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Unit 4 Coursework
Student’s Name
Institution
Data Analysis: Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing
The analysis of the data established that health and safety matters are key issues for Sun Coast workers. It is also pointed that there are significant correlations between the lost time hours and safety training expenditure. The study also established that there is relationship between health and safety of workers and the performance of Sun Coast. The study also established that Sun Coast also works around the clock to offer a better working environment for all workers through elimination of substances which can hinder growth of workers. The data analysis is represented on the tables below.
Frequency distribution table
It is a chart, which provides the summary of values and their charts on the table.
Descriptive Statistics Analysis
The descriptive statistic is regarded as the basic feature of data in a study. It provides the mean, mode, median and standard deviation. The mean, mode, media and standard deviation is obtained as illustrated in the table below.
Column1
Column2
Mean
63.66290704
Mean
36.05781174
Standard Error
1.29748924
Standard Error
0.547442611
Median
68.224587
Median
36.089061
Mode
79.43
Mode
31.92666
Standard Deviation
15.78463787
Standard Deviation
6.659926806
Sample Variance
249.1547926
Sample Variance
44.35462506
Kurtosis
-1.024398771
Kurtosis
-1.325145342
Skewness
-0.246301829
Skewness
0.136789913
Range
66.1409
Range
23.034936
Minimum
26.75474
Minimum
24.407484
Maximum
92.89564
Maximum
47.44242
Sum
9422.110242
Sum
5336.556138
Count
148
Count
148
Confidence Level (95.0%)
2.564141412
Confidence Level (95.0%)
1.081874305
The study identified six problems as some of the major concerns for Sun Coast. The first major concern is job site particle pollution affecting the health of employees. It also reported that Sun Coast suffers from high job lose and this could be as a result of poor working condition. Though respirators are needed in certain environment, the particulate matter (PM) differs in size and mostly depends on the job site and project which are being undertaken. There are also other issues such as safety training effectiveness, sound level exposure, new employee training and lead exposure which senior management must address.
Regression analysis
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
0.057185425
R Square
0.003270173
Adjusted R Square
-0.003556744
Standard Error
6.67176012
Observations
148
ANOVA
df
SS
MS
F
Significance F
Regression
1
21.32195
21.32195
0.479012
0.48997
Residual
146
6498.808
44.51238
Total
147
6520.13
Coefficients
Standard Error
t Stat
P-value
Lower 95%
Upper 95%
Lower 95.0%
Upper 95.0%
Intercept
34.52175714
2.286143
15.10044
1.26E-31
30.00355
39.03997
30.00355
39.03997
X Variable 1
0.024127937
0.034862
0.692107
0.48997
-0.04477
0.093026
-0.04477
0.093026
It is means that there a relationship between particulate matter size and employee sick days because of the p. value is 0.48997. It means that the hypothesis is accepted. It is also obtained that there a predictive relationship between safety training expenditure and lost time hours?
Cumulative Analysis
Bin
Frequency
Cumulative %
Bin
Frequency
Cumulative %
24.407
0
0.00%
More
127
85.81%
24.407
0
0.00%
42.519
5
89.19%
25.770
0
0.00%
41.574
3
91.22%
25.770
0
0.00%
34.771
2
92.57%
25.909
0
0.00%
36.034
2
93.92%
25.909
0
0.00%
26.854
1
94.59%
26.854
1
0.68%
29.291
1
95.27%
26.854
0
0.68%
29.689
1
95.95%
27.003
0
0.68%
38.849
1
96.62%
27.003
0
0.68%
42.947
1
97.30%
27.073
0
0.68%
44.608
1
97.97%
27.073
0
0.68%
45.473
1
98.65%
27.352
0
0.68%
46.746
1
99.32%
27.352
0
0.68%
47.442
1
100.00%
27.451
0
0.68%
24.407
0
100.00%
27.451
0
0.68%
24.407
0
100.00%
27.550
0
0.68%
25.770
0
100.00%
27.550
0
0.68%
25.770
0
100.00%
27.899
0
0.68%
25.909
0
100.00%
27.899
0
0.68%
25.909
0
100.00%
28.088
0
0.68%
26.854
0
100.00%
28.088
0
0.68%
27.003
0
100.00%
29.291
1
1.35%
27.003
0
100.00%
29.291
0
1.35%
27.073
0
100.00%
29.390
0
1.35%
27.073
0
100.00%
29.390
0
1.35%
27.352
0
100.00%
29.689
1
2.03%
27.352
0
100.00%
29.689
0
2.03%
27.451
0
100.00%
29.977
0
2.03%
27.451
0
100.00%
29.977
0
2.03%
27.550
0
100.00%
30.027
0
2.03%
27.550
0
100.00%
30.027
0
2.03%
27.899
0
100.00%
30.027
0
2.03%
27.899
0
100.00%
30.037
0
2.03%
28.088
0
100.00%
30.037
0
2.03%
28.088
0
100.00%
30.037
0
2.03%
29.291
0
100.00%
30.236
0
2.03%
29.390
0
100.00%
30.236
0
2.03%
29.390
0
100.00%
30.345
0
2.03%
29.689
0
100.00%
30.345
0
2.03%
29.977
0
100.00%
30.703
0
2.03%
29.977
0
100.00%
30.703
0
2.03%
30.027
0
100.00%
31.051
0
2.03%
30.027
0
100.00%
31.051
0
2.03%
30.027
0
100.00%
31.051
0
2.03%
30.037
0
100.00%
31.081
0
2.03%
30.037
0
100.00%
31.081
0
2.03%
30.037
0
100.00%
31.240
0
2.03%
30.236
0
100.00%
31.240
0
2.03%
30.236
0
100.00%
31.240
0
2.03%
30.345
0
100.00%
31.509
0
2.03%
30.345
0
100.00%
31.509
0
2.03%
30.703
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
30.703
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
31.051
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
31.051
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
31.051
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
31.081
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
31.081
0
100.00%
32.374
0
2.03%
31.240
0
100.00%
32.374
0
2.03%
31.240
0
100.00%
32.404
0
2.03%
31.240
0
100.00%
32.404
0
2.03%
31.509
0
100.00%
33.120
0
2.03%
31.509
0
100.00%
33.120
0
2.03%
31.927
0
100.00%
33.339
0
2.03%
31.927
0
100.00%
33.339
0
2.03%
31.927
0
100.00%
33.339
0
2.03%
31.927
0
100.00%
34.771
2
3.38%
31.927
0
100.00%
34.771
0
3.38%
31.927
0
100.00%
34.771
0
3.38%
32.374
0
100.00%
34.771
0
3.38%
32.374
0
100.00%
36.034
2
4.73%
32.404
0
100.00%
36.034
0
4.73%
32.404
0
100.00%
36.034
0
4.73%
33.120
0
100.00%
36.144
0
4.73%
33.120
0
100.00%
36.144
0
4.73%
33.339
0
100.00%
36.144
0
4.73%
33.339
0
100.00%
36.144
0
4.73%
33.339
0
100.00%
36.850
0
4.73%
34.771
0
100.00%
36.850
0
4.73%
34.771
0
100.00%
36.850
0
4.73%
34.771
0
100.00%
36.850
0
4.73%
36.034
0
100.00%
37.198
0
4.73%
36.034
0
100.00%
37.198
0
4.73%
36.144
0
100.00%
37.198
0
4.73%
36.144
0
100.00%
37.198
0
4.73%
36.144
0
100.00%
37.745
0
4.73%
36.144
0
100.00%
37.745
0
4.73%
36.850
0
100.00%
37.745
0
4.73%
36.850
0
100.00%
37.745
0
4.73%
36.850
0
100.00%
38.203
0
4.73%
36.850
0
100.00%
38.203
0
4.73%
37.198
0
100.00%
38.203
0
4.73%
37.198
0
100.00%
38.203
0
4.73%
37.198
0
100.00%
38.670
0
4.73%
37.198
0
100.00%
38.670
0
4.73%
37.745
0
100.00%
38.670
0
4.73%
37.745
0
100.00%
38.670
0
4.73%
37.745
0
100.00%
38.849
1
5.41%
37.745
0
100.00%
38.849
0
5.41%
38.203
0
100.00%
38.849
0
5.41%
38.203
0
100.00%
38.849
0
5.41%
38.203
0
100.00%
41.574
3
7.43%
38.203
0
100.00%
41.574
0
7.43%
38.670
0
100.00%
41.574
0
7.43%
38.670
0
100.00%
41.574
0
7.43%
38.670
0
100.00%
42.519
5
10.81%
38.670
0
100.00%
42.519
0
10.81%
38.849
0
100.00%
42.519
0
10.81%
38.849
0
100.00%
42.519
0
10.81%
38.849
0
100.00%
42.947
1
11.49%
41.574
0
100.00%
42.947
0
11.49%
41.574
0
100.00%
42.947
0
11.49%
41.574
0
100.00%
42.947
0
11.49%
42.519
0
100.00%
44.170
0
11.49%
42.519
0
100.00%
44.170
0
11.49%
42.519
0
100.00%
44.170
0
11.49%
42.947
0
100.00%
44.170
0
11.49%
42.947
0
100.00%
44.409
0
11.49%
42.947
0
100.00%
44.409
0
11.49%
44.170
0
100.00%
44.409
0
11.49%
44.170
0
100.00%
44.409
0
11.49%
44.170
0
100.00%
44.558
0
11.49%
44.170
0
100.00%
44.558
0
11.49%
44.409
0
100.00%
44.558
0
11.49%
44.409
0
100.00%
44.558
0
11.49%
44.409
0
100.00%
44.608
1
12.16%
44.409
0
100.00%
44.608
0
12.16%
44.558
0
100.00%
44.608
0
12.16%
44.558
0
100.00%
44.608
0
12.16%
44.558
0
100.00%
45.055
0
12.16%
44.558
0
100.00%
45.055
0
12.16%
44.608
0
100.00%
45.055
0
12.16%
44.608
0
100.00%
45.055
0
12.16%
44.608
0
100.00%
45.473
1
12.84%
45.055
0
100.00%
45.473
0
12.84%
45.055
0
100.00%
45.473
0
12.84%
45.055
0
100.00%
45.473
0
12.84%
45.055
0
100.00%
45.503
0
12.84%
45.473
0
100.00%
45.503
0
12.84%
45.473
0
100.00%
45.503
0
12.84%
45.473
0
100.00%
45.503
0
12.84%
45.503
0
100.00%
46.746
1
13.51%
45.503
0
100.00%
46.746
0
13.51%
45.503
0
100.00%
46.746
0
13.51%
45.503
0
100.00%
46.746
0
13.51%
46.746
0
100.00%
47.442
1
14.19%
46.746
0
100.00%
47.442
0
14.19%
46.746
0
100.00%
More
127
100.00%
47.442
0
100.00%
Data for the company:
Sun Coast Closing
Sun Coast Return
30-Jun-2019
82.780
47.442
31-May-2019
78.510
45.503
30-Apr-2019
74.520
45.473
31-Mar-2019
70.640
44.558
28-Feb-2019
73.950
44.170
31-Jan-2019
69.910
42.947
31-Dec-2018
72.390
46.746
30-Nov-2018
71.230
45.055
31-Oct-2018
69.230
44.608
30-Sep-2018
71.410
44.409
31-Aug-2018
71.240
42.519
31-Jul-2018
74.790
41.574
30-Jun-2018
72.870
38.670
31-May-2018
69.300
38.203
30-Apr-2018
71.820
37.198
31-Mar-2018
72.310
38.849
28-Feb-2018
76.390
37.745
31-Jan-2018
78.870
36.850
31-Dec-2017
80.340
36.144
30-Nov-2017
79.430
34.771
31-Oct-2017
77.630
36.034
30-Sep-2017
75.250
33.339
31-Aug-2017
75.800
31.927
31-Jul-2017
83.730
31.240
30-Jun-2017
82.810
31.927
31-May-2017
79.650
30.027
30-Apr-2017
87.400
30.037
31-Mar-2017
85.910
31.051
28-Feb-2017
82.320
32.404
31-Jan-2017
81.660
32.374
31-Dec-2016
82.410
31.081
30-Nov-2016
78.650
33.120
31-Oct-2016
73.390
31.509
30-Sep-2016
72.400
30.345
31-Aug-2016
71.810
29.291
31-Jul-2016
77.350
27.451
30-Jun-2016
74.370
27.352
31-May-2016
77.430
27.550
30-Apr-2016
73.890
27.899
31-Mar-2016
74.920
29.689
29-Feb-2016
70.140
29.390
31-Jan-2016
78.670
28.088
31-Dec-2015
85.530
27.073
30-Nov-2015
79.430
25.909
31-Oct-2015
76.730
24.407
30-Sep-2015
72.720
25.770
31-Aug-2015
75.080
26.854
31-Jul-2015
87.087
27.003
30-Jun-2015
84.670
30.236
31-May-2015
84.631
29.977
30-Apr-2015
88.390
30.703
31-Mar-2015
92.896
45.503
28-Feb-2015
91.424
45.473
31-Jan-2015
88.848
44.558
31-Dec-2014
85.187
44.170
30-Nov-2014
80.284
42.947
31-Oct-2014
80.045
46.746
30-Sep-2014
74.883
45.055
31-Aug-2014
80.881
44.608
31-Jul-2014
83.298
44.409
30-Jun-2014
80.443
42.519
31-May-2014
81.149
41.574
30-Apr-2014
78.474
38.670
31-Mar-2014
77.022
38.203
28-Feb-2014
74.257
37.198
31-Jan-2014
73.829
38.849
31-Dec-2013
77.380
37.745
30-Nov-2013
77.400
36.850
31-Oct-2013
75.669
36.144
30-Sep-2013
70.825
34.771
31-Aug-2013
72.447
36.034
31-Jul-2013
73.809
33.339
30-Jun-2013
68.806
31.927
31-May-2013
66.499
31.240
30-Apr-2013
73.053
31.927
31-Mar-2013
67.643
30.027
28-Feb-2013
66.907
30.037
31-Jan-2013
64.102
31.051
31-Dec-2012
61.844
47.442
30-Nov-2012
59.368
45.503
31-Oct-2012
57.438
45.473
30-Sep-2012
55.469
44.558
31-Aug-2012
54.444
44.170
31-Jul-2012
57.219
42.947
30-Jun-2012
52.813
46.746
31-May-2012
49.133
45.055
30-Apr-2012
51.689
44.608
31-Mar-2012
49.829
44.409
29-Feb-2012
49.163
42.519
31-Jan-2012
50.386
41.574
31-Dec-2011
48.954
38.670
30-Nov-2011
47.144
38.203
31-Oct-2011
49.004
37.198
30-Sep-2011
45.304
38.849
31-Aug-2011
47.960
37.745
31-Jul-2011
49.004
36.850
30-Jun-2011
52.018
36.144
31-May-2011
50.347
34.771
30-Apr-2011
53.420
36.034
31-Mar-2011
52.117
33.339
28-Feb-2011
52.823
31.927
31-Jan-2011
52.177
31.240
31-Dec-2010
50.496
31.927
30-Nov-2010
48.019
30.027
31-Oct-2010
48.636
30.037
30-Sep-2010
50.894
31.051
31-Aug-2010
50.028
32.404
31-Jul-2010
52.276
32.374
30-Jun-2010
48.377
31.081
31-May-2010
51.093
33.120
30-Apr-2010
58.194
31.509
31-Mar-2010
55.986
30.345
28-Feb-2010
53.629
29.291
31-Jan-2010
52.943
27.451
31-Dec-2009
54.554
27.352
30-Nov-2009
52.515
27.550
31-Oct-2009
51.968
27.899
30-Sep-2009
51.471
29.689
31-Aug-2009
45.752
29.390
31-Jul-2009
42.569
28.088
30-Jun-2009
38.789
27.073
31-May-2009
34.950
25.909
30-Apr-2009
34.920
24.407
31-Mar-2009
34.542
25.770
28-Feb-2009
29.639
26.854
31-Jan-2009
26.755
27.003
31-Dec-2008
28.744
30.236
30-Nov-2008
33.906
29.977
31-Oct-2008
40.082
30.703
30-Sep-2008
42.390
45.503
31-Aug-2008
42.171
45.473
31-Jul-2008
39.535
44.558
30-Jun-2008
39.953
44.170
31-May-2008
42.091
42.947
30-Apr-2008
44.608
46.746
31-Mar-2008
41.584
45.055
29-Feb-2008
41.902
44.608
31-Jan-2008
49.133
44.409
31-Dec-2007
58.781
42.519
30-Nov-2007
59.328
41.574
31-Oct-2007
61.168
38.670
30-Sep-2007
56.085
38.203
31-Aug-2007
54.852
37.198
31-Jul-2007
53.967
38.849
30-Jun-2007
54.952
37.745
31-May-2007
55.101
36.850
30-Apr-2007
52.475
36.144
31-Mar-2007
49.989
34.771
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Denyer, B., & Jaina, ,. J. (2017). How do they manage? A qualitative study of the realities of
middle and front-line management work in health care. NIHR Journals Library , 2-15.
P, M., Kumar, S., Lizarondo, L., & Baldock, K. (2015). Debriefing about the challenges of
working in a remote area: A qualitative study of Australian allied health professionals' perspectives on clinical supervision. Journal of health and safety issues , 2-15.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 4 Words: 1200
Business and Management - External Factor Analysis (EFAS)
Name: Kathryn Campbell
Business and Management - External Factor Analysis (EFAS)
External Factor Analysis (EFAS) Table for Amazon Inc.
External Factors
Weight
Rating
Weighted Score
Comments
Opportunities
Penetrating new markets.
0.10
4.0
0.40
The company’s focus is on penetrate new markets and to gain new customers by utilizing its full potential.
Increasing physical stores.
0.08
2.0
0.16
Amazon has not been able to establish physical stores as they are needed CITATION ROB17 \l 1033 (GREENSPAN, 2017).
Decreasing fake sales.
0.05
5.0
0.25
The company does not let anyone cause an adverse effect on its name and takes strict measures to eliminate fake sales.
Go for backward and forward integration.
0.08
4.0
0.32
Backward and forward integration has brought a lot of operational efficiency in its services. Amazon is continuously developing processes to have its own supply and delivery channels.
Making further acquisitions.
0.09
5.0
0.45
Through a continuous process of acquisitions, the Company has been able to expand worldwide in a very low span of time.
Decreasing human intervention.
0.10
4.0
0.40
Human intervention is being decreased in the processes by using modern techniques such as robots, etc. Company is well aware of cutting its costs by using those technological advancements.
Threats
Controversies cause customer dissatisfaction.
0.07
4.0
0.28
Controversies cause a drop in the company’s reputation and earnings. Amazon has been striving hard to minimize the effects of those controversies.
Regulations may cause an adverse effect.
0.08
3.0
0.24
While exploring new markets regulations of those countries affect the plans and missions of the company. There could be no solution to those problems faced.
Customer’s data security.
0.12
5.0
0.60
Customer’s data lying on Amazon’s servers is very crucial to be kept safe. The company is devoting its resources for the purpose.
Threat from other online retailers.
0.10
4.0
0.40
Other online retailers may capture markets and may lead Amazon in the future, especially in those markets where Amazon’s presence is limited CITATION Ano19 \l 1033 (Anon, Amazon SWOT Analysis, 2019). The company has always struggled to be the best and be the market leader.
Stockout conditions.
0.08
4.0
0.32
There is no remedy for stockout conditions. Amazon is proactive in mitigating the risks of those circumstances.
Costs increase due to warranties/guarantees.
0.05
3.0
0.15
Sales of substandard products on Amazon’s portals may cause the company to bear a lot in respect of returns, guarantees/warranties. The company is well aware of that and always have been updating its policies in this respect.
1.00
3.89
The company is doing much better than the others in the industry with a weighted score of 3.97/5.00. Its worldwide presence and delivery of products have made it lead the market. Most of its earnings are still coming from the markets of North America CITATION Abh19 \l 1033 (Pratap, 2019). No doubt the e-commerce is becoming intense and competitive day by day and the operating margins are certainly going to become lesser. Thus, the e-commerce giant “Amazon Inc.” would have to take thoughtful measures to halt the entry of new rivals and countering their strategies effectively.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY Anon. (2019, June 16). Amazon SWOT Analysis. Retrieved from businessteacher.org.uk: https://businessteacher.org.uk/swot/amazon.php
GREENSPAN, R. (2017, February 20). Amazon.com Inc. SWOT Analysis & Recommendations. Retrieved from http://panmore.com: http://panmore.com/amazon-com-inc-swot-analysis-recommendations
Pratap, A. (2019, March 09). AMAZON SWOT ANALYSIS 2018. Retrieved from notesmatic.com: https://notesmatic.com/2018/07/amazon-swot-analysis-2018/
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Unit 5 Assignment MBA5101
[Name of the Writer]
[Name of the Institution]
Unit 5 Assignment MBA5101
Question # 1: What is a functional strategy?
Functional Strategies are those which reflect that tactical and strategic goals or objectives typically need the involvement of several functional areas. Functional strategy organization or company and corporate strategies and tactics in particular ways, often resulting in enhanced and improved bottom positions.
The functional strategy which amazon has utilized the most is production. The company has pursued this functional strategy to boost up its efficiency where they implement highly fixable production and manufacturing systems (Wu, & Gereffi, 2018). Beyond that, another adopted functional strategy by Amazon is information system. This has been pursued for the purpose of reducing the cost through automotive processes (Papulova, & Gazova, 2016). The company has bought KIVA in the year of 2012 to automate the distribution center which led to decrease in the number of employees required per distribution. This decrease has been done up to 40% by the company as well as the productivity has been enhanced accordingly.
Amazon also adopted the functional strategy of material management which have been pursued to boost up customers responsiveness. This helped the company in reducing costs regarding inventory holdings.
Question # 2: What are stability strategies in business?
Stability strategies are the strategies in which the company or organization retain/maintain all of the present strategies at the corporate level continuously focuses on the present or existing products and services and target market(s). The most common stability strategies in business are;
No Change Strategy
This stability strategy is concerned with doing nothing new. In No Change Strategy, he business or organization continue with the present/existing business line. The business or company continue with the existing business strategy (No Change Strategy) when the business or company has efficient and stable external and internal environment (Papulova, & Gazova, 2016).
Profit Strategy
Profit strategy is a stability strategy in which company or business capitalizes on a condition where old and obsolete product, service or technology has been replaced by the new one. Such strategy does not need any new investment and that’s why this is not considered as growth strategy. In this stability strategy, businesses follow existing technology and practices and transit new domains.
Pros of No Change Strategy
Enables the firms to be more efficient in existing business line
Increase focus on improving external and internal environment
Cons of No Change Strategy
Lack of innovation in business operations
Firms may face difficulties in competition by not bring changes in today’s competitive business world
Pros of Profit Strategy
New technologies are defined while following existing ones
No need of investments
Cons of Profit Strategy
Difficulties exist in defining new technologies while following existing
It is not a growth strategy while it is needed to be
Question # 3: What are Competitive and Cooperative Strategies?
Competitive Strategies
Competitive strategies are those, which are adopted by companies to gain competitive advantage over the competitors in the market and industry through examining the strengths and weaknesses accordingly. The major competitive strategies are;
Cost Leadership Strategy
Differentiation Strategy
Focus Strategy
Cooperative Strategies
Cooperative strategies are the strategies in which more than one firm get in partnership and work together to achieve a particular and shared goal or objectives. These strategies are categorized into two main subsets which are; strategic alliances and collusive strategies.
What are The Tradeoffs (Pros and Cons) Between an Internal and an External Growth Strategy?
Internal Growth Strategy
The pros of internal growth strategy is the firms can expand and empower the operations internally through identification of the products and services and the known facts about how operations can be grown. The business can easily make strategic changes to cut expenses or costs in operations. The cons of internal growth strategy is management may not be able to make changes without having efficient strategic plan. It may take long enough time to increase revenues while having only internal strategy (Aras, & Crowther, 2016).
External Growth Strategy
The major advantage is the company can grow faster and can build strong relationships. Another pro is that companies can easily expand target markets and enhance customers’ base. While the cons of external growth strategy is it might be a bit expensive as well as there is lack of trust of businesses on each other.
Which approach is best as an international strategy?
As an international strategy, both of the approaches are crucial but internal growth strategy could be found as the best approach because no business can operate if it does not have strong and efficient internal growth strategy. Plus, in today’s competitive global business environment, company or company can lead which has strong internal strategies and tactics which can put huge efforts in success of the business or firm (Aras, & Crowther, 2016). Beyond, that internal growth strategies are much cost efficient than external.
References
Aras, G., & Crowther, D. (2016). The durable corporation: Strategies for sustainable development. Routledge.
Papulova, Z., & Gazova, A. (2016). Role of strategic analysis in strategic decision-making. Procedia Economics and Finance, 39, 571-579.
Wu, X., & Gereffi, G. (2018). Amazon and Alibaba: Internet Governance, Business Models, and Internationalization Strategies. In International Business in the Information and Digital Age (pp. 327-356). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Unit 5 MBA 6103
[Name of the Writer]
[Name of the Institution]
Unit 5 MBA 6103
Introduction
A number of incidents take place in this world on a daily basis. Some of these incidents are positive whereas some are tragic. Some incidents pass without a mention however, some leave a deep impact on a large number of people. These incidents take place both at a local level and global level. One of such incidents took place on September 11, 2001. September 11 attacks, also known as 9/11, refers to a series of terrorist attacks by a group, Al-Qaida. All these four attacks were conducted on different important locations in the United States, killing approximately 2996 people and injuring more than 6000 people. The terrorist attacks caused total damage of $10 billion as infrastructure and property damage. This incident not only shook the whole United States of America but the whole world and left deep and profound effects on the whole world.
Discussion
The tragic attacks of 9/11 shook the world and affected almost every aspect of life. The target country, the United States of America, was clearly most effected, where it affected an impact on the social, psychological, and even physical fronts of the people.
Reaction of the people and organizational leaders involved in the incident
The reaction to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, were very extreme. People from every field of life condemned it at a large scale which included governments of different countries, political leaders and religious representatives. The local and international media also presented regretting remarks over the tragic incident (Pyszczynski, Solomon, & Greenberg, 2003). The organizational leaders in the United States and all over the world offered their condolences and extended their maximum corporation towards the people and government of the United States.
Strategies of the organizations that attempted to assist the clean up after the incident
The first and foremost strategy that was adopted by the organizations to cope up with this enormous tragedy was to arrange for the mental health response capability of its employees, as it was the pressing need of the hour.
Pressures that influenced the strategies
The factors that made it an immediate responsibility for the organizations to work for the emotional recovery of their employees was that many people all over the United States had lost their loved ones in these attacks. Even if they had not lost any family member, relative, friend or a loved one in these tragic incidents, it had shaken every American citizen deeply and there was a risk that it could also affect their productivity.
How has the event affected the ethical culture in the United States?
The terrorist attacks had a long-lasting impact on the ethical culture of the United States. This impact extended far beyond the geopolitics into society and culture. This impact could be seen in the form of an increase in the time spent with family and home, higher attendance in church and an elevated expression of patriotism (Bonham, Edmonds, & Mak, 2006).
How has the incident affected society as a whole?
The impact of the 9/11 attacks on the whole world was very harsh. Where it showed the empathetic side of the various societies of the whole world, it also exhibited the dark side of the globalization.
Conclusion
In a nutshell, it can be concluded that the terrorist attack of 9/11 was a huge tragic incident that not only had a profound impact on the economy and people of the United States of America but the whole world. The governments of different countries, political leaders and the religious leaders all over the world condemned this sad yet brutal incident and ensured their maximum corporation at every possible level. These attacks left deep and long-lasting effects on the economic, social, psychological, cultural and even ethical fronts of the society.
References
Bonham, C., Edmonds, C., & Mak, J. (2006). The impact of 9/11 and other terrible global events on tourism in the United States and Hawaii. Journal of Travel Research, 45(1), 99-110.
Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2003). In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. American Psychological Association.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Unit 5 MBA5652 Assignment
[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]
Author Note
Unit 5 MBA5652 Assignment
This section provides the correlation, linear regression, and multiple regression test hypotheses, test results, findings, and analysis. The provided sun coast dataset has been employed to run the test in Excel Toolpak. The outputs from excel have been imported and analyzed below.
Correlation: Hypothesis Testing
The correlation hypothesis testing involves testing the relationship between two variables A and B (Field, 2000). In this test, the relationship of health of employees and particulate matter (PM) will be tested using chi-square correlation test, and simple regression will show the percentage of relationship between the variables. The test results will predict if the higher level of air pollution measured in microns of particulate matter's size is associated with a higher number of leaves from the employees in different sites.
Hypotheses
Null hypothesis Ho1: No statistically substantial relationship exists among particulate matter and number of sick leaves.
Experimental hypothesis Ha1: A statistically substantial relationship exists among particulate matter and number of sick leaves.
Correlation output and interpretation
Fig. 1 Correlation output
It is evident from the table that the R-square is equal to 0.513, Pearson’s coefficient r is ‘-0.715’. Hence, the two variables are 71.5% related to each other. The negative sign indicates an inverse relationship between the two. Lower the particle size, higher the number of sick leaves. It is important to note that the results of correlation analysis only show the relationship, which means it does not predict cause and effect. For example, we cannot say that particle size is causing ill health. However, there is surely a strong relationship observed among the two variables.
Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the experimental or alternative hypothesis, which states that a relationship exists between particulate matter size and a number of sick leaves.
Simple Regression: Hypothesis Testing
The regression analysis in addition to proving the relationship between the variables, determines the percentage of relationship between them (Field, 2000). The simple regression in this case will predict to what extent the safety training is correlated to lost time hours. The training has been measured by amount of money spent on safety training.
Hypotheses
Null hypothesis Ho1: Training has proven to be effective in reducing the lost-time hours.
Experimental hypothesis Ha1: Training has proven to be effective in reducing the lost-time hours.
Simple/linear regression output and interpretation
Linear regression outputs from the data provided have been presented below.
Fig.2 (a) Scatterplot showing correlation training expenses and lost time hours
The scatterplot above shows inverse relationship between the two variables. The rise in money spent on training is accompanied by the reduction of a number of lost hours. The plot shows the Pearson’s coefficient (r) 0.1434. Hence, the relationship between the two variables was 14.34%. It is important to note that the outlier exists, which was removed for better interpretation of results.
Fig.2 (b) Scatterplot showing correlation training expenses and lost time hours after removal of outliers
The scatterplot after removal of outlier is presented above. The relationship after removing outliers is 14.37% which is not statistically different from that obtained before removal of the outlier.
Fig.3 (a) Simple regression test result
It is evident from the table above that r square value is 0.883. Hence, the results show that the variables are 88% related to each other. The multiple R is 0.939, R square 0.883, ANOVA F value 1851.86 and alpha a value is 273.45.
Fig.3 (b) Simple regression test result
Y = bx + a
Where b is safety training expenditure and a is intercept. Hence,
Y = -0.143 * x + 273.45
The regression equation shows that lost time hours can be obtained by multiplying x to -0.143 and adding 273.45. Considering the above results, we do reject the null hypothesis and accept the experimental hypothesis that safety training is effective in reducing the lost time hours.
Multiple Regression: Hypothesis Testing
The multiple regression is used to study a number of factors linked to a variable Creswell & Creswell, 2017). In this case, it is tested if the variables like angle, velocity, chord length, frequency and displacement are contributing to noise measured in decibels.
Hypotheses
Null hypothesis Ho1: The variables frequency, angle, chord length, velocity and displacement do not contribute to noise (dB).
Experimental hypothesis Ha1: The variables frequency, angle, chord length, velocity and displacement contribute to noise (dB).
Multiple regression output and interpretation
The excel outputs of multiple regression analyses have been presented below.
Fig.4 (a) Multiple regression output
The Multiple R value observed is 0.00, R square is 0.36 and ANOVA F value 170.03.
Fig.4 (b) Multiple regression output
As evident from the table above, the regression outputs display non-significant outputs for angle and chord length and significant values for frequency, velocity, and displacement. Therefore, the velocity, frequency, and displacement contribute to noise at workplace. The amount of noise can be predicted by following equation if the frequency, velocity and displacement are known.
Dependent variable (Noise) = 126.82 – 0.00 (frequency) + 0.08(velocity) – 240(displacement), where 126.82 is constant alpha value.
References
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS:(and sex, drugs and rock'n'roll) (Vol. 497). Sage.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Article Review
Name of Student
Name of Teacher
The article discusses that the morality aspect is often ignored while doing business now a days. The article negates the traditional view of corporate conscience with respect to shareholders, managers and the society. First of all the writers assess that the shareholders need to maximize the value delivered to them in the form of higher returns. Thus the shareholders’ desires are converted to corporate goals. This results in the organization running after the profit without taking into account the consequences. The other stance is that the managers can use their own set of moral values to set the direction of the organization. This will ignore the interests of almost all the stakeholders except the employees. The shareholder’s view solely focuses on maximizing the profits so that the value for the shareholders is also maximized. Some organizations do the investments that are considered to be socially responsible. Others who favor this aspect shed light on the existence of benefit corporations. The shareholders’ interests cannot be fully protected if seen in isolation to other stakeholders involved. The external forces also play an important part in this regard. The shareholders’ value or conscience will be affected with these external forces. The shareholders see their own benefit only when inverting in an organization. The views that promote the managerial views show that the managers should bring in their own set of moral aspects when analyzing the situation. Those who support this aspect state that the organizations have not taken the morality and business side by side. They say that more religious people should be included in the organizations. The moral managers will allow the business to be run in such a way that will benefit the other stakeholders than the shareholders. The problem with the moral managers is that it brings in the conflict with the shareholders’ value. The last concept shows that the overall social wealth maximization should be pursued. It is however unclear how to achieve the goals associated with the social aspects. An important role of the government has also been identified in this scenario. The managers will not know how to maximize the social wealth.
The article describes three different aspects of corporate ethics, the shareholder view, society view and the managerial view. The normal view is that the business should focus on the maximization of shareholder’s value. This study adds at least two more aspects namely the society and the managers.
The finance field will benefit from this study because the finance managers always pursue a way that will maximize the shareholder’s value. After studying this they will have to rethink their stance. They will have to include the managerial as well as the social considerations in the scenario. The shareholders can better assess the company whether it is fulfilling its duties towards the society and managers as well as trying to maximize the profits earned.
My view before studying the article was that the shareholders have no conscience. This meant that the organization should work only for the maximization of shareholder wealth. After the study I have developed an understanding that the organizations should consider the managers and the society as well. The study has also helped me to know the various benefits and disadvantages of considering these views independently. The organization should develop such plans that take all the aspects side by side. This strategy will benefit the organizations in the long run.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY Blythe, J. (2014). The philosophy of ethics and the corporate conscience. Social Business , 245-253.
D.Nelson, J. (2018). The Trouble with Corporate Conscience. Vanderbit Law Review , 1655-1702.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Unit II Assignment
Natasha Barrett (First M. Last)
School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)
Coca-Cola, one of the world's largest brand with higher brand equity was established in 1886. The brand is an undoubted market leader with a market share of about 48.6% in the carbonated, and soda drinks market. Coca-Cola, and the whole soda industry was under high criticism due to the increasing concerns related to obesity as it became one of the main reasons for deaths in American adults from the year 1986 to 2006. Health advocates have raised issues on the soda and carbonated drink companies and declared them as number one enemy of the public. Critics of the company declare Coca-Cola as a major contributor to obesity among adults. Numerous articles, books, and documentaries raised criticism on the roles and responsibilities of beverage companies. Coca-Cola chairman responded to the issue by acknowledging that obesity is one of the major challenges which affects people across the globe. The company made an attempt to increase awareness regarding physical activity which is essential to burn calories and issued a press release titled, "Fight against Obesity". However, these programs also faced severe criticism from society.
The perception of products of the product differs from culture to culture and country to country. A study by Bragg, and fellows explores the fact that companies create different images and perception of their brand in high-income countries and different in low-income countries (Bragg, Eby, Arshonsky, & Ogedegbe, 2017). For instance, Coca-Cola featured diet products more frequently on websites in high-income countries as compared to the websites in low-income countries. Consumer behavior, and preferences also change in different cultures. Countries raising issues about obesity, and poor health due to consumption of beverages and soda drinks were also the high-income developed countries who were concerned about the health. None of the issues were raised in low-income countries.
Faced with severe disparagement, and declined sales, the company used several different strategies, for instance, a press release names ‘Fight Against Obesity" primarily dedicated to promote physical activity side of obesity rather than calories intake. Another video titled "Coming Together", emphasized that Coke is not worst then any other calories food, and company claimed that they are paying their part by offering no-calories, and low-calorie options. The company also set a goal of Active Healthy Living in 2014 by engaging its customers. The former chief marketing offer, Bea Perez’s role was changed to chief sustainability officer. The company joined hands with PepsiCo, and Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, to reduce the amount of calories intake in the American diet. The company’s sustainability report declares that Coca-Cola is concerned about creating value for all the shareholders, stakeholders, and the community and environment as well. The company is dealing continuously to fight with the ethical, and financial dilemma in balancing the company needs with that of society.
Ethical leadership is very important to create an organizational culture based on ethical that promotes ethical values and social responsibility overall in an organization. Organizational ethics are driven by the actions of its leaders. Ethical leadership is vital in reducing the unethical behavior of employees if leaders take full responsibility for cultivating ethical culture (Engelbrecht, Wolmarans, & Mahembe, 2017). The same goes for the marketing department, they will try to instill ethical values in their practices. However, ethics must be incorporated in the company's goals and missions, to promote ethical activities. Coke is at the heart of the Coca-Cola brand and its marketing department is always aimed at increasing sales of the product. However, different factors such as sugar, and calories information must be highlighted so as to make consumers aware of their calories intake. Coca-Cola must be aware of the influences its marketing can have on the targeted population.
References
Bragg, M. A., Eby, M., Arshonsky, J., Bragg, A., & Ogedegbe, G. (2017). Comparison of online marketing techniques on food and beverage companies’ websites in six countries. Globalization and health, 13(1), 79.
Engelbrecht, A. S., Wolmarans, J., & Mahembe, B. (2017). Effect of ethical leadership and climate on effectiveness. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(1), 1-8.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Unit III Case Study
Natasha Barrett (First M. Last)
School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)
Response to Question 1:
The case study reflects that the labor practices at Nike are completely against the Western and Catholic values of integrity, responsibility and the business ethics which must be taken into consideration. Being a Western company Nike must incorporate ethical business practices. As the case study explores, Nike sweatshops face several allegations due to the inhumane working conditions they are providing to the labor. For Instance, Child labor is very common and the wages being offered to labors are below average which makes them work more to earn their living. Workers are also punished if they refuse to work overtime and workers consider it a horrible job (TeamSweat, 2011).
Response to Question 2:
In the case, Nike was given multiple opportunities to comment but they refuse. Nike also claimed to have an open door policy because they have nothing to hide but the situation revealed a different scenario (TeamSweat, 2011). Numerous unethical practices and ethical issues were exposed in Nike sweatshops. Customers are kept unaware of all those unethical practices while the bosses at the sweatshops are abusive, and do not support fair treatment to employees. Foreign domestic labor is being used for the benefit of the company and the labor are paid wages the lowest rates. The CEO hides information regarding poor employment conditions and does not take full responsibility for the unethical issues, and poor employment practicesgoing on in the sweatshops. In addition, higher management is misinforming the public, and the unaware public is paying high rates for the label of Nike. It is the responsibility of higher management to look at the interested of people of an organization, which was not followed in the case of Nike.These unethical practices at Nike reveals that they do not care about labor and indulge in inhuman actions and practices for the sake of profits. It discloses the values and ethics it puts at its business operations. Nike’s actions are the fair treatment of their ethical standards.
Response to Question 3:
After the documentary was created and aired and it became viral, Nike admitted and agreed to the unfair treatment going on at the sweatshops. Nike also claimed that they are working hard to ensure the sweatshops and contract factories comply with Nike’s code of conduct. Nike’s current code of conduct consists of the minimum requirements that a Nike factory is expected to follow. This code of conduct is related to the hiring practices, minimum wage, and consideration to the health and safety of their employees ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nhm24ptt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}Nike_Code_of_Conduct_2017_English1.pdf}, n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(Nike_Code_of_Conduct_2017_English1.pdf, n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1426,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/3AS33DQD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/FGhKhGPG/items/3AS33DQD"],"itemData":{"id":1426,"type":"article","title":"Nike_Code_of_Conduct_2017_English1.pdf","URL":"https://sbi-prd-s3-media-bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/14214947/Nike_Code_of_Conduct_2017_English1.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nike_Code_of_Conduct_2017_English1 .pdf, n.d.). This code of conduct also determines Nike choice of suppliers and Nike claims to engage and grow its business to create an equitable supply chain. In addition, Nike regularly reviews the factories of suppliers to assess that it meets the high standards developed by the company. The reviews consist of audits, both announced and unannounced by some internal and external parties.
Response to Question 4:
In the beginning, after watching the video, I decided to quit buying Nike products because of its unfair and inhumane labor and business practices. However, looking at the company’s new code of conduct discloses Nike’s commitment to the ethical standards and reveals that Nike is committed to respecting the rights of labor and its employees. This shows that Nike has started to take its global responsibilities seriously. Before changing my buying behavior towards the company, I will explore the context to which this code of conduct is followed at Nike's supplier's factories and if the labor conditions have been improved or not. However, I believe is a global brand, Nike must have started taking care of its employees to manage its global reputation.
References
TeamSweat. (2011). Nike Sweatshops: Behind the Swoosh [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5uYCWVfuPQ
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Nike_Code_of_Conduct_2017_English1.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sbi-prd-s3-media-bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/14214947/Nike_Code_of_Conduct_2017_English1.pdf
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Job Discrimination
[Name of the Writer]
[Name of the Institution]
Job Discrimination
Introduction
One of the major concerns in the current business community is discrimination in the workplace. It has been observed that an increase in gender and cultural diversity tends to obligate employees from different backgrounds to work together for meeting the goals of the organization. Discrimination on the basis of gender, religion, race or national origin is undoubtedly illegal (Brouwers et al., 2016). There is a high need for federal contractors and subcontracts to take responsive actions for guaranteeing equal employment. Whether the organization is on a smaller-level or it is on a large scale, it is the responsibility of employers to protect their workers from unfair treatment and discrimination in the workplace.
Impacts of Discrimination
The matter of fact is that the outcomes of workplace discrimination are not just harmful to the person who is being discriminated, but it tends to damage the entire organization as well. There is a high chance for an organization that tends to discriminate to face serious potential legal actions and financial losses. Studies and research have shown that the employees who start feeling being treated unfairly are likely to leave the organization very soon. When it comes to discrimination in the workplace, the time has proven that it creates an atmosphere where employees feel undervalued.
If the colleague of an employee who is less qualifies is getting hefty raises, there is a high chance that the morale of that employee will gradually decrease (Brouwers et al., 2016). Apart from this, if a group of employees working in the same organization are unfairly punished or have been given more tough assignment as compared to the ones given to other groups, in that particular scenario, it will not be justifiable for the organization itself, and the morale of the entire group will be on high risk to get low.
A number of organizations have been caught up when it comes to workplace discrimination. Among those companies involves BMW and Tiffany & Co. Moreover, workplace discrimination tends to fuel jealousy within the workplace and pit employees against each other. In simple words, workplace discrimination can often lead to conflicts among employees which may result in creating a bad atmosphere (Roosevelt, 2017). The matter of fact is that the employees who are discriminated against, they are often seen feeling helpless. The outcomes of this result in lacking interest in the job responsibilities, the welfare of the company, and career advancement as well. In a nutshell, it can be said that workplace discrimination tends to decrease employee productivity.
Ways to Prevent Discrimination
Workplace discrimination is often due to the organization itself, but there are certain steps that can be taken by an organization in order to prevent discrimination, and create a healthy atmosphere. Discrimination can be caused by either an employer or by workers. However, it must be taken into consideration that the organization still needs to opt for the responsibility to monitor, manage, and prevent any sort of discriminatory act within the workplace. There are certain steps that can be taken by an organization such as the employer can educate all workers regarding discrimination (Roosevelt, 2017). The employers should respond to any complaints or evidence of inappropriate behavior in the organization. Moreover, the workplace policy should be properly enforced, and it should be reviewed on a regular base as it may ensure its effectiveness.
Ethical Practices of BMW and Tiffany & Co
When it comes to the ethical practices of BMW and Tiffany & Co, it can simply be said that both organizations are different from each other, therefore, the way in which the employers deals with the problems is different as well. However, the ethical practices of both organization are fair.
References
Brouwers, E. P. M., Mathijssen, J., Van Bortel, T., Knifton, L., Wahlbeck, K., Van Audenhove, C., ... & Tófoli, L. F. (2016). Discrimination in the workplace, reported by people with major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional study in 35 countries. BMJ open, 6(2), e009961.
Roosevelt, F. D. (2017). WORKPLACE: DISCRIMINATION BY. AIDS.
Vickers, L. (2016). Religious freedom, religious discrimination and the workplace. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Response to Case Study
[Author’s name]
Response to Case Study
Response to Question 1
Provision of basic working facilities is the main obligation for the business organizations concerning the overall domains of business ethics and social responsibility. Comprehensive consideration of the following statement explicitly reveals that the business company of Nike fails to completely implement the approach of workers’ integrity. The success of any business corporation can never rank complete without the obligation of business morals. The profitable position of the company never provides any comfort to the workers as they are never even able to get enough food, shelter, and comfort. The information shared in the video clearly indicates that the organization of Nike is paying very low wages to the workers that ultimately makes it difficult for them to sustain. Consideration of this aspect is also critical because eventually, they do not have enough job security. Maintenance of the proper living standard is difficult for them which is the sure sign of incompetence of the company as the ethical business organization.
Response to Question 2
The organization of Nike set its ethical standards according to the broader domain of the code of ethics practiced within the company. It is vital to evaluate the actual ethical approach of the company by examining the organization’s culture. A thorough assessment of the current positioning of the workers in the company reveals that the management needs to take practical measures to inflict the actual form of business standards ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9SyYWUXy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Crane, Matten, Glozer, & Spence, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Crane, Matten, Glozer, & Spence, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2078,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/ADZRBX4B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/ADZRBX4B"],"itemData":{"id":2078,"type":"book","title":"Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization","publisher":"Oxford University Press","ISBN":"0-19-881007-5","author":[{"family":"Crane","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Matten","given":"Dirk"},{"family":"Glozer","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Spence","given":"Laura"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Crane, Matten, Glozer, & Spence, 2019). Nike is facing different ethical issues that ultimately questions the ethical position of the company. Child labor and the sweatshop problem has been established as the prominent legal and ethical concerns facing by the company. Giving low wages to the workers and extensive work hours are also major ethical problem prevails in case of the organization of Nike. Poor working conditions for workers is another major ethical concern that rising concern in the form of social responsibility for the company of Nike.
Response to Question 3
It is significant to analyze what practical measures adopted by Nike to effectively deal with the issue of ethical concerns. Assessment of the entire perspective reveals that Nike has done some serious actions to ensure better ethical domains under the context of the code of organizational ethics. It becomes essential for Nike to take necessary measures to attain better business position against the allegation of exploitation of workers at the global level. The practical approach of the strict audit is adopted by the company to timely identify the problematic features in the form of unfair working conditions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8SB4ZOos","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Giacalone & Thompson, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Giacalone & Thompson, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2077,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/TIDJEDV9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/TIDJEDV9"],"itemData":{"id":2077,"type":"article-journal","title":"Business ethics and social responsibility education: Shifting the worldview","container-title":"Academy of Management Learning & Education","page":"266-277","volume":"5","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Giacalone","given":"Robert A."},{"family":"Thompson","given":"Kenneth R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Giacalone & Thompson, 2006). The organization of Nike commits to reveals its detailed audit reports to show its approach of social responsibility and ethical standards. Nike’s efforts to maintain the better forms of corporate social responsibility van never be ignored but still there are areas which require necessary improvements. There is a need for offering more practical steps in case of health and safety of the employees working in the factories. It is crucial for the organization of Nike to take serious measures in the form of handsome salaries for the workers. This specific approach is important to ensure the proper living conditions for the employees and minimize the risk of child labor in factories.
Response to Question 4
Assessment of the ethical positioning of the business organization ultimately impacts the brand image of the product. It becomes difficult for the consumers to buy the product by the Nike which shows failure in the form of ethical standards for the workers. The well-being of the employees should be basic criteria to evaluate the ethical positioning of any business organization. Buying behavior is directly linked with the ethical code of practice adopted by the business organization.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Crane, A., Matten, D., Glozer, S., & Spence, L. (2019). Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press.
Giacalone, R. A., & Thompson, K. R. (2006). Business ethics and social responsibility education: Shifting the worldview. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(3), 266–277.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Thomas Farrow Case Study
Name
Institution
Professor
Course
Date
Managerial hubris is the belief as alleged by managers that they can oversee over another organization's assets more adequately compared to the current management of the firm. It is often characterized by arrogance and overconfidence among the managers. Managers who possess such traits are considered as liabilities and may make wrong decisions that negatively affect the firm involved. Managers and heads of companies who are overcome by managerial hubris are deemed to be challenging to work with since they don’t consider opinions from other colleagues in the firm. Therefore, this might cause the collapse of the firm involved due to insubordination among the employees.
Many factors contribute to managerial hubris. This is evident in the case of Thomas Farrow and the collapse of the Farrow’s bank. In the year 1920, Thomas is associated with the failure of Farrow’s bank because of inflicting managerial hubris in the firm. Thomas’ level of managerial hubris was mainly affected by the corporate culture of the bank, leadership, power, and motivation. Laxity was noted among the institution’s board of directors and especially executive staff, that is, Crotch and Hart, who depicted great neglect in the daily activities of the bank (Hollow, 2014). In addition to this, Thomas was always concerned about his image and did not provide the leadership that was required by following the rules and regulations of the banking sector. He always covered his losses by faking balance sheets and did not admit any wrongdoing even after being convicted (Hollow, 2014).
The power that Thomas held also played a role in his narcissistic and ego-centric behaviors because he had too much power vested on him. Also, the registering of the financial institution under the Friendly Societies Act enacted, in the year 1904, which meant that the bank could not go through thorough auditing enhanced Thomas’ power because the systems that were put in place at that time to control such irregularities did not efficiently carry out their mandate. (Hollow, 2014). Farrow is also seen as a greedy person whose motivation to be at the center of everything led him to plunge into insatiability. He was always motivated by his great appetite for money which later turned to managerial hubris (Hollow, 2014)
Managerial hubris as described may affect the ethical thinking of an individual. It makes one think of themselves as the overall person that they don’t require to listen to any other person while making decisions. However, in making corporate decisions, consultation is essential as it broadens once scoop of the problem at hand and therefore the decisions made are guaranteed to be sound and in favor of everyone involved. As noted in the case of Farrow’s bank where the power to make decisions lied with only the staff at senior management levels, the bank later collapsed with managerial hubris being one of the leading reasons of its collapse. If Farrow’s bank was not inflicted with managerial hubris from its senior management staff and board of directors, the impact on the business could have been different because sound decisions could have been made as a result of extensive consultations among all the stakeholders as the saying goes, do not mix business with pleasure.
Was there any kind of pressure felt by Thomas Farrow during decision making? The answer is no because Thomas solely relied on his mind while making decisions concerning the bank. He did not listen to other employees because of the ego-centric personality that made him think that his choices were right and hence he did not need to listen to other people, a trait associated with managerial hubris. Also, there was no external pressure from watchdog institutions since the financial institution was listed under the FSA Act of 1904 which meant that Thomas could do whatever he wanted with all the access and clearances he had at his disposal, without the fear of being questioned by these institutions (Hollow 2014). All these meant that the decisions made at Farrow’s bank were unethical and negatively impacted the business leading to its collapse.
The impact of decreased managerial hubris in Farrow’s bank would have meant that the bank could have flourished. The ethical structure of banks is necessary so as to keep them running smoothly; for example, many banks were bailed out during President Obama’s administration (Collins, 2015). After these bailouts, laws were put into place in order to prevent any collapse or bailouts in the future. These bailouts strengthened America’s economy despite the criticism received earlier by the administration. The mandate of the United States Federal Reserve is to watch over the banks so that they do not engage in unethical malpractices, thereby ensuring profitability of the banking sector improving the country’s economy in general.
In a nutshell, the question of managerial hubris and its impact on business environments is answered satisfactorily by relating it to the case of Thomas Farrow and how his managerial hubris led to the collapse of the bank. Lessons were also drawn from this story and its relationship to today’s business setting.
References
Collins, M. (2015). The Big Bank Bailout. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikecollins/2015/07/14/the-big-bank-bailout/
Hollow, M. (2014). The 1920 Farrows Bank failure: A case of managerial hubris? Journal of Management History,20(2), 164-178. doi:10.1108/jmh-11-2012-0071
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 3 Words: 900
Unit VI MBA6301 Case Study
Name of the Writer
Name of the University
Unit VI MBA6301 Case Study
Q1
After clearly reading the case study, it has been clarified that several factors affected the level of hubris on Thomas. The corporate culture within the bank was designed in such a way that Thomas Farrow had complete control. Furthermore, he had the authority to implement any policy or action that he sees fit without any sort of outside intervention. If an analysis of his leadership style were to be done, it could be seen that Thomas Farrow was more of a monarch (a ruthless one at that) rather than a manager (Hollow, 2014). Those type of leadership style was visible from his deafness to any advice from outside sources and as he had no oversight over him, he did whatever he wanted. Moreover, his involvement in shady dealings and mismanagement of funds of the bank and his funds were all an indication of his leadership style. Lastly, his only motivation that was visible from the case study was that Thomas Farrow wanted to make huge amounts of money in as much less time as possible. This is a clear example of one's greed taking over any moral sanctity that they might have had left. His greed forced him to go into dealings that he thought will give him the highest amount of profit majorly for himself or the bank; if the bank profits, even then he is the one who benefits from that. All these actions accumulated into managerial hubris, which inadvertently led to his destruction (Hollow, 2014).
Q2
Ethical decision making is a concept that revolves around the fact that decisions that are made within an organization should be taken to provide the maximum amount of benefit to the organization with the least amount of harm to the environment. By using ethical decision making as a guiding principle, employees, managers, and the shareholders of the company can increase productivity within the organization (Bazerman & Sezer, 2016). Furthermore, it can be seen that through ethical decision-making, employee morale stays high and the concept of managerial hubris remains even lower. In the case of Farrow's bank, if the idea of ethical decision making was already implemented within the current structure of the organization, the bank would never have gotten to such a low position. This is because if hubris is involved in the management decision making process, then there is a chance of an amoral decision process (Hollow, 2014). This type of decision process leads to an increased occurrence of unethical behavior among such individuals. Furthermore, hubris is such a plague on managerial decision making as it destroys any sort of moral awareness a person has. This is done by leading the decision-maker to let go of the importance of the external factors that are important for raising awareness regarding morality. This perfectly describes the case of Thomas Farrow, who in his hubris let go of any advice from external factors. This was also because of the fact as there was no oversight over him, he believed he could do as he desired.
Q3
Well, in the case of Farrows Bank, there does not seem to be any pressure associated with ethical decision making. This is evident from the fact that there was no oversight over him either internally or externally. Furthermore, as it was never asserted onto him by government regulators, that he has people he is answerable to. such as the customers and the government. This utter belief in his sovereignty of power left him to believe that nobody could ever stop him from what he wanted to do. This increased his managerial hubris and left him blinded to the path that he was taking and how the path did not have a pot of gold at the end but an utter demise of character and name (Hollow, 2014). Furthermore, with his increased hubris within his managerial capacity, his greed further increased and developed that could not be controlled. He made fraudulent dealings using the bank’s funds and his own as well. This led him to not only lose his funds but the bank’s funds as well. This shows that there is no evidence of pressure associated with ethical decision making at Farrows Bank. The only evidence that was found in this case study was of managerial hubris on the part of Thomas Farrow.
Q4
Yes, I do believe that if Farrow Bank had implemented a truly ethical business culture within its structure, then the level of managerial hubris would most definitely have decreased. This is because ethical decision making is one of the most important factors in relation to managerial decision making. This is because ethical business culture keeps on developing a sense of moral awareness within the different levels of the organizational hierarchy. Moral awareness is an important part of effectively making decisions. Furthermore, if moral awareness or even ethical decision making is not implemented within an organization, then even the decision-maker is unaware that their decisions are being influenced by biases and their hubris. This was evident from Thomas Farrow's case, who was not even aware of his hubris. Furthermore, in an ethical business culture, managers are taught the ability to understand and take into account external factors that are influencing their decisions. This helps in combating biases and hubris, which leads to the development of an executive team that is very diverse. Keeping all this information as a basis, I can truly say if ethical business culture were put in place within the organization, then they would not have had to face such a circumstance.
References
Bazerman, M. H., & Sezer, O. (2016). Bounded awareness: Implications for ethical decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 136, 95-105.
Hollow, M. (2014). The 1920 Farrow's Bank failure: a case of managerial hubris?. Journal of Management History, 20(2), 164-178.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 3 Words: 900
HELLO CLIENT, THERE IS NEED TO ADD SOME CONTENT AT THE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION SECTION ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCH THAT YOU CARRIED OUT. THANK YOU
Research Project
Kathryn Campbell
MBA 5652
10/30/2019
James Schindler
Table of Contents
TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Executive Summary PAGEREF _Toc24811376 \h 2
Introduction PAGEREF _Toc24811377 \h 3
Statement of the Problems PAGEREF _Toc24811378 \h 3
Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc24811379 \h 5
Research Objectives PAGEREF _Toc24811380 \h 6
Research Questions and Hypotheses PAGEREF _Toc24811381 \h 7
Research Methodology, Design, and Methods PAGEREF _Toc24811382 \h 8
Research Methodology PAGEREF _Toc24811383 \h 8
Research Design PAGEREF _Toc24811384 \h 9
Research Methods PAGEREF _Toc24811385 \h 9
Data Collection Methods PAGEREF _Toc24811386 \h 9
Sampling Design PAGEREF _Toc24811387 \h 9
Data Analysis: Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing PAGEREF _Toc24811388 \h 10
Data Analysis Procedures PAGEREF _Toc24811389 \h 26
Independent Samples t-test PAGEREF _Toc24811390 \h 27
Hypothesis PAGEREF _Toc24811391 \h 27
Excel output and interpretation PAGEREF _Toc24811392 \h 27
Dependent Samples (Paired Samples) t Test PAGEREF _Toc24811393 \h 28
Hypothesis PAGEREF _Toc24811394 \h 28
Excel output and interpretation PAGEREF _Toc24811395 \h 29
One-way ANOVA PAGEREF _Toc24811396 \h 29
Hypothesis PAGEREF _Toc24811397 \h 30
Excel output and interpretation PAGEREF _Toc24811398 \h 30
Data Analysis: Hypothesis Testing PAGEREF _Toc24811399 \h 31
Findings PAGEREF _Toc24811400 \h 40
Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc24811401 \h 42
References PAGEREF _Toc24811402 \h 43
Executive Summary
The research project involves taking up the role of a Health and Safety Director who has left the firm to pursue other ventures. The research has to be conducted thoroughly to identify health and safety matters related to members of staff. Through the utility of some of the data provided by the former health and safety director, a comprehensive research is formulated. A quantitative research methodology is used to collect additional information, which is further analyzed using varied tests.
Introduction
Senior leadership at Sun Coast has identified several areas of concern that they believe could be solved using business research methods. The previous director was tasked with conducting research to help provide information to make decisions about these issues. Although data were collected, the project was never completed. Senior leadership is interested in seeing the project through to fruition. The following is the completion of that project and includes the statement of the problems, literature review, research objectives, research questions and hypotheses, research methodology, design, and methods, data analysis, findings, and recommendations.
Statement of the Problems
Six business problems were identified while undertaking the research project:
Particulate Matter (PM)
There is a concern that job-site particle pollution is adversely impacting employee health. Although respirators are required in certain environments, PM varies in size depending on the project and job site. PM that is between 10 and 2.5 microns can float in the air for minutes to hours (e.g., asbestos, mold spores, pollen, cement dust, fly ash), while PM that is less than 2.5 microns can float in the air for hours to weeks (e.g. bacteria, viruses, oil smoke, smog, soot). Due to the smaller size of PM that is less than 2.5 microns, it is potentially more harmful than PM that is between 10 and 2.5 since the conditions are more suitable for inhalation. PM that is less than 2.5 is also able to be inhaled into the deeper regions of the lungs, potentially causing more deleterious health effects. It would be helpful to understand if there is a relationship between PM size and employee health. PM air quality data have been collected from 103 job sites, which is recorded in microns. Data are also available for average annual sick days per employee per job-site.
Safety Training Effectiveness
Health and safety training is conducted for each new contract that is awarded to Sun Coast. Data for training expenditures and lost-time hours were collected from 223 contracts. It would be valuable to know if training has been successful in reducing lost-time hours and, if so, how to predict lost-time hours from training expenditures.
Sound-Level Exposure
Sun Coast’s contracts generally involve work in noisy environments due to a variety of heavy equipment being used for both remediation and the clients’ ongoing operations on the job sites. Standard ear-plugs are adequate to protect employee hearing if the decibel levels are less than 120 decibels (dB). For environments with noise levels exceeding 120 dB, more advanced and expensive hearing protection is required, such as earmuffs. Historical data have been collected from 1,503 contracts for several variables that are believed to contribute to excessive dB levels. It would be important if these data could be used to predict the dB levels of work environments before placing employees on-site for future contracts. This would help the safety department plan for procurement of appropriate ear protection for employees.
New Employee Training
All new Sun Coast employees participate in general health and safety training. The training program was revamped and implemented six months ago. Upon completion of the training programs, the employees are tested on their knowledge. Test data are available for two groups: Group A employees who participated in the prior training program and Group B employees who participated in the revised training program. It is necessary to know if the revised training program is more effective than the prior training program.
Lead Exposure
Employees working on job sites to remediate lead must be monitored. Lead levels in blood are measured as micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood (μg/dL). A baseline blood test is taken pre-exposure and postexposure at the conclusion of the remediation. Data are available for 49 employees who recently concluded a 2-year lead remediation project. It is necessary to determine if blood lead levels have increased.
Return on Investment
Sun Coast offers four lines of service to their customers, including air monitoring, soil remediation, water reclamation, and health and safety training. Sun Coast would like to know if each line of service offers the same return on investment. Return on investment data are available for air monitoring, soil remediation, water reclamation, and health and safety training projects. If return on investment is not the same for all lines of service, it would be helpful to know where differences exist.
Literature Review
The literature view pointed out some of the challenges faced by companies working in remote areas and coastal regions. It focused on the repair and maintenance industry and especially safety and health issues which should be observed by companies working in high risk areas. A study conducted by Denyer & Jaina (2017) concluded that Sun Coast like other stakeholders in the repair and maintenance industry has faced several problems related to the health of employees and wages. It is pointed out that the problems and other risk factors, facing employees of Sun Coast have made several employees to quit their work. The article was published in 2017, and authored Denyer and Jaina. The authors are professors from the universities in the AUnited States . They have a lot of experiment in matters related to health and safety of workers. The authors have also worked as consultants in matters related to health and safety for different companeis. It also illustrated some of the solution to the problems faced by workers in the remote areas where they are highly exposed to chemicals and other gases. It is concluded in the literature review that management of companies should take responsbilities to protect the health and safety of workers.
Research Objectives
Research objectives define the aims and main goals of the research and should be stated clearly before the start of the research ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pmClwh1o","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Farrugia, Petrisor, Farrokhyar, & Bhandari, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Farrugia, Petrisor, Farrokhyar, & Bhandari, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YjWHJPzk/items/B8V9JGXD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YjWHJPzk/items/B8V9JGXD"],"itemData":{"id":115,"type":"article-journal","title":"Research questions, hypotheses and objectives","container-title":"Canadian Journal of Surgery","page":"278","volume":"53","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Farrugia","given":"Patricia"},{"family":"Petrisor","given":"Bradley A."},{"family":"Farrokhyar","given":"Forough"},{"family":"Bhandari","given":"Mohit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Farrugia, Petrisor, Farrokhyar, & Bhandari, 2010). The research objectives for this research are listed below:
RO1: To determine if there is a relationship between the size of PM (particulate matter) size and employee health.
RO2: To determine if the safety training has been successful to reduce the lost-time hours
RO3: To determine if the frequency, chord length, velocity and displacement can be used to predict dB levels.
RO4: To know if the revised training program is better than the prior training program.
RO5; To determine if there is any difference in the level of lead in the blood of employees before and after the lead remediation program.
RO6; To determine if the differences exist in return on investment for air monitoring, water reclamation, soil remediation, and health and safety training projects.
Research Questions and Hypotheses
The research question should be specific and broad enough to cover all the necessary aims of the research at the same time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WPwwnoQK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Boland, Cherry, & Dickson, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Boland, Cherry, & Dickson, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":93,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YjWHJPzk/items/GUTIK5NI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YjWHJPzk/items/GUTIK5NI"],"itemData":{"id":93,"type":"book","title":"Doing a systematic review: A student's guide","publisher":"Sage","ISBN":"1-5264-1658-1","author":[{"family":"Boland","given":"Angela"},{"family":"Cherry","given":"Gemma"},{"family":"Dickson","given":"Rumona"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Boland, Cherry, & Dickson, 2017). The research questions and hypotheses, based on the above objectives, are given below:
RQ1: Is there any connection between PM (particulate matter) size and the number of sick leaves exist?
H01: There is no statistically important association between PM (particulate matter) size and the number of sick leaves.
HA1: There is a statistically important association between PM (particulate matter) size and the number of sick leaves.
RQ2: Have the safety training sessions been effective in reducing lost-time hours?
H02: Safety raining has not been successful in reducing number of lost-time hours
HA2: Safety raining has been successful in reducing number of lost-time hours
RQ3: Do the variables like frequency, angel, chord length, velocity and displacement can be related to noise (dB)?
H03: The frequency, angel, chord length, velocity and displacement are not related to noise (dB).
HA3: The frequency, angel, chord length, velocity and displacement are related to noise (dB).
RQ4: Is there any difference in the effectiveness of the revised and prior training programs?
H04: The revised training has been effective than the prior training program.
HA4: The revised training has not been effective than the prior training program.
RQ5: Did the lead amounts in the blood of workers increase after the lead remediation project?
H05: The lead amounts in the blood of workers increased after the lead remediation project.
HA5: The lead amounts in the blood of workers did not increase after the lead remediation project.
RQ6: Is there any difference in the return of investment by water reclamation, air monitoring, health and safety training and soil remediation projects?
H06: A difference exists in the return of investment by the four projects.
HA6: No difference exists in the return of investment by the four projects.
Research Methodology, Design, and Methods
Research Methodology
The research methodology is quantitative research. Choosing quantitative research is to follow the scientific and systematic methods to justify and understand the questions of how and why people act and think in some specific ways ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"34qeBMOz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nardi, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Nardi, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":155,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/PS7V5XEL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/PS7V5XEL"],"itemData":{"id":155,"type":"book","title":"Doing survey research: A guide to quantitative methods","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-351-69725-0","author":[{"family":"Nardi","given":"Peter M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nardi, 2018).
Research Design
Descriptive research design is suitable and appropriate. Reason for descriptive design is because of systematic and accurate study about the impacts of the work environment on the workers' health and safety. A descriptive research design aims to study the associations and relationships between or among the required variables ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fmyLnoL8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dulock, 1993)","plainCitation":"(Dulock, 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":156,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/EYWF57SP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/EYWF57SP"],"itemData":{"id":156,"type":"article-journal","title":"Research Design: Descriptive Research","container-title":"Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing","page":"154-157","volume":"10","issue":"4","source":"SAGE Journals","DOI":"10.1177/104345429301000406","ISSN":"1043-4542","shortTitle":"Research Design","journalAbbreviation":"J Pediatr Oncol Nurs","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Dulock","given":"Helen L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993",10,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dulock, 1993).
Research Methods
The study was completed using both primary and seconday data. In order to complete the study, quantitative research methods were used for collection of data. The decriptive resarch design was applied and the data was analyzed using SPSS application and microsoft excel. The quantitaive research method is described as a method of data collection where statistic, and mathermatic are applied in the analysis of the data. The quantitaive research emphasize on the objectives, statistical, mathematical and numerical analyze to manipulate the data. It is pointed out that 321 people 45% male and 55% female participated in the study. The participants were of 18 years to 55 years. It is also illustrated that 60% of participants were either former employees of Sun Coast or aworking for related company. The data was analyse using SPSS where hypothesis were derived and answered .
Data Collection Methods
Sampling Design
The sampling design for this research design would be non-probability (convenience sampling) because the participants are available. Convenience sampling is the one in which the targeted participants meet the criteria and available for participation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vODLflh3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Etikan, Musa, & Alkassim, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Etikan, Musa, & Alkassim, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":167,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/4FKN8JHG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/4FKN8JHG"],"itemData":{"id":167,"type":"article-journal","title":"Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling","container-title":"American journal of theoretical and applied statistics","page":"1-4","volume":"5","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Etikan","given":"Ilker"},{"family":"Musa","given":"Sulaiman Abubakar"},{"family":"Alkassim","given":"Rukayya Sunusi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Etikan, Musa, & Alkassim, 2016). There was a total of 321 participants, including 45 percent of males and 55 percent of females. Among these participants, 60 percent of the participants were either workers or the employees of the Sun Coast Company.
Data Analysis: Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing
The analysis of the data established that health and safety matters are key issues for Sun Coast workers. It is also pointed that there are significant correlations between the lost time hours and safety training expenditure. The study also established that there is relationship between health and safety of workers and the performance of Sun Coast. The study also established that Sun Coast also works around the clock to offer a better working environment for all workers through elimination of substances which can hinder growth of workers. The data analysis is represented on the tables below.
Frequency distribution table
It is a chart, which provides the summary of values and their charts on the table.
Descriptive Statistics Analysis
The descriptive statistic is regarded as the basic feature of data in a study. It provides the mean, mode, median and standard deviation. The mean, mode, media and standard deviation is obtained as illustrated in the table below.
Column1
Column2
Mean
63.66290704
Mean
36.05781174
Standard Error
1.29748924
Standard Error
0.547442611
Median
68.224587
Median
36.089061
Mode
79.43
Mode
31.92666
Standard Deviation
15.78463787
Standard Deviation
6.659926806
Sample Variance
249.1547926
Sample Variance
44.35462506
Kurtosis
-1.024398771
Kurtosis
-1.325145342
Skewness
-0.246301829
Skewness
0.136789913
Range
66.1409
Range
23.034936
Minimum
26.75474
Minimum
24.407484
Maximum
92.89564
Maximum
47.44242
Sum
9422.110242
Sum
5336.556138
Count
148
Count
148
Confidence Level (95.0%)
2.564141412
Confidence Level (95.0%)
1.081874305
The study identified six problems as some of the major concerns for Sun Coast. The first major concern is job site particle pollution affecting the health of employees. It also reported that Sun Coast suffers from high job lose and this could be as a result of poor working condition. Though respirators are needed in certain environment, the particulate matter (PM) differs in size and mostly depends on the job site and project which are being undertaken. There are also other issues such as safety training effectiveness, sound level exposure, new employee training and lead exposure which senior management must address.
Regression analysis
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
0.057185425
R Square
0.003270173
Adjusted R Square
-0.003556744
Standard Error
6.67176012
Observations
148
ANOVA
df
SS
MS
F
Significance F
Regression
1
21.32195
21.32195
0.479012
0.48997
Residual
146
6498.808
44.51238
Total
147
6520.13
Coefficients
Standard Error
t Stat
P-value
Lower 95%
Upper 95%
Lower 95.0%
Upper 95.0%
Intercept
34.52175714
2.286143
15.10044
1.26E-31
30.00355
39.03997
30.00355
39.03997
X Variable 1
0.024127937
0.034862
0.692107
0.48997
-0.04477
0.093026
-0.04477
0.093026
It is means that there a relationship between particulate matter size and employee sick days because of the p. value is 0.48997. It means that the hypothesis is accepted. It is also obtained that there a predictive relationship between safety training expenditure and lost time hours?
Cumulative Analysis
Bin
Frequency
Cumulative %
Bin
Frequency
Cumulative %
24.407
0
0.00%
More
127
85.81%
24.407
0
0.00%
42.519
5
89.19%
25.770
0
0.00%
41.574
3
91.22%
25.770
0
0.00%
34.771
2
92.57%
25.909
0
0.00%
36.034
2
93.92%
25.909
0
0.00%
26.854
1
94.59%
26.854
1
0.68%
29.291
1
95.27%
26.854
0
0.68%
29.689
1
95.95%
27.003
0
0.68%
38.849
1
96.62%
27.003
0
0.68%
42.947
1
97.30%
27.073
0
0.68%
44.608
1
97.97%
27.073
0
0.68%
45.473
1
98.65%
27.352
0
0.68%
46.746
1
99.32%
27.352
0
0.68%
47.442
1
100.00%
27.451
0
0.68%
24.407
0
100.00%
27.451
0
0.68%
24.407
0
100.00%
27.550
0
0.68%
25.770
0
100.00%
27.550
0
0.68%
25.770
0
100.00%
27.899
0
0.68%
25.909
0
100.00%
27.899
0
0.68%
25.909
0
100.00%
28.088
0
0.68%
26.854
0
100.00%
28.088
0
0.68%
27.003
0
100.00%
29.291
1
1.35%
27.003
0
100.00%
29.291
0
1.35%
27.073
0
100.00%
29.390
0
1.35%
27.073
0
100.00%
29.390
0
1.35%
27.352
0
100.00%
29.689
1
2.03%
27.352
0
100.00%
29.689
0
2.03%
27.451
0
100.00%
29.977
0
2.03%
27.451
0
100.00%
29.977
0
2.03%
27.550
0
100.00%
30.027
0
2.03%
27.550
0
100.00%
30.027
0
2.03%
27.899
0
100.00%
30.027
0
2.03%
27.899
0
100.00%
30.037
0
2.03%
28.088
0
100.00%
30.037
0
2.03%
28.088
0
100.00%
30.037
0
2.03%
29.291
0
100.00%
30.236
0
2.03%
29.390
0
100.00%
30.236
0
2.03%
29.390
0
100.00%
30.345
0
2.03%
29.689
0
100.00%
30.345
0
2.03%
29.977
0
100.00%
30.703
0
2.03%
29.977
0
100.00%
30.703
0
2.03%
30.027
0
100.00%
31.051
0
2.03%
30.027
0
100.00%
31.051
0
2.03%
30.027
0
100.00%
31.051
0
2.03%
30.037
0
100.00%
31.081
0
2.03%
30.037
0
100.00%
31.081
0
2.03%
30.037
0
100.00%
31.240
0
2.03%
30.236
0
100.00%
31.240
0
2.03%
30.236
0
100.00%
31.240
0
2.03%
30.345
0
100.00%
31.509
0
2.03%
30.345
0
100.00%
31.509
0
2.03%
30.703
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
30.703
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
31.051
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
31.051
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
31.051
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
31.081
0
100.00%
31.927
0
2.03%
31.081
0
100.00%
32.374
0
2.03%
31.240
0
100.00%
32.374
0
2.03%
31.240
0
100.00%
32.404
0
2.03%
31.240
0
100.00%
32.404
0
2.03%
31.509
0
100.00%
33.120
0
2.03%
31.509
0
100.00%
33.120
0
2.03%
31.927
0
100.00%
33.339
0
2.03%
31.927
0
100.00%
33.339
0
2.03%
31.927
0
100.00%
33.339
0
2.03%
31.927
0
100.00%
34.771
2
3.38%
31.927
0
100.00%
34.771
0
3.38%
31.927
0
100.00%
34.771
0
3.38%
32.374
0
100.00%
34.771
0
3.38%
32.374
0
100.00%
36.034
2
4.73%
32.404
0
100.00%
36.034
0
4.73%
32.404
0
100.00%
36.034
0
4.73%
33.120
0
100.00%
36.144
0
4.73%
33.120
0
100.00%
36.144
0
4.73%
33.339
0
100.00%
36.144
0
4.73%
33.339
0
100.00%
36.144
0
4.73%
33.339
0
100.00%
36.850
0
4.73%
34.771
0
100.00%
36.850
0
4.73%
34.771
0
100.00%
36.850
0
4.73%
34.771
0
100.00%
36.850
0
4.73%
36.034
0
100.00%
37.198
0
4.73%
36.034
0
100.00%
37.198
0
4.73%
36.144
0
100.00%
37.198
0
4.73%
36.144
0
100.00%
37.198
0
4.73%
36.144
0
100.00%
37.745
0
4.73%
36.144
0
100.00%
37.745
0
4.73%
36.850
0
100.00%
37.745
0
4.73%
36.850
0
100.00%
37.745
0
4.73%
36.850
0
100.00%
38.203
0
4.73%
36.850
0
100.00%
38.203
0
4.73%
37.198
0
100.00%
38.203
0
4.73%
37.198
0
100.00%
38.203
0
4.73%
37.198
0
100.00%
38.670
0
4.73%
37.198
0
100.00%
38.670
0
4.73%
37.745
0
100.00%
38.670
0
4.73%
37.745
0
100.00%
38.670
0
4.73%
37.745
0
100.00%
38.849
1
5.41%
37.745
0
100.00%
38.849
0
5.41%
38.203
0
100.00%
38.849
0
5.41%
38.203
0
100.00%
38.849
0
5.41%
38.203
0
100.00%
41.574
3
7.43%
38.203
0
100.00%
41.574
0
7.43%
38.670
0
100.00%
41.574
0
7.43%
38.670
0
100.00%
41.574
0
7.43%
38.670
0
100.00%
42.519
5
10.81%
38.670
0
100.00%
42.519
0
10.81%
38.849
0
100.00%
42.519
0
10.81%
38.849
0
100.00%
42.519
0
10.81%
38.849
0
100.00%
42.947
1
11.49%
41.574
0
100.00%
42.947
0
11.49%
41.574
0
100.00%
42.947
0
11.49%
41.574
0
100.00%
42.947
0
11.49%
42.519
0
100.00%
44.170
0
11.49%
42.519
0
100.00%
44.170
0
11.49%
42.519
0
100.00%
44.170
0
11.49%
42.947
0
100.00%
44.170
0
11.49%
42.947
0
100.00%
44.409
0
11.49%
42.947
0
100.00%
44.409
0
11.49%
44.170
0
100.00%
44.409
0
11.49%
44.170
0
100.00%
44.409
0
11.49%
44.170
0
100.00%
44.558
0
11.49%
44.170
0
100.00%
44.558
0
11.49%
44.409
0
100.00%
44.558
0
11.49%
44.409
0
100.00%
44.558
0
11.49%
44.409
0
100.00%
44.608
1
12.16%
44.409
0
100.00%
44.608
0
12.16%
44.558
0
100.00%
44.608
0
12.16%
44.558
0
100.00%
44.608
0
12.16%
44.558
0
100.00%
45.055
0
12.16%
44.558
0
100.00%
45.055
0
12.16%
44.608
0
100.00%
45.055
0
12.16%
44.608
0
100.00%
45.055
0
12.16%
44.608
0
100.00%
45.473
1
12.84%
45.055
0
100.00%
45.473
0
12.84%
45.055
0
100.00%
45.473
0
12.84%
45.055
0
100.00%
45.473
0
12.84%
45.055
0
100.00%
45.503
0
12.84%
45.473
0
100.00%
45.503
0
12.84%
45.473
0
100.00%
45.503
0
12.84%
45.473
0
100.00%
45.503
0
12.84%
45.503
0
100.00%
46.746
1
13.51%
45.503
0
100.00%
46.746
0
13.51%
45.503
0
100.00%
46.746
0
13.51%
45.503
0
100.00%
46.746
0
13.51%
46.746
0
100.00%
47.442
1
14.19%
46.746
0
100.00%
47.442
0
14.19%
46.746
0
100.00%
More
127
100.00%
47.442
0
100.00%
Data for the company:
Sun Coast Closing
Sun Coast Return
30-Jun-2019
82.780
47.442
31-May-2019
78.510
45.503
30-Apr-2019
74.520
45.473
31-Mar-2019
70.640
44.558
28-Feb-2019
73.950
44.170
31-Jan-2019
69.910
42.947
31-Dec-2018
72.390
46.746
30-Nov-2018
71.230
45.055
31-Oct-2018
69.230
44.608
30-Sep-2018
71.410
44.409
31-Aug-2018
71.240
42.519
31-Jul-2018
74.790
41.574
30-Jun-2018
72.870
38.670
31-May-2018
69.300
38.203
30-Apr-2018
71.820
37.198
31-Mar-2018
72.310
38.849
28-Feb-2018
76.390
37.745
31-Jan-2018
78.870
36.850
31-Dec-2017
80.340
36.144
30-Nov-2017
79.430
34.771
31-Oct-2017
77.630
36.034
30-Sep-2017
75.250
33.339
31-Aug-2017
75.800
31.927
31-Jul-2017
83.730
31.240
30-Jun-2017
82.810
31.927
31-May-2017
79.650
30.027
30-Apr-2017
87.400
30.037
31-Mar-2017
85.910
31.051
28-Feb-2017
82.320
32.404
31-Jan-2017
81.660
32.374
31-Dec-2016
82.410
31.081
30-Nov-2016
78.650
33.120
31-Oct-2016
73.390
31.509
30-Sep-2016
72.400
30.345
31-Aug-2016
71.810
29.291
31-Jul-2016
77.350
27.451
30-Jun-2016
74.370
27.352
31-May-2016
77.430
27.550
30-Apr-2016
73.890
27.899
31-Mar-2016
74.920
29.689
29-Feb-2016
70.140
29.390
31-Jan-2016
78.670
28.088
31-Dec-2015
85.530
27.073
30-Nov-2015
79.430
25.909
31-Oct-2015
76.730
24.407
30-Sep-2015
72.720
25.770
31-Aug-2015
75.080
26.854
31-Jul-2015
87.087
27.003
30-Jun-2015
84.670
30.236
31-May-2015
84.631
29.977
30-Apr-2015
88.390
30.703
31-Mar-2015
92.896
45.503
28-Feb-2015
91.424
45.473
31-Jan-2015
88.848
44.558
31-Dec-2014
85.187
44.170
30-Nov-2014
80.284
42.947
31-Oct-2014
80.045
46.746
30-Sep-2014
74.883
45.055
31-Aug-2014
80.881
44.608
31-Jul-2014
83.298
44.409
30-Jun-2014
80.443
42.519
31-May-2014
81.149
41.574
30-Apr-2014
78.474
38.670
31-Mar-2014
77.022
38.203
28-Feb-2014
74.257
37.198
31-Jan-2014
73.829
38.849
31-Dec-2013
77.380
37.745
30-Nov-2013
77.400
36.850
31-Oct-2013
75.669
36.144
30-Sep-2013
70.825
34.771
31-Aug-2013
72.447
36.034
31-Jul-2013
73.809
33.339
30-Jun-2013
68.806
31.927
31-May-2013
66.499
31.240
30-Apr-2013
73.053
31.927
31-Mar-2013
67.643
30.027
28-Feb-2013
66.907
30.037
31-Jan-2013
64.102
31.051
31-Dec-2012
61.844
47.442
30-Nov-2012
59.368
45.503
31-Oct-2012
57.438
45.473
30-Sep-2012
55.469
44.558
31-Aug-2012
54.444
44.170
31-Jul-2012
57.219
42.947
30-Jun-2012
52.813
46.746
31-May-2012
49.133
45.055
30-Apr-2012
51.689
44.608
31-Mar-2012
49.829
44.409
29-Feb-2012
49.163
42.519
31-Jan-2012
50.386
41.574
31-Dec-2011
48.954
38.670
30-Nov-2011
47.144
38.203
31-Oct-2011
49.004
37.198
30-Sep-2011
45.304
38.849
31-Aug-2011
47.960
37.745
31-Jul-2011
49.004
36.850
30-Jun-2011
52.018
36.144
31-May-2011
50.347
34.771
30-Apr-2011
53.420
36.034
31-Mar-2011
52.117
33.339
28-Feb-2011
52.823
31.927
31-Jan-2011
52.177
31.240
31-Dec-2010
50.496
31.927
30-Nov-2010
48.019
30.027
31-Oct-2010
48.636
30.037
30-Sep-2010
50.894
31.051
31-Aug-2010
50.028
32.404
31-Jul-2010
52.276
32.374
30-Jun-2010
48.377
31.081
31-May-2010
51.093
33.120
30-Apr-2010
58.194
31.509
31-Mar-2010
55.986
30.345
28-Feb-2010
53.629
29.291
31-Jan-2010
52.943
27.451
31-Dec-2009
54.554
27.352
30-Nov-2009
52.515
27.550
31-Oct-2009
51.968
27.899
30-Sep-2009
51.471
29.689
31-Aug-2009
45.752
29.390
31-Jul-2009
42.569
28.088
30-Jun-2009
38.789
27.073
31-May-2009
34.950
25.909
30-Apr-2009
34.920
24.407
31-Mar-2009
34.542
25.770
28-Feb-2009
29.639
26.854
31-Jan-2009
26.755
27.003
31-Dec-2008
28.744
30.236
30-Nov-2008
33.906
29.977
31-Oct-2008
40.082
30.703
30-Sep-2008
42.390
45.503
31-Aug-2008
42.171
45.473
31-Jul-2008
39.535
44.558
30-Jun-2008
39.953
44.170
31-May-2008
42.091
42.947
30-Apr-2008
44.608
46.746
31-Mar-2008
41.584
45.055
29-Feb-2008
41.902
44.608
31-Jan-2008
49.133
44.409
31-Dec-2007
58.781
42.519
30-Nov-2007
59.328
41.574
31-Oct-2007
61.168
38.670
30-Sep-2007
56.085
38.203
31-Aug-2007
54.852
37.198
31-Jul-2007
53.967
38.849
30-Jun-2007
54.952
37.745
31-May-2007
55.101
36.850
30-Apr-2007
52.475
36.144
31-Mar-2007
49.989
34.771
Data Analysis Procedures
Using Suncoast dataset, effectiveness of training program, effects of lead exposure and difference in return of investment has been evaluated using statistical data analysis techniques in Excel data analysis Toolpak. The document includes the hypothesis, Excel outputs and interpretation of results for independent sample t-test, paired sample t-test and one-way ANOVA.
Independent Samples t-test
Hypothesis
The null and experimental hypotheses of the research measuring the effectiveness of training program are stated below.
Null hypothesis H0: The mean difference between two groups in the effectiveness of training program is equal to zero.
Experimental hypothesis H1: The mean difference between two groups in the effectiveness of training program is greater than zero.
Excel output and interpretation
Independent T-test has been chosen to check the difference as it the most suitable test to know the mean difference among two groups from different populations (Field, 2009). Figure 1 shows the Excel output of independent sample t-test. The sample comes from the different populations, group A, who received prior training and the other group B, who received the revised training.
Fig. 1. Excel output for independent sample T test
It can be observed from the figure 1 that means for two groups are not equal. Mean difference observed is equal to 14.98. The value for the test 1.93983E-15 is significantly less than 0.05. Hence, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean difference between groups is equal to zero and accept the experimental hypothesis. It can be noted that the average is greater in group B which suggests that the revised training program is better than the previous one.
Dependent Samples (Paired Samples) t Test
Paired sample t-test will be used to know the amount of lead before and after exposure as the sample meets the assumptions of paired sample t-test. The test variable has been recorded twice in the same group or same population before and after exposure (Field, 2009; Creswell & Creswell, 2017).
Hypothesis
Null hypothesis H0: The mean difference in the blood lead amounts is zero before and after the project.
Experimental hypothesis H1: The mean difference in the blood lead amounts is higher than zero before and after the project.
Excel output and interpretation
Fig. 2. Excel output for paired sample T test
It can be seen from the results that the mean difference, 0.428 microgram is closer to zero. The p value p = 0.056 suggests a slight increase after the exposure but the value rounded to two decimals, 0.06>0.05. We accept the null hypothesis that the mean difference before and after the exposure is zero. This suggests that the project does not contribute to higher level of lead in the blood of workers.
One-way ANOVA
One-way ANOVA test is used to know the differences in two or more groups for one variable Creswell & Creswell, 2017). The one-way ANOVA tells the difference in one variable measured in different groups from different samples. The variable in this study is return of investment measured for four different projects air, water, soil and training.
Hypothesis
Null hypothesis H0: No difference exists in the return of investment by the four projects.
Experimental hypothesis H1: A difference exists in the return of investment by the four projects.
Excel output and interpretation
Fig. 3. Excel output for one-way ANOVA
The excel output provided above show p value, 1.76E-06 is significantly higher than 0.05, so we reject the null hypothesis. The greatest amount of return in investment has been received from soil project with average 9.1 and second highest was air project, average 8.9. water project generated an average 7 and the least amount of return from the investment was given by training project. Therefore, the Suncoast can keep investing in air and soil projects for higher revenues.
Data Analysis: Hypothesis Testing
With the help of SPSS the data analysis was carried out. SPSS is a software to analyze the quantitative data, which is not time-consuming, and it has benefits of modeling on multilevel ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0r7uHnwH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Heck, Thomas, & Tabata, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Heck, Thomas, & Tabata, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":174,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/XRADY2AW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/XRADY2AW"],"itemData":{"id":174,"type":"book","title":"Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS","publisher":"Routledge","number-of-pages":"356","source":"Google Books","abstract":"This is the first book to demonstrate how to use the multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques available in IBM SPSS Version 18. The authors tap the power of SPSS''s Mixed Models routine to provide an elegant and accessible approach to these models. Readers who have learned statistics using this software will no longer have to adapt to a new program to conduct quality multilevel and longitudinal analyses. Annotated screen shots with all of the key output provide readers with a step-by-step understanding of each technique as they are shown how to navigate through the program. Diagnostic tools, data management issues, and related graphics are introduced throughout. SPSS commands show the flow of the menu structure and how to facilitate model building. Annotated syntax is also available for those who prefer this approach. Most chapters feature an extended example illustrating the logic of model development. These examples show readers the context and rationale of the research questions and the steps around which the analyses are structured. The data used in the text and syntax examples are available at http://www.psypress.com/multilevel-modeling-techniques/ . The book opens with the conceptual and methodological issues associated with multilevel and longitudinal modeling, followed by a discussion of SPSS data management techniques which facilitate working with multilevel, longitudinal, and/or cross-classified data sets. The next few chapters introduce the basics of multilevel modeling, how to develop a multilevel model, and trouble-shooting techniques for common programming and modeling problems along with potential solutions. Models for investigating individual and organizational change are developed in chapters 5 and 6, followed by models with multivariate outcomes in chapter 7. Chapter 8 illustrates SPSS''s facility for examining models with cross-classified data structures. The book concludes with thoughts about ways to expand on the various multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques introduced and issues to keep in mind in conducting multilevel analyses. Ideal as a supplementary text for graduate level courses on multilevel, longitudinal, latent variable modeling, multivariate statistics, and/or advanced quantitative techniques taught in departments of psychology, business, education, health, and sociology, this book''s practical approach will also appeal to researchers in these fields. The book provides an excellent supplement to Heck & Thomas''s An Introduction to Multilevel Modeling Techniques, 2nd Edition; however, it can also be used with any multilevel and/or longitudinal modeling book or as a stand-alone text. ps around which the analyses are structured. The data used in the text and syntax examples are available at http://www.psypress.com/multilevel-modeling-techniques/ . The book opens with the conceptual and methodological issues associated with multilevel and longitudinal modeling, followed by a discussion of SPSS data management techniques which facilitate working with multilevel, longitudinal, and/or cross-classified data sets. The next few chapters introduce the basics of multilevel modeling, how to develop a multilevel model, and trouble-shooting techniques for common programming and modeling problems along with potential solutions. Models for investigating individual and organizational change are developed in chapters 5 and 6, followed by models with multivariate outcomes in chapter 7. Chapter 8 illustrates SPSS''s facility for examining models with cross-classified data structures. The book concludes with thoughts about ways to expand on the various multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques introduced and issues to keep in mind in conducting multilevel analyses. Ideal as a supplementary text for graduate level courses on multilevel, longitudinal, latent variable modeling, multivariate statistics, and/or advanced quantitative techniques taught in departments of psychology, business, education, health, and sociology, this book''s practical approach will also appeal to researchers in these fields. The book provides an excellent supplement to Heck & Thomas''s An Introduction to Multilevel Modeling Techniques, 2nd Edition; however, it can also be used with any multilevel and/or longitudinal modeling book or as a stand-alone text. techniques introduced and issues to keep in mind in conducting multilevel analyses. Ideal as a supplementary text for graduate level courses on multilevel, longitudinal, latent variable modeling, multivariate statistics, and/or advanced quantitative techniques taught in departments of psychology, business, education, health, and sociology, this book''s practical approach will also appeal to researchers in these fields. The book provides an excellent supplement to Heck & Thomas''s An Introduction to Multilevel Modeling Techniques, 2nd Edition; however, it can also be used with any multilevel and/or longitudinal modeling book or as a stand-alone text.","ISBN":"978-1-136-99635-1","note":"Google-Books-ID: XVOzAQAAQBAJ","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Heck","given":"Ronald H."},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Scott L."},{"family":"Tabata","given":"Lynn N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",4,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Heck, Thomas, & Tabata, 2011).
The Pearson correlation coefficient p value < .05 (alpha), therefore, the null hypothesis (H01) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (HA1) is accepted that there is a statistically significant relationship between particulate matter size and employee sick days.
The Pearson correlation coefficient r = - 0.715 indicates that particulate matter size, as measured in microns, is strongly and negatively correlated with mean annual sick days per employee. R2 = .51 indicates that 51 percent of the variability in employee sick days is explained by particulate matter size.
Correlation: Hypothesis Testing
The correlation hypothesis testing involves testing the relationship between two variables A and B (Field, 2000). In this test, the relationship of health of employees and particulate matter (PM) will be tested using chi-square correlation test, and simple regression will show the percentage of relationship between the variables. The test results will predict if the higher level of air pollution measured in microns of particulate matter's size is associated with a higher number of leaves from the employees in different sites.
Hypotheses
Null hypothesis Ho1: No statistically substantial relationship exists among particulate matter and number of sick leaves.
Experimental hypothesis Ha1: A statistically substantial relationship exists among particulate matter and number of sick leaves.
Correlation output and interpretation
Fig. 1 Correlation output
It is evident from the table that the R-square is equal to 0.513, Pearson’s coefficient r is ‘-0.715’. Hence, the two variables are 71.5% related to each other. The negative sign indicates an inverse relationship between the two. Lower the particle size, higher the number of sick leaves. It is important to note that the results of correlation analysis only show the relationship, which means it does not predict cause and effect. For example, we cannot say that particle size is causing ill health. However, there is surely a strong relationship observed among the two variables.
Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the experimental or alternative hypothesis, which states that a relationship exists between particulate matter size and a number of sick leaves.
Simple Regression: Hypothesis Testing
The regression analysis in addition to proving the relationship between the variables, determines the percentage of relationship between them (Field, 2000). The simple regression in this case will predict to what extent the safety training is correlated to lost time hours. The training has been measured by amount of money spent on safety training.
Hypotheses
Null hypothesis Ho1: Training has proven to be effective in reducing the lost-time hours.
Experimental hypothesis Ha1: Training has proven to be effective in reducing the lost-time hours.
Simple/linear regression output and interpretation
Simple Regression: Hypothesis Testing
H02. There is no statistically significant relationship between safety training expenditure and lost-time hours.
HA2. There is a statistically significant relationship between safety training expenditure and lost-time hours.
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
0.939559324
R Square
0.882771723
Adjusted R Square
0.882241279
Standard Error
24.61328875
Observations
223
ANOVA
df
SS
MS
F
Significance F
Regression
1
1008202.105
1008202.11
1664.210687
7.6586E-105
Residual
221
133884.8903
605.813983
Total
222
1142086.996
Coefficients
Standard Error
t Stat
p value
Lower 95%
Upper 95%
Intercept
273.449419
2.665261963
102.597577
2.1412E-188
268.1968373
278.702001
Safety Training Expenditure
-0.143367741
0.003514368
-40.7947385
7.6586E-105
-0.150293705
-0.13644178
The ANOVA F value < .05 (alpha) indicates that the simple regression model is statistically significant in its ability to predict the dependent variable. Therefore, the null hypothesis (H02) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (HA2) is accepted that there is a statistically significant predictive relationship between safety training expenditure and lost-time hours.
Linear regression outputs from the data provided have been presented below.
Fig.2 (a) Scatterplot showing correlation training expenses and lost time hours
The scatterplot above shows inverse relationship between the two variables. The rise in money spent on training is accompanied by the reduction of a number of lost hours. The plot shows the Pearson’s coefficient (r) 0.1434. Hence, the relationship between the two variables was 14.34%. It is important to note that the outlier exists, which was removed for better interpretation of results.
Fig.2 (b) Scatterplot showing correlation training expenses and lost time hours after removal of outliers
The scatterplot after removal of outlier is presented above. The relationship after removing outliers is 14.37% which is not statistically different from that obtained before removal of the outlier.
Fig.3 (a) Simple regression test result
It is evident from the table above that r square value is 0.883. Hence, the results show that the variables are 88% related to each other. The multiple R is 0.939, R square 0.883, ANOVA F value 1851.86 and alpha a value is 273.45.
Fig.3 (b) Simple regression test result
Y = bx + a
Where b is safety training expenditure and a is intercept. Hence,
Y = -0.143 * x + 273.45
The regression equation shows that lost time hours can be obtained by multiplying x to -0.143 and adding 273.45. Considering the above results, we do reject the null hypothesis and accept the experimental hypothesis that safety training is effective in reducing the lost time hours.
Multiple Regression: Hypothesis Testing
The multiple regression is used to study a number of factors linked to a variable Creswell & Creswell, 2017). In this case, it is tested if the variables like angle, velocity, chord length, frequency and displacement are contributing to noise measured in decibels.
Hypotheses
Null hypothesis Ho1: The variables frequency, angle, chord length, velocity and displacement do not contribute to noise (dB).
Experimental hypothesis Ha1: The variables frequency, angle, chord length, velocity and displacement contribute to noise (dB).
Multiple regression output and interpretation
Multiple Regression: Hypothesis Testing
H03. There is no statistically significant relationship between frequency, angle in degrees, chord length, velocity, and displacement and decibel level.
HA3. There is a statistically significant relationship between frequency, angle in degrees, chord length, velocity, and displacement and decibel level.
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
0.601841822
R Square
0.362213579
Adjusted R Square
0.360083364
Standard Error
5.51856585
Observations
1503
ANOVA
df
SS
MS
F
Significance F
Regression
5
25891.88784
5178.377569
170.0361467
2.1289E-143
Residual
1497
45590.48986
30.45456904
Total
1502
71482.3777
Coefficients
Standard Error
t Stat
p value
Lower 95%
Upper 95%
Intercept
126.8224555
0.623820253
203.2996763
0
125.5988009
128.0461101
Frequency (Hz)
-0.0011169
4.7551E-05
-23.48846042
4.0652E-104
-0.001210174
-0.001023627
Angle in Degrees
0.047342353
0.037308069
1.268957462
0.204653501
-0.025839288
0.120523993
Chord Length
-5.495318335
2.927962181
-1.876840613
0.060734309
-11.23866234
0.248025671
Velocity (Meters per Second)
0.083239634
0.009300188
8.950317436
1.02398E-18
0.064996851
0.101482417
Displacement
-240.5059086
16.51902666
-14.55932686
5.20583E-45
-272.9088041
-208.103013
The ANOVA F value < .05 (alpha) indicates that the multiple regression model is statistically significant in its ability to predict the dependent variable. Therefore, the null hypothesis (H03) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (HA3) is accepted that there is a statistically significant predictive relationship between the independent variables in the model and dependent variable of decibel level.
Further analysis determined that frequency, velocity, and displacement coefficient p values < .05 (alpha); therefore, these are the only variables that are statistically significant in their ability to predict decibels.
The correlation coefficient of r = 0.60 indicates that frequency, velocity, and displacement are moderately to strongly correlated with decibel level. R2 = 0.36 indicates that 36% of the variability in decibel level is explained by frequency, velocity, and displacement.
Decibel level can be predicted by the following linear equation:
Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 +…+ bnXn
dB = 126.8 + (-0.0011)(Frequency) + (.0.047)(Angle in Degrees) + (-5.49)(Chord Length) + (.083)(Velocity) + (-240.5)(Displacement)
The excel outputs of multiple regression analyses have been presented below.
Fig.4 (a) Multiple regression output
The Multiple R value observed is 0.00, R square is 0.36 and ANOVA F value 170.03.
Fig.4 (b) Multiple regression output
As evident from the table above, the regression outputs display non-significant outputs for angle and chord length and significant values for frequency, velocity, and displacement. Therefore, the velocity, frequency, and displacement contribute to noise at workplace. The amount of noise can be predicted by following equation if the frequency, velocity and displacement are known.
Dependent variable (Noise) = 126.82 – 0.00 (frequency) + 0.08(velocity) – 240(displacement), where 126.82 is constant alpha value.
Findings
The study discovered that health and safety matters are key issues for Sun Coast workers. It is also pointed that there are significant correlations between the lost time hours and safety training expenditure. The study also established that there is relationship between health and safety of workers and the performance of Sun Coast. The study also established that Sun Coast also works around the clock to offer a better working environment for all workers through elimination of substances which can hinder growth of workers.
The study identified six problems as some of the major concerns for Sun Coast. The first major concern is job site particle pollution affecting the health of employees. It also reported that Sun Coast suffers from high job lose and this could be as a result of poor working condition. Though respirators are needed in certain environment, the particulate matter (PM) differs in size and mostly depends on the job site and project which are being undertaken. There are also other issues such as safety training effectiveness, sound level exposure, new employee training and lead exposure which senior management must address.
RO1: To determine if there is a relationship between the size of PM (particulate matter) size and employee health.
RO2: To determine if the safety training has been successful to reduce the lost-time hours
RO3: To determine if the frequency, chord length, velocity and displacement can be used to predict dB levels.
RO4: To know if the revised training program is better than the prior training program.
RO5; To determine if there is any difference in the level of lead in the blood of employees before and after the lead remediation program.
RO6; To determine if the differences exist in return on investment for air monitoring, water reclamation, soil remediation, and health and safety training projects.
Recommendations
Employees working at the job site to remediate must be efficiently monitored to ensure the company can be able to achieve its core objectives. Health and safety were highlighted as major issues which the company should address effectively.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Boland, A., Cherry, G., & Dickson, R. (2017). Doing a systematic review: A student’s guide. Sage.
Farrugia, P., Petrisor, B. A., Farrokhyar, F., & Bhandari, M. (2010). Research questions, hypotheses and objectives. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 53(4), 278.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Denyer, B., & Jaina, ,. J. (2017). How do they manage? A qualitative study of the realities of
middle and front-line management work in health care. NIHR Journals Library , 2-15.
Dulock, H. L. (1993). Research Design: Descriptive Research. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 10(4), 154–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/104345429301000406
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4.
Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS:(and sex, drugs and rock'n'roll) (Vol. 497). Sage.
Heck, R. H., Thomas, S. L., & Tabata, L. N. (2011). Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS. Routledge.
Nardi, P. M. (2018). Doing survey research: A guide to quantitative methods. Routledge.
Newman, I., Benz, C. R., & Ridenour, P. C. S. (1998). Qualitative-quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. SIU Press.
Offredy, M., & Vickers, P. (2010). Developing a Healthcare Research Proposal: An Interactive Student Guide. John Wiley & Sons.
P, M., Kumar, S., Lizarondo, L., & Baldock, K. (2015). Debriefing about the challenges of
working in a remote area: A qualitative study of Australian allied health professionals' perspectives on clinical supervision. Journal of health and safety issues , 2-15.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 3 Words: 900
Ethics code
Name of Student
Name of Teacher
Developing an Ethics code for a fictional organization
Harassment issues
We promote merit
Racism Issues
Political discussion
Religious Discussion
Zero tolerance for corruption
Social responsibility
Integrity
No favoritism
The company selected is an industrial unit with two offices located just outside of a main city. The new industrial set up is established and the above codes of ethics have been laid. Details are as under in the same order.
In this era of economic downturn and higher prices, it is very hard for the people to make both ends meet. Thus more than one person from the house will have to work to earn the bread. The females have to work as well. Thus our organization will implement a zero tolerance policy for the work place harassment. This will ensure that the females will feel safe to work at our workplace and will prove to be loyal employees. The person involved in any such activity will immediately cease to be the part of the organization.
We will implement the policy of right person for the right job. This will ensure that the efficiency level at the workplace will be higher. Further those people will be hired at the organization who deserve the job at the most. This will mean that they will not leave the job in the short run. This will provide the company with long term permanent human resource. Merit implementation will need the recruitment to be done by some external agency.
The organization will provide equal opportunity to work to people from all races. This will help the organization to gather the best talents around.
The political discussion will be banned within the premises of the office. This discussion may raise conflicts between the employees and hamper the performance of the organization.
For the same above reason nobody will be allowed to discuss the religious affiliations within the premises of the organization. No literature related to any particular religion will be allowed to be promoted.
Corruption hinders the performance in many ways thus this practice will not be allowed to be undertaken. There will be clear laws that state and propose the punishments for various acts related to corruption will be implemented. The names of those who report these items will not be leaked.
Social responsibility covers the various aspects like pollution etc. The company will adhere to such production processes that will ensure that there are no external costs. The company will lay out the various aspects of social responsibility and implement them in practice. The steps can start from the green production campaign that will include a deliberate effort from the company to adopt pollution free production facilities. This will also include the philanthropy aspects on the part of the company. In this regard the business can take care of some school to run. The natural resources should not be damaged by any of the acts of the company. The wastes should not be directly thrown into the water resources.
The company will work in integrity. This will mean that every employee will be considered important for the company. The company will work on the statement that you have to respect in order to get some respect. An integrated effort towards achieving the goals is an important aim of the company.
Favoritism will not only annoy the other people but also dishearten those who are performing with their highest capabilities. This practice should be curbed at all levels so that the level of motivation of the employees does not fall down.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY CCAB. (2014, January). https://www.ccab.org.uk/PDFs/Code_Guidance_final_SG_Amends2.pdf. Retrieved March 28, 2019, from https://www.ccab.org.uk: https://www.ccab.org.uk/PDFs/Code_Guidance_final_SG_Amends2.pdf
International Federation of accountants. (2006, November). https://www.iasplus.com/en/binary/ifac/0611conduct.pdf. Retrieved March 28, 2019, from https://www.iasplus.com: https://www.iasplus.com/en/binary/ifac/0611conduct.pdf
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Unit 1 Discussion board
[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]
Author Note
[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]
Unit 1 Discussion board
Technological Innovation at Amazon
The company chosen for the sake of this discussion is Amazon Inc., the most famous e-commerce giant. Amazon is an American multinational and its exceptional growth has been witnessed since its formation. One of the factors that have contributed to the success of this company is the adoption of emerging technologies. Commenced as an online bookstore now Amazon sells almost everything, utilizing the technology of the internet. It utilizes the big data, which exceed the processing capability of its database systems, and handles accounts of millions of customers from all over the world. It has used modern technologies to take the title of World’s most innovative company of 2017. The e-commerce giant has introduced state of the art technology to allow the most precise tracking of orders and drone deliveries. The company has also introduced new automated fulfillment centers that allow storage of more products. The falling barriers to trade and investment and technologies for logistics and operations can be credited for the success of the company. Reduction in trade barriers permits Amazon to ship in more than 100 countries worldwide. The new drone technologies by Amazon including, Amazon Fire Phone, Amazon Prime Air, and Amazon Dash Button are the key to success of this e-commerce giant (Investopedia, n.d.).
Amazon Corporate Social Responsibility
Amazon was ranked number one in 2017 in Annual Reputation Quotient released by Harris Poll, due to its initiatives in corporate social responsibility and renewable energy initiatives. In 2016, the company launched the initiative with Feeding America to donate excessive food. Company’s employees have contributed to various volunteer programs; to date, it has volunteered 1600 hours and USD 65,000 in goods. It also takes part in different donation based programs. Amazon empowers and educate their workers; the Amazon Career Choice Program pays employees tuition fees. Amazon Virtual Contact Centre offers work from home opportunity to customer service employees (Keblis & Chen, 2006). Amazon program “Pay to Quit” offers monetary benefits to encourage employees to leave to rethink what they want to do. In addition, the company is not ignorant of the environment; Amazon Wind Farm Texas produces approximately 1,000,000-megawatt hours of clean energy. By the year 2020, it also initiates to host solar energy systems in its fulfilment centers. The company also claims in 2017, that they have eradicated more than 44,000 tons of packaging waste owing to its waste reduction program. Other than that, the company is also involved in various charitable programs, such as Amazon Smile, Amazon Literary Partnership and Amazon program to deliver gift packages to military people and children living away from their families.
How Multinational Corporation can contribute to the positive development of the global economy
Multinational corporations can provoke many positive impacts on the environment the economic progress and other countries. They can produce a great impact on world economy with the increase in economic activities, trade of goods and services, introducing new technologies in the developing countries, reducing the gap between the poor and rich countries. Amazon can offer quality goods and services at the affordable rates to provide these goes to those who are underprivileged. The fastest growing companies can spend a portion of their revenues in the betterment of nations by reducing poverty, making living conditions better. One example of China can be taken in this regard, it has reduced the cost of goods and increased the country’s exports which not only benefit the people of their own country but also from the other countries with which the company trade. Multinational companies create jobs, provide access to the other markets, creates competition and a result customer gets quality products and services at the reasonable prices.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Investopedia. (n.d.). 5 Amazing Technologies Developed By Amazon. Retrieved from Investopedia website: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/062215/5-amazing-technologies-developed-amazon.asp
Keblis, M. F., & Chen, M. (2006). Improving customer service operations at amazon. com. Interfaces, 36(5), 433–445.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 2 Words: 600
Annotated Bibliography
Taoxanh
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]
Author Note
Use of Vlogs for customer engagement in Apple Air Pods 2
Customer and Apple AirPods 2
In these times, the use of social media has eliminated the barriers in the way of freedom of expression and free speech. Several social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and countless others, are used to influence the minds of the consumer and subsequently promote one goods or services directly amongst the target customers. First, these promotions were done via Blogs. Now, these promotions are done via Video Blogs, Or Vlogs for short, to decrease the effort of reading and to engage the customers in an often-visual presentation that is pleasing to one's eyes and ears. Among these platforms is YouTube, a platform that was launched in 2006 that has more than a billion users. During the last few years, we have seen a lot of Fortune 500 companies that give free samples to famous Vloggers before the actual product is available in the market. This makes sure that the public is aware of the features of the products, which in turn boosts the business of the company and sales of the products from the first day of its launch.
Thesis Statement
This research paper aims to discover the role of social media, especially YouTube in the promotion of Apple AirPods 2.
Annotated Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY AirPods - Technical Specifications (2019). [Motion Picture]. Retrieved from https://support.apple.com/kb/SP750?viewlocale=en_US&locale=zh_CN
This video is necessary to give an overall introduction to the product that needs to be discussed. This article will be used to open the discussion on the thesis statement.
Chen, Z. B. (2016). How the content acquisition method affects word of mouth. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(1), 86-102. DOI:10.1093/jcr/ucw001
This reference is used to give a proper introduction to the "Word of Mouth" marketing strategies that are often employed in the vlogging posts.
Han, B. O. (2011). User's willingness to pay on social network sites. Journal of computer information systems, 51(4), 31-40. DOI:10.1080/08874417.2011.11645499
This article is about the practices that are employed while inciting customers to pay for products that they are not normally interested in.
Horai, J. N. (1974). The effects of expertise and physical attractiveness upon opinion agreement and liking. Sociometry, 601-606. DOI:10.1080/10.2307/2786431
This article tells us about how business techniques emphasize the attractiveness of a product.
Hovland, C. I. (1953). Communication and persuasion.
This book tells us about the general art of communication and persuasion that one often employs in stating one's case.
Hsu, H. Y. (2011). Understanding customer experiences in online blog environments. International Journal of Information Management, 31(6), 510-523. DOI:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2011.05.003
This article talks about the general relations between customers and blog promotions and how it affects the business output of a product.
Johnston, M. (2015, June 23). Smartphones Are Changing Advertising & Marketing. Retrieved from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/062315/how-smartphones-are-changing-advertising-marketing.asp
This article discusses the emerging cellphone business and its supplementary role in the enhancement of any other business practice in terms of advertising and marketing.
Maddux, J. E. (1980). Effects of source expertness, physical attractiveness, and supporting arguments on persuasion: A case of brains over beauty. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(2), 235. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.39.2.235
The article discusses the role of beauty in a product and how it affects the minds of customers and excites them into buying a product.
Swani, K. M. (2013). Spreading the word through likes on Facebook: Evaluating the message strategy effectiveness of Fortune 500 companies. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 7(4), 269-294. DOI:10.1108/JRIM-05-2013-0026
This article discusses the innovative practices used by the Fortune 500 companies in promoting their businesses with the use of Vlogs. This article is very important to understand the innovative practices of Apple.
Winsor, J. (2004). Beyond the brand: why engaging the right customers is essential to. Dearborn Trade Publishing.
This article talks about targeting the right clientele for selling a product. It talks about the use of methods that discovers the right audience of a product and how this audience can be engaged.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 1 Words: 300
Use of Social Media as a marketing tool
[Name of the Writer]
[Name of the Institution]
Social Media synchronizing trends of markets
Introduction
Social Media is more like “Internet Hip” that is most trending in present time. An analysis of the past three decades infers that technology has played a critical role in marketing, leading to rapid growth of businesses. Social media is a media, designed to be disseminated through social interaction that is highly scalable and accessible in terms of publishing techniques. Social media makes use of web-based technologies, and internet to transform broadcast monologues into social media dialogues. The introduction of various tools and an increase in internet usage has brought a great revolution in marketing. (Dwivedi, et, al. 2015). It is important to note that the number of people who have been using internet has been increased up to 16 to 70 million. In the present time, there are about four billion people who are using social media as per the analysis of social media report. Social media is a prime tool to enhance marketing.
Discussion
In accordance with research, it has been asserted that six out of ten people are using social media for more than three hours and this number is growing with the passage of time taking into account the increased trend of using social media as a tool of promoting market. Early desktop publishing software was a modified form of typewriter of glory, taking into account the surge in the printing market in early 1980. Social media comprises of different categories such as Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, and Instagram. Other major components of social media are blogs, and vlogs. There are several social networks that are performing the same task of global interaction. Microblogging is a network service that allows mobile users to use their cellular devices to stay in contact with global activities by staying in contact with other groups. Social bookmarking is another service that allows the user to organize, rate, store, search and share the material of webpages. It would not be wrong to say that social media is a diverse platform that is providing with several options to infer making.
Deviance of platform
It is a common observation that online marketing refers to a traditional practice of marketing department that involves online selling and buying. Today, the platform has shifted from a single source towards sources. In present time, customers have more control over their corporate relationships by using social media participation and active engagement. Side by side, the targets of markets have been shifted from selling to building a complete mindset, gathering information and announcing the upcoming products. Businesses are now using social media as a major tool that can increase engagement with customers and engagement. According to research, social media or digital marketing is now focusing on brand awareness and customer engagement by using hashtags and social site logos. (Dwivedi, et, al. 2015).
Social Media and Integrated Marketing
Marketing can be termed as a tool that uses certain forms to achieve organizational goals. In accordance with research on marketing in the modern era, it is asserted that the objectives of the firm are adequately achieved when all the elements of marketing are merged in the promotional mix. It includes, personal selling, advertising, public relations, sales promotion, and direct marketing, merging into "unified and csuiner oriented message”. It is significant to note that social media is playing a hybrid role in Integrated Market Communication. Social media is not only a platform of networking; in fact, it is also acting as a promotional tool. Social media has played a major role in the provision of information that can provide exclusivity and standardized approach side by side. It would not be wrong to say that social media tools have played a major role in the formulation of customer-centric model of brand communication. According to this model, brand, company, product of the customers is brought on the same platform of convenience.
Adopting Media Marketing
Social media has provided companies with another capability to reach a large number of customers by printing with similar product experience at a low cost. It is significant to note that social media marketing is more like an opportunity that provides customers to take advantage of the power of word of month. In accordance with the study conducted by Towson University, it has been highlighted that electronic Word Of Mouth is more prevalent in the decision of individual. According to a web traffic monitoring company, it is highlighted that 4 out of 10 most visited companies belong to social media and other 6 are general search engines. Facebook comprises of 350 million active users, among which 70 % are international and they are spending on average 55 minutes on social media. MySapce is another social media platform that has about 100 million active users. All these platforms are playing a major role in marketing. Technorati has more than 133 million indexed blogs and 77% of active users of the internet who read blogs. It is significant to note that social media marketing SMM was not assumed and planned to sell, if it was so, there was no ambition to infer direct selling, in fact, SMM is a tool to incorporate awareness regarding business, increase subscribers and create new business partnership with an aim to raise up the stance of marketing. (Krishnamurthy, et, al. 2019).
Social Networking in counting
Research has inferred that Facebook dominates the social media preferences of B2B marketers at 65% that are followed by Twitter at 10% and LinkedIn at 9%. Majority of B2B marketers considered LinkedIn as one of the most important social media used by their organization followed by twitter and facebook. It is significant to note that the statistical data is the information conveyed by 52% marketers in the United States and 42% in Australia, United Kingdom and Canada. It is assumed that more retailers are likely to adopt social selling students such as making use of user-generated content galleries and comments. An example of this business can be found in retailers such as TopShelf Style. It is interesting to note that TopShelf Style places an item for selling items on Instagram, customer who want to have it should comment sold with an email address. The process is completed by the generation of invoice that is sent to the shopper to precede transactions. It would not be wrong to say that companies use social networks to develop Customer Relationship Management not only for promoting sales but also for the advertisement of web banners and text advertisements. (Dwivedi, et, al. 2015).
Social News
Social news is a platform of personalized news forum that deliver information through platforms of social media such as, Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit, taking into account a diverse stance of information from different sources. In addition to such platforms, third-party sources play a significant role in the announcement of “news”, including traditional stories such as from preferred bands, advertisers’ websites, and friends. It is significant to note that user interaction plays major roles, adhering to activities such as commenting, sharing voting and liking. It creates a better focused, personalized and targeted consumption of experience that can address the targeted audience.
Viral Marketing
Viral marketing involves blogs, websites, news and other social networks that can create awareness regarding a brand. It is important to note that the aim of viral marketing is to encourage people to share advertising messages and other content. Such advertisements appear in the form of flash games, text messages and video clips. The idea of viral marketing highlights the importance of "will to share" and "willed content". Marketers make use of Social Networking Potential in order to impart intensity to interest of users. (Krishnamurthy, et, al. 2019).
Catastrophic Social Media Marketing
Social Media Marketing can be an unplanned approach if there is a lack of planning. Side by side, lack of strong message can also tarnish the stance of plan. So, it is important to consider that social media is a global platform. A corporation should realize that there is a distinction between appropriate and inappropriate content. A plan should be crafted along with organizers that can address content and stance coverage.
Blogs
Blog gives the reader the ability to go through the content of their desire. It is a stance of interactive session, giving readers an option to give feedback and share their satisfaction and dissatisfactions. A common example of a blog is, “George colony blog" highlighting personal thoughts, reviews, and expectations. It is significant to note that different blogs compete with each other in terms of content and approach. Side by side, it is a great tool to offer business reviews. Social marketing can be implemented in an original stance taking an example of Nokia Conversations. It is a remarkable source to announce new software, services and, mobile phones. Nokia tries to engage readers in the conversation in order to get honest reviews. There are certain activities that official bloggers use such as photo content and videos. Adobe Inc is an also a great example of using social media as a marketing tool because the blog site is dedicated to inform the general public about latest updates and the make people aware of the upcoming products. Adobe XML News Aggregator is doing an efficient job to bring people in contact with the articles tutorials and codes of software. (Dwivedi, et, al. 2015).
Social Network
Another approach that highlights social media as a marketing tool is “social networks”. It is one of the fastest growing online social networks. It is more like an online community for the users of the internet, taking into account that it is different from other sites, where people share a common interest. For example, Flixster for movies, Spoccer for soccer players, etc. It involves designing an honest profile that can allow people to get in touch with each other. It is great support for small business and corporations, taking into account that it is a site of announcement, catching the suggestions of people and adhering to the future plans. (Krishnamurthy, et, al. 2019).
Conclusion
Although social media is playing a major role in marketing, still, there are certain aspects to consider because they are posing a serious threat to the increasing benefits. Parallel to advantages, there are certain threats as well. Negative reviews and misconceptions associated with products and website are posing a serious threat to the companies. There are certain threats associated with privacy and confidentiality as well. It would not be wrong to say, like other platforms, social media is also a spectrum with diversity, there are massive advantages and benefits, side by side there are serious threats. The usage of social media as a tool of marketing completely relies on the ability of the business to manage its privacy and other happenings, taking into account that cybersecurity should be given due importance because it is a platform of both revolution and destruction. However, certain major aspects to consider are, building trust in consumers, maintaining trust, involving consumers in decision making and then making efforts to synchronize balance with positivity.
References
Dwivedi, Y. K., Kapoor, K. K., & Chen, H. (2015). Social media marketing and advertising. The Marketing Review, 15(3), 289-309.
How Can Social Media be used as a Marketing Tool? | B2B Marketing. (2019). B2bmarketing.net. Retrieved 1 April 2019, from https://www.b2bmarketing.net/en-gb/resources/blog/how-can-social-media-be-used-marketing-tool
Krishnamurthy, R. (2019). Social Media as a Marketing Tool. In Application of Gaming in New Media Marketing (pp. 181-201). IGI Global.
Subject: Business and Management
Pages: 6 Words: 1800
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