself uncontrolled and joins the progressive class. Similarly as, hence, at a prior period, an area of the honorability headed toward the bourgeoisie, so now a bit of the bourgeoisie heads toward the working class, and specifically, a part of the average ideologists, who have raised themselves to the degree of grasping hypothetically the verifiable development all in all. Of the considerable number of classes that stand eye to eye with the bourgeoisie today, the working class alone is an extremely progressive class. At last different classes terminated all clashes Due to all these people in opposition donot decried opponents.

No one is there to criticize and decried as communist because of class which have decision material power of society. The class which has the methods and authority for decision making, has control simultaneously over different people thinking.The decision thoughts are just the perfect articulation of the prevailing material connections, the predominant material connections got a handle on as thoughts; thus of the connections which make the one class the decision one, consequently the thoughts of its strength. The people making the decision class have in addition to other things cognizance, and in this way think. In so far, along these forces, they rule as a class and have a great impact on people life that they cannot live freely. For example, during a time and in a nation where illustrious power, nobility, and bourgeoisie are fighting for authority and where, in this manner, authority is shared, the teaching of the partition of forces demonstrates to be the predominant thought. Therefore no one can criticize the opponents and their reactionary parties

WEEK 4 DISCUSSION

Initial reply week 4

Question 2:

As industrialization ……………… their exploitation.

The period of industrialization with its rapid construction created an unprecedented shortage of workers. The factories became the engines of industrialization and animal and muscle power began to be replaced by wind and water. New sources of energy were found in coal, oil and electricity. Industrialization had major social consequences and changed the way of life and the position of the working population. With the replacement of machines, man-made work became more efficient, but at the same time a large number of people became unemployed in traditional occupations. More and more woman entered in workforce. The joining of women in factories empowered women. “Among females who were looking for ………………..Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845).( Berkin, Miller, & Gormly, 2011, P. 283).

The position of a woman is always determined by the duties that she has to perform at each stage of the development of the economic system. During primitive communism (you know primitive communism based on lectures in the history of economic development), a time so far distant to us when there was no private ownership and mankind strayed across the earth into small herds, tribes, men and women (Dana, 1989). People lived by hunting and gathering wild herbs and fruits. At this stage of primitive man development, many tens and even hundreds of millennia ago, the roles of man and woman did not differ in any way. It is interesting and important to note that, according to anthropologists' research, during the lower stages of humanity, when humans were hunting. The social and economic conditions of women strongly influence their modes of politicization and engagement. industrialization allow women to be empowered through education suffrage and their participation in politics and every job that men ,use to do in past. On other hand it exploit women as well because there is gender gap in wages and appreciation of work. Working-class females practiced the same gloomy but risky working circumstances and miserable living conditions as working-class males, but their lives were even tougher. Single mother were mainly bad off. They were salaried pointedly less than males but had to wage as much and occasionally more for living accommodations, food, and clothing”.(Berkin, Miller, & Gormly, 2011, P. 284)

References

Berkin, C., Miller, C., Cherny, R., & Gormly, J. (2011). Making America: a history of the United

States (Vol. 1). Nelson Education.

Dana L. Fox. (1989). Instructional Materials: Women’s Roles in American History: Materials for

a Unit. The English Journal, 78(7), 78. https://doi.org/10.2307/817964

replies

reply to China Pfertsh

Thankyou for your post and I have found it interesting and useful. I am not agreeing that industrialization exploit woman completely. Yes to some extend it is true, but it also empowered them. In the United States, married women throughout the United States did not have property rights until the end of the 19th century. According to the English Common Law, daughters were one-half of their sons in inheritance, and legally married women could not own property. The widow had only the right to use the property, and when the husband died, the widow received about one-third of the property. In the case of 'legal unmarried women', they owned property. The property ownership of the first married woman was acquired by the Mississippi state in 1839. In the late 1870s, property ownership was extended from northern to southern states.

Reply to Tiffany Harrigan

Before the American Revolution, the passion for political freedom had already matured. Booklets and sermons were poured out that informed of the political rights and freedoms and the history and meaning of a just and legal government. But the motto of freedom and virtue has been interpreted differently for men and women. The American Revolution itself had a masculine personality in terms of political activity and purpose, but it also made a big difference for American women. The patriotism of the wars gave them the opportunity to devote themselves to the nation in a more active manner. In addition, they expressed their political opinions through ways of participating in the riots. The protests against the British government, which culminated in the Declaration of Independence, reestablished political relations between the new state and the federal government. Male politicians redefine the relationship between the individual and the state. But they did not pay much attention to the relationship between women and the state. It is the concept of 'Republican Motherhood' that has provided a clue to the solution to the dilemma between the republican theory and the actual public activity of women. According to this concept, mothers are obliged to uphold family discipline and to take charge of their children's moral education as citizens, so it is the responsibility of the state to expand the opportunities for education for women to young girls.

WEEK 4 DISCUSSION

Week 4 discussion

Question 1: Art of the Americas

Aztec

Teotihuacan

To the north of the Mexican capital, at the spurs of the Eastern Sierra Madre mountain range, is Teotihuacan - an ancient city in the Valley of Mexico City, in the 1st millennium BC. e. - The largest cultural center of Mexico. Worked in Teotihuacan for eleven years - from 1955 to 1966 - an archaeological expedition led by L. Sejourne excavated on an area of ​​1 square. km and discovered a number of magnificent ancient buildings, murals and colored ceramics. L. Sejournet for the first time described the principles of Teotihuacan architecture.

The center of Teotihuacan consists of two long intersecting "avenues" oriented to the cardinal points. From north to south stretches a long (up to 3.5 km) and wide (up to 50 m) “Street of the Dead” (Calle de los Muertos). At its northern end is a gigantic massif of the Luda Pyramid - a five-tier structure with a flat top. The base of the pyramid is 150 × 130 m, height 42 m.

To the east of the "Street of the Dead" stands the main temple of Teotihuacan, the Temple of the Sun - a gray truncated pyramid of enormous size. By the perfection of forms and their skillful location in space, the Temple of the Sun in Teotihuacan is considered the standard of world architecture. This is the third tallest pyramid in the world. The brilliant creators of the temple with the power of creative design and artistry of execution continue to inspire modern Mexican architects who create images of Mexico of the 21st century. The Temple of the Sun in Teotihuacan has become a distinctive calling card of Mexico, its images can be seen on Mexican coins and banknotes.

Inca

Inca Gold Female Figurine

The ancient Incas recognized the value of gold and silver only in the form of symbols, but not as precious metals. When the Spaniards invaded Peru, the first ransom offered by the Indians was not gold or silver, but the best textiles. The fabric was valued higher, but as an expression of strength, it was valued on a par with gold and silver. There was an image of a huge sun made of gold, beautiful, forged, with inserts of many precious stones.There was a garden in which the earth itself consisted of lumps of pure gold, and cobs of golden corn stick out cleverly planted on the stems. there were about twenty Indians guarding it all. " All figures, like the one shown in the illustration, are made of sheet metal welded together. The arms are usually crossed on the chest, and sometimes a corncob or fan is depicted in the arms. Some figures are symbolically dressed in clothes or feathers. Very often there are pairs of figures made of gold and silver (Kleiner, 2015).

North (Native) American Art

Ipiutak Mask.

The artist shaped the mask out of walrus ivory, the material used for most Arctic artworks because of the dearth of wood in the area. This mask contains of nine cautiously formed parts, unified to produce numerous faces, both human and animal, resounding the alteration theme distinguished in other earliest American cultures (Kleiner, 2015).

Question 2: Neoclassicism, Romanticism, and Realism

Neoclassicism

Venus persuades Elena to love Paris.

This is not the first time A. Kaufman has turned to a plot borrowed from Homer's Iliad (III, 390–394 ). A painting of 1773 with the same name, but completely differently solved, is located in Coldstream, Berwickshire (England). Venus (in Greek mythology Aphrodite) promised Paris the most beautiful woman in the world if he awarded her a golden apple in a dispute with Hero and Athena for the right to be considered the most beautiful among the goddesses. The moment is captured on the canvas when the divine consolidation with the help of cupid fulfills its promise.

Romanticism

The Lady of Shalott (1888)

John William Waterhouse (1849, Rome - 1917, London) is an English artist whose work is attributed to the late stage of pre-Raphaelitism. Known for his female images, which he borrowed from mythology and literature."The Lady of Shalott" (The Lady of Shalott) - one of the most famous paintings by John William Waterhouse. This is the first picture dedicated to the poem of the same name by the English poet Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) "The Sorceress of the Shallot" (in Russia the poem is known in the translation of Konstantin Balmont (1867-1943)). (Lecoutre, Negrevergne & Yger, 2017)

In the poem The Sorceress of Shallot, we are talking about a girl named Elaine, who is under a curse: she must remain in a tower on the island of Shallot and always weave a tapestry. Shallot Island is located on a river that flows near the Camelot Castle (Camelot is the legendary knight's castle of King Arthur, in which there was his Round Table).

Realism

Self Portrait Courbet

Gustave Courbet wrote a brilliant art masterpiece! The painting "Despair. Self-portrait »masterfully created in the genre of romanticism. The artist worked diligently and painstakingly on her from 1843 to 1845. Author's work is kept in his private collection. In the picture, the brush master talented and gifted portrayed himself. This is his great art and great spiritual perfection. The skill of the artist is simply unique! Gustave Courbet portrayed himself in moments of indignation, confusion, despair. In his life he had such difficult moments when the soul rushes about and demands to go outside. In this situation, the artist threw out his emotional state with paints on the canvas. In the center of the canvas depicts a beautiful, young man’s appearance, with a mustache, beard and wide eyes, in the look of which fear is noticeable. Eyebrows in an arc speak of some kind of surprise, but at the same moment about the inevitable event that he recognized. His hands are raised up to his head. The artist is very shocked by this moment.

References

Kleiner, F. S. (2015). Gardner s Art Through the Ages: A Global History (Vol. 1). Nelson Education.https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9780357299210/cfi/6/60!/4/312/2/2@0:0

Lecoutre, A., Negrevergne, B., & Yger, F. (2017, November). Recognizing art style automatically in painting with deep learning. In Asian conference on machine learning (pp. 327-342).

Week 4 Project

The War of 1812

Mark Wrublewski

HIS1101 U. S. History I SU01R

Week 4 Project

The War of 1812 took place among the USA in the United Kingdom. The war was fought in the sea and North America. On June 1, 1812, U.S. President James Madison made a speech in which he accused Britain of criminal acts against American citizens and announced the beginning of the war. Even though the Americans had only seven thousandth army and 20 ships of the navy, Madison's plans were very ambitious (Benn, 2003). With a few quick, accurate strikes, the U.S. Army was to capture Canada, which in those years belonged to England. In the first months of the war, the Americans acted very successfully.

Great Britain was preoccupied with the war with Napoleon and temporarily left its former colonies unattended. The U.S. Army invaded Canada, occupied it's capital York (then called Toronto) and destroyed the local parliament. However, the American offensive soon choked along the entire front line. By the summer of 1814, the U.S. Army made three attempts to occupy Canada, but each time the Anglo-Canadian forces drove the Americans to the border. The United States failed to inflict a significant defeat on the British and to receive a strategic initiative. (Lambert, 2016).

Moreover, “The War of 1812 was the first time in history that the Americans declared war on the British". (Expansion and Conflict in the 19th Century). After Thomas Jefferson left office after serving two terms, the Republicans elected James Madison as President. He continued Jefferson's ideals and did not strengthen the military. As a result, there was a sequence of events that brought the nation into the War of 1812, which some call the "Second War of Independence." (Berkin, 2015).

Anglo-American War of 1812 is, therefore, part of the broad framework of Atlantic research, recognizing in this space the place of the economic, cultural and intellectual exchanges that are shaping both the Europe of the end of the Napoleonic era and the Americas of the early nineteenth century. Both continents find their influence in European liberal thought and become aware of its emancipatory possibilities. If the articles proposed in this file concern mainly the United States, the War of 1812 is the American echo of the rivalry between European empires as much as the evolution of human societies in North America. Latin American independence is itself derived from the Atlantic geopolitical environment. The dominance of the oceans by the British navy and the cross-events affecting Spain and Portugal have repercussions on the social, political and economic movements within the American territories.

By 1812, relations between the United States and Great Britain had become extremely aggravated. Numerous mutual contradictions should sooner or later lead to an armed conflict, which was the Anglo-American War of 1812-1815 or the "Second War of Independence. ( Berkin,2015). The main reason for the failure was too weak preparation of the army. The idea of ​​conquering Canada had to be abandoned. Now Madison was worried if he could at least keep American territories proper. While on land the U.S. Army was desperately defending its borderlands, the British fleet strengthened the blockade of the entire U.S. coast.

From the very beginning of the war, American generals prudently decided that all hostilities should take place only on land, as Britain with its powerful fleet will win in any naval battle. But contrary to this, in general, logical opinion, the Americans won the severe first victory in the war on the water. We are talking about the battle of 1813 on Lake Erie, the hero of which was captain Oliver Perry. Like any armed conflict, whatever part of the world it takes place, the War of 1812 has had a significant impact on the local population. This exhibition sheds light on the effects of the war on the high-Canadian population of the time and on subsequent generations, who have sought to preserve it. It documents how the battle unfolded, both within the province and beyond its borders, and looks at the subsequent imagery of war in the popular imagination.

References

Berkin, C.(2015). Making America: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877. [South

University]. Retrieved from https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781305793323/

Benn, C. (2003). The War of 1812. Routledge.

Expansion and Conflict in the 19th Century. (n.d). Retrieve from:

https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/d2l/le/content/52439/viewContent/2095684/View

Lambert, A. (2016). Creating Cultural Difference: The Military, Political and Cultural Legacy of

the Anglo-American War of 1812–1815. In War, Demobilization and Memory (pp. 303-319). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

WEEK 4 PROJECT

Art as Revolution

Mark Wrublewski

HUM1002 History of Art from Middle Ages

11/20/2019

Hogarth, Breakfast Scene, 1795

This painting is from William Hogarth . We see young people who are completely not interested in each other. The costume of the freshly baked husband and his hat indicate that he spent the night outside the house, unlike the young wife, who, apparently, had just stood up. The owner who has fallen into apathy does not notice that a ladies' cap sticks out of his pocket, with which the dog is keenly interested. all three characters participate. This composition depicts morning in a young house. The overturned chairs that the sleepy servant lazily raises, playing cards lying on the floor, musical instruments and a notebook of notes - all speak of yesterday's holiday, which ended with a fair orgy. (Marriage a-la-mode, by William Hogarth ,1697-1764).

The pretty countess casually stretches, is about to yawn, and expresses complete indifference to her husband, who tumbled into the rooms without removing his hat and collapsing heavily into a chair. The manager with a bundle of bills in his hand leaves, raising his hands to the sky. Everything that happens in the picture - the relationship between the actors, each physiognomy, each gesture - is depicted extremely clearly and clearly. Hogarth reaches extreme expressiveness. The relationship between the figures and the space, the drawing of the figures, and the dynamic pictorial surface create integral artistic works.

David, Death of Marat, 1793

The Death of Marat created by Jacques-Louis David (1793). This Painting is of the classicism era. The picture of the French painter Jacques Louis David "Death of Marat." The size of the painting is 162 x 128 cm, oil on canvas. Jean Paul Marat, one of the most fanatical, cruel and bloodthirsty leaders of the French Revolution, was a close friend of David. Marat was stabbed deadly in his own bathtub, and the vivid image created by the artist serves as a reminder of this murder. The heroic realism of David reaches its highest expression in the film "The Death of Marat." It was written based on a direct impression of the situation in which the artist saw for the last time a friend of the people. Historical authenticity is combined here with the emotional richness of the image.

David sought to maintain the authenticity of what was happening. Marat was killed right in the bathroom, from which he did not actually get out due to the severe form of skin disease. A wooden box replaced the revolutionary table, and the sheets that wrap the Jacobin, really were in patches. However, the hero himself is depicted with a lesser degree of certainty - David turned him into a kind of athlete, the hero of Antiquity, and this asceticism in the setting gives the whole plot a special gloomy solemnity. In the hands of the murdered Marat is a note that could not be read by the hero. It belongs to Charlotte Korda and has the appearance of a certain statement, which says that she (Korda) is deeply unhappy and has the right to defend Marat. (Beaumont, 2018).

Talking about the event, David limited himself to only the most necessary details: a limp body drooping, a bleeding wound, a murder weapon and a letter that the killer used to let him into the house. David created a work likened to a majestic and strict monument. Patient Marat was killed in the bath, which he took as prescribed by the doctor, while he was reading the treacherous letter of the killer , Charlotte Corde. A bathtub and a drapery of fabric hanging in large folds are perceived as an antique sarcophagus, a block on which an inkwell stands, is a tombstone with the inscription: "Maratu - David." The traits of the slain are of a portrait character, although they are altered by the expression of sorrow and suffering. The dark background, harsh light and a clear stable black and white modeling used by the French painter in this picture, reinforce a sense of detachment from all that is accidental. The artist monumentalizes a figurative solution, emphasizing his laconicism and heroism, his dramatic expressiveness.

Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830

The composition of the image is very dynamic. In the center of the picture is simple clothes, it moves in the foreground and to the right. Because of the powder smoke, the area is not visible, nor is this group. The pressure of the crowd that fills the depth of the image forms all the increasing internal pressure that must inevitably break through. And now, in front of the crowd, a beautiful woman with a tri-colored Republican banner and a pistol with a bayonet on her left stepped wide from the cloud of smoke to the top of the barricade. On the head is a red Phrygian cap of Jacobins, his clothes fluttering to reveal his chest, his face profile reminiscent of Venus de Milo's classic features. who is determined and courageous towards the fighters? (Delacroix, 1830).

When working on the image in Delacroix's worldview, two opposing principles collapsed - inspiration inspired by reality and, on the other hand, distrust of reality that has long been rooted in his mind. Confidence that life can be beautiful in itself, that human images and purely pictorial means can convey the image of the image completely. This distrust dictated the symbolic symbol of freedom and some other allegorical refinements.

Goya, Third of May 1808, 1814-15

The painting was created in memory of the events associated with the Madrid uprising against the French occupation forces. In fact, this work is the right half of the diptych. The left half is directly the events themselves, which took place on May 2, 1808. The revolutionary painting is undoubtedly a significant part of 19th-century Spanish art. Nevertheless, the avant-garde canvas was coldly accepted by contemporaries and critics, since the author rejected all the rules and principles of the then prevailing trends of painting. "The Third of May 1808" does not contain brave deeds, noble deeds and heroes. Instead, Goya portrays a grim and bloody execution. (Malache, Bruyns & Dorlodot, 2017).

In contrast, for example, from the " death of Marat " , the authorship of Jacques-Louis David , or the "last day of Pompey" Bryullov , in this work there is only an aimless death. The date of the first demonstration of the painting to the public is not known for certain. Along with May Day, it was stored in the Prado Museum, and was not even included in the catalog from 1872. Nevertheless, with the advent of contemporary artists and fresh artistic trends, the work was recognized as an innovative masterpiece. The symbol of the atrocities of war puts work on a level with such canvases as “Guernica” and “The Massacre in Korea”, by Pablo Picasso . Goya clearly indicates through the "crucified" protest that the rebels are martyrs, and also shows that the rebellion was useless and meaningless.

Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849

In this picture of Gustave Courbet, we see two men at work making debris from larger boulders. The structure of the picture is simple: in scorching sun the low work happens, the background is dark and dark. Only the top right shows a ray of sunshine and blue sky. The escape lines of two tools and the old point there.

Otherwise, the workers are firmly on the ground, almost grown together with him. The color of the clothes (despite a little red and blue) do not stand out from the workplace. The exploited labor assimilates man into the environment, including language and culture. The tattered, old-fashioned clothes, wooden shoes and worn-out shoes mark the social status of the workers. The straw hat of the older man is like a privilege, like a luxury - but he hides his face. It is in the shade. Both workers show no face - the workers like a crowd of people, each one anonymous and replaceable.

While the left figure is almost horizontally removed, the right makes a power-consuming turn. Painterly well composed, if you also notice to the right-hand worker that he only does this work in the studio. No stonecutter holds his pimple, his mallet! At that time, the painters often painted the outdoors in the open air and in the studio in front of the model in the studio, hence such details.

References

BEAUMONT, H. S. (2018). Art as Revolutionary Propaganda in David’s The Death of Marat.

War, Literature & the Arts: An International Journal of the Humanities, 30, 22–28. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=131832413&site=eds-live

Delacroix, E. (1830). Liberty leading the people. American Library Color Slide Company.

Malache, M.-J., Bruyns, E., & Dorlodot, S. de. (2017). Francisco Goya : A True Artistic

Visionary. [Place of publication not identified]: 50Minutes.com. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1642327&site=eds-live

Marriage a-la-mode, by William Hogarth (1697-1764), detail. (2014). Bridgeman Images:

DeAgostini Library. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edscrc&AN=edscrc.15657522&site=eds-live

Romanticism and Realism in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Retrieve from : https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/d2l/le/content/54185/viewContent/2179903/View