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World Civilizations 1
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World Civilizations 1
Introduction
The current state of this world is the outcome of numerous historical phases of growth and upheaval. Undoubtedly, the recent form of this globe is the combination of different former civilizations that strongly influence people in different social, political, and cultural forms. A comprehensive understanding of past civilizations is interesting and critical to better understand the phenomenon of world transition and development with time. It is noteworthy to mention that many prominent historic personalities greatly influenced the overall history of this world. The momentous role of these individuals greatly impacted different perspectives of different societies and civilizations. Alexander the great recognized as one of the significant historical leaders that played a crucial role in the entire history of the world. Here, the main focus is to critically analyze the legacy of Alexander the Great’s empire and illustrate the impact of his conquests on Persia, India, and Egypt.
Discussion
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great ranked as one of the most influential leaders in the history of this globe. It is established that some great qualities of Alexander the Great led him to conquered different parts of the world. The regions of Eastern Europe and Asia were mainly captivated by Alexander the great through his active approach to military geniuses. Moreover, the dramatic leading approach of Alexander the Great’s reign can also never be ignored when it comes to describing the world’s history. The subjugations of Alexander the Great can be mainly observed in the forms of his conquests in the regions of Persia, India, and Egypt ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"R3pIDLvd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Heckel, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Heckel, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1498,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/J9PLKAEH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/J9PLKAEH"],"itemData":{"id":1498,"type":"article-journal","title":"The conquests of Alexander the Great","container-title":"A Companion to the Classical Greek World","author":[{"family":"Heckel","given":"Waldemar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Heckel, 2008). It is interesting to examine the impact of Alexander the Great’s three major conquests that appeared in the case of Persia, India, and Egypt.
The world history indicates that Alexander the Great had fought three main wars against the Persian Empire. These prominent battles are recognized as the battle of Granicus, the battle of Issus, and the great battle of Gaugamela. All these victories can be established as decisive domains that made it essential for Persian troops to retreat the entire perspective of war against Alexander the Great. The first major battle in case of Persia occurred during the period of 334 BC appeared on the river banks of the Granicus River. The military of Alexander the Great consisted of 40,000 individuals who greatly exploited the phenomenon of inconsistencies by the Persian army ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xNiLUjp6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Adler & Pouwels, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Adler & Pouwels, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/37UUZCGI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/37UUZCGI"],"itemData":{"id":1495,"type":"book","title":"World Civilizations: Volume I: To 1700","publisher":"Cengage Learning","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=TKvLYotBMUAC","ISBN":"978-0-495-91301-6","author":[{"family":"Adler","given":"P. J."},{"family":"Pouwels","given":"R. L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Adler & Pouwels, 2011). The consistent attacking by Alexander the Great eventually caused his victory in the region. After the great victory, Alexander the Great expanded his approach of supremacy by capturing the region of Issus. The final battle in the region of Persia between Alexander the Great and Darius's military occurred at the location of Gaugamela in 331 BC. It is critical to indicate this time scenario of battle was different Persian army had a better strategic approach. Macedonian right flank was greatly focused by the forces of Darius. The final approach of this battle was not greatly handled by Darius, and this prospect eventually opened the entirety of the Persian region to Alexander the Great.
The land of India invaded by Alexander the Great during the period of king recognized with the name Porus. The region of Punjab is identified as the main Indian regional part attacked by Alexander the Great. The phenomenon of invasion in the case of India was all started when Porus planned to march against the domain of Greek invaders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UZLJiTtN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Judge & Langdon, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Judge & Langdon, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1497,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/JFHAXNKZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/JFHAXNKZ"],"itemData":{"id":1497,"type":"book","title":"Connections: A World History: to 1650","publisher":"Prentice Hall PTR","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=kTFHXwAACAAJ","ISBN":"978-0-205-09435-6","author":[{"family":"Judge","given":"E. H."},{"family":"Langdon","given":"J. W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Judge & Langdon, 2011). The wide river was passed by Alexander and his army that eventually turned as a great fight. The strong military approach adopted by Alexander and led him to the great victory in this battle. This specific conquest ultimately opened new regions of India for Alexander the Great and his army.
The land of Egypt was also greatly influenced by Alexander the Great when he entered this region in 332 BC. This prospect was started when Alexander the Great, defeated the Persian king Darius to obtain the authority of Syria and the Levant. After this development, the next approach for Alexander was to march towards Egypt forcefully. The controlled region of Egypt by the Persian kingdom was conquered by Alexander that observed as liberators and to adhesive the Oracle of Amun.
Hellenistic World
The historical perspective established by Alexander the Great can never be considered complete without critical consideration of the Hellenistic world. The period of Hellenistic world comprised of the time of Mediterranean history that prevailed between the death of Alexander and the development of the Roman Empire. This period was greatly important in the history of region because it established new forms of development and transitions mainly in the forms of artwork, mystery religions from the East and their great influence on the land of Greece. The conquests of Alexander caused a great spread of Hellenistic civilization towards the domain of the Middle East and Asia.
The procedure of cultural transition, mainly in the form of artwork in the case of Hellenistic Civilization, started by 146 BCE. The artwork of this era had great significance, considering the active combination of different civilizations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rlIoTSIR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Erskine, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Erskine, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1500,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/EII927ST"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/EII927ST"],"itemData":{"id":1500,"type":"article-journal","title":"Approaching the Hellenistic world","container-title":"A companion to the Hellenistic World","page":"1-15","author":[{"family":"Erskine","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Erskine, 2003). This approach of artwork was different from classical Greek art because it greatly considered the domains of humanistic approach and human expressions. This was the time when sculptures were recognized as more naturalistic and expressive to portray the extensive positioning of emotions. The consideration of mystery religion during the phase of Hellenistic civilization is also important because it was the time when religion was ranked as the active combination of diverse systems, beliefs, and religious practices of the Eastern world. The overall perspective of mystery religion can be observed in the forms of Roman religion, Greek religion, the Middle East, The Mediterranean, Africa, and Persia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xf3TVpnR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kinzl, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Kinzl, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1501,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/522A7E96"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/522A7E96"],"itemData":{"id":1501,"type":"book","title":"A companion to the Classical Greek world","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","volume":"73","ISBN":"1-4443-3412-3","author":[{"family":"Kinzl","given":"Konrad H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kinzl, 2010). The combination of all these religious philosophies ultimately greatly influenced the overall religious and cultural domains of the region of Greece.
Legacy
The approach of legacy in the case of Alexander the Great can be mainly observed in case of his conquests in Persia, India, and Egypt. The great legacy in case of Persia appeared as the massive spread of Greek culture in the form of Hellenism is the Persian region. The prominent glimpse of Greek-style art can be observed in the case of blending culture of Persia. When it comes to consideration of Alexander's legacy in case of the Indian region, it is mainly recognized in the form of names of cities as Alexandria. He delivered his legacy by changing names of his conquered region to strongly established his powerful domain. The cultural influence in form of legacy established by Alexander can also be examined in case of his conquest in the region of Egypt. It is crucial to indicate that Alexander had a short stay in Egypt, but a great impact can be observed in the form of cultural modification. Cultural diffusion in Egypt is one great example of a strong legacy of Alexander the Great due to his conquest. He almost established twenty cities in the region and Alexandria is one of the prominent areas in the case of Egypt ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Xe2rRMT4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mark, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Mark, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1499,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/2X6X7WBN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/2X6X7WBN"],"itemData":{"id":1499,"type":"article-journal","title":"Alexander the Great, seafaring, and the spread of leprosy","container-title":"Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences","page":"285-311","volume":"57","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Mark","given":"Samuel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mark, 2002). The establishment of the Greek government as the authority in Egypt is one significant example of the Greek legacy established by Alexander in Egypt.
Conclusion
In concluding remarks, it is necessary to establish that the conquests by Alexander the Great immensely influenced the religious, cultural, and social prospects of Persia, India, and Egypt. The development of different forms of Hellenistic Civilizations in these regions is suitable examples to evaluate the powerful legacy of Alexander the Great.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Adler, P. J., & Pouwels, R. L. (2011). World Civilizations: Volume I: To 1700. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=TKvLYotBMUAC
Erskine, A. (2003). Approaching the Hellenistic world. A Companion to the Hellenistic World, 1–15.
Heckel, W. (2008). The conquests of Alexander the Great. A Companion to the Classical Greek World.
Judge, E. H., & Langdon, J. W. (2011). Connections: A World History: To 1650. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=kTFHXwAACAAJ
Kinzl, K. H. (2010). A companion to the Classical Greek world (Vol. 73). John Wiley & Sons.
Mark, S. (2002). Alexander the Great, seafaring, and the spread of leprosy. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 57(3), 285–311.
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