Unit 2 Discussion Post

Unit 2 Discussion Post

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Unit 2 Discussion Post

Italian church architecture varies a lot from that of France, Spain, or the Holy Roman Empire. These churches were first found in the Romanesque era and held great significance due to their structures (Fernie, 2019). The features of the Italian church architecture are described as undressed stone walls which are usually thought, building consisting of small windows, and a massive fortress character held in between somewhere. It was also familiar with Ancient Rome architecture and the French and German Romanesque. Moreover, it was also distinguished and influenced by Islamic architecture. These were mostly established in river valleys and plains. The building was decorated with marble, and the buildings usually held a large number of cathedrals alongside. Other similar structures in the Italian Church architecture included castles, domestic buildings, fortifications, and civic buildings that were mostly altered. Now distinguishing these features with France church architecture would consist of many characteristics.

These churches would have wide aisles, or maybe none. These would also have transepts with huge walls with radiating chapels. It would include large towers that would cross a much smaller transept and a larger window. There is a different type of decoration or sculptured portals which are molded or shaft in such a way so that they can be placed. Similarly, the church architecture in Spain varies from Italian art in such a way which describes its large cathedrals and abbeys. The Baroque-style architecture of the Spain church was built with brick and stone, but mostly with the Roman brick (Barbieri et al. 2017). It had short transept with lateral arcaded porches and small churches inside. It also had round topped moldings surrounded with figurative carvings. Lastly, the Holy Roman Empire church differentiated from the Italian church in a way that it is now a part of Germany, and was built like a castle (Spicer, 2016).

References

Barbieri, G., Valente, M., Biolzi, L., Togliani, C., Fregonese, L., & Stanga, G. (2017). An insight in the late Baroque architecture: an integrated approach for a unique Bibiena church. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 23, 58-67.

Fernie, E. (2019). Definitions and Explanations of the Romanesque Style in Architecture from the 1960s to the Present Day. A Companion to Medieval Art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe, 407-416.

Spicer, A. (2016). Framing the Sacred: Lutheran Church Furnishings in the Holy Roman Empire. In Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe (pp. 121-156). Routledge.

Unit 2 Paper- HARBAVILLE TRIPTYCH

Unit 2 Paper – HARBAVILLE TRIPTYCH

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Unit 2 Paper – HARBAVILLE TRIPTYCH

Introduction

This masterpiece of Byzantine art that is identified as Harbaville Triptych holds much significance and importance in the Christian worldview. This piece of art shows interesting elements of sculpture, precision, nobility, and humanitarianism (Cutler, 1998). This art was made in the middle of the 10th century and is regarded as the finest and best-preserved piece of art for all centuries to come in the French empire. This art that was made by the “Romanos group” is closely connected with the characteristics of the Imperial Court. This essay would discuss the significance of this art and the sculptures inside of it. It would recognize the people that are drawn in the art, and the meaning behind what is being displayed by the statues. The essay would summarize the art through presenting the Christ, Emperor, and the Deesis, the Virgin, and the Baptist (Kalavrezou, 843 AD). Moreover, showing the two side panels and the people standing on those panels, such as the holy martyrs, the apostles, bishops, and the sacred soldiers.

Discussion

Identification

The legacy of this art presents itself on the central panel which consists of so many significant characters such as the Deesis, the Saint, the Virgon, and the holy martyrs and bishops. Each character holds a cultural and religious aspect which unfolds an elegant prospect. This art that is referred to as the masterpiece of Byzantine criticizes the characteristics of the Macedonian emperors. The art encompasses and represents a revival of Macedonian dynasty that was made and identified in the middle of the 10th century (867 – 1057). It shows some useful characteristics such as classical antiquity, oriental influences, and the similar Christian tradition which centralizes the characters (Levin, 2018). This whole scenario of a prayer going on in the art identifies the Deesis and the Baptist, and the number of martyrs placed inside the panels. Various animals are also a part of this art through the flat work.

This art presents itself as an imperial workshop that provokes a decades work of culture and tradition, all wrapped into this particular work of art. The work of Christ is showing that the crown prince is giving the crown to the emperor (Pentcheva, 2010). There is a striking resemblance of the Christ in the Romanus with another aspect or character. This imperial court of Constantinople in which the whole setting is displayed through capturing it in the form of art illustrates the cultural and vigorous religious structure. The second half of the 10th century came with more surprises that included similar artwork, based on sculptures and Greek mythology. Moreover, another famous example of artwork can be taken as the Palace of Venice, that was located in France in a cathedral. The history of this Romanus group, the Harbaville family, and the Byzantine art, all connect in a single artistic mindset.

Conclusion

The aforementioned art presents an understanding of the culture by presenting different forms of representation. Each story and specification of the character holds significant meaning. Moreover, this particular form of art is highly culturized and expensive when it comes to selling it in the market. This art was introduced in the 10th century, which makes it one of the oldest works in art for all times. The older the art means, the more golden, unique, and meaning that becomes. For this specific piece, the art tries to capture the attention through its presentation of culture and the laws that were apart of the system at that time. The characters that are drawn are the Virgin, the Baptist, role in crowning the new prince and the structure of the system.

References

Cutler, A. (1998). A Byzantine Triptych in Medieval Germany and Its Modern Recovery. Gesta, 37(1), 3-12.

Kalavrezou, I. The Harbaville Triptych. The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, AD 843, 1261, 133-134.

Levin, W. R. (2018). The Bigallo Triptych: A Document of Confraternal Charity in Fourteenth-Century Florence. Confraternitas, 29(1).

Pentcheva, B. V. (2010). Icons and power: the Mother of God in Byzantium. Penn State Press.

Unit 3 Discussion

Unit 3 Discussion

Kaitlyn Roark

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Gothic Architecture of Cathedrals

Cathedrals based on Gothic architecture focused on height to enhance the sense of power of God and to reinforce influence of the Church. The great size of the Churches left people in awe of the magnificence of the structures which swayed people even further into the ambit of religion. This was especially pertinent in the medieval era because such massive uninterrupted vertical spaces were unseen at the time. The fact that most of population at the time was illiterate and prone to influence from anything they considered ‘super-human’, the height of Gothic Cathedrals served to augment their belief and made them more devout towards the church.

Another factor that influenced the height of the Gothic Cathedral was the ongoing Crusades. Relics were brought in by returning Crusaders which had to be displayed prominently; hence the need for increased height as hordes of worshippers on pilgrimage kept on increasing in number. Moreover, natural light was the primary source of illumination so greater windows and open spaces had to be created to provide sufficient light. This need to dispel darkness and illuminate the Cathedrals pushed masons to build bigger and wider windows that inspired the great size of the Gothic Cathedrals. Greater illumination was also important because it had a dramatic effect on the faithful who associated light with mysticism and worship. One of the first cathedrals to adopt huge windows design was Basilica Saint-Denis upon its remodeling, inspired by The Abbot Suger. Not wanting to be left behind - unsurprisingly - other cathedrals soon followed suit.

The three major structural characteristics of Gothic architecture were ribbed vaults (connecting the several stone columns for greater strength), flying buttresses (structures that shifted the enormous weight of the roof outwards towards external elements) and the pointed arch. These design elements were central to enable the construction of high columns which provided great vertical height.

Unit 4 - Discussion Board

Unit 4 - Discussion Board

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Unit 4 - Discussion Board

Context

Choosing a topic that is relevant to the task at hand is important. A topic should be chosen in a way it would further enhance the knowledge of the student. The document selected for this assignment from a range of topics is “Iraqi Aggression in Kuwait (1990)”. This topic revolves around the speech of the then-President George H.W. Bush. The President delivered this speech in the General Assembly of the United States on 1st October 1990. In the face of ongoing Iraqi aggression against a reliable ally in the Gulf, Bush highlighted the grave threat this aggression posed to the new world order. George H.W. Bush was the 41st President of the United States of America. Prior to becoming the President of the States, he had been an ambassador and director of the CIA. Bush also served in the navy till 1948. He was considered one of the youngest aviators in the history of the US Navy. Bush served as vice president under President Reagan. Bush signed an act called Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990. The act changed the lives of more than 43 million people. Another important achievement of the Bush era was the NAFTA agreement. NAFTA stands for North American Free Trade Agreement. Under this trade agreement, duties and tariffs of many essentials were eliminated. Bush was conferred Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011. Sadly, this illustrious chapter of American history closed on November 30th, 2018.

Summary

It was the days of the collapse of the communist ideology. Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were almost emancipated from the shackles of communism. The new world order was over the horizon. Amidst all this, Kuwait, a dependable ally in the Gulf region, was facing aggression from its neighboring Iraq. The threat to the new world order was immense. The US President, in the face of crisis, delivered a mammoth speech. In the speech, the President urged the international community to demonstrate resolve against any aggression towards any country. The President asked the representatives of the countries present in the assembly hall to work together to form a new partnership. A partnership that would denounce the notion of the cold war. Bush had a vision that humanity will move forward from its thirst of blood. Bush put forward a vision of strategic partnership. In this vision, regional and national organizations will play a major part. Cooperation and collective action will underpin this vision. Bush envisioned to see more democratic states and subsequent prosperity. In the face of proliferating newer military inventions, Bush envisioned peace. The most interesting this of this document is that the way the USA put forward its strong stance against the Iraqi aggression.

Connections

The speech of the President, Goerge H.W. Bush has remarkable significance when modern American history is taken into account. The President, on 16 January 1991, sanctioned "Operation Desert Storm". This operation was US forces led operation to counter the Iraqi aggression. The operation was concluded on 28th February and the President called a cease-fire.

The operation further consolidated US stance as a responsible major player in the world affairs that would do everything to maintain the world order.

Issue Today

Soon after the conclusion of the war in Kuwait, the writers acknowledged the American air and military muscle. The Iraqi aggression against Kuwait saw unprecedented technological advancements on the military front. In today's America, the Patriot missile defense system is an example of the advancements. Another example can be F-35 stealth bomber fighter jets. These advancements have made American society a safe place to live in.

United States Postwar Communism Change

United States postwar communism change

Surbhi Varma

December 10, 2019.

United States postwar communism change

After the end of WWII, the United States and USSR were the only countries that emerged as giants in global politics. Each among them was in a race to influence global politics, in a more effervescent manner. Such a gambit created by the US and USSR, resulted in the creation of two blocs with many countries trying to maintain a balance between them. The US was led by the capitalists, whereas the USSR promoted the expansion of a communist world. Fearing that communism might threaten the capitalist narrative, the US promoted the policy of containment against communism. Containment in the foreign policy domain is referred to as limiting the influence of a hostile power. With the years that followed after the end of WWII, the US indulged itself in containing the expansion of the communist narrative. In the process of containment of communism, the US expanded its influence in countries like Afghanistan, Vietnam, and Cuba.

The US followed the strategy of supporting democratic regimes and anti-communist movements. The major contours of the anti-communist campaign were decided in the Truman doctrine. In this doctrine, the US aimed at supporting free people around the world, which the US establishment perceived as the best tool to fight communism. The Presidency of Henry Truman had been the most important tenure in the US polices against communism. The Presidency under Henry Truman assured that each soft element of their foreign policy is intact and is working to fight communism. After Truman, President Eisenhower continued policies of containment initiated by President Truman. It was the time of intense strategic restraint being followed by both the USSR and the US. Different from President Truman and President Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy’s policies were more aggressive against the spread of communism. His administration proposed using military means to deter Soviet aggression.

Another aspect of its fight against communism was the US support against the conservative government in Greece. Greece was an important country to expand US influence across the Balkans and Mediterranean. To assure an impeccable approach against communism, the United States’ forces landed in Greece, after President Truman made a speech in the US Senate in March of 1947. In his speech in the US Congress, Truman assured the people of America that it will go to the last extent to prevent the democratic norms and influence from being deterred at the hands of communist regimes. This initiative against the communist regime was applauded by the government in Athens, and the US was able to smash the communist narrative in Greece. For the US, it was just another strategy against communism, however, it changed the foreign policy orientation of Greece, which still affects its affairs in global politics. In the wake of US initiatives against communism, the US started involving itself in the domestic politics of Greece which the US believed provided an assurance, that Greece would not fall in the hands of communist regimes. In fighting against the communist regimes, the US presented “Democracy”, as an alternative and most suited form of governance, but it remained to fail in bringing the majority of the countries out of the influence of the USSR.

Some of these initiatives, taken under the Presidency of Henry Truman, suggest that his presidency remained most workable against communism. There could be several instances, which one might cite, to authenticate his stance against communism. Truman’s effort against the communist regime in the USSR provided a base to the future efforts of the US for curbing the communist rise. There is no second opinion on the fact that the policy of the US, fought efficiently in curbing the communist rise. The collapse of the USSR, therefore, finally paved the way for the US being the only superpower in the world. The later Presidencies therefore, became stuck in the ways of how they could help naïve democracies, as a result of their fight against communism. Some analysts also opine that in its efforts against communism, the US attempted to bring new threats to the world, like terrorism and extremism. From a financial perspective, the US war against communism had been too costly, ranging from 1.2 to 1.4 trillion dollars.

Up To The Writer

Dr. Irene Pocarello: Titan of Education

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Dr. Irene Pocarello: Titan Of Education

Not all heroes wear armor, some use education as a tool to make a difference. Dr.Irene Pacarello was born in the house of Hispanic immigrant workers, who migrated from Texas to the Houston in 1900s. She is known for her hard workpssiona and dedication in her community. She worked hard to bring the educational revolution in her community.

Since a young age, unlike other kids, she knew that she wants to do something meaningful in her life regarding her community so that she can make a difference. Her impoverished background made her kinder and wiser towards her community needs, from a young age she started volunteering in Hispanic community centers.

After completion of her bachelor's degree in English, she started working for the Association for the Advancement of Mexican Americans, where she helped in the creation of as school. After her Master's Degree in Social work in community planning, she managed the Youth and Adult Program, where she emerged as a great leader. In 1983 she started working at Houston community college where she worked as a grant specialist and technical writer and made a difference by giving scholarships to underrepresented and deserved students, as Campus director.

She introduced summer internship programs to help students acquire quality skills. After promoting to the position of Dean at HCC, she managed here campuses of student development. She submitted successful grant proposals to the Department of Energy in the US. After becoming Vise chancellor for institutional development, she worked on the implementation of a student success model to improve retention. IN 2008, she became Interim president at the HCC southeast college. Due to her extream levels of achievement, she was promoted to multiple positions within Houston community college. She transformed the Southern College and created hope for a better future in terms of education and employment. Due to her hard work college buildings extended to more new building that provided students the opportunity to experiment and learn new skills. She created a massive difference in the life of people around her and provided better educational opportunities to the underprivileged.

This great leader left this world on Sunday, 4th February 2018, in her battle with cancer. But she left a tremendous legacy behind her and her presence can felt in all the work that she did.

End Notes

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Eastside.” Eastside. Accessed March 8, 2019. https://jamesrossnazzal.wixsite.com/eastside.

Up To The Writer

Laucy Terry Prince (1732-1821)

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Laucy Terry Prince (1732-1821)

Introduction

A well-read historian, traditionalist, and renaissance a woman, Mr. Prince was a good figure that was brought to Rhode Island as a slave from Africa. She passed her major part of life as a slave and she was not terrible as mentioned from her name. At the age of 24, she married a freeman who purchased her freedom.

Discussion

She was a sensible writer and poet which reflect through the response she made to Indian ambush of two white families in the ballad poem ‘Bars Fight’. Various websites have illustrated her work from a traditional African style. Her publication came after the thirty years of her death. She formally practiced the rituals which signify her acceptance of Christianity and with five children she approached the Governor of Vermont to assist her in racial disparities. She won the case of land grabbing from other individuals. She had a good knowledge of bible which was tested by various websites because she was well spoken about that. The reference and other sources matched her personality with others but she died at the age of 97 with great contributions for the rights of blacks and minority groups.

Conclusion

As a good orator, she also addressed the board of trustees of Williams College. She was so faithful that after the death of her husband she regularly visits his grave. She was well known among the writer and other intellectual members of 18th century society.

End Notes

Allukian, Kristin. "Early American Women Writers: The Potentiality of the Continual Self-Creating Act." In Liminality, Hybridity, and American Women's Literature, pp. 19-22. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018.

Antonucci, Michael. Lucy Terry Prince. Oxford University Press, 2018.

Gery, John. "Resources for Early American Studies: Companion Texts." Early American Literature 53, no. 2 (2018): 571-573.

Hébert, Keith S. "A Union Indivisible: Secession and the Politics of Slavery in the Border South by Michael D. Robinson." Journal of Southern History 84, no. 4 (2018): 1000-1002.

Sesma, Elena. "Creating Mindful Heritage Narratives: Black Women in Slavery and Freedom." Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 5, no. 1 (2016): 38-61.

Up To The Writer

American History

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points

World War 1 ended in 1918 after Germany surrendered on November 11, 1918. After this, all the powers decided to end the war and to maintain peace in society. World War 1 was one of the deadliest and most brutal wars in the history of the world because in this war millions of soldiers and civilians were killed and wounded. The infrastructure of the belligerent nations was destroyed completely, and the economy of many countries collapsed. Therefore it was essential to end the war on priority bases and to avoid such situations in the future, which will result in the outbreak of another war.

It is believed that one of the major aspects which helped in maintaining peace in the world is the famous 14 points presented by the 28th president of the United States, Woodrow Wilson. The American president, before the joint session of the Congress, in January 1918, gave his vision about war and peace in Europe. These 14 points became the foundation of the League of Nations, which was the first international organization to maintain world peace.

The 14 points were majorly concerned with maintaining peace in Europe, revival of the economic and political activities internationally, realignment of territories of the allied nations and lastly a framework for the international organization, i.e. the League of Nations. Thus it will not be wrong to believe that the 14 points by Woodrow Wilson had a great historical significance because this step ended the world war. Another great historical significance of the 14 points is that it resulted in the rise of the German empire because the 14 points became the source of humiliation to Germany and Germans retaliated accordingly. To cap it all it is evident that the famous 14 points became the bases for both war and peace.

Resistance against Nuclear Weapons

During the cold war, both the democratic and republican parties were supporting containment of communism and wars for containment of communism. Despite this fact, there were some Americans who were against nuclear proliferation. Howard Zinn in his book “A People's History of the United States" has highlighted the fact that these people were mostly those who hold a strong Christian faith. The resistance by Americans against nuclear weapons and against the war in Vietnam had a great historical significance because it discouraged the American government form indulging in wars.

In the beginning some priests and ordinary people like Molly Rush a mother of six children rose against the use of nuclear weapons. These people were of the view that the Government of America is using the money of Taxpayers for making deadly weapons and killing other human beings. With the passage of time, more people raised their voices against the American government. After the elections of the 1980s, about two thousand women marched against the policies by Regan. After this, a group of doctors started contemplating the impact of nuclear war on human health. By 1982, the most massive protest against the government took place in New York. Hence within three years, the public opinion regarding the use of nuclear weapon changed entirely and the American government cautious steps while making decisions in International political arena.

With the above discussion, it is evident that the resistance by the people against the use of nuclear weapons was a turning point for American foreign policies. The American government became more cautious towards human rights and avoided indulging in proxy wars. One of the strongest examples of this is the role of the USA during the Iraqi invasion in Kuwait in 1990. During this time the USA took measured steps to end the war.

End Notes

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Byrd, Robert C., and Wendy Wolff. Senate, 1789-1989, V. 3: Classic Speeches, 1830-1993. Government Printing Office, 1995.

Locke, Joseph L., and Ben Wright. The American Yawp: A Massively Collaborative Open US History Textbook, Vol. 1: To 1877. Stanford University Press, 2019.

"Video: The Reagan Revolution | US History II (American Yawp)." 2019. Courses.Lumenlearning.Com. Accessed March 15, 2019. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ushistory2ay/chapter/video-the-reagan-revolution-2/.

Zinn, Howard, and Matt Damon. A People’s History of the United States. New Press, 1998.

US HISTORY

US History

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

US HISTORY

America had been submerged in the deep swamps of slavery until 1861 when the American Civil War took place and the dark era of slavery ended. The American Civil War took place between the Northern and Southern part of America. The Northern states were known as Union or United States and the Sothern states were called Confederate States (Reid, 2014). The American Civil War is the most researched and written about episode of war in the history of the United States of America. The American Civil War ended on May 9, 1865 (lasting for four years, three weeks and six days) with the victory of Union states and the defeat of Confederate states.

The most significant positive aspect that the war brought with itself was the abolition of slavery (Abzug, (2018). The termination of the American Civil War also marked the end of the dark era of slavery in the United States and the beginning of the Reconstruction Era. Other notable events that followed the end of the American Civil war were the dissolution of the Confederate States, preservation of the national integrity of the United States and passing and ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments in the Constitution of United States (Grant, 2014).

Although more than a century and a half has passed since the termination of the American Civil War, still the Confederate flag can be seen at many places. The flag can either be found fluttering proudly on the poles, on various souvenirs, on textile products (like cushions, pillow covers or bedspreads) or on toys made for children. In addition to this, the statues of many heroes from the Confederate army can be seen erected in various parts of the United States of America, especially the South. Heroic figures of the prominent personalities who fought bravely or contributed significantly in the War are still available for the American to see and remember them.

In the opinion of some people, such actions should be prohibited, and there should be a ban on the flags belonging to the Confederate States. In their view, the American Civil War was a dark phase of American History, and it should not be remembered again and again. They claim that the past should be buried and the United States of America should look forward to a better tomorrow. On the other hand, there are people who are proud of their history, no matter how much dark it is. They don't care how much blood stained the past is; these people love their nation and history with all their heart ignoring the dark phases or accepting them as well.

In fact, the right approach to move forward for the nations is to keep history side by side as their guiding light and move forward. The pages of history should be kept open while planning for the future, especially in the case of nations, so that the mistakes made in the past cannot be repeated. Same should be the plan of action in the case of keeping the memories and souvenirs of the Confederate States. Eradicating the remains or items of the past does not finish the past, and the facts remain intact (Catton, & McPherson, 2014). In fact, keeping an eye on the history create a massive chance that the mistakes committed in the past will be repeated and the nation will have to suffer again.

Government is heavily considering to finish the holidays like Columbus Day, Thanksgiving, Confederate Memorial Day, Heroes day, etc. This approach seems wrong as these holidays have a deeply rooted background and they remind us of our fully rich history (Neff, 2016). These holidays give us major lessons and make us remember the great sacrifices that our ancestors and forefathers gave for us.

References

Reid, B. H. (2014). The Origins of the American Civil War. Routledge.

Neff, J. R. (2016). Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the problem of reconciliation. University Press of Kansas.

Catton, B., & McPherson, J. M. (2014). American Heritage History of the Civil War. New Word City.

Grant, S. M. (2014). The war for a nation: the American Civil War. Routledge.

Abzug, R. H. (2018). Cosmos Crumbling: American.

USA War With Great Britain

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

USA War with Great Britain

There exist several reasons that manifest the war of the United States and Britain in 1812. The first reason that accounted for the conflict between the United States and Britain in 1812 was to abrogate the practice of impressment against the American sailors. The United States traded with France and Britain during the war of 1812 which was an attempt against the blockade in both states. The primary purpose of Britain was maintaining their merchant marine ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DN0huE6v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}A British Perspective | War of 1812 | PBS})","plainCitation":"(A British Perspective | War of 1812 | PBS)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2067,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/5JVSLNS5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/5JVSLNS5"],"itemData":{"id":2067,"type":"webpage","title":"A British Perspective | War of 1812 | PBS","URL":"http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/british-perspective/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (A British Perspective | War of 1812 | PBS). Since the USA deemed it free to trade with whichever state they desired, the impressment of Britain was regarded as a potential threat and insult to their sovereignty.

The second reason was the pervasive belief that Britain was involved in inciting the Native American battles against the American settlement in specific areas. Despite the ruling of the Treaty of Paris, British forts were still occupying the area ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XynmumwY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}A Brief Overview of the War of 1812\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“A Brief Overview of the War of 1812”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2069,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/RSB4CXPP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/RSB4CXPP"],"itemData":{"id":2069,"type":"webpage","title":"A Brief Overview of the War of 1812","container-title":"American Battlefield Trust","abstract":"This article provides a brief overview of the events that occurred before, during, and after the War of 1812.","URL":"https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/brief-overview-war-1812","language":"en","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,30]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“A Brief Overview of the War of 1812”). The essential source of native animosity was the encroachment made by whites on their inherent lands. Thus, this was the second prominent reason that caused the Americans to fight a battle against Britain in 1812.

Third and last, there was a small group in Congress called the war hawks. They were of the staunch belief that the US might annex Canada in the future. It is noteworthy to mention that the Canadians were the British colonial subjects in that time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yWuMF8aV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Short History of the War of 1812 - USS Constitution Museum})","plainCitation":"(Short History of the War of 1812 - USS Constitution Museum)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2075,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/XR3HC5PI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/XR3HC5PI"],"itemData":{"id":2075,"type":"webpage","title":"Short History of the War of 1812 - USS Constitution Museum","URL":"https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/history/essays/short-history-war-of-1812/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Short History of the War of 1812 - USS Constitution Museum). They assessed that the period of the Napoleonic war would be the best suited for the annexation because Britain refrained from paying attention to the Canadian provinces. The Canadians battled the Americans in their poorly managed invasion while the British army confronted with force to repel the American invaders.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “A Brief Overview of the War of 1812.” American Battlefield Trust, 30 Mar. 2017, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/brief-overview-war-1812.

A British Perspective | War of 1812 | PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/british-perspective/. Accessed 11 Feb. 2019.

Short History of the War of 1812 - USS Constitution Museum. https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/history/essays/short-history-war-of-1812/. Accessed 11 Feb. 2019.

USH HW #4

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

USH HW#4

Definitions

Spoils System

In a democratic political system, if a party wins an election, and indulges in a rewarding practice by offering jobs and incentives to its supporters, the practice is referred to as the spoils system. This system does not offer opportunities based on merit.

Worcester v. Georgia

Worcester v. Georgia was a case heard in the Supreme Court of the US. The Justice annulled the sentence of Worcester. He declared that the Georgia Act was against the constitution of the US.

The Indian Removal Act

The Indian Removal Act enabled President Andrew Jackson to make the Native Americans leave their ancestral lands and migrate to the lands in the west of the Mississippi River. President negotiated with the tribes so that they leave and the white could settle in their lands.

Trail of Tears

Trail of tears refers to the forced migration of the Native Americans from their homeland in the south of the US to the west of the Mississippi River. The relocation had adverse effects on the Cherokee people.

Log Cabin

Log cabin denotes a hut-shaped residence built by logs. During the American Civil War, the soldiers spent winter in log cabins. The cabins included a cook's house, barracks, and lodging for an officer.

Trail of Abomination

The tariff of Abomination levied taxes on imported goods. It aimed at increasing the sales of locally manufactured goods and reduce the impact of cheaper foreign goods.

Daniel Webster

Daniel Webster was a Congressman representing New Hampshire and remained the US Secretary of the State for several years. He was a strong supporter of the federal government.

Universal Male Suffrage

It implies that all men or adult males have the right to vote. There is no condition of race, income, religion, etc. It emerged during the Jacksonian era.

Nominating Convention

It alludes to a political convention wherein different political parties nominate their representatives for the upcoming elections. These conventions are held every four years.

Economic Panic

An economic panic is a financial crisis that can result in a market crash or recession. It was first appeared in 1837 due to the economic policies of President Jackson. Unemployment raised, and people were hopeless.

Answers to Questions

During the Jacksonian era, people hailed the spirit of equality for all men backed by an equal political policy of President Andrew Jackson. Jackson was against the government of elites, and he strived to increase participation of public in the government. The common man was considered during the Jacksonian era to have all the civilian rights. The concept of equality changed the perception of a common man in the minds of people. It granted the common man an increased influence in politics. It benefited, however, mostly the white males of the country. People believed that all the white men who qualified to be Americans should be given voting rights. Several states made amendments to their legislature so that the white men could vote all.

During the presidential elections of 1824 in the United States, John Quincy Adams was elected to be the sixth US President. There were four other candidates for the presidency, including Andrew Jackson during this election. He charged the election to be a “corrupt bargain” because he won the election through public votes, and the final decision had to be made in the House of the Representatives. Thus, it had an impression to be like a deal between the Speaker of the House and J. Q. Adams, wherein Adams asked the Speaker to convince the house in his favor. The charge later proved to be a reality when Jackson won the election with a landslide, and Adams had to retreat with a declined reputation.

President Jackson did not enforce the Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Worcester v. Georgia. The context is that the state of Georgia restricted white people to stay among the Native Americans without getting permission from the state government. The Supreme Court prohibited Georgia to deal with the Native Americans and asserted that the federal government could only intervene in their issue. At that time, President Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court’s decision, saying that it cannot give any positive results. He told the Native Americans to relocate for the sake of their liberty.

Nullification refers to the right of a state to make a law passed by the federal government invalid. The state can do so in case the federal law seems to violate the US constitution. The Nullification Crisis denotes the political crisis that took place when Andrew Jackson was the President of the United States. The South California State invalidated a law regarding the tariffs enacted by the federal government. These tariffs were imposed to reduce the import of relatively cheaper goods into the US and increase the sales of local manufacturers. The state of South California declared the federal tariffs to be unconstitutional.

The Whig was a political party that was established with the purpose of opposing President Jackson and his radical views. The Whigs stood for the protective tariffs so that the interests of people are not exploited. They asserted that the role of national bank is vital for the success of economy. They emphasized the need for federal support to finance the development of infrastructure. They made efforts so that the rule of law could prevail in the country.

USH HW 3

Institutional Affiliation

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USH Homework 3

Part 1: Definition of Terms

Impressment

This refers to the process of capturing men and forcing them to the naval services. Various nations in the history made use of this approach in order to maintain the security of their nations. The great Britain’s Royal Navy was the one which was highly associated with this process.

Neutrality

Refers to the condition where the nation does not get involved in war or rather disagreements with other countries. Switzerland is one of the nations which is seen as being neutral.

Administration

This basically refers to a group of people who are responsible for creating and enforcing varous rules and regulations. The term can also refer to people having specific leadership positions and are expected to complete various tasks. An example includes the president of the united states and the individuals he appointed to work together with.

Treaty Ghent

This refers to the peace treaty which was created in the year 1812 to end the ar that existed between the United States and the Great Britain.

Precedent

This refers to the legal case which is used to establish a rule. The rule is then later on used by courts in deciding cases that have similar issues.

Interchangeable parts

They refer to components which can be substituted for one another. They are usually so identical in that they can fit in any assembly of the same type.

Protective tariff

They are duties which are placed on imports in order to increase their process and therefore protecting the country from, external or rather foreign competition.

Capital

It refers to assets which improves the potential of an individual to thrive well in economics. They are normally produced initially and later on used for the production of various goods and services.

Nationalism

It is way of thinking which claims that people of a particular group should feel free to rule themselves. The grouping may be in terms of ethical basis or any other common ground. The aim of nationalism is simply to deal away with all forms of oppression that may occur within the nation.

Suffrage

This is the right to vote in public or political elections.

Part 2

Explain the Alien and Sedition Acts and the amendments they violated

These were acts which were passed in 1798b by the Federal Congress which included laws like the ability to deport foreigners and also making it difficult for immigrants to vote. The act violated the First amendment protected freedom of speech and freedom of press.

Explain the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

There resolutions were written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison respectively. The main aim of these resolutions was to declare the sedition act as being unconstitutional. This is because during that time most Americans viewed these acts as the acts of tranny.

Supreme Court Cases meant to promote nationalism

One of the cases was McCulloh v. Maryland, where there was a question as to whether the state had the ability to tax the branch of the United States. The court replied that the states dis not have the powers, it taxing the branches of the United states would simply promote the power to destroy. Another case was Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824, where the court overturned the Network law which promoted monopoly.

Primary reasons why Napoleon Bonaparte sold Louisiana

One reason as to why Napoleon Bonaparte sold Louisiana was because he felt it was very difficult to defend it. Another reason is because he was in need of money, and selling it would definitely lead to greater income.

The causes of 1812 war

One major cause of this was incuse the restrictions which were imposed by the war of Britain with France on the United States which in turn destroyed the relationship between the United States and the involved nations. Another cause was the use of Royal navy impressment which aim of maintaining the ship full. This also provoked the people of the United states and later on it led to a great war.

What was industrial revolution

It refers to the time when the manufacturing of goods was moved to factories, were initially they were done in small shops and homes. This also resulted in change of culture whereby people began moving from rural areas to urban areas.

Where the immigrants of the United States came from after 1840

After 1840, the immigrants of the United States came from Ireland. They migrated to the United States due famine which was being experienced in their lands. High level of poverty and the spread of diseases also made the immigrants to move to the United States.

Judicial Review

This refers to the process whereby the Supreme court of the united states goes through the actions which are taken by the congress and the president and state whether the actions taken were followed the las of the constitution.

The case of McCulloch v. Maryland

The dispute in this case involved the legality of the national bank and the tax which Maryland had imposed on the united states. In ruling this case, the court maintained that that the laws of the state could not mishandle the federal institution, and it also stated that the federal government had the ability to control the state banks. The second bank was given full powers to control all the banks of the united states.

Difference between boom and bust economy

In economics, economic bust refers to the period when the economy decreases at a very high rate. During this period, there is increased deflation which in turn leads to increase in unemployment rates, reduced incomes and also reduction in the demands. Economic boom on the other hand is when the working of the economy is full with increased customer demand and decreased rates of unemployment

Violence In Colombia

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Violence in Colombia

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Colombia has witnessed the evolution of society which is highly segregated similar to other Latin American states. Since the past century, violence and crime have wreaked havoc and impeded the nation from sustaining a harmonic state. In the 1960s, the Colombian conflict took place which asymmetric war between paramilitary groups, Colombian governments, left-wing guerrillas and several crime syndicates. Each of these groups waged war to dominate and announce their hegemony in the Colombian territory. However, several other menaces surfaced as a manifestation of the widespread violence in Colombia as kidnapping, illegal drug trade, gender-based violence, murders and corruption. Various elements of arms groups have also been involved in the drug trade. Colombia assumes an instrumental role throughout the world in the paradigm of illegal trade and the grave consequences are faced by the citizens. The government and policy makers advanced to strive and eradicate the perils of violence in the past yet the circumstances remained unsorted and detrimental. The Border for Prosperity was a critical plan initiated in 2011, to combat violence by enhancing economic and social development. Primarily, there exist a wide range of issues causing the pervasive violence in Colombia which are essential to be discussed thoroughly.

Murder

As per a study published by Colombias National Centre for Historical Memory, more than 220,000 people died in the conflicts between 1958 and 2013. The majority of the killed people were innocent citizens. These murders were caused by the perilous drug trade, poverty, thefts and pertinent crimes in Colombian society. Besides, these murders manifested to make Colombia the second largest population in the world facing the predicament of internally displaced persons (IDPs). Approximately 175 of the population has suffered the radical ramifications of the war. Essentially, one out of three of the 7.7 million registered victims of the conflict are children and more than 9,000 children have disappeared since 1985.

One of the significant progress made by the government was promulgating a peace deal with the FARC and National Liberation Army (ELN) I 2016. Ceasefire and ending the conflict were the primary manifestations of the deal but the murder and violence have not been curbed in true letter and spirits. The regional crime has remained evident in the territories of Bogota, Cali and Medellin.

Illegal Drug Trade

In Colombia, there existed four crucial drug trafficking cartels that ultimately caused chaos and had influence over a vast range of territory and cultural aspects. The Colombians remained renowned across the world for being the lords of the drugs trade involving Marijuana and cocaine. The latter half of the 19th century witnessed the rise and fall of major kingpins where the initial boom occurred with Marijuana in the 1960s followed by Cocaine. Half of the cocaine consumed in the world is produced generated from Colombia. In 2016, 17 million people consumed illicit drugs in the world with hundreds of 1,400 tons of cocaine originating from the Andean region as per a report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. The remote parts of the state are used to grow cocaine as the state lacks the control and authority there. Consequently, a sufficient amount of time is at the disposal of the traffickers. The stakeholders are striving to curb the illegal production and trade of cocaine by curbing its cultivation and eradicating the plants. However, Colombia witnessed a record production of cocaine in 2017 as 1,379 tons. The farmers can re-harvest coca immediately after the current harvest has been destructed which provides the justification of robust growth despite the operations. The cocaine export is authorized by the transnational crime corporations which do business with the criminal organizations, especially Mexican cartels.

However, the extent of the drug violence lowered in the previous decade as Colombia transitioned from being the most violent place to have homicides rate which was inferior to El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. It will be worthy to highlight a large proportion of violence and corruption in Colombia has been shaped by the influence of drugs, cartels, rivalries and state intervention. Once the cocoa is processed to cocaine, the local drug traffickers, nationally operating groups and guerrillas move it either one of the states borders or two coastlines. Drugs are hidden in the cars or trucks if transported via land and moved in boast via dense forests. Despite the widespread presence of cocaine, approximately 150 tons of cocaine seized per year as per reports of Colombias Defense Ministry.

Kidnapping

Kidnapping was the common practice for criminals and guerrillas to extort people and add to the violence in Colombia. Since before the recent memory, criminals have been kidnapping citizens to fulfill the extortion purposes. It spiked in the 1980s when the radical groups as ELN, FARC, EPL, M-19 and ERP began utilizing the ransom payments to manifest their revolt against the authorities. The largest organization FARC kidnapped to meet several purposes by holding hostages in jungle camps for ransom, economic and political elites were kidnapped to cultivate political leverage and soldiers suffered from the implications of the prisoners of war. In the contemporary era, kidnapping is still spreading violence but it is at the extent similar to where it was before guerrillas took over. More than 174 citizens were kidnapped in 2018 which is very less in comparison to the 3,600 victims of kidnaping recorded in 2000 in the era of armed conflict. In the era of war, the majority of kidnapping victims were contained in densely populated regions as Antioquia and Bogota but the practice was prominent in the remote territories as Casanare, Guaviare and Arauca. As per the prosecution, FARC received more than 2 billion via ransom payments over the decade. Generated revenue accounted for the expansion of the workforce in the 1990s. In 2012, the FARC proclaimed to put an end to the economic retention policy and called off taking hostages for financial purposes. The justice system of Colombia collapsed in front of the sheer extent of war crimes committed by the actors of the war.

Corruption

At all levels of governments, corruption has surfaced as the major peril. A wide range of institutions in Colombia has become the victim of corruption listed as follows public service, police, judiciary, land administration, customs administration, tax administration, natural resources, public procurement, civil society and legislation. More than a third of the citizens deem the magistrates and judges corrupt. The political stakeholders have been alleged for harnessing the judiciary for political victimization and leverage. Between 2016 and 2018, approximately 2300 police officers were dismissed for charges of corruption. Similar pattern is followed in other departments which fuel the violence in Colombia. For instance, the registration of policy in Colombia requires seven steps that are in line with the regional average however, it takes fourth of time needed anywhere else in the region. Besides, the import and export procedures are replete with the instances of bribe and corruption. The El Dorado airport located in Bogota has been the potential part of several corruption allegations. In 2018, the authorities reported a plan carrying 500 kilograms of cocaine was permitted to depart without any hurdles or checks by the customs administration. Such grave are the manifestations of the widespread corruption in all the branches of government and institutions.

As per experts and political researchers, violence in Colombia lies at the very heart of prevalent corruption in the government. However, the political structure witnesses a paradigm shift after peace agreements with the armed groups were signed. The timeline reflects the previous governments were at the mercy of the gangster organizations, cartels and murderers.

Gender-based Violence

The gender-based violence is also widespread amid the violent state of affairs in Colombia. The documents and reports reflect the manner domestic violence has not translated into effective healthcare, justice and protection for the women, especially for the displaced girls and women. Approximately more than half of the states 4 million displaced comprise the female. A researcher of Human Rights Watch reported that the hardships of displacement of several women and girls are supplemented by the trauma of domestic violence and rape. Despite the vigorous policies and laws enacted in recent years, it remains a challenging task to make the women accomplish the rights and medical attention which they deserve. The state has high reported instances of domestic violence and rape generally and the surveys have further reflected higher rates among the displaced. As per a government survey reported in 2011, approximately 48 of the displaced women suffered domestic violence and 9 were raped by someone else than partners. However, the provision of official statistics on the gender-based violence is limited yet there exist widespread instances which are an explicit illustration of the violence perpetrated against the women. Irrefutably, gender-based violence fuels the violence and in essence it is a manifestation of the rampant violence existing in Colombia for several decades.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL uncited,omitted,custom CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Avenue, Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth, 34th Floor New York, and NY 10118-3299 USA t 1.212.290.4700. Colombia Obstacles to Care for Abused, Displaced Women. Human Rights Watch, November 14, 2012. https//www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/14/colombia-obstacles-care-abused-displaced-women.

Colombia 2019 Crime Safety Report. Accessed May 15, 2019. https//www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspxcid25817.

Drugs Permeate All Levels of Society in Colombia. DC. Accessed May 15, 2019. https//www.dandc.eu/en/article/drugs-permeate-all-levels-society-colombia.

Roots of Violence in Colombia. Accessed May 15, 2019. https//revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/roots-violence-colombia.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDjYlA26c3,propertiesformattedCitationuc0u8220Colombia 2019 Crime Safety Report,uc0u8221 accessed May 15, 2019, https//www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspxcid25817.,plainCitationColombia 2019 Crime Safety Report, accessed May 15, 2019, https//www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspxcid25817.,noteIndex1,citationItemsid344,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/RR33M4CA,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/RR33M4CA,itemDataid344,typewebpage,titleColombia 2019 Crime Safety Report,URLhttps//www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspxcid25817,accesseddate-parts2019,5,15,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json Colombia 2019 Crime Safety Report, accessed May 15, 2019, https//www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspxcid25817.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDQXupReG7,propertiesformattedCitationiRoots of Violence in Colombia, accessed May 15, 2019, https//revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/roots-violence-colombia.,plainCitationRoots of Violence in Colombia, accessed May 15, 2019, https//revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/roots-violence-colombia.,noteIndex2,citationItemsid346,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/FTW2YIL8,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/FTW2YIL8,itemDataid346,typebook,titleRoots of Violence in Colombia,sourcerevista.drclas.harvard.edu,abstractArmed Actors and Beyond ByJohn H. Coatsworth Colombia has suffered from high levels of armed strife for most of its history. The current strife it is experiencing is not unusual either in length or death toll.,URLhttps//revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/roots-violence-colombia,languageen,accesseddate-parts2019,5,15,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json Roots of Violence in Colombia, accessed May 15, 2019, https//revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/roots-violence-colombia.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDSdbkOSX3,propertiesformattedCitationuc0u8220Drugs Permeate All Levels of Society in Colombia,uc0u8221 DC, accessed May 15, 2019, https//www.dandc.eu/en/article/drugs-permeate-all-levels-society-colombia.,plainCitationDrugs Permeate All Levels of Society in Colombia, DC, accessed May 15, 2019, https//www.dandc.eu/en/article/drugs-permeate-all-levels-society-colombia.,noteIndex3,citationItemsid350,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/VZYDCDFU,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/VZYDCDFU,itemDataid350,typewebpage,titleDrugs permeate all levels of society in Colombia,container-titleDC,abstractThe war on drugs appears to have failed in Colombia. Despite billions being spent on it, the drug trade is flourishing. Both domestic consumption and the amount of land used for coca cultivation are increasing. Julian Quintero and his civil-society organisation Accin Tcnica Social (ATS) are in favour of an alternative drugs policy one that educates users rather than criminalising them.,URLhttps//www.dandc.eu/en/article/drugs-permeate-all-levels-society-colombia,languageen,accesseddate-parts2019,5,15,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json Drugs Permeate All Levels of Society in Colombia, DC, accessed May 15, 2019, https//www.dandc.eu/en/article/drugs-permeate-all-levels-society-colombia.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationID2wyf2Acy,propertiesformattedCitationHuman Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor New York, and NY 10118-3299 USA t 1.212.290.4700, uc0u8220Colombia Obstacles to Care for Abused, Displaced Women,uc0u8221 Human Rights Watch, November 14, 2012, https//www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/14/colombia-obstacles-care-abused-displaced-women.,plainCitationHuman Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor New York, and NY 10118-3299 USA t 1.212.290.4700, Colombia Obstacles to Care for Abused, Displaced Women, Human Rights Watch, November 14, 2012, https//www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/14/colombia-obstacles-care-abused-displaced-women.,noteIndex3,citationItemsid348,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/RX59T7AM,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/RX59T7AM,itemDataid348,typewebpage,titleColombia Obstacles to Care for Abused, Displaced Women,container-titleHuman Rights Watch,URLhttps//www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/14/colombia-obstacles-care-abused-displaced-women,title-shortColombia,languageen,authorfamilyAvenue,givenHuman Rights Watch 350 Fifth,familyYork,given34th Floor New,family1.212.290.4700,givenNY 10118-3299 USA ,non-dropping-particlet,issueddate-parts2012,11,14,accesseddate-parts2019,5,15,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor New York, and NY 10118-3299 USA t 1.212.290.4700, Colombia Obstacles to Care for Abused, Displaced Women, Human Rights Watch, November 14, 2012, https//www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/14/colombia-obstacles-care-abused-displaced-women.

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VISU 3050/6050: AMERICAN ART Research Paper Prompt

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Mount Vernon

Mount Vernon is situated in the state of Virginia, located just 24 kilometers from the US capital Washington. The first work to expand the Mount Vernon mansion continued from 1757 to 1759. The original name of the estate is 'Little Hunting Creek' (by the name of the river next to it). However, Washington's older half-brother, having inherited the estate, named it in honor of Vice Admiral E. Vernon, under whose leadership he had once served. George Washington retained this name. According to Washington, the central lobby of the house was assigned a dual role. It was not just a front door but also a spacious and elegant hall with an exit from the back of the house. Going through from the main entrance and through the whole house, in the hot summer months, it was a real paradise, thanks to the natural ventilation that opened when the doors opened onto the Potomac. On the other hand, to the pastoral, idyllic and bowling green lawns. This central part of Mount Vernon's home is a classic example of Virginian architecture (18th-century). It is one of the most elegant and graceful walnut staircase.

Mount Vernon was the small homeland of the first president of the United States. Here, at the foot of the hill, he was buried in a well-protected crypt after grave robbers attempted to abduct his remains. All the peaceful years of his life have passed here. He returned here every time to find peace of mind after difficult trials. So it was after the victorious end of the war for independence. From here he went to the then capital of New York to take the first presidential oath in national history in April 1789.

After the war, Washington returned to Mount Vernon in 1785-1786 and worked a lot on its further development. Over the years spent, President Washington spent only 434 days on his estate. He began to give a lot of his time, dealing with issues of building repairs, raising livestock, and growing crops. Among other things, Washington in Mount Vernon was founded and whiskey production, which soon became one of the largest in the United States. Overview of the house-museum of the first US President George Washington - Mount Vernon Estate, in which Washington lived for 45 years and in which he died and where his tomb is located.

The chores on the estate were mainly made by slaves. Their living and utility rooms, including a smokehouse, laundry, restroom, can be seen on the estate now. Slaves who reached old age, Washington bequeathed to provide the necessary care at the expense of the owner - as was customary in the American South in those days (Thompson)

George Washington remained a slaveholder all his life. But there is reason to believe that in his declining years he began to recognize the perversity of slavery. Almost half of the 318 slaves received freedom after the death of Washington, in accordance with his will, and the rest a few years later.More than a million people annually come Mount Vernon estate to visit the house, where for 45 years there was lived a man who was called the father of his country. And before we begin our acquaintance with Mount Vernon estate, we give a short story that has a direct relation to this estate. In 1674, John Washington and Nicholas Spencer became the owners of the land on which the estate is located. John Lawrence’s son shared the estate with Spencer’s heirs: that got most of the 5,000-acre plot of land, and Washington received land along Little Hunting Creek and, in compensation, 2,500 pounds of tobacco.

In 1726, the estate went to the father of George Washington - Augustine Washington. He transferred his second wife and family to him, but in 1739 he gave the land to his son from his first marriage, Lawrence. He began to expand the site, buying up the Spencer lands, then went to war in the Caribbean on the side of England (as part of the American regiment) and wrote home that if he manages to survive the fighting, he would like to settle in the city of Fredericksburg. After that, Augustine Washington began the construction of a small house on the spot where the mansion now stands; around this time after Lawrence's letter, the estate was named “Mount Vernon” (Dalzell Jr, Robert F., and Lee Baldwin Dalzell, 45).

In 1742, Lawrence returned home, in 1743 buried his father, a little later began the expansion of the house built on the estate. In 1752, Lawrence died; most of the estate went to George Washington. Then, when he bought back from the widow of Lawrence her share, he became the sovereign owner of Mount Vernon. In 1757, Washington began the first of two rebuilding's of the mansion, resulting in more than quadrupling its area. It is not known precisely who led the work, but there is a reason to believe that it was the architect John Ariss, a close friend of George Washington. From 1759 until the war, Washington increased its estate and, being an excellent agronomist, achieved an excellent return on it (Miller, Angela L., et al, 96-120).

The ashes of George and Martha Washington rests in 'Mount Vernon', in the family tomb, completed, in fulfillment of the will of George, by 1831. George's heirs failed to maintain the estate, and in 1848 it was put up for auction. 'Virginia and the United States refused the purchase, and only in 1858' Mount Vernon 'was bought by the' Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union'; she literally saved the estate from neglect and neglect of him.

During the Civil War, Mount Vernon remained a neutral territory for both warring parties, no matter how hostilities unfolded very close to its borders. In 1960, Mount Vernon was named a historical landmark on a national scale, then entered the National Register of Historic Places and currently belongs to the same Association and is independent place of the state.

Washington, which was distinguished not only by its excellent taste, but also by its extreme practicality, found repeated use for the old staircase. Now they would say that he re-settled this staircase, connecting it with the second floor and the superstructure of the third. After the revolution ended, General Washington and his wife often received guests at the Mount Vernon estate home, and receptions took place in the so-called The "Big Dining Room", whence, sometimes when dancing was arranged, the bulkiest furniture was carried out. The taste of George Washington was manifested in all the details of the decoration of the "Big Dining Room" and, above all, in its color scheme. Green was Washington's favorite color, and in the Big Dining Room, green was delightfully pure, one might say "clear green", creating a festive high spirits. Personally, he, Washington, looked for a drawing of a Palladian window in one of the books of that time (the Venetian (Palladian) window - a wide, three-part arched window, and he also ordered twenty-four chairs and two sideboards from the famous Philadelphia carpenter cabinetmaker John Aitken (Nakhla, and Sanders, 306). The paintings adorning the walls of the Great Dining Room were also selected by George Washington. Basically, this is landscape and genre painting.

Work on improving this banquet hall, which began in 1774, was fully completed only in 1788. But the game, as they say, was worth the candle - this hall became the most beautiful and representative part of the Mount Vernon mansion. But, perhaps, the most important thing is not how this hall looks, but what its walls were a witness of. It was here that the history of the American presidency began on April 14, 1789, when Charles Thomson, secretary of the congress, notified George Washington that he was unanimously elected the first president of the United States.

George Washington served two presidential terms - from 1789 to 1797. And although he could remain in power for the rest of his life, he decided to be president only twice. He, like other founders of the nation, was afraid of the idea of ​​the emergence of a monarchy, when someone would take over all the government. (According to the 22nd amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted in 1951, the same person can be elected president of the United States no more than twice. However, until 1951, US presidents were not legally restricted in their right to be re-elected more than twice, but usually they didn't do this, following the example of George Washington.

After leaving office, Washington returned to his private life, at his favorite Mount Vernon estate, where he lived until his death. He studied and introduced new agricultural technologies. Washington had a seven-year crop rotation plan, while other planters had only a three-year plan. On the Mount Vernon estate, George Washington had over 300 slaves. However, he realized the injustice of slavery and promised to ensure their future after the death of his wife Martha (Martha Washington survived George Washington for three years, passing away in 1802. Note Portalostranah.ru). Washington allocated funds so that young slaves who were illiterate could learn to write and read. He also allocated pensions for elderly slaves.

George Washington Mount Vernon House Museum is on the list of the most popular attractions in the American capital. Now visitors can get acquainted with the living conditions of the local slaves, their homes were open to the public after a long restoration. Shortly after George Washington became president, he added large rooms to the greenhouse — they were divided into four large rooms, including one room for men and one for women. Each room was heated by a fireplace. Speaking at the opening ceremony (recreated former slave rooms at Washington's Mount Vernon House Museum), archaeologist Dennis Pogue noted that twenty years of research preceded restoration work. This allowed expanding the exposition; now it presents reproductions of clothing and utensils: mugs and glasses, brooms and baskets used by slaves. Mount Vernon attracts tourists not only with its historical value, but also with the entourage of the estates of the second half of the eighteenth century, as well as with beautiful landscapes.

Each year a million tourists come to the estate to imbue the spirit of 250 years ago - a time when high ideals still moved people. Today, historical festivities are held annually at the estate, and on the Independence Day, the oath of office is taken by new US citizens. In 1960, Mount Vernon was inscribed on the U.S. National Historic Site. It is no exaggeration to say that Mount Vernon is the focus of American patriotism. American residents come here to feel the spirit of that time, a time when high ideals moved people, for the sake of which they did not spare themselves and voluntarily sacrificed their lives.

Works Cited

Dalzell Jr, Robert F., and Lee Baldwin Dalzell. George Washington's Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America. Oxford University Press, (2000).

Nakhla, L. S., and R. Sanders. "Microbiological aspects of burns at Mount Vernon Hospital, UK." Burns 17.4 (1991): 309-312.

Miller, Angela L., et al. American Encounters: Art, History, and Cultural Identity. (2018).

Thompson, Mary V. The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret": George Washington, Slavery, and the Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon. University of Virginia Press, (2019).

War Of Terror Essay

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Professor name

Subject

24 August, 2019

War of terror essay

The most visible strength of Stephen Budiansky’s thesis is use of facts and figures for supporting his argument that blacks continued to live in terror even after the civil war. Through inclusion of different incidents the author manages to prove that the Reconstruction Amendments failed to give rights and equality. Blacks continued to face discrimination, violence and segregation irrespective of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments. The facts reveals that white southern Democrats were rectified the amendment and continued to use force. Figures are mentioned for adding evidentiary support as Budiansky states, “more than 3,000 freedmen and their white Republican allies would be murdered across the South”. It is thus one of the biggest strength of Budiansky’s thesis because he has not relied on stories lacking credibility. Facts are also visible as author explains how 1000 armed militia men targeted a local black militia campaign. Facts are also added as Budiansky’s mentions that democrats gained 5,500 votes that allowed them to make government in Hamburg. The inclusion of figures depicts that the claims made by Budiansky’s are backed by proper evidence. This improved the reliability and validity of the thesis.

The most prominent weakness of Budiansky’s thesis is the limited use of facts and events. The author has focused more on Hamburg where blacks were in larger population but failed to compare it with the white majority states. The formation of black militia was possible in Hamburg due to the larger population of African-Americans. He has presented his conclusion on the basis of one town which can be seen as a weakness. It was better to compare the conditions of Hamburg with other states before reaching to a conclusion. Budiansky’s has used Hamburg for capturing the terrorized state of entire black nation. This reflects weakness of the thesis because a strong essay require more evidence and events for proving the claims. It is also possible that the conditions which prevailed in Hamburg were different from other states of America so it is not appropriate to conclude that the entire black nation continued to suffer even after the implementation of civil rights legislation. Similarly, the conditions of blacks at other states could have been more worst because they were living in white majority cities.

The aspects of events highlighted by Budiansky about South Carolina in 1876 that I find most shocking are the formation of black militia in Hamburg due to terror. It is shocking to know that freedom to the blacks exposed them to hostile situations. The amendments were unacceptable among southern white Democrats and they responded with violence and bullets. Their mission was to reestablish the ‘Old South’ by oppressing blacks. Southern whites were unable to accept equal rights and freedom of African Americans that convinced them to reject the civil rights legislation. As white democrats were gained more votes so they believed that it is a white men government. It is shocking to know that white leaders were still using force and violence which reflects vagueness of the civil right laws. The story of blacks at Hamburg is inspiring because the African-American population stood for their rights by forming black militia. Without their resistance to the oppressive behaviors of white southern or democrats they would have never attained freedom. Their determination allowed them to fight against the powerful white Democrats which ultimately caused end of the negro rule. The event is also inspiring because it gives a message of struggles leading to freedom of blacks.

Was The American Revolution Unavoidable?

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Was the American Revolution Unavoidable?

The origin of revolutionary culture in the English colonies can be attributed to several instances and historic events which acted as precursors in rendering the revolution inevitable. The native colonies living under the influence of the imperial British government were striving for independence since there were growing tensions over economic matters and political supremacy. This paper is an attempt to provide an explanation for the origins of some of those factors that chiefly smoothed the grounds for the American Revolution.

During 1676, there was a popular revolt known as Bacon’s Rebellion which was triggered by protests against several Indian raids and the governor’s deliberate and unconcealed favoritism towards his own clans. This rebellion played an instrumental role in demonstrating that the colonists could go to any length for claiming their land against the British. Similarly, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had a crucial effect on the power dynamics of the 13 colonies inhabiting North America. The motives behind this revolution were highly complex and paved the way for a political democracy while replacing an absolute monarchy. Consequently, this resulted in the inevitable nature of the American Revolution. Following the same line of approach, The Great Awakening also influenced the British colonies in their struggle of acquiring independence from the English monarchy. The Great Awakening is regarded as the first major religious revival of the United States of America. Historical religious moments took place in The Great Awakening and dramatically changed the social fabric and hierarchical order of the common masses CITATION Sto77 \l 1033 (Stout). It can be contemplated that the initial ignition of the Revolution was that many of its leading promoters and contestants had already contravened the limitations of the contemporary social order. The Great Awakening essentially promoted the values and beliefs of nationalism among the British colonies and induced a sense of individual rights which quintessentially mirrored the spirit of the American Declaration of Independence. During the events leading to the American Revolution, many intellectual thinkers and men of substance also contributed greatly to the noble cause. In this regard, John Locke (1632-1704) and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) are especially noteworthy as the impact of their works is still felt today. John Locke’s seminal theories, which are colossally renowned, signified the importance of governmental checks and balances that immediately established their niche in the very foundations of the American constitution. Locke specifically pinpointed the importance of the legitimacy of government and propounded that if the American government cannot meet the demands of its citizens at any point in time, the citizens can exercise their right to overthrow the government CITATION Tho19 \l 1033 (Thompson). In the same way, Thomas Jefferson used poignant words and fought the war against British imperialism through his writings and oratory skills. During multiple instances, Jefferson opined that the colonists were free human beings and their struggle for independence was justified on all grounds. Thomas Jefferson is also regarded as one of the founding fathers of the Declaration of Independence and primarily assisted his contemporaries in securing American independence. The ideas of John Locke and Thomas Jefferson are principal to the essence of the American Revolution.

In the course of early revolutionary periods, the tavern culture in colonial America was becoming increasingly popular where people would meet regularly and discuss their outlooks on the fundamental rights and shortly after, these taverns became the breeding grounds for the diminuendos leading to the American Revolution. The New England town meetings conducted during those times can also be regarded as one of the paramount platforms for eliciting the underlying forces of the Revolution among the masses. The town meetings elected and approved representative assemblies which predominantly worked for the betterment of American minorities and preferred the basic rights of a common man. These milestones were practically impossible to achieve under British colonial rule, therefore, the tavern culture, town meetings, and the representative assemblies are also considered as fundamental causes behind the American Revolution.

Works Cited:

BIBLIOGRAPHY Stout, Harry S. ""Religion, communications, and the ideological origins of the American revolution."." The William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History (1977): 519-541.

Thompson, C. B. "John Locke and the American Mind." American Political Thought (2019): 575-593.

Week 1 Discussion

Impact of tobacco (question 1)

Initial post

Although, Jamestown’s colonial career began slowly, many of the original adventurers withdrew, and the current conditions were too harsh and scared off potential adventurers. At the same time, the seven-year contract of the colonists ended, turning into a free man. By 1619, the company's collective plantation gradually disappeared. Free men use their private industry to grow tobacco – after 1613, Virginians found that tobacco has great market value. However, the more income you invest in tobacco, the less labor you put into food production, so the colony relies too much on British food – the origin of the enclave economy , a theme that has influenced the history of the United States for two and a half centuries.

So in 1618 the colony made another revision, or because the benefits of the colonies were lower than the expectations of the company and the adventurer, the transformation of land use had to make a big change. The colonial residents’ complaints about the economy and politics also made the reform imperative. They needed to reform the land, property rights, and military control, and soon a Virginia parliament was born. In the first parliament, laws restricting tobacco production were passed, and a trade surplus and other self-sufficient products were sought. This expectation was not realized, but it also attracted many new residents. In 1619, 600 new colonists were sent in – 1616 colonies in 350 and 1618 in 400.

Virginia is suitable for growing tobacco, but it has always competed with the Spanish West Indies because of the poor variety. Rolf risked his life to steal their varieties from the West Indies and cultivated a sweet tobacco in Virginia. This sweet tobacco quickly became popular in the UK, and the nobles used fashioned Virginia tobacco. Virginia has since embarked on a path of prosperity and wealth. Tobacco is a delicate plant that requires a lot of labor. Eight thousands of the 10,000 colonists who originally came to Virginia died of illness, war, and hunger within a year. Therefore, Virginia's workforce is extremely expensive.

The acceptance of new cultivated plants and domesticated animals, especially for new economic and cultural lifestyles, is usually controlled by the inter-group power relations that are involved and may only occur if those advantages are obvious and urgently needed. exception. Now human life has been unable to leave many cultivated plants of American origin, such as corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, new types of beans, peanuts, new types of pumpkins, sweet peppers, cocoa beans, tobacco, etc.

“North American plants also moved from west to east in the Columbian Exchange. Leading the way in economic importance was tobacco, a stimulant used widely in North America for ceremonial purposes and broadly adopted by Europeans and Africans as a recreational drug”.( Berkin, Miller, Cherny & Gormly, 2011,P 18). The Colombian exchange is one of the major biological exchanges in history. However, at the beginning, Europeans were reluctant to accept these crops and had a clear rejection. Tobacco, a brand-new drug, was quickly gaining popularity around the world. But in the first half of the 17th century, anti-smoking laws were issued everywhere, albeit in vain. (Hahn, 2011). In terms of micro-organisms, the introduction of new bacteria and viruses through Colombian exchanges has led to a demographic catastrophe in the new world. Indigenous people are not immune to infectious diseases from Eurasia and later from Africa. Their massive deaths are not only due to malignant infectious diseases like smallpox, but also to some relatively harmless, general infectious diseases such as influenza.

References

Berkin, C., Miller, C., Cherny, R., & Gormly, J. (2011). Making America: A History of the

United States, Volume 1. , 7th edition, Cengage Learning, 9781285194806. Retrieve https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781305793323?context_token=d3a845c0-bef4-0137-cdf3-228f3e5e758f

Hahn, B. (2011). Making Tobacco Bright : Creating an American Commodity, 1617–1937.

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=601031&site=eds-live

Reply to Jessica Bueno

Thank you for your informative post. No doubt , no one can ignore the importance of tobacco at that time. It effect colonies politically, socially and economically. It spread wealth and fore immigrants to came there. New chances of employment available and tobacco use a currency .in Columbian exchange, Europe has become acquainted with potatoes, maize, sunflower, beans, tomatoes, cocoa, strawberries and above all tobacco.

Reply to Korrina Barber

Thankyou for your informative post and I have learned some new aspects of this topic from your post. I am agreeing with you that the absence of gold in Canada and North America influenced colonel behavior toward the land. Tobacco became the main cash crop and reason of prosperity. Virginia has since embarked on a path of prosperity and wealth. Tobacco is a delicate plant that requires a lot of labor.

Week 1 Discussion

Part1

Giotto di Bondone (1267 - 1337), was an Italian artist and architect of the Proto-Renaissance style. One of the leading painters of Western European art. Having conquered the traditions of Byzantine icon painting, he became the real founder of the school of painting in Italy, and was the creator of the image of space in the monumental wall painting. Giotto's creations were admired by Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci. The perspective of the fresco space of the upper church of San Francesco is similar to the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua. Giotto created this creation in the period from 1303 - 1305. Giotto is often considered the architect of the chapel (but this is a controversial issue among researchers). It is an indisputable fact that he painted the frescoes for the chapel. Since then, it was noted by the chronicler Riccobaldo, who spoke of them as "the creation of Giotto." Under the direction of Giotto, the central nave of the chapel del Arena painted, and the Giotto’s school also owned paintings on the walls of the apse (1317). “In 38 framed panels, Giotto presented in the top level, the lives of the Virgin and her parents, Joachim and Anna; in the middle zone, the life and mission of Jesus; and, in the lowest level, the Savior's passion and resurrection” (Fred, 2017, p.410).

Masaccio included the three diverse flashes of the story in the same potrait. The tax collector making his request to Jesus and his answer to Peter's question asking him how to find the necessary money by pointing to the sea as shown in the center. On the left, Peter grabs the fish in the lake and extracts the tribute. On the right, Pierre gives the money to the tax collector opposite his house.

The Catholic chapel is a religious building not intended for public worship. The Great Chapel, which is the famous Sistine Chapel, was built to serve as a meeting place for the cardinals of the Roman church. Since the return of the Pope to the Vatican from the "Avignon Captivity" at the end of the XIV century.

Part2

Hugo van der Goes, Portinari Altarpiece, 1474-76

The central work of the master and one of the most significant works of Dutch art of the second half of the XV century. We have the right to consider the famous "Portinari Altar", which went down in history under the name of the customer. “The central part depicts a scene of worship or Christmas, which is already well known to us ichnographically in many respects - these motifs traditionally merge” (Elizabeth, 2015). The Mother of God is on her knees in front of a baby lying on bare earth. Left to the side of Joseph with praying folded hands. To the right in the upper corner are three shepherds (the composition also includes a shepherd's worship motive).

References

Fred P. Kleiner. (2017). Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume II

(15th ed). Cengage. ISBN: 9781305645059

Elizabeth, M. (2015). The Portinari Altarpiece. Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity,

28(6), 54–55. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=110504837&site=eds-live

WEEK 1 Project

Week 1Project

Mark Wrublewski

HIS1101

South University

Prof. Hayburn

English Settlers

French Settlers

Spanish Settlers

How many settlers were sent?

The exact numbers of English settlers are not recorded, however, it is believed that majority of English settlers consisted of farmers, peasants, servants, and specialists from certain areas. English settlers also brought some of the criminalists with them to the new land. English settlers also brought some of the immigrants from other countries.

Approximately 800 settlers were brought to America. Many of them were females. Males contributed very less population among the French settlers. Majority of the French settlers were traders, soldiers, peasants, and farmers. The French settlers came to US during the period of 1665 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PpxY1ASp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Berkin et al. 2011)","plainCitation":"(Berkin et al. 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":307,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WRL3PRLR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WRL3PRLR"],"itemData":{"id":307,"type":"book","title":"Making America: A History of the United States, Volume 2: From 1865","publisher":"Cengage Learning","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Making America","author":[{"family":"Berkin","given":"Carol"},{"family":"Miller","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Cherny","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Gormly","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Berkin et al. 2011). The next phase included some 100 settlers from France.

It is believed that from 1492 to 1832, some 1.85 million Spanish settlers were brought to the US. Among the Spaniards, majority of them were farmers and peasants. A large number of traders also arrived in the US, but that number is not recorded.

What was the gender ratio?

Among the English settlers, the gender ratio was uneven. Considering the uneven settlement, the settlers used to move with the women population which resulted in the scattered nature of settlement ADDIN ZOTERO_TEMP (Berkin et al., 2011).

In Sex ratio, French settlers were different from other settlers. They were estimated 90 percent male population among the French settlers.

The gender ratio among the Spanish settlers varied. They brought a mix of the male and female population with them.

Did the group come with the intention to settle?

The English settlers came to America with the intention of settling, but not with the intention of exploration. Their settlements were restricted to certain areas which they believe benefited them in terms of crop yield.

French came to America with the intention of exploration. They actually wanted a route to Ocean which they believed is the route to wealth. They came to US for exploration ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DSrQANgz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Spring 2016)","plainCitation":"(Spring 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":309,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/SLSZSLGQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/SLSZSLGQ"],"itemData":{"id":309,"type":"book","title":"Deculturalization and the struggle for equality: A brief history of the education of dominated cultures in the United States","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Deculturalization and the struggle for equality","author":[{"family":"Spring","given":"Joel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Spring 2016).

The Spanish settlements started under the commandership of crown of Castile. They had annexed many parts of America with the exception of Brazil and Canada. They started building forts which depict that they came to US with the intention of settlements.

Or to trade?

Among the English settlers, many were farmers and peasants. They were not interested in the trade since they had no resources for starting trade.

French settlers were more inclined toward exploration. They actually wanted to grew there trade, and for such purpose, they were finding new ways through oceans. In America, the French settlers were among the first traders.

Spanish crown who considered many parts of America as their territory were interested in trade, however their early activities including fostering their control on the territory. They also started trading once, a substantial amount of these people reached America.

How did their intent impact interactions with the Native Americans?

The English settlers were ferocious fighters. Their hunger for expansion drove their interactions with the Native Americans which proved devastating.

The French settlers aimed at creating good relations with the Native Americans ADDIN ZOTERO_TEMP (Spring, 2016). Since they believed that once they will be on good terms with the Natives, they will be able to expand their trade. So their interactions with the Natives was good.

Spanish settlers believed America as part of their territory. They believed that in order to create strong foothold, they will have to fight with the natives. Their interactions with the natives were also distressing and demoralizing.

Analyze the impact that culture had on these interactions.

Culturally, the English were more strengthened. They created space for their culture and also adopted new cultural attributes that the natives had to offer to them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"j7RzksD7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Spring 2016)","plainCitation":"(Spring 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":309,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/SLSZSLGQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/SLSZSLGQ"],"itemData":{"id":309,"type":"book","title":"Deculturalization and the struggle for equality: A brief history of the education of dominated cultures in the United States","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Deculturalization and the struggle for equality","author":[{"family":"Spring","given":"Joel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Spring 2016).

The French settlers were very open to adopting the new culture. As their expansion was so broad, therefore they adopted the new culture very easily and left a lasting impact over the natives as well.

The Spaniards were more conscious of their culture. Their interactions with the natives were very limited and they were more focused over disseminating their cultural aspects.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkin, Carol, Christopher Miller, Robert Cherny, and James Gormly. 2011. Making America: A History of the United States, Volume 2: From 1865. Cengage Learning.

Spring, Joel. 2016. Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality: A Brief History of the Education of Dominated Cultures in the United States. Routledge.