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Wounded Knee And Ghost Dance

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Wounded Knee and Ghost Dance

Introduction

When the armies from Europe moved to North America, they carried out huge massacres of the native people. These armies also forcibly evacuated many territories of the country. The indigenous population was reduced to mere fractions after the invaders came there. The Ghost dance was initiated by the native American tribes to reinstate their national identity and sovereignty. It was associated with the beliefs of the native people. They sought a spiritual realization by indulging in this practice. In the late nineteenth century, the US army put an end to the native Indians’ resistance by carrying out a large-scale massacre. The wounded knee massacre was a condemnable incident that happened due to an ostensible misconception of the army regiment about the intention of the Sioux Indians. This essay describes what happened in wounded knee and explains the ghost dance tradition based on

"American Yawp” and “The Ghost-dance Religion and Wounded Knee” along with a historical analysis of these incidents.

The Ghost Dance

The Ghost dance emerged as a religious ritual or social tradition among the indigenous people of North America. There appeared so-called ‘prophets’ after certain periods who associated different types of religious illusions to this practice. One of these ‘prophets’ named Wovoka claimed that he had visions of spiritual kind, and he started spreading teachings which gave widespread acceptance to this practice. People were made to believe that they can reunite with their beloved ones who had died in the massacres by performing the ghost dance. Moreover, the ghosts of these dead would help them in their fighting with the white people. The invaders of their land would eventually leave and they would be a free nation once again (López-Rodríguez et al., 38). The Ghost Dance was performed in a circular motion where the leader of the ceremony remained at the center of the circle. The dance usually lasted for four days. Thousands of people participated in these ceremonies. They continued dancing in a circle until a certain large number of persons become unconscious.

The authors have provided a vivid detail of the ghost dance practice and the related activities. Mrs. Z. A. Parker gave the best description of the ceremony. People involved in the ghost dance used to wear ghost shirts to make the ceremony more formal. These shirts or clogs were made of cotton and colored white. The collars of these shirts were blue and the whole dress had imprints of the beautiful objects like birds, stars, arrows, bows, etc. While dancing in the circles, they used to name over their departed ones (Andersson, 106). They used to cry, moan, and shriek out their griefs of being brutally apart from their relatives and friends.

Wounded Knee

The teachings of Wovoka and the tradition of the ghost dance were embraced by the Lakota Indians of Sioux open-heartedly. They started resisting the US armies and the ways of life they had been imposing on them coercively. In 1890, the army targeted the Sioux Indians near the Wounded Knee Creek and opened fire on them (Locke and Wright, 46). More than seven hundred were massacred. The report given to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs gave an account of what happened at wounded knee. It was stated that a misconception about the Sioux residents due to a false report led to the massacre. It was a botched attempt to create peace in the region. The army encountered the Sioux Indians heading toward their agency with a different intention, ignorant of the fact that they would be mistaken to attempt an assault on the soldiers. The soldiers surrounded them near the creek and demanded their guns. They handed over the guns. Meanwhile, an unidentified person among the crowd fired his gun. The soldiers responded by opening fire and killing a large number of people indiscriminately. When the firing started, men ran toward the deep ravine and the women followed them. All were shot dead. The account described details of these brutal killings. Later, the soldiers felt sad about their condemnable action. Most of them regret killing women and children especially, they thought if it would have been only men, they had not felt so guilty (Mooney, 886).

The text narrates the incidents occurred in the wounded knee massacre concerning the interpretation rendered by Turning Hawk. The textbook gives account of the various killing with vivid description. It intends to be inclusive and provide a piece of comprehensive information on the subject. The synopsis of the event helps in understanding the event. The context of the event has been explained to justify the killings at wounded knee. The reader gets the impression that the soldiers had a misunderstanding about the intention of this group of people. The regiment had not started fire if the first attack would have not been made by the Indians. The fact that the regiment sought only peace was supported by reporting that the remaining portion of the Indians who were alive and hiding in their refuge were brought to the agency to provide shelter.

Conclusion

The suggested text sheds light on the ghost dance tradition and the wounded knee massacre. It describes the activities or the incidents associated with these events in detail. The context in which the massacre was exercised has been given to understand the causes of this incident. The elaborated narrative of the ghost dance and the graphic details of this practice creates an image in the reader's mind.

Works Cited

López-Rodríguez, Miriam, et al. Old Stories, New Readings: The Transforming Power of American Drama. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015.

Andersson, Rani-Henrik. The Lakota Ghost Dance of 1890. U of Nebraska Press, 2008.

Locke, Joseph L., and Ben Wright. The American Yawp: A Massively Collaborative Open U.S. History Textbook. 2019.

Mooney, James. The Ghost-Dance Religion and Wounded Knee. Courier Corporation, 1991.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Wrestling WithThe Gods

Wrestling with Gods

The archaeological evidence from the Mesoamerican history reveals that the people struggled with the questions about life. The archaeological sites analyzed during the 1930s and 1940s depict that James Griffin believed in the introduction of maize that is considered as a Mesoamerican crop. This is a significant event of American history and contributed to the establishment of the Mississippi culture. Different criticism prevails that attempts to explain the historical aspects of the Mesoamerican traits. Griffin provided different explanations for the Mesoamerican traits including the description of the temple mound.

Griffin explains, “the temple mound, the bird-serpent composite, the hand and Eye, the human head held by the hair, the ceremonial halted celt and possibly the Baton (mace or dagger) all have close counterparts in the Mexican-Puebla" (137). This reflects that the Mesoamericans believed in God and visited temples for religious activities. James Porter is another famous figure of the 1970s who influenced the Caddoan area of Texas and Oklahoma. Griffin also reported visiting sites that transmit the prevalence of trade activities. The interpretation of the archaeological sites confirms that people brought goods for trade to Mississippi. Mesoamerican four-sided pyramid holds great significance in American history. The structures are planned squares reflecting its relevance with the old traditions of Mayans. The archaeological examples are more prominent in the Middle Woodland era that constituted the period of 200 BCE to 400 CE. The mound building is at least 500 years older and still seen in Louisiana. The civilization transmitted to Mexico.

Mesoamerican imports also reflect the history of activities like trade and cultivation. The facts obtained from the archaeological sites depict that cultivation started in North America, not before 800. The work of archaeologist James Brown is prominent for the period of the 1250s. A package deal included maize, mounds but the Mississippians lacked such deal. The historians relate Mississippi’s archaeology with Cahokia that is a popular community for aesthetic sorts. Robert Hall's interpretation states, "as impressive as the cosmologies of Mesoamerica nevertheless emerged from a background ultimately once shared by Native Americans" (138-139). This indicates that the historians associated the great work of architect with the Cahokia community. This also confirms the significant relationship between Mississippi and Mesoamericans.

Mesoamerican connections with archaeology have also cited the environment. The adaptations of Easter Woodlands are seen in Texas and Mississippi. The area constituted of six hundred miles of bush lands. The beliefs of the archaeologist Nancy Whites reflect that Mexicans are Caribbean cousins as the water connected the two areas. trade also occurred across the Missouri River that acted as a bridge between two regions. Ancient Louisiana about five hundred years ago portrayed a picture of poverty point between Appalachians and Ozarks. Alice Kehoe highlighted different aspects of the archaeological sites such as Mesoamerican objects, monuments, costumes and linguistic features. The classic period pyramid existed about six hundred years ago. The clay pyramid had relevance with the El Tajin and Veracruz. The common objects having connections with the Mississippi culture include headdresses, chipped-stone knife blade style.

The analysis of the archaeological sited provided the idea of the Mississippi culture. The Aztec rituals depict that the people flayed god Xipe Totec. These rituals were linked to the Mesoamerican culture. The common practices involve fire ceremonies and green corn ceremonies. These activities reflect the faith of the people on God and they followed Corn Mother God. The entire population believed that the gods are responsible for the crop and cultivation.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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The Woman Suffrage Movement and the Nineteenth Amendment

The historical event I have chosen to analyze is the women suffrage movement and the nineteenth amendment. During the nineteen amendments is the period when women were struggling to fight for their voting rights. Earlier on it was believed that women were supposed to take care of other duties like taking care of their families but not voting. Various attempts were then put in place in ensuring that women also get these voting rights. National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) is an example of a movement that was formed in 1869 to support the right of women to vote. Even though women held jobs and worked as hard as men they struggle much harder in order to gain the same voting rights as men.

According to the book ‘feminism and conservatism from suffrage through the rise of the new right by C.E. Rymph (2006),’ we realize that as much as there were more efforts in ensuring gender equality is attained in the political field, there were many restrictions on women as compared to men. This is evident when we see how much difficult it was for women to even gain party leadership. Many academic qualities were put in place as compared to men, as a way of discouraging them from having legislative priorities. They also had limited access to police making committees as compared to men. This shows that as much both men and women have the same voting rights, there is much pressure on women as compared to men.

In support of the rights of women in the society, there is much debate on these controversial issues and most women stood up in support of the motion. Betty Ford, for instance, played a great role in Equal Rights Amendments. In most of her speeches, he showed a full understanding of practicing discrimination in society. The audience I would like to present to this information are women who are struggling to attain leadership positions. This is because they need to understand what that society believes in and how important it would be for them to stand up and be against female discrimination in politics. We all have equal potential and we, therefore, need all the support in ensuring that the society moves forward.

References

https://www.aclu.org/blog/immigrants-rights/former-first-lady-and-womens-rights-advocate-betty-ford

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/factbook/women.htm

Secondary source is Republican women: feminism and conservatism from suffrage through the rise of the new right by C.E. Rymph (2006).  Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. This source can be found at Shapiro Library.

Women's Suffrage & the Nineteenth Amendment by Veronica Loveday (2017)

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Write A Title For Me

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Political and Social Reforms in Progressive Era

Introduction

In the late 19th century, social injustice was prevailing in American society. Majority of people and ethnic minorities in the United States were suffering due to pervasive inequality. At that crucial time, there was an immense need to address the growing concerns regarding social injustice in the US. The fear of corruption in American politics and the growth of large corporations in the US encouraged many leaders to address the impact of modernization. It is important to mention that progressive reformers shared a common goal to establish the tone of American politics. Progressive reformers wanted to wield federal power to develop a comprehensive range of economic, political, and social reforms. Progressive reformers developed a framework to achieve environmental conservation and to minimize corruption in politics. Here, the focus is to determine the impact of progressive movement regarding political and social reforms.

Discussion

The period from the 1890s to the 1920s in the United States is considered as the progressive era as it aimed to provide a better society for each individual in America. Social injustice was a prevailing issue at that time, so progressive reformers wanted to eliminate unfair and unethical practices in the business domain. It was critical to address the dominant issue of corruption to improve political establishment in society. The progressive movement was started to cater the issues regarding political corruption, industrialization, and immigration (DeWitt 17). It started as a social movement, but with the passage of time it turned into a political movement. The progressive movement worked to attain specific rights for women in American society. The issue of the right to vote was highly considerate in American society after the civil war. The progressive movement proved to be effective to work alongside the National Women’s Party and National American Women Suffrage Association to acquire the right to vote. Furthermore, before 1880, the number of female workers in the US was 2.6 million, which dramatically increased during the progressive era up to 7.8 million. Progressive leaders worked hard to provide women with the right to own property and to control their earned money.

In the 19th century, child labor was a growing issue as more than 2 million children were forced to work in terrible conditions in the US. Significant attempts were made through progressive movement to restrain the exploitation of children. Efforts of progressive leaders compelled Congress to pass the Keating-Owen Act in 1916. The implication of that act restricted factory owners to practice child labor. Furthermore, progressive leaders made efforts to control the interests of liquor distillers. The major aim behind this prohibition was to control the influence of liquor distillers over corrupt politicians in American society (Stromquist 39). Many corrupt politicians were getting an advantage through the illegal business of alcoholic beverages. In response to the efforts of progressive leaders, Congress prohibited the manufacturing and sale of alcoholic beverages. The election in the US was usually influenced by the state legislatures as they were responsible for electing senators before 1880s. Progressive leaders wanted to end the election of senators by the state legislatures. Business interests had a significant potential to influence the election of senators. Therefore, progressive leaders pushed for the amendment in this regard to allow the general population to select the senators of the US.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, the progressive movement brought political and social reforms in response to major changes that were brought by modernization in the US. Progressive movement enhanced the scope of the federal government to protect American society from social injustice. Critical consideration of progressive era proved that it was an era of political and social reforms in the US. Efforts of progressive leaders offered equal rights to women and eliminated corruption from US politics.

Works Cited

DeWitt, Benjamin Parke. The progressive movement: A non-partisan comprehensive discussion of current tendencies in American politics. Routledge, 2017.

Stromquist, Shelton. Reinventing “The People”: The Progressive Movement, the Class Problem, and the Origins of Modern Liberalism. University of Illinois Press, 2010.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Write About Some Of The Changes, Challenges, And Key Events That American Cities Went Through During These Three Different Periods (1870s-1890s, 1930s, And 1950s). Be Sure To Discuss Issues Of Race, Class, Changes In The Urban Economies, Protests, And Cul

Beverlyne Jean

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History and Anthropology

18 December 2019

During the second half of the nineteenth century, American cities experienced massive urbanization. There were certain factors that added to rapid development, but most certain of them was industrialization. This development also added to the differences between the social norms of people and tribes. Social segregation was becoming a dominant norm, as a specific class started claiming this development and the fruits attached to it. Many scholars of history believe that during the 1870s to 1890s, America was still fighting from the relics of civil war ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EmaluT39","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rushton)","plainCitation":"(Rushton)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":103,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/XGVVFPBU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/XGVVFPBU"],"itemData":{"id":103,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Poetics","page":"20–29","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Cultural districts and economic development in American cities","volume":"49","author":[{"family":"Rushton","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rushton). Rampant industrialization needed more men's power, with increased hours of duties, therefore workers were forced to work for continuously twenty-four hours. Those who owned factories wanted their workers to live close to the working place as well. Racial segregation during this period was low, but an increasing social class started threatening the social fabric of cities like New York, Philadelphia, Boston and St. Louis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DjCix9Tg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Omi and Winant)","plainCitation":"(Omi and Winant)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":98,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/UA2YCCCK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/UA2YCCCK"],"itemData":{"id":98,"type":"book","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Racial formation in the United States","author":[{"family":"Omi","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Winant","given":"Howard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Omi and Winant). This social segregation was the reason why people of such major cities started developing class structure. Those who were workers and laborers were not most parts of social events. Some also cite that increasing economies and convergence of resources in some hands force people from that time to avoid interacting with those who were indulged in work and labor shifts.

This however started changing from the start of the twentieth century. Resources stated scattering and income started more evenly distributed. The situation in the firsts two decades of the twentieth century however, was not much different, but during the 1930s, the differences became quite apparent. American cities started following a more common pattern of development and Americans became less racial since a few of them believed in social class structures. Some credit these changes to waves like feminism which brought much awareness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"e7latMcJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stanback and Noyelle)","plainCitation":"(Stanback and Noyelle)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":101,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/BGH3F6NZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/BGH3F6NZ"],"itemData":{"id":101,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Economic transformation of American cities","author":[{"family":"Stanback","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Noyelle","given":"Thierry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1983"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stanback and Noyelle). During the 1930s, however, the American economy struggled with challenges. The aftermaths of WWI and the start of WWII had quite apparently affected the American citizens as well. For such reasons, during the times of the 1930s, there was not much social unrest. Things started changing during the 1950s and the period following this decade. The end of WWII, and the rise of America as a powerful state, however, brought immense changes to the American economy and the social structure ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5xiRWvpQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stanback and Noyelle)","plainCitation":"(Stanback and Noyelle)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":101,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/BGH3F6NZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/BGH3F6NZ"],"itemData":{"id":101,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Economic transformation of American cities","author":[{"family":"Stanback","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Noyelle","given":"Thierry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1983"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stanback and Noyelle). Racial segregation started declining, people became more aware of the social responsibilities and public participation in national causes rose overwhelmingly. The period of the 1950s was quite better in terms of economies, compared to the decade preceding this. Rushton believes that such even distribution of wealth, social opportunities and absence of domestic challenges provided Americans the opportunity to participate in nation-building ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3n1SmGjf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rushton)","plainCitation":"(Rushton)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":103,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/XGVVFPBU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/XGVVFPBU"],"itemData":{"id":103,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Poetics","page":"20–29","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Cultural districts and economic development in American cities","volume":"49","author":[{"family":"Rushton","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rushton).

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. Racial Formation in the United States. Routledge, 2014.

Rushton, Michael. “Cultural Districts and Economic Development in American Cities.” Poetics, vol. 49, 2015, pp. 20–29.

Stanback, Thomas, and Thierry Noyelle. “Economic Transformation of American Cities.” Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld, 1983.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Write Choose

“I being so obedient, he thought I wouldn’t run, but I was determined to run if I could . . .” – Edward Hicks, LA [7]

Introduction

Turning the history pages back to the seventeenth century to early twentieth century, Virginia proved to be the house of slaves. This was the place where slaves from African regions were transported and sold to the cruel masters, and were then forced to work in fields for day and night for their survival, as well as for the survival of their families. This slave population worked in farms, mines, and plantations in colonies of South America [1]. Working hard could not affect them, but the behavioral and physical challenges, they faced proved to be great threat to the social norms. Masters wanted entire control over their slaves and didn’t want to face even 1% loss of their investment. They were aware of the power of their slaves and that is why kept them under strict control. They punished them hard to waste their energies, so that they weren’t able to think of escape and freedom, and thus couldn’t recognize their strengths against their masters. Such cruelty of the masters of that time makes it clear that the slaves were firmly controlled in an ironclad status because of their masters’ fear of losing power over them.

Argument

The history of African Americans in the United States depicts a dark and gloomy shadow on the intact concern of black adaptation. Africans were exploited and oppressed for several hundred years by racial discrimination in the US. Their era of independence started in the 1780s when they were entirely disqualified by the Post-Revolutionary America. They did not even get the basic rights as human beings, and they faced discrimination in all areas of life like employment opportunities, votes, education [2] . According to historians, the worst conditions of slavery were in South, and the demand for slaves increased in 1793 due to the cotton gin. It caused an increase in slave population of South to work on cotton plantations. In the second half of the nineteenth century, half a million of blacks were working in cities, who were facing discrimination and cruelty of their masters for the sake of their survival.

“Negroes dissatisfied to work in a gang & doing badly . . . evidently want to work task work, which I will not do again.” . . . “The Negroes have for . . . years killed about half my shoats & now must suffer for it.” – James Henry Hammond, SC [8]

When going in details of the history, it reveals that at first, the Africans were indentured servants and not slaves. During the initiation of colonial period white and black workers operated together, where both were dealt with equal right and equal behaviors. No one could imagine that the things would turn dark for the African Americans and their survival will become a threat for their lives. In middle of the seventeenth century, America faced a great labor crises due to which they had to find an immediate solution to prevent any sort of loss to their fields. Finally, the Americans resolved the problem through slavery and imported several slaves from the Africa [3,4]. The industry owners and field masters purchased the African American men and women, resulted in forced labor of black people by white landowners. Africans were inexpensive, strong and easily available from their continent in unlimited supplies, so their enslavement became vital for American economy and agriculture. This difference drew a line between black and white servants, and finally, black slaves got deprived of all rights and freedoms as their lives were controlled by white landlords.

“My object is to get the most I can for the property . . . I care but little to whom and how they are sold, whether together or separated.” – Thomas Clemson [11]

From 1650 to 1850 about 10 to 12 million Africans were imported to New World. This process started very slowly as before 17th century three lac slaves were transported to America and then the process speeded up during the 18th century, and about six million slaves were imported. The estimates are not included the Africans who lost their lives on the journey to New World during the trip named as Middle Passage [5]. According to some sources, about 12% to 40% of slaves died due to different reasons like disease, suicide or injuries, during the journey. Due to a plantation in South Atlantic colonies, labor demand exceeded in mid-1700.The leading owner of these slaves was Virginia with 120,000 black slaves in 1756 which were 50% of the total population of the colony. The increasing population of blacks developed fear in the white population, of black insurrection. So, a white militia was shaped, and activities of the black population were limited in all colonies through legislation. The owners were given rights to punish the slaves harshly, even for inconsequential transgressions.

“Stripped all the boys . . . and this boy appeared to be the finest of the lot. Unknown [8], LA”

The American Revolution was a radical upheaval that occurred during 1765 and 1783 in which colonizers of the Thirteen Colonies of America sustained their rebuttal by force, to defer to the power of King and Government of Britain and originated the self-governing United States. During the revolutionary war against British when colonists fight for their rights and freedom denying the basic human rights of the black population. But the closure of American Revolution caused a release of thousands of slaves from the North. In 1790, about 8% of the black slaves set free in America, and the African American population reached to 760,000 [1]. But the free blacks had to follow certain regulations like slaves. In 1788, The authorization of the United States Constitution guaranteed equality and rights to the white population and ignored Black people. The US Census reports considered slaves as three-fifth of an individual for congressional representation of the state. So, the free blacks were considered as "Quasi-free" as they had limited employments and several restrictions to voting, travel and other rights. It’s a great evidence that Americans were aware of the slaves’ power and that is why they didn’t want to give them full freedom. The masters, and the government of United States of America, were aware that giving power to African Americans could make them able to learn and earn better, after which they would prefer a better living style than working in the fields.

“I can’t make my people work or do anything.” Landon Carter, VA [4]

Counter Argument

Some of the authors are of the view that African Americans choose slavery for their survival otherwise it wasn’t difficult for them to escape [6]. There exists several stories about the escape of slaves, who found their way to get rid of their masters, no matter what patterns did they follow. They were strong than their masters and thus could protest against them instead of following their instructions and harming each other for the sake of few cents.

“I was never acquainted with a slave who believed that he violated any rule of morality by appropriating to himself any thing that belonged to his master, it if was necessary to his comfort.” - Charles Ball [9]

Accepting such arguments of the author will be unjustified to the slaves of that time, as they had no other option but either to die or to follow their masters. The slave owners were aware of the strength of their slaves and that is why they kept them busy day and nights. They forced them to work harder than their capacity and tortured them in different ways so that they must not think to use their power against their masters ever. The masters were always afraid of the reaction of their slaves and that is why they punished them hard whenever they raised their head to think of their escape. Many of the slaves were killed while being punished, and that proved to be an example to others who could ever imagined of the escape. The slaves had no families, no children, and many of them witnessed the loss of their loved ones through their masters. This cruelty made every slave unable to think of their rights and forced them to keep their masters happy for the sake of protective shield and free from any sort of punishments CITATION Edm03 \l 1033 (Morgan). In some cases, the Negroes were ordered to kill their wives and children to show their obedience to their masters. Thus, freedom became a dream for the Black slaves, and they were left with no other option but to obey their masters. This cruelty, hate, and forced attitude was nothing but just the actual fear of masters of losing their investment over their slaves and power of mastery.

Finally in nineteenth century, the slaves of America realized their strengths and understood that their generations won’t ever achieve anything if they won’t stand for their rights. Thus, an abolitionist movement in 1830 emerged as a potent force, and antislavery revolts started which remain continued for next half century. In white circles, the black population was considered threatful, so a reverse migration philosophy emerged to solve the black dilemma. So, by 1830 about 1500 blacks were settled back to Africa, and others opposed the idea and desired for equality of rights in America.

Conclusion

Slavery proved to be great curse for the African Americans, and they had to struggle hard to get rid of those chains. Slaves faced several situations in their lives, from leaving from their places to separation from families. Many of them evidenced the death of their loved ones, and were left with no other options but to follow the instructions of their masters or wait for the death. The masters were cruel to their slaves and this raised a lot of questions. Some of the authors argued that masters’ cruelty was essential to gain better economical results of their industries, whereas other were of the view slavery was Black Slaves’ choice and so they had to face it. However, the slavery can never be a choice of any person, no matter poor or rich. The masters were aware of the power of their slaves and that is why kept them under strict control. They punished them hard to waste their energies, so that they weren’t able to think of escape and freedom, and thus couldn’t recognize their strengths against their masters. Also, the authorization of the United States Constitution guaranteed equality and rights to the white population and ignored Black people, and free blacks were considered as "Quasi-free" as they had limited employments and several restrictions to voting, travel and other rights. It’s a great evidence that Americans were aware of the slaves’ power and that is why they didn’t want to give them full freedom. The masters knew that giving power to African Americans could make them able to learn and earn better, after which they would prefer a better living style than working in the fields. Thus, they forced them to work harder than their capacity and tortured them in different ways so that they must not think to use their power against their masters ever. Many of the slaves were killed while being punished, and that proved to be an example to others who could ever imagined of the escape. This cruelty made every slave unable to think of their rights and kept them focused to keep their masters happy for the sake of protective shield and free from any sort of punishments. Such cruelty of the masters of that time makes it clear that the slaves were firmly controlled in an ironclad status because of their masters’ fear of losing power over them.

References

[1] Williamson Murray and Wayne Wei-Siang Hsieh, A Savage War, 33.

[2] Edmund Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia, 318

[3] Drew Gilpin Faust, James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery, 73.

[4] Morgan, 319

[5] Henry Wiencek, Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and his Slaves, 185

[6]https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/06/arts/george-washington-mount-vernon-slavery.html?mcubz=3

[7] Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market, 65.

[8] Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market, 145.

[9] Ibid., 157

[10] Solomon Northup, Twelve Years a Slave, 198

[11] Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market, 39

[12] Drew Gilpin Faust, James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery, 92-93

[13] Ibid., 98

[14] Ibid., 77

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

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Inspirational stories of successful women

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24th January, 2019.

Charlotte Marie Baldwin Allen

Charlotte Allen, considered by many as the mother of Houston. She was born on July 14, 1805, at a small town called Baldwinsville and died on August 3rd, 1895 at the age of ninety. Charlotte's dad ran a port business; hence she knew all the tactics and strategies of the business. After his death, he left two thousand dollars for Charlotte which back then was a huge amount of money. In 1836, Charlotte gave the money to her husband Augustus Allen, and he bought eight thousand five hundred acres land of Texas with his brother John Kirby Allen. The mosquito bite killed John Kirby which arose a fight between Charlotte and her husband. Charlotte did not agree with her husband on the division of Kirby's land hence they both got separated. As it was Charlotte's money used to buy Texas land thus, the court gave all the property to her.

After the separation, Charlotte lived in Houston for another forty-five years. Charlotte donated the famous Market square of the Houston. She started her own business, and in 1838 she introduced her own cattle brand. Eventually, Charlotte ran a slaughterhouse as a part of her cattle operation. She sold many properties, and she also sold the land for the famous Rice hotel. Even the name Houston was her idea to name it after Sam Houston who was the hero of the Battle of San Jacinto.

Charlotte Allen was the real founder of Houston. She was a leader to Houston and achieved many goals in the time when women were given few rights and minimum opportunities to excel. Every founding and flourishing of the city is somehow related to Charlotte Allen. Her achievements and accomplishments are of a great deal in the history of Houston.

Gertrude Bell

Gertrude Bell was an archaeologist, British writer, political officer, and mainly known for her work in the establishment of Iraq after World War I. She was born on July 14, 1868, in Durham, England. She majored in history from Oxford and started her career as a writer, traveler, and archaeologist. In 1892, she took a trip to Tehran, Iran which initiated her interest in the Middle East and it also started her writing career.

In 1894, she wrote Safar Nameh, and her traveling around the globe showed the British audience their distant parts of the empire. The work of Bell which was published during the preceding of World War I was Poems from the Divan of Hafiz (1897), The Desert and the Sown (1907), The Thousand and One Churches (1909) and Amurath to Amurath (1911). Her books were highly appreciated and frequently read by the people. In World War I she joined the British intelligence unit known as Arab Bureau in Cairo, Egypt. There she tried to make alliances with Arab tribes by collaborating with British traveler T. E. Lawrence. She started her political career when British forces captured Baghdad in 1917. She helped colonial authorities to install ruler Faisal I as monarch of Iraq. As Bell shined in Arabic and Persian languages hence she assisted British diplomats and local rulers in the development of stable government infrastructure. She was the only woman present in the Conference at Cairo in 1921. In this conference, Winston Churchill determined the boundaries of the Iraqi state.

Bell funded and strived very hard to construct the archaeological museum so that the government could retain the antiquities rather sending them to European centers for learning. Her efforts pay off, and the National Museum of Iraq came into existence. Bell died in Baghdad on July 12, 1926. She was the inspiration for the women of that time, and her literature is still used as the reference in the 21st century.

Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut was the most prolonged reigning female Pharaoh in Egypt. She ruled for twenty years in the fifteen century B.C. She was born in circa, 1508 B.C. She was considered the most successful Pharaoh of all. She started her reign in 1478 B.C. Under her supervision, Egypt prospered and excelled in trading and as well as in retaining the ancient buildings. Unlike other rulers, Hatshepsut showed her interest more in economic development and in the construction and restoration of monuments throughout Egypt and Nubia other than conquering new lands.

Hatshepsut built the temple Djeser-djeseru which means a place which is holiest of holy of all. This building was dedicated to Ammon who was considered as a god for the Egyptian, and they used to worship him. This temple is regarded as one of the architectural wonders of ancient Egypt. Hatshepsut also showed great achievements in trading. She sent a trade-mission to Punt to re-establish the commercial link which was destroyed years ago. She helped Egypt to bring back the raw materials and plants like myrrh tree, and they were considered to be the first trees transplanted successfully. Her trade got so successful that ships full of gold, ivory and myrrh trees used to come back from Punt. The trading policies of Hatshepsut massively increased the wealth and economy of Egypt.

The queen died in 1458 B.C. She was the third women who became Pharaoh in the Egyptian history of three thousand years. She was the first queen who attained the full power of her position. Her achievements and accomplishments are very rare and unique in Egyptian history.

References

Gordon, Maggie. “Houston’s Forgotten Founder.” HoustonChronicle.Com. Houston Chronicle, March 10, 2017. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/Houston-s-forgotten-founder-10989893.php.

‌ Stevens, Kylie L. "An Exploration of Social Networks: Gertrude Bell and the Arab Bureau 1916-1921." PhD diss., University of South Dakota, 2017.

Hawass, Zahi A., and Sahar Saleem. Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies. Oxford University Press, 2016.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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History

Mother Mary Jones was Irish- born American who started her career as a school teacher and later became representative of the laborer. She was born in 1844 and her family moved from Ireland to Canada when she was a child for escaping the potato famine. Her family gave her vocational education and she took her first job as a school teacher in Tennessee. She married to George Jones who was an iron molder. The union paid for the funeral of her husband as she couldn't afford that. She was given the title of Mother in 1897 due to her efforts and contributions to the labor class.

In Chicago, she worked as a dressmaker for some rich woman that made her realize the differences between them and the labor class. She believed that the drastic changes in her life are the outcome of industrialization. Her views revealed that industrialization had benefited the rich only. She became involved in the secret organizations ‘Knights of Labor' that was operating for the welfare of the workers. Her concerns were to promote equality and fairness in American society. Howard Zinn explains the story of social activist Mother Mary Jones. She stood for the rights of the working class and claimed that they are forced to work for low wages. She claimed, “there can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of working people and the few, who make up the employing class, have all the good things of life”. He pointed out the gap between the labor and the employers and criticized the unfair role of the powerful. According to her, it was unfair to deprive the working class of the necessities including food, clothing, and shelter. Mother Jones was engaged in different welfare projects and worked for the betterment of the poor.

She drew contrasting differences between the working class and the employing class. The working class is getting little wages that are inadequate for fulfilling their food or basic requirements. She stresses the need for political and industrial reforms. The needs of the workers are have been neglected for many years. The benefits enjoyed by the owners are the outcomes of laborer efforts and hard work. It is thus unfair to keep them deprived of the necessities of life. Jones is known more for her labor activism apparent in her speeches and agendas. In 1873 she helped the coal miners of Pennsylvania and railroad workers in 1877. In 1877 she encountered a serious strike in Pittsburgh when she stood for the railroad workers and their families. In the strike, she along with her supporters refused wage cuts and demanded better rights for the labor. By 1880s she had created many social groups and engaged in many strikes. In 1894 she organized a speech for Eugene Debs, owner of the Railway Union.

Due to her interests in speaking for the labor class, she managed to establish a social democratic party in 1898. In 1902 she organized many strikes that caused arrests and brutal killings of many workers. In her speeches and campaigns, she criticized the manipulative role of the industrial owners who used the labor for their own advantage. The emphasis of Jones was more on providing fundamental rights of living to the working class. She also stated that without a massive level of changes in the political and socio-economic aspects it is impossible to improve the living conditions of the workers.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Zinn, H. 1980. A People's History of the United States. Harper Perennial Modern Classics.

Stanford. 2019. THE AMERICAN YAWP. Stanford University Press Edition.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Nat Turners rebellion in the USA

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The revolt of the black slaves led by Nat Turner was quickly suppressed and sunk in blood. On November 11, 1831, Turner himself was hanged, then skinned and beheaded. This price he had to pay for the desire for freedom. Nat Turners rebellion in the USA. Turner began the rebellion by the issue of several trusted slaves. The insurgents moved from household to family, freeing slaves and murder their controllers. The insurgents eventually comprised over 70 incarcerated and free blacks. Since the rebels did not want to give out their presence to anyone at the time of their outbreaks, they initially used knives, axes and blunt objects, rather than weapons. The uprising did not divide the victims by stage or gender, until it was strongminded that the goals of the insurgency were fully achieved.

A cry of rage swept over the crowd as Nat Turners body swayed on the rope. The men, in unison, rushed to the corpse, took it out of the loop, threw it on the ground and tore off its skin. But this did not calm their rage. Some began to chop it into pieces. Others were tearing at the already torn skin. Someone with a huge knife cut off his head and, pleased, with a triumphant cry, raised it above his head. What happens on this day - November 11, 1831 What caused such hatred in people Why were the white inhabitants of the small town of Jerusalem in Virginia so frightened Their fear is caused by the fear of being killed as a result of a mass slave uprising. And the main instigator of this uprising is Nat Turner, who has just been plucked on an oak branch. Within two days, it was he who led this first US slave uprising against their masters. Under his command, about fifty black slaves killed 59 whites men, women, children. They killed the cruellest way, without any pity. This is the reason for the anger of the mob, which the sheriff and his subordinates cannot control.

Nat Turner was born in 1800 on a small farm in Virginia. His father disappeared when he was still very young. They say that he managed to break his shackles and escape to the north of the country. Nat grows up quickly, and his faith in God is limitless. He is still quite a boy, but already knows how to read and write. When the young slave does not work in the fields, he is completely immersed in Bible study. But the work of the Bible does not end visions begin to appear The Holy Spirit Himself gives him advice. Nat considers himself a new Moses, whose goal is to free his people from slavery. Following the example of his father, he is trying to escape from the plantations. He is only 22 years old. A month after wandering, he comes back. Nat says that God himself commanded him to return home, since he was entrusted with a special mission that must be fulfilled.

Slaves impressed by his intelligence and education call him a prophet. May 12, 1828, on the day when Nat turns 28, he has a new vision The Holy Spirit descends on him again and explains what needs to be done. I heard a loud noise in the sky, and the Holy Spirit appeared to me. He demanded that the young slave continue the struggle against the Serpent, that is, against the whites, who keep their brothers in slavery. Nat talks about this assignment to four other slaves. They need to be ready to take up arms. When When the Lord himself sends a signal.

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Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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History Paper: Slavery in Colonial Virginia

Lady Donkor

27 January 2020

In 1501, after America was discovered by Christopher Columbus, Portugal and Spain started to bring slaves from Africa to South America. They need these slaves to work in the plantation that was established in their colonies. The first Africans were probably treated as slaves when they arrived in Jamestown in 1619. They were also freed after they had worked for their masters for a pre-decided number of years. But that privilege was not to last for long. By the start of the eighteenth century, the Assembly in Virginia passed a set of slave laws that were known as Black Codes. These laws established the principle of life-long slavery, even saying that a child born to a slave will inherit the same status at his birth. At the start of the seventeenth century, English decided to do the same as they began to buy these slaves to grow tobacco in their colony of Virginia.

The development of Virginia was purely a business venture, as the colony was established under a joint-stock company. This makes sure that the Virginia Company of London that not existed to establish the presence of the Crown in the Americas. It existed to make money. There were no mines of gold and silver, as many colonists were led to believe to motivate them to settle in the American colonies. Instead, they use the natural resources of the land was to be made to establish an industrial presence to make goods like tar production, glass making and distillation of wine and beer. But this was not enough to justify the investment made by the people in the Virginia Company of London.

The white merchants and plantation owners developed and passed these laws for lifetime slavery due to several reasons. Chief of these reasons was that the planters of Virginia started to cultivate the commodity crop of tobacco as their main export. The problem was that growing tobacco was a labor-intensive task that required a significant number of slaves. This made sure that the demand for slaves in the American colonies was at the highest level. By the mid of the eighteenth century, there were around one and half hundred thousand slaves in the Chesapeake Bay region, comparing to about fifty thousand in the Spanish colony of Cuba.

Tobacco was Virginia's first cash crop, which was grown for the main aim of raising profit from the colonies, rather than using it for the development of the colonies. Even though cheap labor was supplied in the form of African slaves, the start-up costs were still expensive. The settlers had to use the methods they had observed from the native Americans to clear the land and make it fit for tobacco plantations. From the start of sowing the crops, tobacco needed a whole year to plant. Also, the crop could only be planted in a specific field for only three years. After that, the slaves had to wait for nutrients to return to the soil and make it fit again for planting another crop. This again made sure that more land and slaves were required to develop the colony of Jamestown and the settlements around it. By the end of the 1600s, the Virginia (Tobacco) Company of London was the most profitable venture in all the Americas. The profits of Tobacco further increased the dependence of the colony of Virginia on slavery. These profits began to be used for building local infrastructure, paying taxes and purchase of finished goods from Britain. With the combination of cheap labor, ever-increasing demand and a regulatory system born of trial and error, the colonial plantation network was born. Shirley plantation was one of the examples that are often cited to explain this network of Virginia tobacco plantation.

Even though the requirement of slaves was skyrocketing, the overproduction of tobacco was causing a drop in the demand and the price of the crop. This resulted in the decrease in growth in the number of people in Virginia, as its inhabitants needed to sustain their profits so that they would be able to afford more slaves and increase the capacity of their production. After some restrictions and a small slump in the prices, the demand for tobacco started to rise again, and so did the role of slavery in the progress of the colony of Virginia.

By 1709, the colonists of Virginia were producing around twenty-nine million pounds of tobacco annually. The ample number of slaves and land made sure that the prices and the production of the crop throughout the 1740s and 1750s were stable. This stability helped the patriots as the War of Independence broke out in 1775. The General Assembly stopped the production of tobacco and used its ample workforce and labor force to provide and soldiers and rations for the noble cause. Several historians are of the view that the stability of this colony was one of the deciding factors of the outcome of the War of Independence, as the profits earned by the sale of tobacco were used by the plantation owners and landlords that were supporting the patriots in the War of Independence.

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY There are no sources in the current document.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Great Depression

Spinning the wheel of history, it could be seen that some events have changed the world. Specifically talking about the American history, there could be viewed, a list of events that affected the United States in all ways; socially, politically, intellectually, culturally and economically. The “Great Depression” is one of the events of American history that changed all the areas of life. It was one of the worst economic downturns in the history of the industrial world which lasted for four years; from 1929 to 1933. It was the biggest recession is the history of modern world that started with the crash of the American stock market in 1929. According to historians and experts, the Great Depression was one of the most catastrophic economic events of the 20th century which destroyed the economic image of the U.S. on the world stage. The Great Depression is often remembered as the “defining moment” and gave a chance to the federal government for a transformation and making a difference in the economic conditions of America. During the 1920s, a boost in the American economy was observed and the value of the U.S. stock market was nearly doubled in the frenzy of speculative buying, right before eighteen months of the crash of “Black Thursday”. In 1929, the stock market of America crashed and gave an indication of a large recession. The collapse of the stock market was just one of the causes of the Great Depression and many other factors made the situation even worse. Another major cause of the economic collapse was the weak banking system, along with industrial overproduction that played a destructive role in the economic turndown.

The investment that was in the American stock market was at peak in 1920, but close to the year 1929, a hesitation in investors was found that made traders nervous. Investors were selling their overpriced shares. Soon after the five days of “Black Thursday”, around 16 million shares were sold in the market after another wave of panic that swept “Wall Street”. The confidence of the consumer vanished because of the crash of the stock. So, a downturn in both investment and spending, influenced businesses and factors, due to which their working and production slowed down. When production by factories came down to a certain limit, companies started firing their workers that worsened the social conditions. Those who survived as employees, had such low wages that they could not maintain their social stability (wages fell and buying was decreased to an alarming level).

The Great Depression affected almost all the areas of the U.S. whether it was the economy, politics or social conditions. It won't be wrong to say that the economy of the U.S. was the main area that was influenced by the Great Depression. Across the U.S., millions of people lost their jobs and around 1930, the unemployment rate reached its peak. Almost 4.3 million Americans become unemployed in 1930 and by the end of 1933; the number of unemployed citizens reached 13 million. The Great Depression affected the American economy and made 25 per cent of the population unemployed (Wilkins). People were forced to beg and sell apples on street corners. The banking system almost failed and long lines of people used to be viewed outside banks, as people wanted to retrieve their savings. Unfortunately, most of the citizens lost all their savings when the bank failed to curb the effects of the recession.

The political effects of the Great Depression were very obvious and shook the confidence of unfettered capitalism. When the Great Depression started, President Herbert Hoover failed to manage this national havoc that the Great Depression had caused. Due to Hoover's failure, people voted for Franklin Roosevelt, who promised the public that he would bring an end to the Great Depression with the expansion of his government. The situation started becoming favorable by 1934 as the economy grew 10.8% and it was the time when the unemployment rate declined, as well. Politicians and their policies showed that no one wanted to commit the same mistake, hence, they focused on different forms of expansionary fiscal policy. Military spending was considered good for boosting the American economy.

The Great Depression also resulted in social disturbance as there would be seen, a negative social change. Though on the social level, there were many effects, but the most drastic of these was the destruction of farming in the Midwest which lasted for almost ten years. Lowering of the agricultural prices added fuel to fire and farmers became homeless while they were in search of jobs. Almost six-thousand shantytowns sprang up in the 1930s because of the homeless farmers. An evident drop in the wages of those who were still having some jobs, was also an alarm for the American economy. Social conditions of America were the worst during the Great Depression and as it lasted for so long, people started believing that it was the end of the “American dream” (Calomiris et al.). The social condition of people was miserable as there were no jobs and by the end of the 1930s unemployment doubled and skyrocketed to 15.9 per cent in 1931. According to experts, almost 15 million people were out of work.

All Americans, including the government, who were forced to buy on credit, fell into debt while a climb in the repossessions and foreclosures was observed. Americans were in debt and because of the global adherence to the gold standard, spread the economic woes throughout the world, including Europe. So taking a look at the above discussion, it could be asserted that there happen some events that have impacted certain areas. On the other hand, there are very few historic events that affect all the areas in the same way that the Great Depression had. It was one of America’s worst situations as it had affected all the areas of American life. The Great Depression affected politics, social conditions and economy (Book et al, pp. 82-90). So as a whole, it could be promulgated that all the aspects of American society were affected because of the Great Depression. It was one of the most dangerous setbacks and recessions in American history. Changes were made in all the policies whether political or social, however, this change in the monetary policy was the demand of the time. When the conditions started getting better, policies were planned by keeping in consideration lesson taught by Great Depression

According to some of the experts, it was World War II that served as a stimulus for getting the American economy out of the depression and back on track. The number of unemployed workers started declining between the years 1940 and 1943 and it was the same time when the number of people increased, who joined the military. After the conditions were becoming better and economy was stabilizing, Americans mostly blamed Roosevelt’s administration for letting the Great Depression last so long. It was believed that Roosevelt's policies were antibusiness. It would not be wrong to say that there are various factors that contributed to the Great Depression and gave history a period of suffering that has been marked as the darkest recession in the history of the world.

Works Cited

Book, Joakim. "Book Review: Capitalism in America: A History." Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 22.1 (2019): 82-90.

Calomiris, Charles W., Matthew S. Jaremski, and David C. Wheelock. Interbank Connections, Contagion and Bank Distress in the Great Depression. No. w25897. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019.

Wilkins, Veronica B. Great Depression. PediaPress, 2020.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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World War II and its impact on American Society

The Second World War (WWII) is referred to as a global war encapsulating world’s major economies such as Japan, United States, Germany, and many others that lasted for six years—from 1939-1945. In virtually every aspect of American’s life, a series of changes were created by USA’s involvement in World War II. After this involvement, two opposing military alliances came into being named Axis and Allies (Blum, 1976). Interestingly, more than 100 million people from all over the world took active participation in this war where major economies became more concerned about war winning efforts allowing their full fledge scientific, industrial and economic resources and abilities to invest (Adams, 1994). This attitude resulted in blurred distinction between military and civilian resources. It was indeed the deadliest happening in human history due to which roughly 90 million people lost their lives and remaining were affected badly. Major events that led to the causalities were genocides of holocaust, massacres, use of nuclear bombing, premeditated death from diseases and starvation, and strategic bombings (Adams, 1994). Apart from negative consequences, there were also inspected some positive consequences of World War II on American society that would be presented in the main body.

Body

In this section, it will be presented how World War II led to the positive and negative consequences in American society in terms of economic, political, healthcare, social and intellectual aspects.

Economic consequences

After World War II, the United States appeared to be one of the strongest global economies despite facing substantial loss in terms of 300,000 combat deaths that were comparatively greater than what all the other major belligerent. Economic conditions in the United States became even better than any other country in the world (Adams, 1994). During this event, although a controlling interest of progressive Democrats in the United States Government was evident yet in order to uplift the defense spending dramatically, most economic and social reforms were suspended. Moreover, in order to make the war efforts more fruitful, nearly all anti-trust legislation were neglected practically due to which most of the factories increased their standard working day for boosting their production. More and more teenage school students were added into the employment industry including both males and females. It not only provided them with the monthly fiscal remittance but also boosted country’s economy to a greater degree. Although war spending of USA reached $236 billion that was 1,048% net increase in debt—the largest debt of American history however due to increased production rates, economy of the United States grew 17% within years between 1941 and 1943. That is how it was a great turning point in America’s economic history (Blum, 1976).

Political impact

It can be said that World War affected America in multifaceted ways for example an isolationist strain that casted a long shadow over American political system was ended; consigning it to the perimeter of the spectrum of American political system. As a long term consequence of war, American society came to encounter an economical-political phenomenon called “liberal consensus” stressing upon the idea that economic well being of American citizens is the sole responsibility of government due to which government is expected to play major role in devising effective policies in this regard. Hence, the overview of common people about the functionality (roles and responsibilities) underwent massive alterations. Apart from this, an increasing momentum was also created for the civil rights movements aimed at mitigating the racial disparities for African American people (Adams, 1994). Furthermore, the landscape of Americans was also altered in profound ways resulting from the cold war that was initiated after world war. After putting Americans on anti-communist footings, government ensured that rapid expansion of American military takes place including the emergence of military industrial complex and development of immensely destructive weapons (Adams, 1994). In a nutshell, World War II turned America into super- colossal military power as before war had begun, American army had only 174,000 troops—smaller than Portugal. This figure turned to be had 8.25 million in 1945 and kept on increasing and became 17 million by the end of 19th century (Blum, 1976). Furthermore, United States became an ally with Soviet Union after post war. This is how World War II affected the political system of America in a long run.

Mental and Physical Health Impacts

After World War II, a bulk of researchers attempted to estimate the mental and physical health consequences of encountering or observing violence and destruction in the real time scenarios. They found that in war torn countries poorer health outcomes in terms of mental and physical aspects remained persistent and they are two times more prone to acquire illness in future such as diabetes, cardiovascular problems, eye and skin diseases, stomach ulcers, depression, anxiety, conversion disorder, panic disorder, phobias and amnesia and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Blum, 1976). Furthermore, estimations indicate that individuals who lived in war bearing areas are three times more likely to acquire diabetes later in life and are 6% more likely to develop Major Depressive Disorder in adulthood and ageing (Adams, 1994). On the other hand, military personnel who participated in war were less likely to marry and least satisfied with life as compared to those who never participated in war. Such individuals are less likely to be educated and it takes longer than expected for them to develop effective problem solving and decision making skills (Blum, 1976). Adding another demographic in the scenario, it can safely be assumed that individuals belonging to the middle and lower income families had more mental health consequences of war as compared to the well heeled members of the society (Adams, 1994). This is because lacking survival resources such as food and shelter at wartime coupled with the lingering sense of uncertain future increases their likelihood to develop maladjusted cognitive and behavioral patterns. Moreover, those who encounter failure during war might experience depressive symptoms including worthlessness and incapability in later stages of life which takes a serious toll on the personal and occupational functioning of affected individual (Blum, 1976).

Social and Cultural Impact

As far as Social impact of WW2 is concerned, it wiped out 3% world population within six years and acted as a major transformative event (Blum, 1976). Constant bombing and ground battles resulted in super colossal destruction of physical capital and homes; majority of them lost their shelters, employment, and even loved ones. Shortage of resources led to the creation of lopsided resource distribution scenarios and persecution and discrimination became widespread; Holocaust—the ethnic cleansing of the Jews was the most terrible example of this phenomenon (Adams, 1994). However, they had to withstand all these issues; they started growing gardens on their own houses to compensate the shortage of food. In addition, since men were off to the battle ground; women were encouraged to be independent both in financial and domestic terms (Anderson, 1981). This was the time when women paved their way towards employment sector and performed duties far bigger than the house making. Furthermore, majority of young men went to the battle ground due to which marriage wave was considerably reduced and birth rates declined too (Anderson, 1981). Hence, WW2 created various notable alterations in the social system of America.

Impacts on Art and intellectual Aspects

Since every ally was aimed at winning the battle; patriotism and national pride was heightened which led to the creation of patriotic music was widely being written for boosting the morale of military and common people. Americans felt more joined and supported government to make necessary decisions and policies. For that matter, various literature and arts pieces, posters, and media advertising were developed to show visual message. This era reinforced media industry to use sports, poetry, music and dramas for supporting causes. These changes were permanent but unfortunately people paid a heavy price for it; like thousands of stars sacrifice their existence for the creation of a newer and brighter day (Adams, 1994).

References

Adams, Michael C.C. “The Best War Ever: America and World War II.” Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

Anderson, Karen. “Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women during World War II.” Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981.

Blum, John Morton. “V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture during World War II.” New York: Harcourt Brace, 1976.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Writers Preference

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

The Threat of Communism and the Domestic and Foreign Policies of the Federal Government between 1960 and 1980

On April 17, 1961, about 1400 American anti-Castro (communist leader in Cuba) exiles, which were trained and given arms by the CIA, reached Cuba. The invaders were unsupported and fell under Castro’s control. The attempted invasion was a major failure for John Fitzgerald Kennedy and looked like an attempt at 19th-century imperialism. The nation mourned the loss of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Millions watched the return of Air Force One to DC, carrying his coffin and his widow in a bloodstained suit. Stunned Americans struggle to understand how such an event could happen ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8GRs3D54","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Soviet Union and the United States - Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions - Library of Congress})","plainCitation":"(The Soviet Union and the United States - Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions - Library of Congress)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":566,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/uHsb2Xzj/items/QQJHEW6K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/uHsb2Xzj/items/QQJHEW6K"],"itemData":{"id":566,"type":"webpage","title":"The Soviet Union and the United States - Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions - Library of Congress","URL":"https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/sovi.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,16]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Soviet Union and the United States - Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions - Library of Congress).

Lyndon B. Johnson created two programs for the public: the Medicare program and the Medicaid program. Medicare program provided the elderly with health care, whereas, the Medicaid authorized federal funding for poor people’s health care.

The Movement of the Blacks in 1960s

The Africans of America started a radical movement aginst the legal discrimination in the South. The movement called for fair treatment in the South, but when the movement called for changes in other parts of the country, there was a major backlash and eventually, the movement crumbled. It also gets fragmented. Martin Luther King gives nation visibility as the leader of a massive civil rights movement.

Malcolm X led another part of the civil rights movement, calling for economic and civic justice. He challenged the notion of nonviolence in a social movement. He worked for building an Islamic nation, which was linked to the ideology of Black Nationalism. He considered himself a Black Muslim. He called for pride and autonomy of the black people, and emancipation from the corrupt society. He advocated self-defense against the violence of whites. He succeeded in attracting a great support in urban ghettos.

The Black Militant Movement

When Martin Luther King and Malcolm X both got assassinated, Stokely Carmichael, a leader of a student group, in 1966, gave the movement a new name, demanding the power of blacks. He rejected the assimilation of blacks with white society because it was based on the concept of superiority of whites. He presented the notion that African Americans should develop their businesses, schools, and political organizations. The leader of SNCC Stokely Carmichael organization, pronounced “snick” that embraced civil disobedience and nonviolence. The movement called for the fair treatment of blacks. The organization lead demonstrations and protests. The blacks faced hostile treatment from whites and were called racial slurs. The whites poured food on them.

Containment under Johnson; the Cold War Continues

Vietnam was seen as a place that could fall under communism. If there was a Communist victory in Southeast Asia, it was believed that Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines might then fall as well (called the domino theory). It was very important to the United States that communism was contained and does not spread to Vietnam.

Problems in Vietnam

The US entered into an all-out war in Vietnam under Johnson in 1965 and bombarded Northern Vietnam, which was particularly under the threat of falling to communism. War widened under Johnson when he rejected overtures of peace from North Vietnam, which called for the US to withdraw and a coalition government in South Vietnam ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ToiYgSM4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Anti-Communism in the 1950s | AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History})","plainCitation":"(Anti-Communism in the 1950s | AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":568,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/uHsb2Xzj/items/RE7DYGP3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/uHsb2Xzj/items/RE7DYGP3"],"itemData":{"id":568,"type":"webpage","title":"Anti-Communism in the 1950s | AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History","URL":"https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/fifties/essays/anti-communism-1950s","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,16]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anti-Communism in the 1950s | AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History).

Student Response to Vietnam

The war was very costly to American and Vietnamese lives. There were wide protests in the America against the war in Vietnam, especially by students. This was a part of the counterculture movement that grew in the 1960s. Many of the white students expressed dissent with the era as well. They supported black freedom struggle, launched student protests, and opposed the war in Vietnam. They challenged established institutions and traditional values. On May 4, 1970, at Kent State in Ohio, several hundred students protested against the war in Vietnam. Suddenly, some guardsmen opened fire into the crowd and killed four unarmed students.

Disorder and Discontent, 1969-1980

The Decline of Liberalism began with the victory of the Republican Party. The liberal social movements of the 1960s went into decline. The Great Society still had some lasting elements, including Medicare and Medicaid. Federal aid for education and housing became permanent parts of domestic federal policy. Schools were desegregated in the South and the women especially benefited (Anti-Communism in the 1950s | AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History). The rise of Republicanism began when the new conservatives promoted anti-communism, a strong national defence, and a limited role in domestic affairs. They also promoted what they considered more traditional values. The Republican Agenda believed that government intervention in economic life hurts the prosperity of Americans

End of Vietnam War

Vietnam ended up being America’s longest war (though perhaps the war in the Middle East will change this fact). America spent more than one hundred and fifty million dollars for this war. War shattered domestic peace and the US did not attain their goal of containing communism. In 1973, the war was officially over.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Anti-Communism in the 1950s | AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/fifties/essays/anti-communism-1950s. Accessed 16 Dec. 2019.

The Soviet Union and the United States - Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions - Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/sovi.html. Accessed 16 Dec. 2019.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Writing Assessment 1

Shan Whaley

Enter the name of Instructor

History and Anthropology

October 10, 2019.

Writing Assessment 1

Essay 1

There is always a reason for revolution. People stand up against the regimes when they feel their rulers are not competent and have failed to protect their interests. Solzhenitsyn is one of those writers who arouse to fame during the Bolshevik revolution. His writing about his own imprisonment and time as an expatriate, along with the evidence from around two hindered companion prisoners and Soviet records, Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn talks about the complete apparatus of Soviet suppression. According to him, the state within the state was ruling strongly. The writer talks about the innocent people who were forced to live a life; they would never have imagined in their wildest dreams. Solzhenitsyn, who had been a strong critique of communism, believed that the Soviet totalitarian regime was more oppressive compared to the Russian Empire. In his book ‘The Gulag Archipelago’, he discusses the situation of Gulag camps, which he referred to as inhumane. In his writings, the depiction of Gulag camps revealed how prisoners were forced to live under such intolerable conditions. While referring to these camps he wrote, “And how we burned in the camps later, thinking: What would things have been like if every Security operative, when he went out at night to make an arrest, had been uncertain whether he would return alive and had to say good-bye to his family?

This quote suggests that how flawed narratives were built to arrest innocent people. The Gulage prisons depict the inhumane conditions, Lenin regimes offered to the people there. For them, the industrial revolution and increased economic opportunities were more important, which they achieved by forcing the prisoners to forced labor. They illegally arrested the citizens which Solzhenitsyn refers in these words “Or if, during periods of mass arrests, as for example in Leningrad, when they arrested a quarter of the entire city, people did not simply sit in their homes, pale with terror at every bang of the door and at every step on the staircase, but had understood they had nothing left to lose and set up in the downstairs hall an ambush of half a dozen people with axes, hammers, pokers, or whatever else was at hand?...”. About Stalin’s reign and how he used to deal with the secret services, whom Solzhenitsyn mentions as organs writes that the “Organs” (the secret police) would very quickly have suffered a shortage of officers and, notwithstanding all of Stalin's thirst, the cursed machine would have ground to a halt.

Essay 2

Solzhenitsyn’s work has not remained limited to writing about the oppressive regimes. He has worked on literature and has written extensively over human instincts, as well. The reason he was forced to leave Russia was his harsh views about the Communist regime. Solzhenitsyn was a man of kindness and looked toward things in a more sympathetic manner. He witnessed people struggling with the bad societal aspects they were facing, which could not keep Solzhenitsyn away from writing about oppressed people. About the evil intentions people, he writes, “If only there were evil people somewhere insidiously committing evil deeds, and it were necessary only to separate them from the rest of us and destroy them. But the line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of every human being. And who is willing to destroy a piece of his own heart”. It shows how close Solzhenitsyn felt himself to the people.

As Solzhenitsyn has faced the repercussions of the revolution, he believed that revolution took away the respect of humanity from the people. For him, the basic values of humanity were eliminated, and there was no other option left with the regime to take innocent people in imprisonment. For Solzhenitsyn, this was the time of immense obliteration and destruction. Considering the consequences, the ordinary Russians were facing, Solzhenitsyn could not keep himself away from evaluating their internal desires. Lastly, he discovered that the regime and Russians were living distantly when it comes to respecting human life and values.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Writing Plan

Jerralyn Davis

HIS 200: Applied History

Southern New Hampshire University

January 19, 2019

The Woman Suffrage Movement and the Nineteenth Amendment

For my analysis of a historical event, the topic chosen for this paper is The Woman Suffrage Movement and the Nineteen Amendment of the Constitution. The event is important because it gives women the right to vote. American women played a vital role during World War I in taking those positions which were left vacant by men and soldiers who became part of the war. New jobs were also created during this phase, and due to the absence of men in the labor market, women were recruited and enhance their skills to perform job tasks as required. After the war was over women were given the right to vote, and for the first time, they had a chance to influence the politics of America. Women had to involve in the politics of America so that the upcoming female generation could influence the policies of America. The ideology of even the most skeptical people about women involvement in voting changed.

The contribution of women in World War I lead them to recognize how significant their role is in American society (Bolt, 2014). They analyzed that despite their continuous contribution for the sake of the nation, they were not given enough representation in policy-making of the country. The American women realized that they could only get this representation if all the states within the U.S gave full suffrage to women. They were in need of a movement to obtain their fundamental right to vote. Although woman suffrage movement was already active since the late 19th century, during World War I, its popularity increased among the women of America (Bolt, 2014). The pressure was so enormous that after several failures to win the votes for the amendment bill, the 19th constitutional amendment eventually got passed from Senate after the end of World War I (Siegel, 2001). Woman suffrage movement helped in making it possible for the women to vote.

The concept of women voting was alien to women, and after they got the voting right, no platform could help women to involve them in the politics of America. To get the women involved in the politics they would need a firm footing in the politics which was only possible through a political party dedicated to the women empowerment in politics. Mary Garrett Hay came up with the idea of a political party that works for the empowerment of women even when political were skeptical of the concept (Rymph, 2005). The involvement of women in the politics of America began to take root. More women got involved in politics. The establishment of a political hold for women in political party paved the way for the involvement of other women in the politics.

Even though republican disagreed with extensive involvement of women in politics that fact however changed with time. Female politicians like Phyllis Stewart became the front face of women politician in the Republican Party (Schlafly, 1977). The ideology that the Republicans had about the involvement of women in politics changed with time. The interview of Betty Ford shows how the ideology of Republican changed over time. “I must admit that, yes. I'm not the type that’s going to burn my bra or do something like that I really don't feel that strong about it” (Fordlibrarymuseum.gov, p.19). The interview of Betty Ford showed us that the idea of Republican changed over time and they became more accepting of the ideas.

The inclusion of the nineteenth amendment in the U.S constitution guaranteed voting rights for all American citizens regardless of their gender (Siegel, 2001). This constitutional amendment was a great success for women as now they were able to elect their candidates and make them part of the American Congress. This success was only possible due to the efforts women put in for the nation to make them progress during the critical period of World War I. After the 19th amendment, the perception regarding women's role in the politics changed. The movement for 19th amendment created a chain of events that resonated for the years to come and changed the political structure of America for everyone.

References

Bolt, C. (2014). The Women's Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s. Routledge.

Fordlibrarymuseum.gov. N. p., 2019. Web. 27 Jan. 2019

Rymph, C. E. (2005). Republican women : feminism and conservatism from suffrage through the rise of the new right. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu

Schlafly, Phyllis. The power of the positive woman. Jove Publications, 1977.

Siegel, R. B. (2001). She the People: The Nineteenth Amendment, Sex Equality, Federalism, and the Family. Harv. L. Rev., 115, 947.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Writing Prompt

Europe in the Interwar period

Casey Gurganus

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Rise of Fascism and Interests of the Allied Powers

The interwar period

Indeed, the world must never see the likes of Mussolini and Hitler ever again due to their ruthlessness. But these leaders were not created in a day as there were several factors responsible for their rise to power. The chief of these factors is the Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles signed at the end of the Great War. This article, often cited in the history as the Guilt clause imposed economically crushing sanctions on the Germans. These harsh restrictions on Germans fueled a general state of unrest and frustrations among the citizens of Germany. Hitler capitalized on the opportunity, wrestled the power from Hindenburg through a series of political maneuvers, and rose to power as Fuhrer (German for Leader). He was impressed by Benito Mussolini who happened to be the founder of the ideology of Fascism, a concept he wanted to use to establish his rule and relieve the ailing economy of his state by the excessive use of military power. Both wanted the power to rival the British Empire, which was ruling at least 24% of the total world area at the time CITATION Bay16 \l 1033 (Bayly, 2016).

The world powers were not farsighted enough to see such an impending threat that would trigger the second world war. Their main focus was to make sure that the Germans may never be able to rise again. They gave the Coal mines in the Rhineland to the French and forbad the Germans to make expand their ground forces and making their air forces CITATION MHC18 \l 1033 (Creswell, 2018). Also, blind to the suffering of the Germans, they were busy carving the Turkish Empire in the pieces of their choice. Another idea that the allies seemed focused on was the creation of League of Nations, which proved as a toothless tiger in the prevention of invasion of Ethiopia by the Italians as well as the start of another world war.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bayly, C. (2016). Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World 1780-1830. Routledge.

Creswell, M. (2018). No Easy Occupation: French Control Of The German Saar, 1944-1957. Journal of Modern History, 420-422.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Written Assignment

WW1 and the 1920s

Casey Gurganus

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Impacts of the First World War on the US and the problems that loomed after the 1920s

WW1 and the 1920s

American Neutrality came to an end when the US Congress authorized the mobilization of over three million men after the war was officially declared against the Germans on April 4th, 1917. This had several diverse effects on the US, especially their economy CITATION Fri15 \l 1033 (Frieden, 2015). By the end of the war in 1918, America had produced a lot of ammunition which included twenty million artillery rounds, twenty-one thousand airplane engines, three million rifles and large amounts of poison gas. This production required a seriously large number of workers whose demand was increased by the flood of money pouring into the manufacturing sector from aboard due to higher demands. The US unemployment rate dropped from 16.4% to 6.3% in just two years into the war due to conscription of almost three million young men, which created a shrinking job pool. In the total duration of nineteen months of the war, the US incurred costs of about thirty-two million, 58% of which were raised through the sale of "Liberty bonds". The US government also exercised some measures of price controls that prioritized the war contracts and allocated the remaining raw materials based on immediate need. But we cannot rule out the fact that the American involvement in the war was short and limited, therefore the American were not able to control the devastating economic impacts that followed.

After the end of the First World War, the economic boom began to fade. The foundations of the doctrine of capitalism were starting to give way CITATION BBC \l 1033 (BBC). The average citizen was depending on their earning from the stock market. This started the problems of overproduction in the industrial sector, which emphasized the unequal wealth distribution in American society. In addition to that, the wages of the factory workers did not rose as quickly as the profits of the factory owners. Last and most important, the greatest boon in the American economy was the Great Depression of 1929, which not only affect the Americans, but also the world economy. The study of this economic calamity is of the most importance, as it is widely regarded as one of the principles causes of the Second World War.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY BBC. (n.d.). Bitesize. Economic problems in the 1920s. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zp77pbk/revision/1

Frieden, J. A. (2015). Banking on the world: the politics of American international finance. New York, US: Routledge.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Written Assignment

Written Assignment

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Written Assignment

The Vietnam War broadly impacted on citizens and led to huge American protests, distrust arises for government among and Americans hate their police and soldiers. Only in Washington DC, more than 300,000 activists marched towards Pentagon from Lincoln Memorial ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0pNJpr3Z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":539,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ZVD8Z245"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ZVD8Z245"],"itemData":{"id":539,"type":"webpage","title":"Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi","URL":"https://prezi.com/infuae2rimx2/impacts-of-the-vietnam-war-on-american-society/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,” n.d.). Soldiers came out for the protection of Pentagon building and more than 400 protestors were arrested in this event. The main factor because of which citizen hate soldier was that the war was broadcasted on television and people watched horrible things done by US soldiers with Vietnamese.

As the public of the United States witnessed the mass killing occurred because of war, several questions were raised in the minds of US citizens on the decisions of US congress and President Johnson and they lost their trust in them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DxZthpv6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":539,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ZVD8Z245"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ZVD8Z245"],"itemData":{"id":539,"type":"webpage","title":"Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi","URL":"https://prezi.com/infuae2rimx2/impacts-of-the-vietnam-war-on-american-society/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,” n.d.). On the other hand, the US economy was badly suffered because of Vietnam War such as the rise in infiltration cycle prices ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HQI0qZbM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact\\uc0\\u8212{}HISTORY,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact—HISTORY,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":541,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/RS7Z9Z5Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/RS7Z9Z5Q"],"itemData":{"id":541,"type":"webpage","title":"Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact - HISTORY","URL":"https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact—HISTORY,” n.d.). After the massacre event of My Lai; people started questioning that do America has some moral ethics or are they still work for world freedom ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"29vqx1JL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":539,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ZVD8Z245"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ZVD8Z245"],"itemData":{"id":539,"type":"webpage","title":"Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi","URL":"https://prezi.com/infuae2rimx2/impacts-of-the-vietnam-war-on-american-society/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,” n.d.). This war also badly impacted the US soldiers as most of them became angry and frustrated while many soldiers were dishonorably discharged even some of them left America forever ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9BnO7lhZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact\\uc0\\u8212{}HISTORY,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact—HISTORY,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":541,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/RS7Z9Z5Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/RS7Z9Z5Q"],"itemData":{"id":541,"type":"webpage","title":"Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact - HISTORY","URL":"https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact—HISTORY,” n.d.).

The major reason that the people lost their belief on government was that before the war, America had a confident local government system and thriving economy but due to war state and local governments are badly transformed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Sv9k4mUi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":539,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ZVD8Z245"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ZVD8Z245"],"itemData":{"id":539,"type":"webpage","title":"Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi","URL":"https://prezi.com/infuae2rimx2/impacts-of-the-vietnam-war-on-american-society/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,” n.d.).

Initially, American Society was affected by the protestors & they were initially insignificant at the start but when the war didn’t stopped & the protests become huge. Most of the protests were arranged by peace activist for ending war. Other reason government lost their trust in people was that they believed that government was not making right decisions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"r5UTuHLZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":539,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ZVD8Z245"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/ZVD8Z245"],"itemData":{"id":539,"type":"webpage","title":"Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi","URL":"https://prezi.com/infuae2rimx2/impacts-of-the-vietnam-war-on-american-society/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi,” n.d.). The American government took a long time to retain their citizen trust.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Impacts of the Vietnam War on American Society by Zach Zimmer on Prezi. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2019, from https://prezi.com/infuae2rimx2/impacts-of-the-vietnam-war-on-american-society/

Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact—HISTORY. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2019, from https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

WW1

WW1

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

WW1

Introduction

World War 1 was a catastrophic event as the entire world witnessed much devastation in that period. It was considered as one of the biggest man-made catastrophes of the 20th century. World War 1 was started after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The major reasons behind WWI included imperialism, militarism, alliances, and nationalism. In that period, countries wanted to dominate and control others to get more power. A critical examination of “Paths of Glory” indicated the concept of imperialism and power behind WWI. Central powers along with western alliances wanted to secure a dominant position as the world’s power so they practiced the idea of ‘abuse of power’. The main focus of this paper is to critically examine the causes of WWI and the life of the average soldier during the war.

Discussion

It is important to mention that WWI started as a European conflict and soon it transformed into a world war. The growing tension of war and imperialism compelled European countries to establish mutual defense alliances to combat any aggressive threats. Mutual defense arguments stated that allied countries should need to defend a country when it would experience an aggressive threat. It was considered as one of the major causes of WWI as a declaration of war by Austria-Hungry on Serbia compelled its allied nation Russia to defend Serbia (Van Evera, 2013). With the passage of time, all alliances in Europe declared war against each other due to their mutual defense agreement. Regardless of alliances, imperialism is also a reason behind WWI as countries wanted to enhance their power and dominance by controlling additional territories. British colonized many countries such as Asian nations to get raw materials. Increased competition in this regard pushed these countries to increase confrontation, which ultimately led to WWI.

In addition, industrialization had a huge role in the onset of WWI as it allowed many countries to build mass destructive weapons and larger ships (Goemans, 2000). The development of cheap steel helped nations to build larger and faster ships, which encouraged them to enhance their progress regarding imperialism. The “Paths of Glory” illustrated the lives of soldiers during WWI. During the WWI, soldiers were forced to live in long and narrow trenches, which often developed medical complications such as trench foot. The life as a soldier was hard on the front line as they had to stay in trenches for long period (Watson, 2004). The muddy and uncomfortable environment made it difficult for soldiers to maintain better health. Trenches became a fundamental part of the strategy for countries due to the introduction of modern weapons of war. In “Paths of Glory” it is demonstrated that artillery attack from the air and machine-gun fire were used at the great extent to dominate war. Due to which, the military used trenches to protect themselves from these advanced weapons of destruction. It is important to consider the actuality that trench warfare caused massive causalities during WWI. Forces mounted attacks from the trenches, which lead to mass causalities as it was rarely effective. With the passage of time, Germans improved the tactic of trench attacks, which can be seen in the battle of Somme in France, where they slaughtered more than 60,000 British troops.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, WWI was a catastrophic event that had a tragic impact on soldiers and civilians. Alliances, militarism, imperialism, and industrialization were major caused behind WWI that compelled many nations to start that war. A critical examination of WWI indicated that countries wanted to secure their position as world powers by capturing more lands and resources. Advanced technology had a devastating impact on front line soldiers due to which they had to suffer many causalities.

References

Goemans, H. E. (2000). War and punishment: The causes of war termination and the First World War. Princeton University Press.

Van Evera, S. (2013). Causes of war: Power and the roots of conflict. Cornell University Press.

Watson, J. S. (2004). Fighting different wars: experience, memory, and the First World War in Britain (Vol. 16). Cambridge University Press.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

You Can Pick Any Title

Civil Rights Movement

Muhanad Alhayali

2 December 2019

Introduction

The Civil Rights Movement is without a doubt one of the most important chapters of US history. It took place in the mid-20th century (the 1950s-1960s) and its main purpose was to gain equal rights and privileges for African-Americans, crudely referred to as “Blacks”. Although President Abraham Lincoln had abolished slavery after the Civil War, the misery of the Blacks was nowhere near its end. They continued to be treated as Second-Class citizens, especially in the Southern States. After suffering long enough, they rose up for their rights, with the help of a significant section of the “White Population”. The terms such as “Black Power” and “Black is Beautiful” were coined by the participants of this movement to elevate the position and morale of the Blacks for adding momentum to the Civil Right Movement.

Discussion

The Start (Jim Crow Laws)

After the start of Reconstruction, the Blacks helped the US stand on its feet to overcome the devastations of the Civil War (1863- 1877). They held many keys positions as Slavery was abolished by President Abraham Lincoln. The tide seemed to be turning for the Blacks when the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) was passed, officially giving the Blacks equal protection under the US Laws. The Fifteenth Amendment (1870) cemented their position even further after Blacks were granted the right to vote, something that was only reserved for the property-owning Whites. These privileges were making the “Whites of the South” edgy, as they had once “owned” commanded these slaves. They hated to see them becoming their equal.

In order to curtail the progress of liberties of the Blacks and roll back the progress made in the social status of the Blacks, a series of laws were passed by the Whites called the Jim Crow Laws (1896). These laws prohibited Blacks to use the same public services as Whites. The blacks could not go to the same schools, they had to go to the designated "Black Section" of the public buses, even if they were overcrowded. Interracial marriage was declared illegal to "maintain purity" of the white race. To add insult to injury, a voter literacy test was introduced so that most Blacks would not vote in the Elections. Thankfully, the Jim Crow Laws were limited to the Southern States, as the Northern states were generally against slavery. But the Blacks still experienced discriminatory behavior when they tried to buy any property or get an educational degree. Moreover, the Supreme Court ruling of Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) completely isolated the Whites from Blacks. To simply put it, the Blacks were thrown into the pit that they had been working hard to climb out of and better their lives and futures.

World War II and Civil Rights

Lack of educational opportunities combined with discriminatory behavior with the Blacks, made sure that they got only low wage jobs like as factory laborers, farmers, or domestic servants. As 1939 saw the start of World War II, the war-related jobs became abundant. But, as expected, the blacks were left out of the race. Whites discriminated them and did not give them any better-paying jobs. Furthermore, they were disheartened to join the US army, as well. This forced the Blacks to march to the capital for their rights and demands. This forced President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) to issue a declaration called Executive Order 8802 that was signed on June 25th, 1941. The declaration granted equal opportunities to all US citizens to participate in the National Defense jobs, regardless of their racial or national origin, as long as they were declared US Citizens. Despite unequal treatment by their peers, the Black men and women made a great impact during the course of World War II. The Tuskegee Airmen made history as the first Black Aviation Unit to more than 150 Flying Crosses, cementing their place in the history of American aviation. Sadly, the jargon of American Democracy proved to be a hoax as Black veterans and martyrs gained no respect in the eyes of their “uncolored” countrymen.

The Rosa Parks Incident

As mentioned above, the Blacks could only sit at their designated spaces on a public transport. Also, the Blacks were supposed to give their seats to any white citizen if he/she could not find any seat in their section. Little did anyone know; a bus seat would create the biggest civil rights movement in the US. On December 1st, 1955, a forty-two-year-old woman called Rosa Parks was arrested as she did not leave her spot on the bus for a White. As the news of her arrest spread throughout Montgomery (Alabama), she transformed into the leading character of the Civil Rights Movement. Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was established by Black people. Martin Luther King Jr. led this movement up to a position that his name would be remembered forever in the history of the Civil Rights Movement. Montgomery Bus System was boycotted by the MIA after the incident of Rosa Parks. That boycott lasted for 381 days. This forced the US Supreme Court to remove the separate seating laws, declaring them unconstitutional.

Civil Rights Act (1957)

The voter literacy test implemented in the Southern States made difficult circumstances for African Americans to exercise their right to vote. The test was designed in such a way that it made it near impossible for the Blacks to pass. President Eisenhower pressured Congress to consider a new civil rights legislation, in order to show his seriousness and support towards the Civil Rights Movement. Finally, on September 9th, 1957, President Eisenhower enforced The Civil Rights Act (1957), guaranteeing the Black community, the right to vote, in Southern States. This was a major victory for the Blacks since the Reconstruction Era. Voter frauds against the Blacks were also thoroughly investigated under this Act.

Freedom Riders

On May 4th, 1961, a group of thirteen people christening themselves as the “Freedom Riders” started their journey on a bus in Washington, D.C. in order to eliminate separate bus sections for the Blacks and Whites. They consisted of seven Blacks and six Whites. After facing problems from the Whites and Police, they became the center of international attention. When the bus reached Anniston (Alabama), a mob threw a bomb on the bus, injuring the Freedom Riders. The bus driver bailed and the Attorney General, Robert F. Kennedy had to find a replacement with the help of the Alabama Governor John Patterson. The Kennedy Administration applied steady pressure on the Interstate Commerce Commission, which resulted in the abolishment of segregation of sections on all bus terminals.

Civil Rights Act (1964) and Assassinations

The Civil Rights Movement, however, took an unexpected and violent turn after the above-mentioned advances and successes. On February 21st, 1965, former leader of an organization called the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X was assassinated at a rally. The further tragic incident occurred in the form of the assassination of Nobel laureate, Martin Luther King Jr. on his hotel’s balcony. It had an opposite effect to what was intended by the assassins. Instead of striking fear in the hearts of Blacks, the Civil Rights Movement further strengthened, making President Johnson obliged to enact further legislation in favor of the Blacks.

Conclusion

The Civil Rights Movement was a turning point for African-Americans. Their struggles, efforts and sacrifices brought an end to inhumane laws enacted against the African- American Community, especially in southern States. The Blacks, who were denied their right to vote, witnessed the rise of the First Black President Barack H. Obama, which was hailed by the world as the glorious achievement of the American Democracy. The “Blacks” finally won their rights in society, ending discriminatory practices against them.

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY Carson, C. (2001). The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Paperback). Warner Books; Reprint edition (January 1, 2001).

Hall, J. D. (2005). The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past. The Journal of American History, 1233-1263.

Henderson, E. A. (2018). Missing the Revolution Beneath Their Feet: The Significance of the Slave Revolution of the Civil War to the Black Power Movement in the USA. Journal of African American Studies, 174-190.

Malcolm X, A. H. (2015). The Autobiography of Malcolm X . Ishi Press.

McMillen, N. R. (1989). Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow. University of Illinois Press.

Parks, J. H. (1997). I Am Rosa Parks.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 9 Words: 2700

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