Week 5

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

History and Anthropology

[Date]

Week 5

Introduction

The Vietnam war was fought between two countries- North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was backed by USSR and China, while the united states of America, along with Australia, Thailand, and the Philippines, supported South Vietnam. The Vietnam war commenced on November 1st, 1995 and spanned over a period of just under 20 years (McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su, 2002). The Vietnam war saw the death of as many as 2 million civilians (McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su, 2002). Additionally, 1.1 million soldiers from North Vietnam and 250,000 soldiers from South Vietnam also died. Furthermore, the US incurred a huge loss as 58,000 of its soldiers died too (McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su, 2002). Amid the growing death toll, anti-war protests started in the 60s, which transformed into a mass social movement (McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su, 2002). The reasons for the anti-war protest and movement are discussed further.

Discussion

The anti-war movement started as sporadic protests at university campuses. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), a leftist organization, staged protests in the mid-60s and made its voice heard (McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su, 2002). There was widespread disillusionment found in American society by 1967. The reason being that the US has had lost 15,000 soldiers until now. The war was costing taxpayers annually $ 25 billion (McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su, 2002). Such intense was the war that the US had to recruit 40,000 new soldiers monthly. This was done by the US government through a draft, that imposed a conscription mechanism for minorities and lower class citizens to participate in the war (McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su, 2002). Disappointment prevailed among the minorities over the draft and they put up a strong resistance against this unfairly drawn draft (McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su, 2002). Another reason for the anti-war movement was the unfettered television coverage which offered American citizens to see for themselves the nature of atrocities being inflicted on the Vietnamese people (McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su, 2002).

Conclusion

The role of student organizations in creating widespread awareness was instrumental in putting resistance against the Vietnam war. Additionally, unprecedented and comprehensive media broadcasts also affected the American citizens to agitate and demand the withdrawal of US troops from the war.

Works Cited

McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su. "The war at home: Antiwar protests and congressional voting, 1965 to 1973." American sociological review 67.5 (2002): 696-721.

Week 5

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Question 1: What is a commodity? How does the exchange value result in Alienation?

Answer: A commodity can be defined as anything that can content human needs and requirements. These needs can be in the form of fuel, agricultural products or any other lavish requirements. Commodities can be looked through quality and quantity depending upon the needs of a person.

The use-value of a commodity can be defined in terms of its tangible features. The use-value of something such as iron, diamond, copper, etc. has no reality apart from its commodity. We always treat “use value” in terms of definite quantity, such as dozens of shoes and tons of copper, etc. These values only become a reality by its consumption.

Exchange Value, however, can be defined as values which are of one class and are being exchanged for another. Hence exchange-value appears to be relative and intrinsic. For example, x amount of gold is exchanged with y amount of silver and z amount of iron. This shows that gold has great exchange value and is traded for two value of different quantities.

Question 2: What is labor power? In what ways is it a commodity? How is it different than other commodities?

Answer: Labor power can be defined as usage of a combination of mental and physical abilities for the production of a described use-value. If we take out “use value” of anything then it can only be defined as a mere product of labor.

It can be described as a commodity in terms of that individual whose skill has made it a product sell it as a commodity. That person and the owner of the money or other “exchange value” deals with each other and hence the product that is exchanged came through his “labor power”, can be defined as a commodity. The value of labor power is determined by the labor time required for its production. It can also be defined as a commodity that people sell their skill or labor power in exchange for money.

Labor power can be related to other commodities as in actuality all commodities are just combinations of definite materials with specific labor time spent on it. Whether it is exchange value or use value it is nothing without a specific labor time and labor power.

WEEK 5 Discussion

Initial discussion post

Question 1:

Discuss the various issues confronting the nation in the 1850s ……….What issues would likely create this situation?

Joining the California Union in 1850 again upset the balance of power between the two regions, triggering a third crisis in North-South relations that lasted almost a year. In his last speech, delivered to him in the Senate on March 4, 1850, the dying Calhoun said that a nation can be saved only if the South gets "equal rights to the acquired territories" and adopts an amendment to the constitution, restoring the imbalance between the sections. But at that time, such demands were already unrealistic.

By the middle of the nineteenth century. balance of forces that existed at the end of the eighteenth century. between the two regions was completely disrupted. The North in 1860 doubled the South in terms of population, almost three times the length of railways, it owned 90% of the national industry. There was also a political weakening of the South. Due to low population growth, migrations to the West, the southern Atlantic states were losing ground in Congress. For 1830-1860 the number of members of the House of Representatives from Virginia decreased from 21 to 11 people, from North Carolina from 13 to 7. Despite the increase in the number of deputies from the new states, the South as a whole lost parity with the North in the House of Representatives. However, the situation in the Congress did not suit the North either. The northerners, surpassing more than twice the white population of the South, had in 1850 (Berkin, Miller, Cherny & Gormly, 2011).

The threat of loss of political influence in the Union pushed the South towards expansion. The desire of the southerners for the annexation of Cuba and other countries of the Caribbean is explained not so much by economic reasons - the need for new lands due to depletion of soils (in 1860, 2/3 of uncultivated lands remained in the South), but by political considerations - to strengthen the shaken influence in the Union . However, the North and the South were equally prone to expansion, as they conducted extensive agriculture; both sought to use new territories to strengthen their political weight.

By 1850, the question of the secession of the South was a foregone conclusion; it was only a matter of time. Nevertheless, the third conflict between the two regions ended in yet another compromise - a complex system of six laws, again prepared mainly by the highly experienced G. Clay: California was accepted into the Union as a free state; the territories of New Mexico and Utah were organized without restrictions for slavery - the population itself had to decide on it; the District of Columbia prohibited the slave trade; but the new law on runaway slaves allowed them to be persecuted even in the states of the North. However, this time the compromise turned out to be fragile, provoking already in 1854, a clash around the Kansas-Nebraska bill. (Rash, 2019).

The hostility of the two regions grew rapidly. The southerners were unhappy that California, located below the 36 ° 30 'parallel, had become a free state, and the northerners - that Wilmot’s amendment did not pass and a strict law on runaway slaves was passed. The decision of the Supreme Court in the case of slave Dred Scott in 1857 actually crossed out the Missouri compromise of 1820, confirming the legality of slavery throughout the country. 1850s - the time of the gradual retraction of the two sides in a military conflict. The war in Kansas and the rebellion of John Brown were the first armed clashes

References

Berkin, C., Miller, C., Cherny, R., & Gormly, J. (2011). Making America: A History of the United States, Volume 2: From 1865. Cengage Learning.

Rash, W. (2019). Election Security Bills Finally Progressing in Congress. EWeek, N.PAG. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohos com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=134020039&site=eds-live

Reply post Randy Chrisp

Thankyou Randy for your post and first of all I would like to say to thanks for your interesting posts throughout course and finally we are reached at final week. The problem of slavery, having become nationwide, led to the split of political parties and the collapse of the second party system. In 1854, the Republican Party was organized, which included all anti-slavery forces (free-sailors, Whigs, Democrats, abolitionists), although in its ranks there was no unity on the issue of slavery. Moderate Republicans assured that they did not infringe on the right of ownership of the southerners, but only wanted to limit slavery to the existing territory. The radicals openly recognized such a measure only as the first step towards its abolition.

Reply to Allyson Stewart

Thankyou for your post and first of all I would like to say to thanks for your interesting posts throughout course and finally we are reached at final week. The economic conditions of Southern society, the system of large plantations made the region less sensitive to the need for a tight network of communication routes. It is especially in the West that viability work and the creation of means of transportation were necessary for immigration. The construction of the Erie Canal, carried out by the enlightened initiative and stubborn energy of Witt Clinton, brought the attention of the people to the attention of the people, and the new states, whose resources were limited, continued to demand the attention of the people. federal contest for the transformation of their deserts into centers of civilization.

WEEK 5 Discussion

Question 1: The Painting of Modern Life

Monet, Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (In Sun), 1894

This painting is representative of Impressionism. “Monet is good at experimenting and expressing techniques of light and shadow. His most important style is to change the way the shadows and outlines are drawn”( Kalitina, Brodskai︠a︡, & Monet, 2010). cathedrals, depending on time of day, year and lighting. This cycle was written by the artist in the 1890s. The cathedral allows it to show the connection between constant, solid, building and changing, light-play structures that change our perception. Monet focused on the individual fragments of the Gothic church and selected portals, St Martin's tower and Albana tower. He was only interested in playing light on the rock.

Manet, Bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1881-82

This is a good example of impressionism. The artist of modern life has…sought after the fugitive, fleeting beauty of present-day life…Often weird, violent and excessive, the acrid, or heady bouquet of the wine of life." (Ardis, 2002). This is the work of Manet in 1882. It’s been nearly 20 years since the “Lunch on the Prairie” and “Olympia”. Shortly after completing this work, Manet died. For 20 years, Manet has experienced a lot of struggles and struggles in his life. In his last work, he still maintains a consistently bold style – the theme of the bar girl. However, this time, Manet is 51 years old. In addition to being bold and innovative, he wants to bring us a deeper message.

To explore the work of Manet, we must first understand the structure. First of all, everything behind the girl is a reflection of a mirror; her back on the right is her own reflection in the mirror, as for the rightmost moustache? He is the person in front of the girl, me, or you. So what about the crowd behind her? They are not behind the girl, but in the audience behind the moustache, that is, us. They are enjoying a wonderful performance in the painting. When we watched the picture in the art gallery, we saw ourselves and the people behind us. Why is Manet going so far and out of the mirror? He can arrange everyone to be behind the girl, there is no need to make such a mystery (Ardis, 2002). With this concept, we can first explore the protagonist of the whole painting - the bar. Look at this bar, flowers, fruits, champagne, and delicacies, all with the bar girl, the whole display is only for one purpose: to attract customers who are drunk. Manet arranged the items neatly in a long box, so carefully and deliberately treated, and later came to a conclusion: Manet's entire painting is mimicking a department store's window. If we look at other paintings with the same title, we can see the ulterior motives of Manet's composition.

Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, c. 1884-86

One Sunday afternoon on the island of La Grand Jatte is the most famous and greatest painting that Georges Seurat has ever created and one that probably expresses the painting technique at the highest level, a sort of manifesto of the so-called "pointillism". La Grand Jette is a peripheral park of Paris on an island on the Seine, a meeting place for middle-class relaxation in the 19th century.

A Sunday afternoon on the island of La Grand Jatte is one of those rare cases in the history of art in which a single work of art is able to be unique, to be absolutely able to get attention as if it were a poster for its transcendence, both narrative and technical, and is instinctively recognizable by all. Executed in 1884, a Sunday afternoon on the island of La Grand Jatte expresses all that is magical in the world of Seurat: it is beautiful and disturbing, illuminated by the sun and shaded, silent and noisy, all at the same time (Bromwell, 2018).The imposing size of the painting (about 2 by 3 meters), was rare at that time and therefore indicates a precise choice of the artist to want to "wrap" the viewer completely making him participate and present.

Question 2:

I always in search of pop art and it is something that you do not need to go to only art gallery. Pop art has replaced abstract expressionism, relying on a new image created by the media then. Thanks to pop art, such new directions as kinetic and situational art, as well as op art, have appeared. In fact, pop art summed up and brought to a logical conclusion the traditional types of fine art. Thanks to this, the way was opened for completely new types of artistic practices. For example, pop art prepared the way for postmodernism and conceptualism. And already in the 80s of the XX century, as a result, a new type of art arose - neo-pop art.( Porter& Grant, 2017).

This direction in the visual arts conveyed the taste and mood of the time. Sexuality, youth, fleetingness, daydreaming and even some naivety in pop art paintings are considered a reflection of a real American dream. In different countries, they talked about it only decades after the first appearance of pop art in America. By the way, in our time, pop art is again in fashion, both in painting and in other forms of art. And it’s good that there are plenty of modern masters working in this direction.

References

Ardis, A. L. (2002). Modernism and Cultural Conflict, 1880–1922. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge

University Press. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=120259&site=eds-live

Bromwell, T. (2018). True to Life: British Realist Painting in the 1920s and 1930s, Scottish

National Gallery of Modern Art, July 1-October 29, 2017. Visual Culture in Britain, 19(1), 132–134. https://doi-org.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/10.1080/14714787.2018.1450330

Kalitina, N. N., Brodskai︠a︡, N. V., & Monet, C. (2010). Claude Monet (Vol. 2nd ed). [New

York]: Parkstone International. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=416840&site=eds-live

Porter, J., & Grant, S. M. (2017). 149 Paintings You Really Need to See in North America : (So

You Can Ignore the Others). Toronto: Dundurn. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1609526&site=eds-live

Reply to Mark Graham

Thankyou for posting your discussion and it is really very nice effort. Cross's early work is almost extinct. These are just a few portraits and landscapes, painted in a realistic manner, and painted with a rather gloomy palette. After a trip to the south of France, where he met with Claude Monet, the artist’s style of writing began to change significantly: Cross tried to completely abandon the dark brown colors that are so characteristic of realist paintings in favor of brighter, more open and saturated colors of impressionism.

Reply to Jennifer Rice

This is nice post by you. The most interesting thing from your post is when you say ,” Realism art because it’s considered to be the beginning of the modern art movement, incorporating both modern art and real life” and I am totally agreeing with your point of view. Socialist realism is reflected in all spheres of cultural activity, including applied art and architecture. Only in the twentieth century, realistic art began to acquire diverse forms and vibrant national features.

Week 5 Project

Week 5 Project

Mark Wrublewski

HUM1002 History of Art from Middle Ages to Modern Times SU01

11/25/2019

Late Nineteenth Century: Impressionism or Post Impressionism

The Blue Room”

Identifying information

Name of the artist: Pablo Picasso

Title of the work: A blue room (A tub)

Date of the work: 1942

Medium/materials used to create the work: oil /canvas

Now the main task is to figure out who the Spanish painter painted. For Pablo Picasso, 1901 was very important in his search for his own style in painting. The 18-year-old artist lived in Paris, was very poor and worked day and night. So there is nothing surprising in the fact that he sometimes painted on old canvases, no.

Perhaps that is why art critics were not very surprised, although, of course, they were delighted when, using the latest technology, they discovered a portrait of a man in a bow tie under one of Picasso’s early paintings, “The Blue Room”. (Kleiner, 2016).

Now experts from the Phillips Collection gallery in Washington will, as detectives, determine the identity of the mysterious stranger. “Picasso couldn’t buy new canvases every time he had an idea and grabbed a brush,” said Susan Berends Frank, curator of Phillips, to AP reporters. “Sometimes he worked on cardboard because the canvases were much more expensive.” (Gershman, 1962).

Specialists have long suspected that there could be something else under the Blue Room, which has been in the Phillips Collection since 1927, because the individual strokes do not really correspond to the image of a woman taking a bath in Picasso's studio.

Early Twentieth Century: Fauvism, Expressionism, or Futurism

Henri Matisse "Buffet, or Red Room, or Harmony in Red", 1908

Identifying information

Name of the artist: Henri Matisse

Title of the work: Buffet, or Red Room, or Harmony in Red

Date of the work:1908

Medium/materials used to create the work: oil on canvas

Fauvism as a new art movement did not exist for long but managed to prove itself quite vividly in the canvases of painters. This style of image performance mixed in itself several components and gave rise to rich avant-garde paintings. To understand Fauvism, just look at the "Red Room" Matisse. The view of the Seine flowing into the Chatou is a favorite motive of Vlaminok. A self-taught student who carefully studied Van Gogh, he inherits from him the color intensity on which the intense expression of his works is based. The surface of the river, cut by the noses of longboats, is covered with ripples of white strokes: wide and convex, spreading their energy throughout the landscape. The forms of ship's hulls, dams, and structures on the shore are outlined by sharp twisting movements of the brush.

Fauvism set itself the task of showing enthusiastic joy from the contemplation of life. And Matisse in the "Red Room" was able to realize this idea as well as possible. The picture is decorative, energetic, optimistic. The sharp color changes, elements of ancient art and primitivism are perfectly combined and create a concentrated picture of the original talent of the French master. The interior blooms with an amazing palette and fruits with drinks on the table are calling to enjoy the gifts of life. (Denvir, 1975).

Cubism: Analytic or Synthetic

Name of the artist: Georges Braque

Title of the work: Man and Guitar

Date of the work:1914

Medium/materials used to create the work: drawing

The multidisciplinary art creator Georges Braque has distinguished himself in history as a decorator, sculptor and graphic artist. He mastered the ideas of impressionism, was immersed in Fauvism for a long time, together with the great Picasso he formed the direction of cubism, and after that he turned to free experimentation with color and forms, continuing to paint still life and landscapes. The “Musician” of Braque is the quintessence of an individual style, a complex and, without a doubt, interesting work (Yu, 1997). The prospect of constructing a composition surprises with the created volume effect in flat forms. The wealth of broken figures, color contrasts and stripes masterly draw the viewer the appearance of a man playing a guitar.

Post-World War II Art: Abstract Expressionism, Minimalism, or Pop Art

Ingre's Violin, 1924 by Man Ray

Name of the artist: Man Ray

Title of the work: “Violin of Ingres”

Date of the work:1924

Medium/materials used to create the work: Photograph

“Violin of Ingres” is a work that has become a landmark for Man Ray. Kiki, seated in a turban, is filmed from behind, ephs (resonant holes in the violin case) are superimposed on her bare back. image Ingru became his exemplary nude and a symbol of his love of the instrument. A Dadaist game of “French classics,” like Duchamp and the great Leonardo da Vinci, who painted the playful tendrils of Gioconde. It seems that Ray, like all surrealists, was obsessed with female nudity. The exhibition presents many examples of a completely traditional interpretation of the body along with surreal interpretations of the topic. Kiki, the famous model from Montparnasse, whom the artist met in 1921, having just moved to Paris; his talented student, an American photographer and journalist Lee Miller, the photographer lived and worked with her from 1929 to 1932; another great love is the young dancer Edie Fidelin and, finally, Juliet Brauner, who later became his wife and remained with him until his death.

Post-World War I Art: Dada or Surrealism

Identifying information:

Name of the artist: Arshile Gorky

Title of the work: "Waterfall”

Date of the work:1943

Medium/materials used to create the work: Oil on canvas

An American artist of Armenian descent is Arshil Gorky, one of the founders of "abstract surrealism. Developing the principles of surrealism towards greater pointlessness, Gorky found himself between the conservative official-national painting of American art and abstract expressionism. Although Gorky was considered an American artist, he considered himself an Armenian. He loved his people, his homeland. And at every opportunity, Vartush wrote to his beloved sister, sharing with her sad memories of the house and the past. (Brodskai︠a︡, 2012).

"Waterfall" transfers the movement of water from the upper right corner of the composition to the center and leaving our imagination to think up a further flow path. But take a closer look: in the very center of the image, you can notice two figures who are standing, hugging. On the left is a woman, and on the right is a man wrapping his arms around her. Gorki applied the painting technique “dripping” here: with a turpentine-soaked rag he erased, although not completely, dried paint from the canvas (traces of the rubbing are visible in the lower right part of the picture). This marked a significant change in the artist's style in comparison with his previous manner.

His work is not without contradictions. He loved his homeland, called himself an Armenian, although he was considered an American painter. Gorki equally respected the national creativity of his people and the traditions of the art of the past, but at the same time he fought for the creation of a new direction in painting. In his works one can find features of both modernism and classicism, since he was not limited to the framework of one direction.

References

Brodskai︠a︡, N. V. (2012). Surrealism. New York: Parkstone International. Retrieved from

https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=455960&site=eds-live

Denvir, B. (1975). Fauvism and expressionism. Thames and Hudson.

Gershman, H. S. (1962). Futurism and the Origins of Surrealism. Italica, 39(2), 114-123.

Kleiner, F. S. (2016). Gardner's art through the ages: The western perspective (Vol. 11). Cengage

Learning.https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781337250665/cfi/6/18!/4/2@0:0

Yu, L. (1997). An investigation of the relationship between popular music and analytic Cubist

paintings in prewar Paris.

Week 9 The Development Project

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[History and Anthropology]

[Date]

Week 9: The Development Project

In what ways did the Bretton Woods system institutionalize development as an international project? And how did Cold War rivalry and Third World demand to contribute? 

Rules of financial and commercial relations were established by the Bretton Woods system of monetary management. International relations in terms of both material and political-legal are highly important for the pursuit of national economic growth. After World Wars, major economies of the world made an effort to stabilize their economic structure. Bretton woods proposed well-worn paths of aid and trade relationships between both ex-colonial states and their post-colonial regions. The specific decades of the 1960s and 1970s characterized as the “Development Decades” and this prospect eventually encouraged the multilateral arrangements mainly in the form of development strategies. It is noteworthy to indicate that the Bretton Woods system can be ranked as the one significant approach of international development projects. The focal point of this consideration was to successfully mobilize the development process on an international level. The development project in the form of the Bretton Woods system dramatically redesigned the division of labor around the globe. The forceful perspectives of Cold War rivalry and Third World domains played a critical role to consider the reconstruction of the program. That was the time when the United States greatly faced the international issue of human freedom. It was critical for the country to develop a new program of assistance to deal with the worldwide challenge. The political instability of that time required the financial steadiness to successfully deal with the Cold War rivalry. As a result of these specific conditions, bilateral initiatives adopted by the U.S. that turned into the developmental strategies of the Bretton Woods program. 

Discuss whether and to what extent, and in what sense, the Newly-Industrializing Countries (NICs) were the showcase of the development project?

The practical implications of Newly-Industrializing Countries (NICs) were also associated with the overall approach of the development project. Consideration of NICs in the overall scenario of development projects is vital because these countries grew at the rates of 7 to 10 percent. This form of development was higher as compared to the average growth rate. There were six countries of Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Brazil, and Mexico under the domain of newly industrializing countries. The immense growth of NICs ultimately influenced the perspective of development projects in two prominent forms. It is observed that on one hand, the growing expectations of rising living standards and aspirations accomplished by these NICs. Upward mobility in the international system was one protruding prospect accomplished by NICs. This specific perspective is recognized as legitimizing the development project, like showcases. Moreover, the selectivity of the development project was also actively apprehended by the economic approach of NICs. These countries explicitly set their economic targets by focusing on developing export production facilities in case of specific countries. Undoubtedly, international corporations controlled by NICs to determine the particular form of the development project on an international level.

How did the operation of the food aid regime contribute to the development project? And in what ways did it transform it?

Food aid regime is another significant form of the overall approach of the development project. During the post-war era, the United States established the practical domain of food aid regime to successfully deliver food surpluses to Third World countries. The facet of food surpluses developed for the country due to the successful execution of the U.S. agricultural-industrial model. This form of distribution was one prominent country’s attempt to successfully contribute to the overall form of a development project. Developments in the fields of agriculture and industrial development utilized by the country in the form of the food aid program to successfully applied the core objective of the development project. The transfer of agricultural resources to the Third World country was one primitive practical measure to ensure the involvement of different countries in the process of a development project. The rural-urban prescriptions were adopted on a global level to accomplished the standard of development projects effectively and efficiently. The primary objective of initiating the food aid regime was to ensure the correct utilization of resources on an international level. 

Week1

Week 1

Dawn M Rosales Kneubuhl

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Week 1

History and mankind are interrelated. Any attempt to explore human history, inevitably provide insight to history. In Greek language, the word history stands for “learning through inquiry”. Since the world has seen many generations of humans, which have defined history by their own manner. However, a more broad and conceptualized definition of history have been presented by the American Historical Association. According to them history is an unalienable process which dates back to human evolution. William have defined history as an unstoppable process, in which people struggle to understand the past and present ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QqahhXeC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Williams 2007, 19)","plainCitation":"(Williams 2007, 19)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":321,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/VLHSST96"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/VLHSST96"],"itemData":{"id":321,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"A Student’s Guide to the Theory","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The Historian’s Toolbox","author":[{"family":"Williams","given":"Robert C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}},"locator":"19","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Williams 2007, 19).

As history is dependent and related to process of human evolution and people are the reason of historical progression, therefore, the definition of history is ever changing. The ever changing nature of human process as well, makes the history variable ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"P9RUVF9K","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Davidson, Lytle, and Davidson 1982a)","plainCitation":"(Davidson, Lytle, and Davidson 1982a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":322,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/3KKMBVA8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/3KKMBVA8"],"itemData":{"id":322,"type":"book","publisher":"Knopf New York","source":"Google Scholar","title":"After the fact: The art of historical detection","title-short":"After the fact","author":[{"family":"Davidson","given":"James West"},{"family":"Lytle","given":"Mark H."},{"family":"Davidson","given":"James W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Davidson, Lytle, and Davidson 1982a). The story of Silas Deane is complex in nature because Silas Deane experienced many incidents in life and some of them lead it to his untimely death. These incidents are a source of defining history in a complex manner ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"h9mVPb9q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Davidson, Lytle, and Davidson 1982b)","plainCitation":"(Davidson, Lytle, and Davidson 1982b)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":323,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Q26AVSVV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Q26AVSVV"],"itemData":{"id":323,"type":"book","publisher":"Knopf New York","source":"Google Scholar","title":"After the fact: The art of historical detection","title-short":"After the fact","author":[{"family":"Davidson","given":"James West"},{"family":"Lytle","given":"Mark H."},{"family":"Davidson","given":"James W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Davidson, Lytle, and Davidson 1982b, 28).

History is considered a craft since it is dependent upon human interference. Traditionally, it had been a norm that humans (specially the victors) write history, in the ways which suits their future ambitions, therefore, it is considered a craft. A good historian must have an exceptional analytical skills, writing skills and research related skills. Perspective matters in understanding history since it differ with that of the masses. There are always differing views of people and the rulers, therefore, any historian must follow the perspectives, which he thinks largely exists. The question of historical truth comes into play in Pocahontas and John Smith in the Virginia Colony because there are different times when they both arrived in the American colonies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xYc70jtG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Davidson, Lytle, and Davidson 1982b)","plainCitation":"(Davidson, Lytle, and Davidson 1982b)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":323,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Q26AVSVV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/Q26AVSVV"],"itemData":{"id":323,"type":"book","publisher":"Knopf New York","source":"Google Scholar","title":"After the fact: The art of historical detection","title-short":"After the fact","author":[{"family":"Davidson","given":"James West"},{"family":"Lytle","given":"Mark H."},{"family":"Davidson","given":"James W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Davidson, Lytle, and Davidson 1982b, 51).

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Davidson, James West, Mark H. Lytle, and James W. Davidson. 1982a. After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection. Knopf New York.

———. 1982b. After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection. Knopf New York.

Williams, Robert C. 2007. “The Historian’s Toolbox.” A Student’s Guide to the Theory.

Week2_Hist

Week Two History

Dawn Rosales Kneubuhl

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Week Two History

The Decision to Drop the Bomb

The incident of dropping the bomb on Hiroshima was more than just a disastrous event in history; it took millions of lives and changed the environment of the state. It resulted in an economic crisis, hunger, and a threat to other habitats in the environment. Dropping the bomb was totally against human rights because taking the lives of millions of people is a violation of the law and a misuse of power. The radiation from these bombs caused health-related issues and the coming generation was born with many defects ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mHxGXhPJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lytle & Davidson, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Lytle & Davidson, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":607,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/KVZQ425P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/KVZQ425P"],"itemData":{"id":607,"type":"book","ISBN":"978-0-07-729268-3","publisher":"McGraw-Hill Education","title":"After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=OBD5vQEACAAJ","author":[{"family":"Lytle","given":"M. H."},{"family":"Davidson","given":"J. W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lytle & Davidson, 2009). The third parties have only two roles: either benefit from or support the existing parties in retaliation. One of the beliefs of the third parties was that this act will end the bitterness of Japan towards the United States. However, in reality, it increased the bitterness between each other.

Sitting-In

In the United States, one of the common social issues that have existed in the past is considered the racial discrimination that Black people have faced. Sitting-in is considered to be one of the non-violent protests for civil rights in history. It resulted in getting attention from the media through non-violent means. These protests were held to end racial segregation in the Southern parts of the United States. As a result of this protest, Black people were able to get opportunities and they were able to bring a cultural revolution. Slavery was another common issue that existed in the American society and this resulted in class systems and discriminatory behaviors towards people of color ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mHxGXhPJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lytle & Davidson, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Lytle & Davidson, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":607,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/KVZQ425P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/KVZQ425P"],"itemData":{"id":607,"type":"book","ISBN":"978-0-07-729268-3","publisher":"McGraw-Hill Education","title":"After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=OBD5vQEACAAJ","author":[{"family":"Lytle","given":"M. H."},{"family":"Davidson","given":"J. W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lytle & Davidson, 2009). A number of Black people were enslaved; they were even physically tortured to make them work in the factories of the elite class who were mostly White people. Torture, be it physical or psychological, is against an individual’s rights because it threatens his safety and life.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Lytle, M. H., & Davidson, J. W. (2009). After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection. McGraw-Hill Education. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=OBD5vQEACAAJ

Week3

Part A

Answer 1.

Development has almost always been considered synonymous with economic growth. Economic development is output and productivity growth and is measured by GDP. However, in the developing countries, that is, in developing countries, development is different arguments such as life expectancy, literacy or infant mortality. these reasoning is called human development and has its own indicators (for example, the UNDP Human Development Index). That seems to be the case two different interpretations: economic and human. “A human development approach to development requires the integration of policies taking into consideration both economic and noneconomic factors”( Beneria, Berik and Floro17).

“Some aspects, even though recognizing that these are important for the elimination of poverty and the attainment of acceptable living standards for all countries and social groups. human development encompasses both the notion of human capabilities, such as health and knowledge, and the use of these capabilities in people’s lives”( Beneria, Berik and Floro 18).

Traditional the way has been to see the connection or the relationship between these. So development is equal to economic growth and economic growth automatically improve social and human prerequisites for development. However, as numerous examples show, this is not always the case happen. Economic development and related mechanisms have also impoverished people even further. Identifying true developments is difficult. At the same time, development is social a description of the process and a positive evaluation of that process. According to Beneria, Berik and Floro this is where the concept of development is problematic: it is at the same time descriptive, that is descriptive and normative, ie value-laden. The concept of development is desirable goal, but at the same time describes the way to reach the goal. This is making progress unambiguous definition is challenging.

Part B

Answer 1.

There are many problems discussed from the discourse of development including debt, poverty, economic crisis, unemployment , lack of knowledge, gender gap, gender discrimination, gap between theory and practice etc. Benería, Lourdes, Günseli Berik, and Maria illustrated in a widening gap between the rich and poor. In many ways, the debt crisis has become the problem that does not go away, at least for many countries and not just for the poorest.

“Another problem is poverty, economic insecurity, and growing inequalities that feed the social pressures that have become a lasting problem for many areas”( Benería, Günseli , and Maria 6). On the other hand, many poverty researchers point out that besides absolute poverty. Poverty is often relative and, in the case of poor countries, highly interdimensional. References to people's basic needs or minimum income are not just enough for poverty.

The report also clearly acknowledges the problem of “an unequal world,” referring to disparities between rich and poor countries as well as between social groups separated by “rigid sociopolitical hierarchies which constitute powerful social barriers explicitly aimed at preserving the status quo of the better off” (p. 123). Another reason that often directs state action is based on economic growth support. Economic growth is based on the view that poor countries benefit most a free market, which requires governments to allow goods and movement of services; and the unrestricted right of businesses to invest across border.

The problem is well known: gender is considered a “special subject” quite apart from the more general and central conference topics( Benería, Berik, and Maria 9). Our text book identify one of the key problems of present-day mainstream economics as the disconnect between theory and reality and the contrast between the discipline’s increasingly obsessive focus on technical “precision” and “rigor” and its inability to respond to society’s needs— or at least to the needs of a large proportion of the population. These are among the most prominent problems in the teaching and practice of economics. Likewise, domestic violence against women has been linked to problems of poverty and unemployment among men.

Work cited

Benería, Lourdes, Günseli Berik, and Maria Floro. Gender, development and globalization:

Economics as if all people mattered. Routledge, 2015.

Western Civilization

Name

Name of Professor

Class

Date

Western Civilization

Question 1:

The roots of Western Civilization go back to the ancient Greece. The contributions of Ancient Greek are numerous in the intellectual areas like philosophy, art, math, science and architecture. The Greeks have made significant civilization in every field. All the ideas of Greek Philosophers have an influential impact on the western society. All the concepts of critical thinking, ethical standards, standards for justice and concept of democracy emerged from the Greek Civilization. The Greek philosophers have deeply enriched the western society with their wisdom and knowledge in various field. They introduced the concept of best political systems, meta physics and reliable knowledge. Greeks give a complete way of life to the western people. They introduce a proper system of government in the form of democracy and introduced lawful equality in the society.

Moreover, there are big names from the Greek Philosophy, without them the discussions of philosophy are incomplete. The ancient Greek philosophy started with Miletus and the Pre-Socratic philosophy. However, the most famous philosophers of ancient Greek are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Most of the teachings of Western philosophy have its basis in the philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. When the philosophical views of these three philosophers are compared, all are easily differentiable. Though Socrates did not write anything himself, Plato narrated Socrates’ experience through the dialogues. Many of the Socrates concepts were written by other philosophers. However, all of the viewpoints of Socrates reflects the philosophy of Pythagoras. Socrates was more interested in knowledge and value theories. Plato was more anxious about ideas that’s why he is known as idealist in the current world. On the other side, Aristotle wrote about politics, metaphysics and ethical values through his observation. Unlike Plato and Socrates, he did not use reason and deduction to explain his teachings. The Crito gives an idea of social contract for the society and informs about a legal system that should be between the people and the state. There are a lot of arguments about the problems related to law and justice within a society.

The culture and philosophy of Athens emphasized on reformation of the government through the influence and rule of Solon. Solon’s political and economic reorganizations became the reason for the development Athenian institutions in later years. All of these reformations made to give a just society. Solon’s initiatives became the basis for democratic institutions of current western society. Some of the aspects of hermetic philosophy can be seen in Greek viewpoints, such as the concept of science is common in both philosophies. Philosophers from Greek also contributed in the development of science like Hermetic views. This shows a link of Greek with Hermetic philosophy.

Question 2:

Historical facts represent the proofs and realities from the past. These facts highlight the events and incidences which happened in past years. All of these facts are stored by historians and presented in a chronological order according to the year and century. Historians put an effort to discover the factors behind any event or circumstances happened in the past. They thoroughly analyze those circumstances and their influences on those events. Going through the different historical information, it is identified that most of the stories are informed in a comparative manner. Historians have compared different sources and finally, came up with the conclusions. However, sometimes historians receive much criticism for storytelling. Many of the opponents disagree with those facts for various reasons. Some think that it is impossible to get an accurate information from the history. It takes so much time to figure out the historical event and during those years much information gets lost. Story telling orally can be another reason for loss of information. It is in human being’s nature to interpret the information according to their own understanding and much alterations take place with the passage of time.

Obviously, facts exist that’s why people talk about logics and logical thinking. Facts make basis of logical thinking. Facts represent truth and reality. It is an actual and accurate thing taken from the living world. Fact is consistent. Reality never relies on other things to proof itself and so is the fact. Fact can be in any form, from a mathematics equation to a scientific argument.

Historical events have some conflicts with some historical facts. All those conflicts arise in the form of debates over an interpretation of an event happened in past. History suffers from the problem of uncertain information and at the same time, it is impossible to unearth all those events happened in the past. Therefore, those historical facts are either accepted or rejected on the basis of the conflict. The facts from history come at last and those facts seem considerable like solid material (Becker, p. 120). Although historical facts cannot provide with every little detail of a past incidence, it can be understandable that what is it communicating about. For instance, there is an example from an article about the historical facts and it informs about Caesar. It narrates the story of Caesar by saying that he crossed a small bridge (Becker, 122). In this case, the history is not taking about Caesar only. It is also discussing the army accompanied Caesar while crossing the bridge. If the historical facts cannot provide every minute details about an event, it does not mean that those facts are not true. These facts have been the basis for today’s world. All the inventions and developments are the evidence for the existence of historical events.

Works Cited

Becker, Carl L. "What are historical facts?" Western Political Quarterly 8.3 (1955): 327-340.

Western Civilization Final

Western Civilization

Student’s Name

University Affiliation

Western Civilization

The history about western civilization was marked by various significant issues. One of those issues were the Crusades, which were series of military campaigns by various religious bodies. They were majorly experienced during early 11th century all through to 13th century. The main reasons for championing the crusades were to reclaim Jerusalem City alongside other Holy lands in the Levant from the Islamic groups. The second aim was to control various threats to Christianity such as Islam. “Insinueteded that the Muslims were a threat to Christian world order,” (The Crusade, 2019, Pp. 8). The history captures eight major crusades that are believed to have occurred from 1096 to 1291 (The Crusades, 2019). Major players in the crusades were the European Christians because their status was propelled by the violent, bloody, and ruthless conflict that were main characteristics of the Middle East Wars that are popularly known as the Crusades.

The origin of the crusades is traced back to 1096 when the European Christians were ordered by their Pope in southern France to help Byzantines in reclaiming Jerusalem that had been seized by the Muslims. Initially, Western Europe had emerged as a significant power by the end of the 11th century. This situation occurred at a time when Byzantium, one of the remarkable Mediterranean civilization, had lost its territory to Seljuk Turks. Byzantium loss was marked with civil wars and chaos before its throne was seized by Alexius Comnenus in 1081, who then consolidated the control over parts that were left unrolled by Emperor Alexius I (The Crusades, 2019). Alexius sent envoy to Pope Urban II in 1095 to seek for mercenary troops from Europe to assist in encountering the Turkish threat. In November the same year, Council of Clermont from the southern parts of France, the Pope, instructed the European Christians to take their arms and help Byzantines in recapturing the Holy land from the Muslims. This decision marked the origin of the crusades.

Various areas were studies that encourage the idea of the crusade, one of them being the fall of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is captured in the history of western civilization as a Holy land (Asbridge, 2010). By studying it, it was realized that it attracted the interest of two major religious groups namely Christians and Muslims. This notion makes the fall of Jerusalem significantly crucial for nurturing the idea of the Crusades by creating a conflicting ground for religious bodies. The second area that was equally important in nurturing the idea of the Crusade is the Mamluk, a dynasty that emerged and took power in one of the Islamic blocks, Egypt (Tyerman, 2015). The Mamluk encouraged the idea of Crusades actively by being forced into Palestine and managed to halt the Mongols advancement over the leadership of Gengish Khan. Last yet important, effects of crusades as an area of study also fueled the idea of crusade by affirming that the latter in deed happened, and that it had significant impacts such as destruction of life and properties.

Alexius Comnenus ask Pope Urban II for assistance because he wanted to conquer the lost lands of Byzantine. For example, his main motive was to source for a reliable power that would definitely help him in invade the Muslims and reclaim the Holy land (Asbridge, 2010). Secondly, he wanted to stop the oppression of Christians by the Muslims.

The Pope used this situation as a pretext for urging the First Crusade because he saw it as an opportunity to unite all the Christian groups including the Orthodoxy, Paulicianism, Catholicism, and Iconoclasts. Secondly, he aimed at fighting a common enemy and stop the oppression of Christians in the Middle East.

Mass murder of the Jews is primary accounts possessed by historians and students that displays the brutality of the first crusade. Having set their foot in Jerusalem, the European warriors murdered thousands of people and equal number were rendered homeless, forcing them to flee the land to seek refuge from King Kolomon of Hungary, whose army had also killed some of them and exiled the rest. Some Jews were also slaughtered during the onset of the first crusade (Tyerman, 2015). This brutality his further expressed by lbn Al-Athir as he says, "For three days the slaughter never stopped; the Franks killed more than roo,ooo men and took innumerable prisoners" (The Crusades, 2019, Pp. 8). Hence, mass of and displacement of the Jews marked the brutal nature of the first Crusade.

Conclusion

All in all, the crusades refers to the series of wars between the Muslims and Christians over the Holy land of Jerusalem, that started to occur the 11th century and continued all through to the 13th century. Those wars originated from Pope Urban II’s order to the European Christians to take arms and help Alexius in reclaiming the Jerusalem land from the Muslims in 1096. The idea of Crusade is nurtured by various areas that were studies such as the Jerusalem land, which was a religious land of war. Notably, asked for assistance from Pope Urban II because he wanted to regain the lost land of Jerusalem. Nonetheless, little did he know that his request would lead to a brutal scene. For instance, the first world was marked by killing and displacement of thousands of Jews.

References

Asbridge, T. S. (2010). The Crusades: The authoritative history of the war for the Holy Land. Ecco/HarperCollins Publishers.

Tyerman, C. (2015). The Debate on the Crusades.

The Crusades. (2019). The crusades. Retrieved from: http://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-crusades.pdf

Western Roman Empire

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Western Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was one of the strongest empires in terms of administrative system and law. Roman unified the ancient world. The fall of the Roman Empire can be understood by the transformation of the Roman Empire. The transformation occurs with the rise of the Eastern Empire, also when the empire divided into various successor polities and failed to impose its rule. For instance, barbarian groups played its role to change the Roman culture and successfully gained power after experiencing the economic crises due to the civil war and political instability. Germans rejected to exit from the Empire and established their own kingdom. However, the law of the Roman Empire remained unchanged during the power of Barbarian. Germans coordinated with Roman customs and law with their own legal system ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pa7yUCcg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The Transformation of the Roman West\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“The Transformation of the Roman West”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":385,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/Z7AP4LP3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/Z7AP4LP3"],"itemData":{"id":385,"type":"post-weblog","title":"The Transformation of the Roman West","container-title":"Arc Humanities Press","URL":"https://arc-humanities.org/es/products/t-84104-115116-36-738/","language":"es","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Transformation of the Roman West”).

The Western Roman Empire was changed into two different empires. In Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire was established which called themselves Roman because they carried Roman culture and belief with them. However, the German Empire was established in the west which was influenced by Greek and Christianity. Western Roman Empiredeclined when German Goth Odoacer defeated Romulus Augustus. “Slight may have been the actual strength of the Holy Roman Empire in its history of a thousand years, it was a witness to the evocative power of Rome's name.” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MhDyEnSI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-Roman-Legacy-Christianity.Pdf})","plainCitation":"(Pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-Roman-Legacy-Christianity.Pdf)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":389,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/IUJTPWWM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/IUJTPWWM"],"itemData":{"id":389,"type":"article","title":"pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-roman-legacy-christianity.pdf","URL":"http://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-roman-legacy-christianity.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-Roman-Legacy-Christianity.Pdf) For example, the Roman Law which was the symbol of unity for the Roman Empire was used by both the new Empire which means Roman legal system remained the vital power even after the fall of the Empire.

Christianity had a great impact on the Roman Empire. For instance, the Roman Empire and civilization were defeated by Christianity, whose success leads to the new era. The Roman law was revised and modified during 443 B.C. under the influence of Christianity and Stoic philosophy. During the political crises when political unity became unstable, churches spread spiritual unity to make their position stronger. This is how "Christianity came into being and finally won supremacy.” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MhDyEnSI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-Roman-Legacy-Christianity.Pdf})","plainCitation":"(Pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-Roman-Legacy-Christianity.Pdf)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":389,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/IUJTPWWM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/IUJTPWWM"],"itemData":{"id":389,"type":"article","title":"pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-roman-legacy-christianity.pdf","URL":"http://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-roman-legacy-christianity.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-Roman-Legacy-Christianity.Pdf) For instance, Rome gave Christianity a legal status afterward number of new churches were built not only in Rome but within the whole empire. Later, the Church started changing the culture and literature by giving the sophisticated rational value to Christianity. This is why Christianity is blamed for the fall of the Roman Empire.

Diocletian's division and his institution of the Tetrarchy responded to the Empire's problem in a systematic manner. For instance, Diocletian secured the border of the Empire to fight with the threat to his power. He enlarged the military and civil services. He also systematized the provision division by creating the largest and administrative government in the history of the Kingdom. He restructured the rule system in which the whole Roman Empire was shared by four men. Therefore, the whole Empire was divided into two parts with a subordinate of Caesar and that of Augustus in each part. Administrative capitals were made for both the territory which were located near the borders of the Empire. Due to the reason, Rome no longer remained the administrative capital, however, it retained the uniqueness of the city ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RFo3I3cN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Guided Practice\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Guided Practice”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":387,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/HH6TQLX7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/HH6TQLX7"],"itemData":{"id":387,"type":"webpage","title":"Guided practice: continuity and change in the Byzantine Empire","container-title":"Khan Academy","abstract":"Read about the continuities and changes between the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire and complete guided practice.","URL":"https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/medieval-times/byzantine-empire/a/the-rise-of-the-byzantine-empire","title-short":"Guided practice","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Guided Practice”).

After reading the text "The Roman Legacy" vast information was obtained regarding the Roman Empire. Complete information about the detail of the Roman Empire and the rise of Medieval Europe is provided. The Roman Empire was a powerful empire where its legal system was the symbol of unity and it remained the part of later Empire. However, economic and political crisis along with the civil war resulted in the transformation of the Empire. The Roman Empire was divided into two empires that was the Eastern and Western Roman Empire. Christianity had a major role in the transformation of the Roman Empire.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Guided Practice: Continuity and Change in the Byzantine Empire.” Khan Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/medieval-times/byzantine-empire/a/the-rise-of-the-byzantine-empire. Accessed 11 May 2019.

Pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-Roman-Legacy-Christianity.Pdf. http://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/pecm0tgu821avte27qeaf4csl0---the-roman-legacy-christianity.pdf. Accessed 11 May 2019.

“The Transformation of the Roman West.” Arc Humanities Press, https://arc-humanities.org/es/products/t-84104-115116-36-738/. Accessed 11 May 2019.

Westward Expansion

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Westward Expansion

Slavery is a basic theme that builds a connection between the approaches of “Gold Rush Brides” and “Westward Expansion.” The idea of slavery in the case of Indian Americans utilized by Natalie Merchant to create an influential song on the event of Gold Rush. The lyrics of this song helps to recognize the actual circumstances that appear during the phase of Gold Rush. Brief and concise exploration of the event of Gold Rush is important to critically examine the actual prospect of this song. This form of consideration is also vital to determine its association with the main idea of Westward Expansion presented by Eric Foner. It is interesting to interpret the lyrics of “Gold Rush Brides” in the context of Foner’s narrative of Westward Expansion.

The lyrics of Gold Rush Brides by Natalie Merchant are a clear representation of the suffering of women during the era of Gold Rush in California. It is significant to identify specific hardships and disappointments faced by women during that time. It is revealed that singer that the phenomenon of Gold Rush eventually influences lives of people in different and critical manners such as domains of social association, gender, and culture prominently in the form of slavery of Indian Americans (Klarman, 267). The approach of migration is one critical trouble faced by people due to the event of exploration of gold in California. This event is discussed by Singer to demonstrate the miserable condition of people during the phase of Gold Rush. This particular prospect can be examined in the following lines:

“Follow the typical signs, the hand-painted lines, down prairie roads

Pass the lone church spire

Pass the talking wire from where to who knows

There’s no way to divide the beauty of the sky

From the wild western plains

Where a man could drift, in legendary myth, by roaming over spaces

The land was free and the price was right.” (Merchant lines 1-7)

Exploration of these lyrics helps to identify the actual grounds of the event of Gold Rush that immensely influenced lives of people differently. The social and economic placement of Gold Rush also affect the lives of native women in a great manner. Indian women are recognized as the one who faced many problems during the phase of Gold Rush. The general scarcity of women in the region made it possible for men to consider Indian women as a cost-effective option and used them as gold rush brides. The scarcity of white woman become the major tribulation for the Indian women that clearly defines the chronic form of slavery of Indian Americans. This particular social difference during the era of Gold Rush is discussed by Eric Foner in the form of the issue of slavery in the context of westward expansion. He developed the argument that the westward expansion of slavery was one great dynamic economic and social procedure that influenced different social classes differently (Foner). The approach of slavery also expanded after the growing prospect of westward following the era of Gold Rush. This specific argument presented by Foner is one suitable approach to interpret the lyrics of “Gold Rush Brides.”

The words presented by Merchant clearly defined how differently the era of Gold Rush influenced different social classes in the context of white and Indian women. The Indian women were the ones who compelled to face the difficulties of slavery during the time-period of Gold Rush to provide social and economic benefits to males. The entire progress of Gold Rush era was achieved through the prospect of slavery significantly in case of Indian Americans. This specific idea of Eric Foner was also acknowledged by Merchant in the form of “Gold Rush Brides” by discussing the problems of slavery faced by Indian women during the Gold Rush era.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Foner, E. The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. W. W. Norton, 2011, https://books.google.com/books?id=earytjxi6pEC.

Klarman, Michael J. “Rethinking the History of American Freedom (Review Essay of Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (1998)).” Wm. & Mary L. Rev., vol. 42, 2000, p. 265.

What Black History Month Means To Me



What Black History Month Means To Me

Your Name (First M. Last)

Date

What Black History Month Means To Me

Every year in the month of February this new debate starts about the Black History Month, some speak in its favor while others simply oppose this idea of celebrating one particular community. Despite the fact that many lack American support the celebration of this day, a small number of them don't agree with this idea of celebrating just one month, as in their opinion it's unfair to limit celebration to one month when it is neglected in eleven months of the year. As someone who is working as a nurse manager in a hospital where I am the only black African women, this day matter to me a lot.

My history makes me, me. It's in my blood. All my life I have faced inequality at many stages of my life, in school and in a career. Still in this time where everyone verbally supports diversity and inclusion, practically it is avoided and not given its due importance. Things have changed for black African Americans but still, they are not where they should be.

For me celebrating this one month, makes me feel powerful, strong and important. All the year where our community stays behind the curtains, this one month makes us feel visible. It’s a reminder to me that my community is strong and it has given a lot of sacrifices for us to be here where we are now. We have fought for inequality and injustice. We were misrepresented and still, we face this separation but definitely, we have a long way through our sacrifices. For me, this day reminds me that we should keep striving for our rights and equality as rightful American citizens and not feel discouraged by racism and wrong representation on media. It gives me the energy to keep making difference in my community through hard work and dedication exactly like my ancestors and keep striving for equality.

It’s a time to rejoice and move towards the future. We should keep celebrating it till we reach the actual equality and change that we have been striving for.

What Did “sacrifice” Mean For Americans During The Great Depression Or World War II?

What did “sacrifice” mean for Americans during the Great Depression or World War II?

Student’s Name

History and Anthropology

Instructor’s Name

Date

The Great Depression is known as one of the worst economic recession in the modern history of the industrialized world. The period before this downfall was relatively affluent and allowed industrialization boom rapidly, it was known as the Roaring Twenties. But with the stock market crash of 1929 brought the happy times to an end. 12 million American lost their jobs at a time when there was no welfare, no unemployment insurance and no social security. Times were really hard for people in large cities across the nation but American farmers and their families suffered the most. Those citizens who were still employed had a significant cut in their salaries. The middle class and lower middle class families lived by a motto during this depression era which said “use it up, wear it out, and make do or do without.” Households faced crucial levels of thriftiness in their daily lives. People who were leading a normal life had to switch to keeping their own kitchen gardens, wore patched clothes, worked on lowest wages just to keep the living going on. A few families let their women work and help the households financially apart from managing the budget. They mostly got jobs as clerics, industry service, teachers etc. People who found it humiliating to accept the government welfare deals had to let go of their pride and accept the New Deal programs provided by the government. The crime ratio and lawlessness spiked during this period and created more fear among the common citizens.

Just as nation was struggling hard and trying to get out of the tiresome decade of depression, the country went into World War II. During this time period, the defense industry expanded and provided opportunity to men to proceed into military service. Women also found many jobs in the manufacturing industry and government encouraged them to get out of their household and help the country men in the time of war. Federal government inspired the citizens to consider it their national duty and prioritize helping the country in any way possible.

American home front during World War II was experiencing rationing system, price controls and partial access to a lot of basic products, but still the standard of living was much better than during the time of depression. Due to increased production in the defense industry, people started getting employments, which brought in money in the households who had suffered significantly in the past decade. Though the production of automobiles, rubber, and gas was limited for the general public but other industries like diamonds refinery, canned foods, greeting cards, and hoteling services improved. People who were making major sacrifices in the past got the relief in certain places and times.

There is still an irrepressible sense of nostalgia about the American sacrifice during the dark periods of the Great Depression and World War II. The magniloquence of the sacrifice and experiences felt by civilians during this war are often described as the greatest sacrifices in the human history combat and have been talked about more than any other event. The transition of American life from the depression period to the World War II to the post war period played an important role in the establishment of concepts like citizen and purchaser consumer. During the wartime, people were forced to accept dual nationalities. They were treated as citizen consumers and had to sacrifice the purchasing of certain goods and accepting the rationing programs as they were for the betterment of the nations. While at the same time they were treated as purchaser consumers also where they had to buy war bonds from government to improve the financial situation of the war industry. Americans considered sacrificing their comfort and dealing with inconveniences as their civil responsibilities. They acknowledged the scarcity of the certain products and sacrificed their investments for giving their families better facilities post war. They believed that ultimately America will win the war and that would attribute the victory to their hard work as well in the production of war materials and other services. Sacrifice meant many things for American s during the World War II. Their purchase of federal securities and funding the war in any way possible was the symbol of true nationalistic approach and their sacrifices led to achieve victory. The funds that were gathered for the total war came from the pockets of the common citizens who gave what little they had after the decade of economic depression.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ables, Gisela R. American Perspectives: Readings in American History. Vol. 2 Revised. Pearson Custom Pub., 2003.

“‘Continued Employment after the War?’: The Women’s Bureau Studies Postwar Plans of Women Workers.” History Matters. Accessed September 28, 2019. http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/7027/.

Konkel, Lindsey. “Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression.” HISTORY. Accessed September 28, 2019. https://www.history.com/news/life-for-the-average-family-during-the-great-depression.

“Sacrificing for the Common Good: Rationing in WWII (U.S. National Park Service).” National Park Service. Accessed September 28, 2019. https://www.nps.gov/articles/rationing-in-wwii.htm.

Young, Dannagal Goldthwaite. “Sacrifice, Consumption, and the American Way of Life: Advertising and Domestic Propaganda during World War II.” The Communication Review 8, no. 1 (2005): 27–52.

What Relationship Did Aristocratic Women Have With Power In The Early Middle AgesHeklhwllo!

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Relationship between aristocratic women and power in the early middle age

Introduction

A woman has always been an integral part of human society and different roles have been assigned to her. It won’t be wrong to say that the role of early age women was strictly defined. Generally, women were restrained to household works and married to warring tribes for promoting peace. In the medieval age, the image of the women was constructed to serve the men but at the same time social status of aristocratic women changed from an ordinary object to decision taking authority. Aristocratic women were looked upon from a quite different lens. Aristocratic families for long were using the marriage of their daughters for forging their alliance and strength. It is interesting to note that only aristocratic women in early middle age were treated better than the rest of the women. There exist a close relationship between middle age aristocratic women and power.

Literature Review

Aristocratic women were not only having the power to exercise but also capable enough to use that power in different ways, depending upon time of their life cycle, aristocratic women were using their power and capabilities differently and a list of scholars is there who shed light upon the relationship that existed between aristocratic women and power in the early middle age. As per the study of Johns, aristocratic women were capable of using their power just because their menfolk accepted that women were an important part of their society and used to support them well in the hours of need (Johns et al). He also traces back the history how the medieval women were getting the power, i.e. medieval age was the time of aristocratic women’s freedom as well as period of their widowhood that points towards how aristocratic women were coming in the limelight by exercising their authorities. There were different ways how the medieval aristocratic women were acquiring and holding lands i.e. they were getting lands as heirs and co-heir. Secondly, it has been claimed that women were getting them power by marrying powerful and strong aristocrats.

According to Tina Copper, feminism and question upon the role of aristocratic women played a crucial role in determining interpretation being made about the aristocratic women and how they see power. She claims that discovering life of women was much difficult than tracing life of man as there are only a few resources and evidences that show how aristocratic women were dealing with legal and official matters (Cooper). In her research, she talks about the transition of aristocratic women, in the handling of power during medieval age. In the beginning, public offices and politics were restricted to men only but with advancement, power of aristocratic women grew, as she started owning land that she was getting in inheritance. With marriage, all her power, status and land used to go to her husband but with widowhood, her power multiples many times. Many of the early middle age aristocratic women used to choose to stay single, so that they could exercise the authority the way, they want.

In her research, Jennifer Ward drags the attention of the reader towards the power and how it was handled by the noble and gentry-women who in the absence of their husbands were taking care of the estate and land (Ward et al.). She also claims that aristocratic women were playing a significant role in their households, families, communities, and estates. Different perceptions are being built by the different researchers but one scholar, Theodore Evergates claims that depicting a well-born woman was unimaginable without power in the early middle age (Evergates). One of the central purposes of this study was to clear the concept of the aristocratic women of middle age that forced to reframe the understanding of readers as they were having surprising power.

Lewis is another researcher who is trying to present a picture of aristocratic women in the early middle age in a little different way than the rest of the authors and scholars (Lewis). This study is spotting a light on the gender difference and contribution made by the aristocratic women. It also challenges the view of the early middle age as authority and power were viewed as a masculine attribute (Lewis). Power that aristocratic women were using helped in bringing positive change in certain areas. These areas are estate management, churches, education and proving care to the weak ones.

One of the appealing factors of all the research works is that every scholar looks at the same topic or subject, differently. All the studies, give a new way for looking into the subject of aristocratic women and power like Mary C. Erler provided various claims (Erler et al). One of her basic claims is, rich born women of the early middle period helped in setting the new dimensions of the economy and gave a new pathway to the economy by giving their suggestions (Erler et al). Reformation also helped them as it provided high born women with many opportunities. Ways aristocratic women were looked upon changed with time.

Research of DeAragon has highlighted a little different perceptive than all the above-mentioned scholars. According to this study, power of aristocratic women declined during the Central Middle Ages and elite women were powered by the land and wealth (DeAragon et al, 19-43.). Power of the women increased with the adoption of the parency but at the same time the rise of the judicial innovations, legal and administrative kingship limited the opportunities, for the elite women. Limitation of power of aristocratic women also helped in protecting rights of others people as well (DeAragon et al, 19-43). This study also argues against absolute royal control and check upon the concept of re-marrying of the high born widows.

Conclusion

Taking a look at the above discussion and research conducted by various scholars and experts, it won’t be wrong to say that role and power of the aristocratic women in the early middle age was portrayed in various ways as per the understanding of the scholars. Most of the studies and researchers, believed that aristocratic women were given the right to exercise their power of authority by their family. These high born women used to indulge themselves in several decisions, and then these women used to marry elites so that aristocratic families could increase their power and alliance. Women’s power was transferred to the husbands, but with the death of the husbands, women of high-class used to get their power back that they start using for reforming their society. With the tag of widowhood, they were empowered with political power. They started holding the lands and taking important decisions for state, communities, and courts, etc. Though, at the same time, some scholars claim that during middle age, relationship between aristocratic women and power was stirred and powerful elite women were weakened during this time (middle age). So as a whole, it could be concluded that women of the aristocratic class in the early middle age were credited with more power as they were empowered with both i.e. first inheritance as well as by marriage.

Work Cited

Cooper, Tina. "The Use of Power and Influence by a Medieval Woman."

DeAragon, RāGena C. "Power and Agency in Post-Conquest England: Elite Women and the Transformations of the Twelfth Century." Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100–1400. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019. 19-43.

Erler, Mary Carpenter, and Maryanne Kowaleski, eds. Gendering the master narrative: Women and power in the middle ages. Cornell University Press, 2003.

Evergates, Theodore, ed. Aristocratic women in medieval France. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

Johns, Susan M. "Noblewomen, aristocracy and power in the twelfth-century Anglo-Norman realm." (2018).

Lewis, Judith. Sacred to female patriotism: gender, class, and politics in late Georgian Britain. Routledge, 2003.

Ward, Jennifer. "Women of the English nobility and gentry, 1066-1500." (2013).

What They Fought For

Academic Institution

‘WHAT THEY FOUGHT FOR’

Book Review

By

Taylor Volking

23 April 2019

What They Fought For

Introduction

The book ‘What They Fought For’ is written by James Mcpherson in1994. The book is divided into three chapters. It revolves around the notion of civil war. Although it does incorporate that why the war was fought, it is a comprehensive account of the soldiers who fought from the Confederate and Union States. The author infers the conclusions by a comprehensive study of personal accounts of soldiers. The book emphasizes the reasons which led the soldiers to the Civil War. Mcpherson’scuriosity to find what led the soldiers to war reflects if the soldiers were not well acquainted by their motivation for war, or what cause were they fighting for. Years after the Declaration of independence was achieved, it was held that the legacy of democracy shall be upheld either by succession or by the union of both the Northern and the Southern states.

Thesis Statement

The paper explores a comprehensive analysis of the book ‘What They Fought For’ by James Mcpherson.

Discussion

The book highlights that the prime notion that the southern were indulging the war was that they believed that North was a tyrant and suppressed the South. The civil war could end the tyrannical North. The Union soldiers believed that they were contributing to the holy war which could end in a revolutionary sense. The Confederation soldiers believed that they were fighting for the cause of freedom and liberty which was basic to the existence of the Americas. Both the soldiers according to their letters wanted to the war to end. In the end, the author highlights one of the causes of the war as the single cause of the Civil war, as slavery. Both the north and the south believed that war shall be over either in succession or union. North wanted slavery to be abolished as it was against the constitution. However, southern were of the view that Gods will to have slaves.

Hence the book aids in the understanding civil war, the ultimate notions of freedom and the revolutionalizing the course of history since then. The book is based upon evidence from the letters of the soldiers from the US military Institute in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Huntington Library, San Marino and Duke University. These letters were thoroughly studied by James Mcpherson and then moulded in this inclusive study of the events of the wars and how they were comprehended by the soldiers.

The book is precise and an expression of passionate work towards his work. Although no historical account is accurate however in order to do justice to the history, valid and keen research is required, which can do justice to the people of the era

Criticism

The book is widely criticized for his emotional account, which loses the validity and authenticity of the work due to over exaggeration of events by the soldiers. The enthusiasm, the motivation or conversely the disheartenment of soldiers from the war can all lead to un-authenticity of the whole book. Critics also target the book for its ignorance of causes of civil war which had roots in the economic disparities, expansionism and an uneven balance of power between the Confederation and the union other than just slavery.

Conclusion

The book provides a comprehensive insight into the emotions and sentiments of the soldiers from the North and the South during the civil war. It also comprehends the motivations and the ignorance both sides felt in their war behaviors. The book also mirrors the ideological differences between the Confederation and the Union and the extents they were going to protect these ideologies. Although the account of the soldier s letter on which the book is firmly based upon may be true to its nature however the authenticity and the validity of the letter can also be prejudiced and encircled around emotional narratives of the soldiers. Lastly, only a single cause of civil war is discussed in comparison to many which led to the occurrence of war, which largely questions the credibility of the book.

What They Fought For Book Review

Book Review

What They Fought For

Name

Affiliation

Date

Book Review

What They Fought For

“What they fought for” is a book based on the letters and diaries of the soldiers, who took part in the American civil war. The book has been authored by James M. McPherson, who is a civil war scholar. The book was published in the year 1994. The author has analyzed the point of view of the confederate, as well as the union soldiers for taking part in the deadly war. In his book “What they fought for,” Pulitzer Prize-winning author, McPherson has successfully explored the motives of the soldiers’ contribution to the war from both sides, which was the support of their ideologies of promoting or opposing slavery.

The book has been published by collecting the letters, journals, and diaries of the American civil war veterans and analyzing their point of view of supporting the war and sacrificing their lives for the sake of it. The most important issue covered in the book is the conflict on the promotion and opposition of slavery in the United States of America. The book has covered the theme quite effectively and has explored the reasons of southerners and the northerners as well, of not only supporting the war verbally but sacrificing their peaceful lives and entering the battlefield to defend their ideologies. The author has provided the analysis that the southern soldiers were trying to defend their culture and lifestyle by opposing the abolition of slavery. On the other hand, the northern soldiers were supporting the chants of humanity and abolition of slavery from the society to keep the northern and southern states united. They did not want to let the southern states establish their separate ideology and culture from the mainstream United States of America.

The most important thing about the author is that he is a war historian, who has specifically, written a number of other books on the American civil war. One of his most famous books is “Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era,” for which he also won the Pulitzer Prize. The books of this author shed light on his interest in the American civil war, as he tries to explore the impacts, reasons, and strategies of the two sides of the participants of war. The book is specifically for the audience who is interested in history, war as well as social and political aspects of the United States of America, during the civil war era.

The book fits the genre of history and war and the author has utilized the methodology of analysis and comparison to shed light on the motives and aspirations of the civil war soldiers of either side to take part in the war. The author’s approach is not biased and he has presented the analysis quite efficiently. The evidence used by the author in the book is primary in the way that it were the letters, journal entries of the soldiers talking about their experiences and motives, which the author has discussed in the book. Moreover, the book has been presented in quite an organized and well-structured manner. The evaluation of the book reveals that it is one of the best books on the topic of American civil war. The book does not have any weakness and its most remarkable strength is that it helps to know the view of the people who actually fought in the war, which had continued for four years.

“What they fought for” is one of the most impressive and interesting books about the American civil war. It helps to explore the motives of the soldiers of northern and southern sides. The author has described that the southern side was not in favor of the abolition of slavery from their states, while the northern side considered it against humanity and fought for it. The book has been presented quite effectively, due to which it has also won the Pulitzer Prize.

Bibliography

McPherson, James M. What they fought for 1861-1865. Louisiana State University Press, 1994.

What Was Radical And What Was Conservative About The American Revolution, The American Constitution, And The Republican Nation It Created.

Carlton Sillah

Name of the Instructor

History and Anthropology

1 February 2020.

What was radical and what was conservative about the American Revolution, the American Constitution, and the Republican Nation it created?

There are different views concerning the American Revolution, however, the most prevailing intellect about the revolution is that it was moderate, conservative, and was dedicated for preserving the institutional mechanism, from British embellishment. Different to the French revolution of that time, and other European revolutions, the American Revolution was not able to achieve anything. This aspect suggests that it was not radical at all. The period of the American Revolution may or may not have taken the path it intended in the first place. In the start, Revolution was a minority opinion. Some of them were of the view to press the rights of Englishmen, whereas, few wanted to really modify the form of government. For example, Carl L Becker, who has worked over compiling the facts and myths related to American Revolution argues that a little general sense about the revolution has prevailed, which continues to linger a strong demand that the mythos surrounding the Revolution be maintained. Like him, many others believe that it was actually as much of a Civil War as a War of Revolution, where loyalists and the rebels fought one another with incredible ferocity, learned in the previous century.

Mary Smith comments on politics are related to the conditions the political parties were going through ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jUzPLB7G","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Mary Smith Cranch Comments on Politics, 1786-87 | The American Yawp Reader})","plainCitation":"(Mary Smith Cranch Comments on Politics, 1786-87 | The American Yawp Reader)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":645,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/2CV769T3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/2CV769T3"],"itemData":{"id":645,"type":"post-weblog","language":"en-US","title":"Mary Smith Cranch comments on politics, 1786-87 | The American Yawp Reader","URL":"https://www.americanyawp.com/reader/a-new-nation/mary-smith-cranch-comments-on-politics-1786-87/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mary Smith Cranch Comments on Politics, 1786-87 | The American Yawp Reader). She believed that intraparty rivalries might lead to worsening conditions in the future. Her comments are suggestive of the fact that political parties in the US enjoyed no concession, and therefore, they find no leverage in standing against the Englishmen. The letter of the Negro, also entailed that Negros were afraid of the political turmoil, which will make a space for them to rejoin their Masters ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vHenTEzf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Primary Source: Letter of Cato and Petition by Freed Slaves, 1781 | United States History I})","plainCitation":"(Primary Source: Letter of Cato and Petition by Freed Slaves, 1781 | United States History I)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":647,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/8YZJB6UY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/8YZJB6UY"],"itemData":{"id":647,"type":"webpage","title":"Primary Source: Letter of Cato and Petition by Freed Slaves, 1781 | United States History I","URL":"https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ushistory1os/chapter/primary-source-letter-of-cato-and-petition-by-freed-slaves-1781/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Primary Source: Letter of Cato and Petition by Freed Slaves, 1781 | United States History I). For the reason of this danger, he suggested that Negros or slave population must be sentenced to death. The farewell address delivered by George Washington is also important to analyze a conservative approach, the people of America believed in, during those times ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Dc1S224b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Deconde)","plainCitation":"(Deconde)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":649,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/ACCRQYBJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/ACCRQYBJ"],"itemData":{"id":649,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"The Mississippi Valley Historical Review","issue":"4","page":"641–658","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Washington's Farewell, the French Alliance, and the Election of 1796","volume":"43","author":[{"family":"Deconde","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1957"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Deconde). Washington remarks were related to beholding the people of America against political entanglement since he believed that if people developed political interests, it will then become difficult to urge them to fight against the external threat.

George R. T. Hewes, account on the Boston Tea Party suggest that after 1773, there was huge disproportion in keeping the people attached for a similar cause ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rfv0yshJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawkes)","plainCitation":"(Hawkes)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":651,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/UMU4AJHN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/UMU4AJHN"],"itemData":{"id":651,"type":"book","publisher":"SS Bliss, printer","source":"Google Scholar","title":"A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-party: With a Memoir of George RT Hewes, a Survivor of the Little Band of Patriots who Drowned the Tea in Boston Harbour in 1773","title-short":"A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-party","author":[{"family":"Hawkes","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1834"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawkes). He believed that during this incident of the Boston Tea Party, though, American depicted a resolve against the foreign oppression, but there was something really missing. This missing element was actually a pro-autonomy motto, which should have been a part and parcel of the campaign. Thomas Paine’s call for independence is also reflective of the fact that Americans really needed to stand against the limited monarchy in England ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AinULbuq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Paine)","plainCitation":"(Paine)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":652,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/823IH888"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/823IH888"],"itemData":{"id":652,"type":"book","publisher":"Simon and Schuster","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The Thomas Paine Reader","author":[{"family":"Paine","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Paine). Paine believed that those believe that Britain had a more robust Parliamentary system, must work to develop that in America. These sentiments are also visible in Abigail Adam’s excerpts, about the women rights ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"B3jSJKHU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ellis)","plainCitation":"(Ellis)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":653,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/USGGFU87"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/USGGFU87"],"itemData":{"id":653,"type":"book","publisher":"Vintage","source":"Google Scholar","title":"First Family: Abigail and John Adams","title-short":"First Family","author":[{"family":"Ellis","given":"Joseph J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ellis).

These letters and excerpts from the past suggest that the American Revolution was not radical in any manner. Those involved in the political activities, and those concerned about the American future had the idea that radicalism was not about making the American values strong, rather, they were of the view that it might lead to creating a dark future of America. These conservative form of changes had helped develop the system of democracy, which the people of America enjoy today.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Deconde, Alexander. “Washington’s Farewell, the French Alliance, and the Election of 1796.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 43, no. 4, 1957, pp. 641–658.

Ellis, Joseph J. First Family: Abigail and John Adams. Vintage, 2010.

Hawkes, James. A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party: With a Memoir of George RT Hewes, a Survivor of the Little Band of Patriots Who Drowned the Tea in Boston Harbour in 1773. SS Bliss, printer, 1834.

Mary Smith Cranch Comments on Politics, 1786-87 | The American Yawp Reader. https://www.americanyawp.com/reader/a-new-nation/mary-smith-cranch-comments-on-politics-1786-87/. Accessed 1 Feb. 2020.

Paine, Thomas. The Thomas Paine Reader. Simon and Schuster, 2013.

Primary Source: Letter of Cato and Petition by Freed Slaves, 1781 | United States History I. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ushistory1os/chapter/primary-source-letter-of-cato-and-petition-by-freed-slaves-1781/. Accessed 1 Feb. 2020.

What Was The Purpose Of Burgundian Civic And Courtly Spectacles? Were They Mere Empty Displays?

Title page

Burundian civic

The purpose of Burgundian civic and courtly spectacles was to encourage members of chivalric order and religious life among people. The dukes had the power of imposing rituals that were against people’s will. This was a dominant way of maintaining ritual power and symbolic communications. History reveals that series of successive dukes such as Philip the Bold, John the Fearless and Philip the Good ruled the region and became extremely powerful. Philip the Bold is known for his wealth in Europe that he inherited from country of Flanders. During his reign territorial power was established between France and Habsburg Empire. Dukes from inspired rival kinds since the beginning that also added to their magnificent authority in the region. Splendorous court culture is a prominent feature of the Burgundan civic life. Burgundian dukes had undergone many projects for the construction of monastery and monuments. Courtly spectacles were not merely empty displays because it was the rich source of celebrated art patrons, public and city rituals.

A common reason for the dukes to invest in the courtly art was their interest in private meditation and prayer. The courts were used for practicing the old rituals of the dukes and ancestors for keeping the rituals alive. The dukes had taken interest in preserving the culture and history of the region by using art (Borchert, Gabriëls, Oosterman, & Oosterwijk, 2013). The court offered new forum for witnesing history, culturre and tradition of the Burgundians. The court contained iimages that transmitted the themes of dignity, power and hnor of the dukes. This refletcs that the dukes had created these artwork for spreaking the awareness about authorittaive and powerful role of the dukes in the region. The art didn’t focused on single domian but it convered differnet aspects such as meditation and prayer were additional features of the Burgundian court. Evidence suggetss that the purpsoe of creating artwork in courts during the reing of Philip the Bols was to give “organized overview of the Valois dukes’ historical origins, their religious piety, their political maneuvers, and their patronage in general” (Brown, 1999). This confirms that the courts were not empty displays because they were filled with different art pieces that transmitted different themes. The purpose of the art was to highlight political aspects, religious and cultural aspects of the Burgundian dukes. These elements had played dominant role in transmitting history and culture to the next generations for centuries. Dukes of Burgundian had also taken interest in establishment of the religious institutions and more specifically churches that reflects their connectivity with spirituality. Construction of Chartreuse and its site is an important achievement of Dijon that confirms the role of religion remained significant in Burgundian reign.

The purpose of courts was also to promote Burgundian style in painting that could allow the region to preserve its culture. Different aspects such as the social, political and religious issues were portrayed in the artwork that included mainly paintings, tapestries and sculptures. One important reason for using art was to convince the public about the powerful and wealthy status of the dukes. The sculptures of dukes portrayed them as superior, authoritative and religious beings. These elements also were used for building symbolic interaction of the dukes with the civilians CITATION Pet97 \l 1033 (Arnade, 1997). The dukes had transmitted the feelings of piety, spirituality and civic obedience in the people. One perspective of these traditional artwork in the Burgundian courts depicts that it was to enforce Burgundian culture and rituals on the people.

The court of the dukes remained in the fifteenth century remained significant patrons of renaissance. Newly wealthy private citizens also commissioned art due to their interest in meditation. A large court existed in Brussels since 1944 that allowed the dukes to travel from one residence to another. The evidence suggests that, “the late fifteenth century might suggest that the Burgundian dukes, far from imposing unwanted ceremonies on Burges, were involving themselves in spectacles and emerged unbidden from the urban environment” CITATION AND99 \l 1033 (Brown, Bruges and the Burgundian 'Theatre-state': Charles the Bold and Our Lady of the Snow, 1999). This was a process adopted for continuous engagement with the ceremonies promoted by the princes and leaders. The court was known for artistic production that included monuments, paintings and other form of art. The artwork was created by the artists that reflected the mercantile world of the court of dukes. Most of the monuments and other forms of art emphasized on the wealth and power that remained important motive of the patrons and dukes CITATION And142 \l 1033 (Brown & Small, 2014).

Presence of the astonishing artwork in the court of Burgundian dukes depicts that they were not merely empty displays. Oil painting remained one of the visible artwork held in the court of dukes during the Northern Renaissance. Glazes and layer of paints were used for making extremely attractive artwork that used color and oils. Textures were imitated from fresco or tempera that reflected the representation of material reality and remained important to the Renaissance artists and patrons. The amazing oil paints played significant role in creating illusion of metal surfaces with jewels and textures were visible on the wool, wood and hair CITATION Gra00 \l 1033 (Runnalls, 2000). History reveals presence of attractive artworks in the courts that existed between 1364-1419. The death of the great duke Philip the Bold 1404 brought a collection of artwork to the spectators. The art included mainly the monuments of Philip the Bold, his son John the Fearless. This reflects that monuments and paintings had been prominent aspects of Burgundian art. Most of the artwork is still existing in France and in the museums of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C., Bibliothèque Royale, Brussels CITATION Cod04 \l 1033 (Codart, 2004). The objects displayed from the court include the monuments of Philip the Bold and John the Fearless who were the patrons. Carthusian monastery was built by Burgundian duke situated outside Dijon, the Charterhouse of Champmol (1383—c. 1410). This was the monument of Philip the bold and also of his successors. The monetary was destructed during the French Revolution and the site was later converted to a psychiatric hospital CITATION Pet97 \l 1033 (Arnade, 1997).

The courts were not empty displays because they contained unique work of artists. “Burgundian court patronage including sculpture, panel paintings, illuminated manuscripts, a tapestry, stained glass, gold- and silversmith works, jewelry, enamels and ivories that illustrate the development of a Burgundian court style” CITATION Cod04 \l 1033 (Codart, 2004). This confirms that the dukes had invested significant resources in the creation of art pieces. Sophisticated artwork was visible in the courts that reflects the strong link of dukes with art and culture. The patronage of Burgundian court between 1364-1419 referred to the region that encompassed low countries such as Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg CITATION Ste041 \l 1033 (Fliegel & Jugie, 2004). French Royal House of Valois is also one of the prominent artwork of this century. Some of the paintings reflects the bravery and dynastic elements of dukes. Philip the Bold was among the prominent dukes who invested in the creation of sophisticated court that contained various pieces of artwork. His collection emulated great banquets, sculptures, oil paintings and tapestries. Grand civic tournaments were organized for engaging society in the work of art. This also remained an important strategy for preserving culture and civic rituals. Over 100 tapestries were decorated during his reign that expresses the taste of courts for luxury items CITATION Gra00 \l 1033 (Runnalls, 2000).

The elements of artwork created charm and fascination among the people because the court displayed beautiful objects. Philip the Bold had transformed a small town to a cultural location by promoting art and culture in the fifteenth century. On the outskirts of Dijon, a monastery was created by 24 monks that focused on the themes of the power of dukes. Historical evidence depicts that “it featured some of the finest examples of Burgundian court sculpture from the chisels of Flemish sculptor Claus Sluter (ca. 1350–1406) and his nephew Claus de Werve (Netherlands, ca. 1380–1439), as well as Antoine le Moitourier (French) and Jean de la Huerta (1414–1461)” CITATION Cod04 \l 1033 (Codart, 2004). Most of the artwork was destructed during the French revolution but the monasteries of Philip the Bold and his son were preserved.

Burrgundian courts help amazing artists work that depicts that they were not merely empty displays. The popular artists Sluter and de Werve created sculptures that are still appreciated in the current world. The sculptures were created for transmitting the interest of dukes in power and they continually supported artwork. Beautiful engravings with gold color and rosewater are important features of the artists work. The courts were used for attaining the purpose of preserving the Burgundian culture, ceremonies and religion. It is not support to say that the courts were empty displays because the artwork carried deeper message for the people.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Arnade, P. (1997). City, State, and Public Ritual in the Late-Medieval Burgundian Netherlands . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 39 (2), 300-318.

Brown, A. (1999). Bruges and the Burgundian 'Theatre-state': Charles the Bold and Our Lady of the Snow. History , 84 (276), 573-589.

Brown, A., & Small, G. (2014). in Court and civic society in the Burgundian Low Countries c.1420–1530 . Hive .

Codart. (2004). Dukes and angels: art from the court of Burgundy (1364-1419) . Retrieved 11 18, 2019, from https://www.codart.nl/guide/agenda/dukes-and-angels-art-from-the-court-of-burgundy-1364-1419/

Fliegel, S. N., & Jugie, S. (2004). Art from the Court of Burgundy, 1364-1419 . Retrieved 111 19, 2019, from https://hnanews.org/hnar/reviews/art-court-burgundy-1364-1419/

Runnalls, G. A. (2000). Civic Drama in the Burgundian Territories in the Late Middle Ages. Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire , 78 (2), 409-422.

T. Borchert, W. B., Gabriëls, N., Oosterman, J., & Oosterwijk, A. V. (2013). Staging the Court of Burgundy. Harvey Miller.