Anna Julia Cooper Womanhood: A Vital Element In The Regeneration And Progress Of A Race

Anna Julia Cooper Womanhood: A Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress of a Race

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

A Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress of a Race

Introduction

In front of a largely white audience, a young woman walked up on the stage. She spoke for the struggles of her African American people in spite of her skin being as pale as the audience’s. Anna Julia Cooper lived through slavery, the lynching and legal segregations of Jim Crow, women’s suffrage, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the renewal of the Civil Rights Movement. She was born on August 10, 1858, in Raleigh, North California. It is notable to mention that her mother was enslaved by a white family. She was an American educator and writer, whose writing befitted as a classic African American feminist text (Wallach, 2019). She encouraged African American girls and women for education to get a better place in American society. At the age of six, she had witnessed the end of the Civil war and slavery. However, she continued to suffer from oppression and discrimination in American society. African Americans had to face discrimination in the educational field as well when they were pressurized to avoid higher education. At those grief moments, Anna Julia Cooper emerged as a role model, not only for African Americans but for many coloured people as well (Wallach, 2019). She wrote a number of literary articles to emphasise on the rights of women and African Americans. Her brave actions for the betterment of African Americans earned her the title “The Voice of the South”. Here, the focus is to discuss valuable achievements of Cooper that played a prominent role in the uplifting of African American’ women.

Discussion

Anna Julia Cooper was an African American woman of the 19th century. She was well aware of the fact that the struggles for equality and dignity in American society cannot be achieved through the right to vote or the attainment of legal citizenship. Significant changes are required to alter the perception of one nation towards another nation. At the age of ten, she enrolled in St. Augustine’s Institute, a newly developed school for freed slaves (Lemert and Bhan, 2019). It is notable to mention that Cooper proved to be an efficient student and she was honoured to teach mathematics to freed slaves. She advocated her life for the advancement of women’s education after realising the fact that her male classmates were encouraged to get higher education as compared to female students (Wallach, 2019). She had feminist awakening after considering these crucial circumstances, which were keeping female students behind. She realised that African American women were financially sacrificing so that their children could get a better education (Lemert and Bhan, 2019). Her intense struggle to encourage African American women proved to be effective when the literacy rates among African American women began to rise.

It is notable to mention that she always took stand in front of other people who argued that getting equal rights in the American community is more important at that moment. She stood in front of the Protestant Episcopal Church to make him realise that equal rights for women needed to be placed in the racial uplift efforts as well (Moody-Turner & Stewart, 2009). She persuades African American leaders through her writing to cater to the issues affecting African American women along with the right to citizenship and the right to vote. Standing at the centre of male-dominated space for the sake of women’s right demonstrate Cooper’s intense efforts to represent the perspectives and needs of African American women. African American were discriminated and oppressed in American society as whites considered themselves more superior than any other race in the entire world. African Americans sacrificed their wills to incorporate themselves in American society, but it was becoming impossible for them due to discrimination (Wallach, 2019).

Anna Julia Cooper had an unwavering passion to cater to all the obstacles of racism and sexism. In her writing “The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper”, she wrote about the needs and perspectives of African American women. She extensively described the situation of African American women in American society. She presented a clear image of Black women in American society to reveal a complex idea about race, gender, and class in American society (Cooper, 2000). It is notable to mention that she highlighted the common oppression of African American women in “Womanhood: The Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress of a Race”. In ‘Womanhood” she emphasised on the moral superiority of Black woman (Lemert and Bhan, 2019). Cooper viewed the issue of sexism and race as inseparably linked with each other. She wanted to place sexism in the centre of racial uplift to highlight its importance. In her entire life, she witnessed cruel and horrified moments against African American women in American society. Even after the end of slavery and the Civil War, Black women had to face the same circumstance. The basic reason behind this was inattentive behaviour of Black leaders towards women’s issue in American society (Moody-Turner & Stewart, 2009). Mary Julia Copper located her activism and feminism firmly within the paradigm of educational development of African Americans (Cooper, 1886). “Womanhood” is referred to as a text of the speech in which Anna Julia Cooper took stand for the African American women. Regardless of string opposition from male-dominated African Americans, she insisted to prioritize the needs and perspectives of African American women in their movement. She established a strong ground in her writing to let others know about the suffering and sacrifice of African American women in American society.

Cooper was a self-assured and forthright woman with complex writing. She persuaded her intellectual and teaching work for most of her life. She did this all by herself with none of the domestic or financial support from her spouse throughout her life. She lived most of her life as a widow as her husband died two years after their marriage. She was the mother of seven foster children (Lemert and Bhan, 2019). It is notable to mention that her life was centred deeply in the virtue of proper public conduct. She devoted her life to make to create a better society for African American women. According to Anna Julia Cooper, “The cause of freedom is not the cause of a race or a sect, a party or a class – it is the cause of humankind, the very birthright of humanity” (Cooper, 1886). The work of Cooper in the early development of African American studies provided with a better pathway to ensure the intellectual advancement of African Americans. Despite the fact that she devoted her entire life to get better educational and financial opportunities for Black women, she encouraged African Americans to set a diverse set of intellectual and social goals. It is important to mention that Cooper displayed her bravery in front of whites by showing courage and confidence. She stood up in front of Americans to demonstrate the current status of African American women as compared to white women (Wallach, 2019). She demanded equality for African Americans in front of the Congress of Representative Women in Chicago. She always ensured that her writing creates awareness among both White and Black Americans regarding injustice and discrimination (Lemert and Bhan, 2019). In “Womanhood”, she revealed the crucial circumstances in which African American women were a force to survive (Cooper, 1886). A critical examination of “Womanhood” disclosed Cooper’s emphasis on women education and equality in the African American society.

To make progress in any community, people should need to take stand for themselves. If people are unable to stand up for themselves, then they cannot expect others to make efforts for them. Same was the case with Cooper as she understood those circumstances. Therefore, she joined the Black women club movement. The basic purpose of that movement was to educate middle-class women of African Americans. She always considered it as her duty to help the oppressed and discriminated nation of Black Africans in American society (Lemert and Bhan, 2019). Her writing and enthusiasm to work for African American women motivated her to become a popular public speaker. She made a speech on multiple occasion to encouraged African Americans women to step up for their rights and equality in American society. She addressed on multiple occasions such as the first Pan African Conference and the National Conference of Coloured Women to highlight some prominent aspects of women equality. Her readings and writings, work in education, lectures, and community activism provided a firm foundation to feminist movement for African American women. She became an exemplar to establish a new community in which each race could enjoy equal rights and respect. The main purpose of her writing and speeches was to create awareness in the entire nation about the sacrifices of African American women in American society (Moody-Turner & Stewart, 2009). She wanted to change the entire perspective of the nation about African Americans. Her collection of essays and speeches changed the perspectives of the majority of Black and White people (Lemert and Bhan, 2019).

The text of Cooper “Womanhood” clearly indicated major concerns of her life such as women’s rights and educational advancement in African Americans. She had a unique perspective and ideology regarding American nations. She wanted to change the perspectives of the entire nation about the uplift of African Americans. It is notable to mention that she wanted to modify the viewpoints of white about African Americans to consider them as one nation, instead of freed slaves (Cooper, 1886). There was an immense need after the Civil War to mitigate the ideology of slavery from American society. Cooper connected herself with the hearts of her African Americans’ brothers and sisters to embrace the notion of solidarity. In her work “Womanhood”, she tried to give voice to her African Americans’ sister in front of a wide range of audience (Moody-Turner & Stewart, 2009). African American leaders were energetic to get their rights in American society, while Cooper wanted them to centralise the idea of women’s equity in their movement (Cooper, 2000). She urged her listeners to accept African American women as a part of society so they can work alongside with men to create a better community. “Womanhood” demonstrates the struggles of Cooper for the betterment of her people. She realised everyone about the importance of African American women to get what they want in American society. She urged her listeners to accept the notion of freedom for Black women (Lemert and Bhan, 2019). Her work indicated the importance of education and intellectual freedom for every nation regardless of gender, class, and race.

The entire life of Cooper was devoted to the fact that the hearts of African Americans were brighter as much as any other nation regardless of their skin colour. It is essential to mention that “Womanhood” was not only about realising audience of the importance of African Americans in American society. It was written with the notion of altering the perspective of people towards Black women in society. In the male-dominated society, she picked up a pencil to demonstrate the ideology that everyone deserved to learn regardless of their class, race, or gender. “Womanhood” was not written to get a headline for her fame in American society. It was written to touch the heart of Black women and men to get back their dignity in society instead of pondering over the ideology of male-domination (Cooper, 2000). The writing and bravery of Cooper enabled her to change the future of African Americans in American society. Her writing and speeches were not only entitled to share her struggles in the male-dominated society, but it was also entitled to move the audience through her words. The heroism and bravery of Cooper are still recognised among African Americans. Black women enabled to stand in front of male-dominated society with the help and efforts of Cooper. Encouragement is an essential factor, which dictates the emotional progress of a person in society. Cooper proved to be that encouragement for African American women in American society.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, Anna Julia Cooper was one of the bravest African American women who devoted her life for the betterment of her people. Various publications and essays of Cooper illustrated her intensive efforts to get a better lifestyle for African American in American society. She devoted her entire life to create awareness among both Black and White about the importance of women in society. “Womanhood” is a significant prove of her efforts for the rights of women as she wanted African American leaders to place the agenda of Black women rights in the centre of their actual movement. Her speeches and essays demonstrated the enthusiasm of Cooper to end the ideology of slavery even after the end of the Civil War. Cooper worked hard in the male-dominated society to establish a better future for black women.

References

Cooper, A. J. (1886). Womanhood: A vital element in the regeneration and progress of a race. With Pen and Voice, 53-74.

Cooper, A. J. (2000). The voice of Anna Julia Cooper: Including A voice from the South and other important essays, papers, and letters. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Lemert, Charles and Bhan, Esme (2019). The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper, Including A Voice From The South And Other Important Essays, Papers, And Letters. Hepg.org. Retrieved from https://www.hepg.org/her-home/issues/harvard-educational-review-volume-70-issue-4/herbooknote/the-voice-of-anna-julia-cooper,-including-a-voice

Moody-Turner, S., & Stewart, J. (2009). Gendering Africana Studies: Insights from Anna Julia Cooper. African American Review, 43(1), 35-44.

Wallach, Jennifer (2019). Anna Julia Cooper | American educator and writer. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anna-Julia-Cooper

Annotated Bibliography

Annotation Bibliography

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Berry, D. B. (2000). The domestic violence sourcebook. Los Angeles, CA: Lowell House.

In the article entitled, “The domestic violence sourcebook” explains that domestic violence and gender violence, differences and similarities. Therefore, domestic violence is what occurs in the "dome", the house, the home. And it can be exercised and suffered by any of the members of the family nucleus, that is, a mother over her children or a grandchild over her grandfather. Gender violence, on the other hand, is that which occurs against women "because they are”, both inside and outside the home, at work or in any other area of public life. This type of violence is based on the supposed superiority of one sex over another and its manifestations are very varied.

Buzawa, E. S., & Buzawa, C. G. (2003). Domestic violence: The criminal justice response. Sage.

This article explains that domestic violence is a type of gender violence that happens to people who are or were couples and between whom there was a consensual relationship. It is not necessary that they cohabit or have had children in common. Domestic violence includes physical and psychological violence, intimidation or threats, sexual assault and deprivation of liberty. Sometimes, the aggressor does not directly harm the victim, but damages the victim's or other people's things in the interest of causing emotional harm to the victim. This is also considered domestic violence.

Dutton, D. G. (2011). Rethinking domestic violence. Ubc Press.

In the article entitled, “Rethinking domestic violence” explains that violence can cause serious emotional damage. This violence includes humiliation, ridicule or disrespect to the couple continuously, making comments about their physique, intelligence or other. Other modes of psychological violence include threats and insults.

Domestic violence, independently of including the different kinds of abuse or psychological, physical, sexual or negligent abuse, manifests itself in different types of human relationships, among which it can be indicated that the most frequent and those that have received the most attention from of the society, there is the aggression against the wife and the abuse to the children, having in both cases serious social and emotional repercussions.

Johnson, M. P., & Ferraro, K. J. (2000). Research on domestic violence in the 1990s: Making distinctions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 948-963.

In the article entitled, “Research on domestic violence in the 1990s: Making distinction” explains that abuses are committed in relationships in which there is a palpable inequality between individuals, that is, a totally asymmetric relationship. In these cases, the violence is carried out by individuals who have power, control and authority over the persons over whom interfamily violence is committed, in these cases the victims are in a position of constant subordination and obedience. The aggressors consider their legitimate attitude, since they understand that the aggressed people are objects that belong to them and they are not people with the capacity to think and act for themselves and that they have their own rights.

Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Greenbaum, C., Cicchetti, D., Dawud, S., Cortes, R. M., ... Lorey, F. (1993). Effects of domestic violence on children's behavior problems and depression. Developmental psychology, 29(1), 44.

This article explains that the concept of child abuse has different points of view according to the authors, since some believe that for this type of violence to exist it will be necessary to have a continuity in the aggressions and that the strength of these be such, that they cause injuries to children. On the other hand, there are other authors who consider that the slap that parents give their children in order to correct a behavior that in the judgment of the parents is diverted, should be considered a type of child violence.

Straus, M. (1999). The controversy over domestic violence by women. Violence in intimate relationships, 17-44.

This article indicates that with reference to elder abuse there is no universally accepted definition that encompasses all aspects that should be considered, since some focus on interfamily abuse, while others do so in which It is carried out by the institutions. However, it contributes as more accurate two definitions of the concept and says that it is: any act or omission that produces damage, intentional or not, practiced on people of 65 or more years, that occurs in the family, community or institutional environment, harms or endangers the physical, psychological integrity, as well as the principle of autonomy or the rest of the fundamental rights of the individual, objectively ascertainable or subjectively perceived. It also refers to the definition that says: which is the single or repeated act, or the lack of an appropriate action, which occurs within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or anguish to an older person. It can be of several forms: physical, psychological, emotional, sexual, financial or simply reflect intentional negligence or omission.

ANOVA Article Critique

[ANOVA Article Critque]

[Michelle Moss]

[University]

[Class Date]

Introduction

Michael and his co-researchers did research on the effects of the risperidone on the disturbed behavioral patterns of children with autism. The research studied the factors on which autism behavior is dependent such as verbal learning, attention, , hand-eye coordination and spatial memory. The researcher assessed the cognitive abilities in response to the risperidone. The author answer the effect of risperidone o the coordination, verbal communication and other cognitive activities in children on risperidone and placebos were analyzed to check whether risperidone improves the cognition in autistic children or it affects the development in bad ways.

Hypothesis and concepts in study

Statistical data analysis conducted in the research checked by operation procedures such as I-test and chi-square test. The hypothesis “whether the children with mastery differs from the children who did not performed well on the measureable variables”

Evaluation

Researcher evaluated following emasures California verbal learning task –childdren evrsion(VLT-C), Modified VLT-C, Dot test to check the cognitive visual memory of the children, TASK C, Task cancellation to analyses correct marking of errors by the subjects, hand eye coordination through pegboard task and classroom analogue task that displayed problem solving among autistic children. All these variables gave appropriate analysis. But few tests such s dot test could not be effective for youngsters as it would give hard time to understand to young autistic children. Peg board measure was easy for every age. The rest of the measures varied n term s of assessment of different age group. It was neither difficult nor easy measures. Moreover statistical analysis gave the comparative analysis and helped in building significant outcomes.

Limitations

The measures and statistical analysis both went good in terms of comparative analysis of all subjects in the study. The first limitation was in applicability of the measures among all age group subjects. Some of them performed easily and few did not get the task due to age limit.

Statistical testing to the problem

Authors applied chi square and I test to check Drug level vs placebo on cognitive function of the subject against variables such as age, gender, irritability. The statistical data determined the irritability and CGI scores.

Conclusion

Results of the research showed that out of 101 participants, 38 performed well on cognitive evaluation. The risperidone responsive participants were 12 and 8 were non responsive towards the risperidone. The findings of the cognitive measurement revelaed rispridoene being more responsive towards cancellation task. Verbal task detected correct rispridne. The visuospatial showed significant omaprison between delayed and recall time suggesting significant response of risperidone in autistic children.

The effect of risperidone on the subject spatial memory explained that it can improve the memory. The ANOCOVA analysis confirmed the improved result of risperidone in delayed time for the autism condition. Moreover, risperidone clinical implications suggested improved and effective results in the ability and cognitive functions of the individuals.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Michael G. Aman., J. A. (2008). Cognitive Effects of Risperidone in Children with Autism and Irritable Behavior. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, 227–236.

Answer Each Question

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Quiz

Q.1. Raising thankful kids

Writing gratitude journal or activity journal

Independent variable

Control condition

Dependent variable

Participants

Treatment condition

Writing gratitude journal

Independent variable

Control condition

Dependent variable

Participants

Treatment condition

Writing activity journal

Independent variable

Control condition

Dependent variable

Participants

Treatment condition

Attitude of gratitude

Independent variable

Control condition

Dependent variable

Participants

Treatment condition

Q.2. Follow your dreams

Rate of depression

Outcome variable

Predictor variable

Participants

Goal persistent

a.Outcome variable

b.Predictor variable

c.Participants

3,294 U.S. adults

Outcome variable

Predictor variable

Participants

Positive outlook

Outcome variable

Predictor variable

Participants

Rate of anxiety

Outcome variable

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Participants

Rate of panic disorders

Outcome variable

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Participants

Q.3. Kinds of research: Which terms apply to which kinds of research?

Independent variable (manipulated)

Experimental research

Both experimental and Quasi-experimental research

All three: Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Correlational research

Correlational research

Quasi-Experimental research

Independent variable (selected)

Experimental research

Both experimental and Quasi-experimental research

All three: Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Correlational research

Correlational research

Quasi-Experimental research

Predictor variable

Experimental research

Both experimental and Quasi-experimental research

All three: Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Correlational research

Correlational research

Quasi-Experimental research

Dependent variable

Experimental research

Both experimental and Quasi-experimental research

All three: Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Correlational research

Correlational research

Quasi-Experimental research

Outcome variable

Experimental research

Both experimental and Quasi-experimental research

All three: Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Correlational research

Correlational research

Quasi-Experimental research

Confounding variable

Experimental research

Both experimental and Quasi-experimental research

All three: Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Correlational research

Correlational research

Quasi-Experimental research

Q.4. Immigration arrests drive depression

611 Latino seventh graders from an urban public school district in Oklahoma

Outcome variable

Participants

Predictor variable

Immigration status of parents

Outcome variable

Participants

Predictor variable

Symptoms of depression

Outcome variable

Participants

Predictor variable

Immigration-related arrest of parent

Outcome variable

Participants

Predictor variable

Self-objectification

Feelings about the women’s own level of sexual experience

Participants

Outcome variable

Predictor variable

Academic journal

Condom use

Participants

Outcome variable

Predictor variable

Academic journal

Psychology of women quarterly

Participants

Outcome variable

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Academic journal

Level of consumption of mass media that sexualizes

Participants

Outcome variable

Predictor variable

Academic journal

754 heterosexual and bisexual undergraduate women at a large U.S. research university

Participants

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Academic journal

Alcohol use to feel sexual

Participants

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Academic journal

APA

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Name

Institution

Introduction

This assignment is concerned with the description and elaboration of the most evident childhood related psychological disorder named Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Main body section will demonstrate the standard definition of ADHD, its symptoms, presentations, etiology/risk factors and treatments. After presenting related integrated information extracted from the pre-existing literature, conclusion section will attempt to demonstrate the meaningful take away messages from it.

Main Body

Preface

Darwin’s theory of Individual Differences proposed the most appealing and intriguing notion to explain individuality and uniqueness among Living beings in terms of physical, mental, emotional and social diversity (Dal, et. al., 2012). Diversity can be judged through various phenomena including physical appearance, preferences, orientations, outlooks, lifestyle and socialization with parents, relatives, peers, colleagues and community. A universally accepted benchmark of normality acts as a strictly programmed decision maker to assign the tag of “normal” or “abnormal” to certain thinking patterns and behaviors.

In other words, social norms direct the extant of appropriateness of certain thinking patterns and behaviors that enable an individual to gain social approval and desirability accordingly. However, various approaches to define normality will initiate a long thread of discussion, therefore it will be avoided. Relating the term normality with the two psychological phenomenon “attention” and “physical and motor activity”, if the deviation occurs from what the average individuals possess, it will undoubtedly lead to an abnormal situation, formally named as “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A thorough elaboration of this disorder will be presented below:

Definition

According to APA, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is an umbrella disorder encapsulating inattention (inability of stay focused even for short time span), hyperactivity (increased physical and motor activity) and impulsivity (taking physical, mental or emotional actions instantly without an apparent cause), evident mainly in children (Danielson et. al., 2016).

Symptoms of ADHD

Based on the Criteria defined by American Psychological Association (APA), ADHD can be diagnosed depending on three types of symptomatic representations:

Inattentive

Inability to pay attention and make careless mistakes

Inability to stay focused in school and home

Inability to listening attentively. Hence, appear indifferent

Inability to follow instructions

Inability to organize or plan activities and tasks

Inability to commit to such tasks that require sustained mental effort

Excessive forgetting and troubled learning and memory

Losing things more often e.g., pencils, notebooks, schedule papers, toys

Hyperactive/impulsive or

Inability to stay seated

Move hands, feet, body aimlessly

Difficulty in waiting for turn

Excessive talking

Excessive intruding

Answer abruptly before the question is completed

Combined

Combined presentation follows all the above mentioned symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity for the age range of 5 to 17 years.

Etiology and Risk factors of ADHD

Although psychologists are still unable to identify single chief cause of ADHD but they suspect following “potential” causes that attempt to develop the onset of ADHD:

Prenatal causes:

Prenatal causes involve pre-birth conditions mainly concerned with the maternal factors. The higher level of stress is the most debatable cause of ADHD among child after birth. The underlying correlation between stress and ADHD is strongly interlinked with the production of stress hormone (cortisol) that takes the body to aroused condition, commonly termed as “fight or flight” situation. If the stress is constant, the continuous production of cortisol leads the child to develop higher brain activity and in turn ADHD (Grezenko, Shayan & Polotskia, 2008). Other maternal conditions include smoking, alcohol, brain injury or premature birth (Lanley et. al., 2007).

Heredity

If an individual’s single relative is having ADHD, the likelihood of acquisition becomes four times (Bao, 2008). Hence, ADHD appears to have strong genetic basis.

Neurological complications

Brain injury resulting in frontal lobe damage is another potential cause of ADHD because this part of brain controls motor activity, attention, organizing and planning (Shue, & Douglas, 1992). Moreover, lower levels of dopamine in brain are also involved in the manifestation of ADHD symptoms (Madras, Miller & Fischman, 2005).

Food & Nutrition

The type of diet that child consumes has a direct impact on his mental and physical health. Woo et. al., 2014 examined the effects of various diet types (traditional, traditionally-healthy, snacks and seaweed-egg). After carrying experimental studies, it was found that individuals with snack type nutrition were comparatively higher at-risk than other categories. However, lower odds of acquiring ADHD were linked to tradition-healthy dietary patterns. Deficiency of Omega-3 Fatty acids and Iron is also associated with ADHD symptoms (Konofal et. al., 2004; Sinn, 2008).

Treatment

Based on the nature of risk factors, ADHD manifestation can be controlled through eliminating or mitigating its respective etiology. Two types of interventions are mainly used for eliminating ADHD Symptoms.

Psychopharmacological interventions

This treatment includes medicines that directly affect nervous system and neurotransmitter levels. Typically, Methyphenidate Hydrochloride (Ritalin) assists the minimization of hyperactive and impulsive behavior, enabling individuals to stay focused, improve organization and socialize effectively (Arcieri et. al., 2012). Other drugs include Guanfacine, Clonidine Hydroxide, Imipramine, Buproprian Hydroxide and Atomoxetine with their respective side effects (Jain et. al., 2011).

Psychotherapeutic interventions

Although medicines are used as a frontline treatment for ADHD mitigation but their effectiveness becomes more evident when coupled with the psychological therapies based on the rational and behavioral modifications (Toplak et. al., 2008; Abikoff, 2016). These therapies involve the basic principle of Operant Conditioning with the idea of positive and negative reinforcement aimed at strengthening and diminishing certain behaviors. Group therapy and individual therapies (Behavioral Modification, Emotional therapy, CBT and Parental Education) are significantly effective in this regard (Toplak et. al., 2008; Abikoff, 2016).

Conclusion

This assignment thoroughly presented that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is mainly seen in children with the symptoms including reduced attention span, poor learning, memory and organizing skills, increased motor output and impulsivity. It typically takes three forms for its representation depending upon the dominancy of symptoms e.g., inattention, hyperactivity and combined. As there is nothing without a cause, so is the case with ADHD. Genetics, neurology and prenatal factors play major role in the manifestation of its symptoms. Treatment encapsulates two interventions e.g., psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic. Cutting long into short, it can be concluded that ADHD is perfectly manageable but poorly curable because its risk factors are not amenable to change. Prenatal and post-natal care is highly significant in this regard.

References

Abikoff, H. (2016). Cognitive training in ADHD children; less to it than meets the eye. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 205–209. Retrieved February 7, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1875155

American Psychiatric Association. (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing

Arcieri, R., Germinario, E., Bonati, M., Masi, G., Zuddas, A., Vella, S., et al. (2012) Cardiovascular measures in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder who are new users of methylphenidate and atomoxetine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 22, 423–431. Retrieved February 7, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23362511

Bao X. L. X., (2010). An Overview on the Genetics of ADHD. Biopsychol, 40(10), 1088–1098.

Dal, X. R. S., Bell, M. A., Bolnick, I. D., & Ratnieks, W. F. L., (2012). An evolutionary ecology of individual differences. Ecol Lett. 15(10), 1189–1198. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01846.x

Danielson, M. L., et al. (2016). Prevalence of Parent-Reported ADHD Diagnosis and Associated Treatment Among U.S. Children and Adolescents,. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(2). doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2008.01088

Grizenko, N., Shayan, Y. R., Polotskaia, A., Ter-Stepanian, M., Joober, R., Relation of maternal stress during pregnancy to symptom severity and response to treatment in children with ADHD. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 2008, 33:10–16

Jain, R., Segal, S., Kollins, S., & Khayrallah, M., (2011). Extended-release tablets for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 50(2):171–9. Retrieved February 7, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21241954

Konofal, E., Lecendreux, M., Arnulf, I., Mouren, M. C. (2004). Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 158:1113–1115. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.158.12.1113.

Langley, K., Holmans, P. A., Bree M. B., Thapar, A. (2007). Effects of low birth weight, maternal smoking in pregnancy and social class on the phenotypic manifestation of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and associated antisocial behaviour: Investigation in a clinical sample. BMC Psychiatry. 7:26. Retrieved February 7, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17584500

Madras, B. K., Miller, G. M., Fischman, A. J., (2005). The dopamine transporter and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 57:1397–409.

Shue, K. L., & Douglas, V. I., (1992). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the frontal lobe syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 20(1):104-24. Retrieved February 7, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1389116

 Sinn, N. (2008). Nutritional and dietary influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutr. Rev. 66: 558–568. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00107.x.

Toplak, M. E., Connors, L., Shuster, J., Knezevic, B., & Parks, S. (2008) Review of cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, and neural-based interventions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Clin Psychol Rev. 28(5):801–823. Retrieved February 7, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061324

Woo, D. H., Kim, W. D., Hong, S. Y. et. al. (2014). Dietary Patterns in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Nutrients, 6(4): 1539–1553. Retrieved February 7, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011050/

APA Chapter 4

APA Chapter 4

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

APA Chapter 4

What happens to the blood flow to the brain when one uses marijuana?

How is cognitive performance affected by heavily using the drug?

How long is long enough for "light users" to restore cognitive performance?

According to the articles, how were “heavy user”, “moderate user”, and “light user” operationalized?

What is the name of the (possible) alternative drug to marijuana?

What does this drug do to endocannabinoids? And as a result, what could this alternative drug help treat?

Marijuana refers to the product obtained after drying the leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the Cannabis Indica plant. The plant contains the mind-altering chemical THC and other chemical substances, similar in nature. Currently, Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug all over the United States of America. Most of the people who use marijuana range between the ages of 18 to 25 years.

Experts, scientists, and medical practitioners have been conducting experiments on the various aspects of the drug to find out its various effects on the human body, and whether it can be used for some beneficial purpose or not. A study was conducted recently by the National Institute of Drug Abuse in Baltimore, MD regarding the effects of marijuana on the human body. It included 54 individuals who use marijuana regularly and a group of control individuals who never used marijuana. This study revealed that the blood flow in the users of marijuana was much higher as compared to the blood flow of the people who never used marijuana (American Academy of Neurology 2005, February 13). Even after abstaining from the usage of the drug, the results regarding the blood flow remained the same in the drug users.

The use of Marijuana can also have a deep impact on the cognitive functioning of the brain as well. Research has proved that a heavy and continued use of marijuana can have a long-term effect on the brain of an individual and alter the cognitive abilities permanently. Cannabis has been proved to cause a decline in the cognitive abilities of a person, including difficulty in thinking and decision making.

However, there is a group of researchers that disagrees with these results. They hold the stance that using marijuana does not have any effect on the cognitive abilities of an individual. Some of the scientists even think that moderate use of the drug may cause the brain to function in a better way.

As many studies and pieces of research have proven that the use of Cannabis has a long-term effect on the cognitive abilities of an individual, scientists are still struggling to find out that how much the amount or quantity of the drug is enough not to alter with the normal neuro function of the human body. Scientists have found out, so far, that the heavy usage of the drug cause permanent damage to the thinking ability and the decision-making capability of an individual but its effects can be mitigated by the decreasing or curbing the use of the drug in the user. It has been found out after thorough research and study that the cognitive abilities can be restored in the marijuana users by keeping the drug away for almost a month; but these results are only valid for the light users of marijuana.

The users of any drug are categorized broadly in three categories; heavy users, medium users, and light users. Similar is the case with marijuana or cannabis. Heavy users of marijuana are those individuals who use the drug on a very regular basis, in fact to a dangerous level. Medium users of marijuana refer to that category of users that consume the drug at a moderate level, not too much not very light. Whereas the light user rarely uses the drug. The pulsatility index (PI) of the moderate and light users were found to be improving with time during the month of abstinence whereas no difference was found in the heavy users, even in the month of abstinence.

Marijuana has been found to be extremely beneficial for human health (apart from its harmful effects) and its effectiveness has been proven in the medical field to cure various medical ailments. The symptoms of these diseases include pain, nausea, migraine, glaucoma, and weight loss. Although its effectiveness has been proven through various experiments, the doctors and scientists recommend not using the drug and moving towards the alternatives of marijuana, which are much healthier and less harmful in nature. These alternatives include edible marijuana, vaporizers, and multiple herbs like Kava Kava, Valerian Root, Ginger, Turmeric and Black Pepper and Coneflower (Echinacea). These alternatives can be used in order to cure the symptoms of those numerous diseases that are usually cured by the use of marijuana, but with much lesser harmful effects. These alternatives are much effective than marijuana and much less harmful to the body. These alternatives are even healthy and prove beneficial for the body for example ginger.

Endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a biological system that is made up of endocannabinoids. These are endogenous lipid-based retrograde neurotransmitters that bind to the cannabinoid transmitters and receptors. Cannabinoid receptors are the proteins that are present all over the vertebrate central nervous system, including the brain and peripheral nervous system. Endocannabinoid receptors are also found all over the body, in the brain, glands, connective tissues, organs, and immune cells, and are extremely important in proper maintenance of the health (Alger, 2013, November). The chemical found in marijuana, TCH, not only affects the central nervous system or the brain but the whole body. It especially attacks the immune system and weakens it to the extent that it can no longer fight against the viruses or bacteria that cause various diseases in the body. In contrast to this, such is not the case with the alternatives to marijuana. The alternatives of marijuana are not that much harmful or not harmful at all and preserve and protect the endocannabinoid receptors.

References

American Academy Of Neurology. (2005, February 13). Marijuana Use Affects Blood Flow In Brain Even After Abstinence. ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 24, 2019 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050211084701.htm

Alger, B. E. (2013, November). Getting high on the endocannabinoid system. In Cerebrum: the Dana forum on brain science (Vol. 2013). Dana Foundation.

Application Paper # 1

Application Paper # 1

Stereotypes and prejudices are poisons of the mind. They affect, often unconsciously, the relationships between individuals. These ready-made ideas, acquired from an early age, determine the ways of feeling, the attitudes and orientations of the action of individuals and groups vis-à-vis others in their differences. Stereotypes have a decisive effect on the relationship between men and women, girls and boys. They greatly influence their life trajectories and are the cause of discriminatory and disrespectful behavior. At the extreme, they are the engine of sexual violence.

There is a connection between Mariya Karimjee’s story and about cultural legacies surrounding sexuality and gender. Karimjee is belongs to a group of Shia Muslims. The story offers an enthralling aspect into a world that is locked to most persons. This is also related to stereotypes. The understanding of the sexuality phenomenon and its interpretation has depended on the historical moment in which the problem is analyzed. The podcast explains the column’s brave conversations around race, culture and philosophy in addition to their frequent differences on the complex situations they represent on the air.

Mariya’s account of FGM similar to about FGM from your textbook because it also tells about the stereotypes. Cultural legacies surrounding sexuality are represented in the practice of FGM as described in this piece as the podcast explains the Mariya Karimjee story as she narrates a small action she had on a private friend’s house. Whereas Karimjee reminisced the operation, the significances of it and have influenced her entire life, although her people shifted from Pakistan to Houston, Texas, and to Mount Holyoke College, which Karimjee joined. When racism is transmitted from top to bottom, we are in politics. At this level, the rise of the extreme right is mentioned in the host countries of immigrants. This situation has made the file on migration a key success factor for their electoral campaigns.

The story of Mariya emotionally and physically impact and related to information. Evidently, in the field of sexuality, the following is applied with greater emphasis and property: “What we see depends on the color of the glass with which one looks”; Without a doubt, the color of this crystal is influenced by our own experiences, positive or negative, and that we unconsciously project to the world that surrounds us. “This fact is of fundamental importance in educators, who are human with their own experiences, and therefore, interprets the facts with certain patterns. Our society promotes equality between men and women in both public and private life. However, social representations of the expected roles and behaviors of individuals according to their sex have a certain impact on reality. Achieving equality between women and men requires awareness of the influence of gender stereotypes and their transformation. When racist stereotypes are conveyed by people without responsibilities it is worrying. It is then our associative responsibility to fight against these prejudices and stereotypes

When stereotypes, hate speech and intolerance come from the country's policymakers, the impact will immediately show up in the behaviors of their followers. In this case, racism develops implicitly through the circulation of messages, threatening coexistence and diversity. The role of the school in building an egalitarian society is important, but not only. All institutions and professionals who have a mediation role are concerned. Cultural industries, the media, educational and socio-cultural organizations as well as vocational training organizations have a special responsibility to fight against gender stereotypes. Of course, it is important to raise children's awareness of this problem, to develop their critical skills and to equip them with the basic skills needed to identify gender stereotypes. The school has integrated the decoding of the staging of various types of messages into its study plan. However, much remains to be done to train all the teaching staff in these new teaching practices.

Stereotypes are everywhere. They are transmitted by the audiovisual productions of large consumption. TV shows, commercials, music videos, reality shows, video games, social networks and conversations with friends are filled with stereotyped, value-laden representations that impress us with repetition. The cliché, expression or frozen image trivialized by frequent use, is its ideal vehicle. The photographic image, with its unparalleled evocative power, is its privileged medium. Let us think of the models of the ideal body and beauty formed by the omnipresence of retouched photographs and their considerable effects in society, which goes to the massive diffusion of the plastic surgery to try to make stick dream and reality by the modification of the same body. Women and men are respectively inflated artificially breasts or buttocks to meet the aesthetic canons of time.

To conclude, Mariya Karimjee’s story and about cultural legacies surrounding sexuality and gender. There is a strong connection between the podcast and the stereotypes. so, how to fight stereotypes? To become aware of their role and their often negative effects in social life, to learn to identify them, not to reproduce them and, as far as possible, to try to bring others to question oneself, such could be the canvas of a program to combat stereotypes. How to go about deconstructing them? By analyzing what is given to see and hear. By asking ourselves, simple and effective method, why we are shown this rather than that, and what effects could be targeted by these representations. The production of alternative content and speech should complement the deconstruction of messages. racism is the bitter fruit of a stereotype of discrimination, embellished and well formulated. The deconstruction of this racial hierarchy makes it necessary to initiate a first step, in a new phase of transition, towards a universal intercultural mentality.

APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY TO MY LIFE

Applying psychology to my life

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Psychology is one of the most influencing things in our life. It involves the study of both mind and behavior and it gives a great opportunity for learning about a person's life. Psychology is everywhere as all the individuals are shown behavior that could be studied for knowing about a person. Various key concepts in psychology are listed below.

Concept of interpersonal relations

In psychology, it has been witnessed that interpersonal relationship highlights the bonding, a close association between two or more people. Nature of the relation may vary i.e. family, marriage, friendship and acquittance with co-works and neighbors, etc.

Veritably, our behavior is greatly influenced by various factors and interpersonal relations have always been one of the main driving forces that shape up my behavior. In my case, I have seen that my behavior is dependent on how close bonding I have with a person. Relations greatly defined the ways I treat people. I have observed that the more I get close to a person, the more sensitive start feeling about that person (Wang, 2018). whenever I found myself in the company of close people who understands me and helps in finding a positive perspective in every aspect of life, I start feeling positive. For me, my interpersonal relations, categorize my behavior towards people. I behave differently with my friends, siblings, and colleagues, etc. I never behave uniformly with everyone.

Motivation and emotion

Motivation is a kind of force that helps in energizing and activating behavior. Kind of motivation a person would be having his behavior would be based upon it. Taking a look at psychology, emotions refer to the subjective or the conscious experience that is characterized by biological relations, mental conditions as well as states, psychological or physiological expressions. it is something different from feelings as feelings are subjectively represents emotions which means that every person has its private feelings. Arousal of both emotions and motivations energize and shapes up the behaviors of an individual. According to the Thayer, Newman, and McClain emotions are linked with motives as human do things that they believe would be led to happiness.

My motivation used to drive me what I have to do and how I have to do. I have molded my behavior as per my motives and goals. Motivates are the source of my inspiration that design my behavior. Emotions have always been a weaker part of my life that influences my behavior. Being an emotionally unstable person, sometimes I become difficult for me to predict how I am going to behave in the next moment. Emotions pump up my behave, and makes me do a thing. Sometimes, I don’t want to do certain things but being emotionally weak, I am forced to do things despite considering whether I am happy doing that or not.

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment

In psychology, basic work on reinforcement and punishment have been done by B.F. Skinner. Reinforcement means encouraging or increasing a specific behavior while on the other hand, punishment is a concept being used in psychology for discouraging the designed behavior.

I have observed that reinforcement and punishment are one of the concepts that restricted me to certain types of behavior. Since my childhood, I have been trained about behavior that was acceptable in our society (Cairns, 2018). When I was a young child, behavior that my parents wanted me to develop in me, was appreciated and positively reinforce.

On the other hand, when I used to do some inappropriate thing, I was discouraged by my parents as they don't want me do adopt. Even now when I behave inappropriately, the response from others gives me a reinforcement (positive or negative) that whether that behavior should be adopted or should be avoided. Currently, being an employee of an organization, whenever I used to do something exceptional, my boss rewards me that shows I need to keep that thing get going but sometimes I used to be punished in the form of deductions when I used to do something unacceptable by others.

Health psychology, stress, and other mental health issues

In Health psychology, the study of mental and behavioral processes is done for knowing and healthcare. Stress and other mental health issues can directly affect the behavior of a person. Stress when goes for the long term, mental health issues arise that influences the behavior of an individual. My mood and behavior are greatly molded by my current psychological conditions. Mental health paves the way how we treat others. Both biological and environmental factors affect my behavior. In my case, whenever I feel stress, I started losing control over my behavior (Bailey, 2019). In stress, I even cannot pay attention to things that go on in my surrounding. Sometimes, I react without taking a moment and respond to various situations when stress. Health issues determine the way a person is going to react in a situation and under depression I sometimes, I don’t act like myself. Mental health issues affect the patterns of my behavior. I am not good at feeling stress so under stress I behave unnatural, erratic and out of character that sometimes creates a problem as stress leads me towards mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and Alzheimer, etc.

References

Bailey, T. J., & Wundersitz, L. N. (2019). Evaluating behaviour change communication campaigns in health and safety: A literature review.

Cairns, L. (2018). Reinforcement. In The handbook of communication skills (pp. 163-181). Routledge.

Wang, L., & Yan, F. (2018). Emotion regulation strategy mediates the relationship between goal orientation and job search behavior among university seniors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 108, 1-12.

Article 1 Review

Title page

Article review

Delgado and Lee in the article “Empowerment Theory” talks about the role of school counselors in empowering the students. I agree with the classmate that this article analyzes how this theory can be utilized in the school settings and adapted according to the circumstances that will benefit the students. One of the important thing is that the counselors must play a positive role by providing information to the children about the society. This will raise their awareness and they would be able to prepare themselves for the society’s hardships. I believe the article explains that empowerment theory will have positive role in improving the experiences of students that will add to their confidence and development. Students who are empowered can perform better in school and professional lives.

I agree with the classmate’s views that the author has focused on making empowerment part of school learning because it adds to the advantage of the students. Different activities allow children to realize their strengths and use them for their advantage. Similarly, students also become aware of their weaknesses and will try to overcome those for improving their personalities. I think that every school must integrate empowerment theory for offering practical learning opportunities to the children. This will make them well aware of the social environment and the way in which they must adapt to it. Counselors must be able to make best use of empowerment theory by engaging students in different interactive and challenging practices that will encourage them to use their critical thinking.

References

Hipolito-Delgado, Carlos P. Lee, Courtland C. (2007). Empowerment Theory for the Professional School Counselor: A Manifesto for What Really Matters. Professional School Counseling, 10(4), 327–332.

Article Critique



Intercultural Couples’ Internal Stress, Relationship Satisfaction, and Dyadic Coping

Paris Ramsay

Georgia State University

Article Critique of “Intercultural Couples’ Internal Stress, Relationship Satisfaction, and Dyadic Coping”

The article is a research study with a cross-sectional design highlighting the internal stress (levels of stress in a relationship). However, the internal stress is negatively associated with stress communication, and relationship satisfaction. Although, the best possible way for this is to be arranged in Dyadic Coping (the process by which most of the couples communicate about stress through stress communication or assisting their partners through multiple strategies to cope together). The research design was cross-sectional which involved a total of 17, 856 participants to be surveyed from the various online sources. The participants were intercultural people who have been in a heterosexual relationship with their partner for more than six months.

The results implicated the positive effects of DC on their intercultural relationship internal stress and stress communication on their relationship satisfaction. There were no findings on the association between the negative dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction. The results showed a higher number of relationship satisfaction and lower levels of internal stress in the partners and the couples who showed more engagement in stress communication. However, upon the analysis of the article and the study method, there were several issues being examined. The research was conducted on the eligibility on only intercultural relationships, which shouldn’t have been. The study only focused on the relationship stress communication and its effect on the relationship satisfaction, although there are other numbers of factors which largely impact the relationship communication such as the stability of the partner through racial consideration, their recognition on the dyadic coping and agreeing power towards this (Levenson, 1985).. Throughout the whole study, there were continuous repeating of the terms associated with the variables of the study.

The findings of the study implicated the focus on the intercultural couples who faced the internal stress and the effect, whether Positive or Negative Dyadic Coping, on their relationship satisfaction. The study used the approach to focus only variables that were just focusing their effect on the intercultural relationships. There are several studies which have reported the effect of stress communication on the internal stress of the relationship satisfaction. The flaw can be improved by the effect of the individual’s perception of their intercultural differentiation approach and a questionnaire designed which assesses such problems. Along with the perception, stress communication shouldn't have been the point of the study. Focus on one variable will result in the precise assessment of the data collected and an easy implication in the research results.

The study followed a systematic translation model to follow the complications of the intercultural stress. The study only collected 73 samples which makes the sample size too small to be implacable on a general scale. Most of the studies which have been published in the past focus on the sample size more than 200 to generalize the study results and its implications. The study highlighted the intercultural couples that were only White/European-American variation. The intercultural approach targeted was very short. For the generalization of the sample studied, the intercultural should have also targeted other intercultural couples which might have included White-Black, Asian-Black, White-Asian couples to appropriately generalize the study.

There were several issues in the methodological ways to conclude the study, which included the sample size (73), intercultural approach only targeting the White/European-American as the variation in the cultures. The methodological issues in the study can be rationalized through an increase in the sample size and following, a change in the couples that were used as the intercultural approach targeting.

References

Holzapfel, J., Randall, A. K., Tao, C., & Iida, M. (2018). Intercultural Couples’ Internal Stress, Relationship Satisfaction, and Dyadic Coping. Interpersonal: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 12(2), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v12i2.302

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Article Critque

Article critique

Article:

BIBLIOGRAPHY Craciun, B. (2013). The Efficiency of Applying for a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program in Diminishing Perfectionism, Irrational Beliefs and Teenager's Stress. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 274 – 278.

The article uncovers the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy on teenagers for managing stress and anxiety. The article has addressed the literature gap by applying cognitive behavior program for molding the irrational beliefs of the teenagers. The methods of the study include experimentation in which 124 teenage students are investigated. Three groups are formed including the experimental group with 42 students, placebo group with 42 students and a control group with 30 students.

A primary survey questionnaire is used in which perfectionism subscale is used for examining the behaviors and thought patterns. Child and adolescent scale of irrationality are also used for assessing the behaviors. A statistical software SPSS is used for computing the results. ANOVA and t-tests are computed for assessing the means. The results depict that cognitive behavior therapy was applied to the experimental group. They managed to develop attitudes of self-observing and self-acceptance. This allowed them to establish problem-solving behaviors. Compared to these students the pupils in other groups failed to handle their stress. They were unable to develop problem-solving attitudes.

The article has many strengths such as it relies on a primary survey that directly targets the teenagers. The construction of the experimental group provides realistic implications of cognitive behavior therapy. The findings of the survey are supported by literature and empirical evidence that adds validity to the article. The consent is also taken before conducting a survey that represents another strength. The study has used reliable scales for assessing the behavior of students.

The article has some weaknesses and limitations. The small sample size may affect the validity of the results. The results may vary by considering larger sample size. The results are only based on t-tests and ANOVA. A better approach was to consider correlation coefficients.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY Craciun, B. (2013). The Efficiency of Applying for a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program in Diminishing Perfectionism, Irrational Beliefs and Teenager's Stress. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 274 – 278.

Article Review 2

Title page

Article review

I agree with the classmate’s post that stresses on treating patients appropriately who have undergone traumatic experiences. It depends on therapist’s ability of handling such patients (Levenson, 2017). Any negligence or lack of expertise can undermine the possible chances of improving the health of patients. I agree that the social worker have to understand the concerns of issues of the clients by considering their problematic experiences of the past. I think social workers have a positive role in rebuilding the identity of such people who have undergone traumatic experiences. I agree with the post that they need to learn how they could respond to the patients that would enhance their mental state.

I agree that social workers have the responsibility of offering safe environment to the patients. They must ensure patients that they can trust the social worker as their information will be kept confidential. They can also help clients by telling them the effective coping mechanisms and ways of overcoming trauma (Levenson, 2017). I agree that exposure to different environments and settings can help clients in getting rid of their problematic experiences and negative feelings.

I agree with the post that safety and trust could improve the feelings of the patients. This is an effective way of helping patients in improving their behaviors and personality. Social workers have roles in building social and survival skills in clients who have troubled past. I think that that social workers must realize their responsibility for bringing best results.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author

Greenberg, R. (2018). SAMHSA Child Mental Health Event Promotes Trauma-Informed Approach. Psychiatric News, 53(12). doi: 10.1176/appi.pn.2018.6b17

Levenson, J. (2017). Trauma-Informed Social Work Practice. Social Work, 62(2), 105–113.  HYPERLINK "https://doi-org.proxy.ccis.edu/10.1093/sw/swx001" \t "_blank" https://doi-org.proxy.ccis.edu/10.1093/sw/swx001

Article Review 4

Article Review 4

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Article Review 4

This peer review discusses the efficacy of Positive Behavior Support (PBS) for disables children and those that suffer from Autisms Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The article reveals that PBS is can be deployed for children that suffer ASD by reducing repetitive and disruptive behaviors. The article provides a discussion on impeding behaviors children with ASD, and presents an evidence-based framework for mitigating such impeding behaviors among these children (Neitzel, 2010)..

Children suffering from ASD struggle with behavioral challenges such as aggression and tantrums, which affects the ability of a child to learn and interact with other people. The article indicates that such behavioral challenges impede the efforts of parent and teachers to help the child develop skills such as social, communication, and academic skills. These challenging behaviors are often triggered when a child is prevented from completing repetitive behaviors (Neitzel, 2010).. The article argues that each child suffering from ASD suffers unique behavioral disorders that hinder their day-to-day activities.

The PBS framework is effective in addressing behavioral challenges in children with ASD by employing focused support and relevant interventions at each level of the model tiers, which include preventive practice, individualized interventions, and functional assessment-based interventions. The first tier interventions are implemented by controlling the environment, activities, and other forms of interactions that could cause behavioral challenges in children with ASD. The tier uses functional behavioral assessment to guide intervention strategies, and executes evidence-based practices to curb impeding behaviors that help improve social skills and communication. Third tier aims at delivering intensive, individualized instructions to children with ASD who display behavioral challenges despite the interventions adopted in tier one and two (Neitzel, 2010).. However, the review criticizes the article for failing to highlight the limitation of the study as well as the future implications on research on the topics, and how future studies on how to improve the efficacy of PBS among children with ASD.

References

Neitzel, J. (2010). Positive Behavior Supports for Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 54(4), 247-255. doi:10.1080/10459881003745229

Article Summary

Summary of Intercultural Couples’ Internal Stress, Relationship Satisfaction, and Dyadic Coping Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Summary of Intercultural Couples’ Internal Stress, Relationship Satisfaction, and Dyadic Coping

The marriage trend between couple having different cultural background is growing in USA. Many studies have seen the impact of relational stress and connectivity between couples of different background. They may experience greater difficulties due to increased amount of time needed to understand each other and to adjust to each other’s background. The couples might cope with their stress by using the communication of stress with the intimate partner. It is called the positive dyadic coping. The failure to connect with the partner emotionally, is called negative dyadic coping and it is detrimental to emotional, physical, psychological and emotional health of the individual experiencing stress. Stress can be due to multiple factors and multiple reasons. There has been a plethora of researches on the dyadic coping amongst the couples, but the dyadic coping between intercultural couples is a neglected paradigm. The main purpose of this study is to see whether the intercultural couples connect with the dyadic coping mechanism to reduce stress, how it effects the relational satisfaction amongst them and how dyadic coping is effected by cultural variables.

Culture can be defined as the tradition, race, ethnicity and other multiple factors. The cultural differences may contribute to variety of stressors as the responsibilities at home, arranging for holidays, expressing affection, involvement of family in household and other multiple factors. The stressors can develop in multiple forms and by multiple factors, and what’s important, is the stress communication pattern and dyadic coping. The present study uses the Dyadic Coping Inventory, Marital Stress Assessment, and Marital Satisfaction Scales for assessing the particular variables of stressors, stress coping, and marital satisfaction amongst the intercultural couples. The present study hypothesized that the high levels of stress will result in reporting of lower marital satisfaction, while the lower levels of stress will result in reporting of higher marital satisfaction. The positive dyadic coping will have significant correspondence with the marital satisfaction and insignificant correspondence with the stress levels. The negative dyadic coping will have insignificant correspondence with marital satisfaction and significant correspondence with the stress levels. The study used the transactional model to investigate the variables. The participants were recruited across the USA through Facebook, and email to cultural centers and universities. The couples who showed interest in the study were chosen on the major criteria of i) over the age of 18 ii) born in different countries with one partner from USA iii) in the heterosexual relationship with their current partner for at least six months iv)self-identified as intercultural couple and v)willing to participate. The final data consisted of 73 couples with majority consisting of USA-Germany cultural identities. The age ranged between 19 years to 79 years. Most participants identified as Whites, well-educated, married and making less than $50,000 per year. Forty-six couples reported having children. The median age of relationship was 4 years. The results found a significant relationship between the variables of the high levels of stress and lack of marital satisfaction. There was a significant relationship between the decreased stress level and increased marital satisfaction. The positive dyadic coping showed positive correspondence with the marital satisfaction and insignificant correspondence with stress level. The negative dyadic coping showed insignificant correspondence with the marital satisfaction and significant correspondence with the stress level.

The study shows that despite the cultural differences, there is a significant difference in the couples but the management of stress, open communication, ability to share the emotional burdens and connecting emotionally with one’s partner is the key to marital satisfaction. The study has limitations, as it has a very small sample size and it does not explore the cultural believes and their impact on the marital satisfaction, stress factors and dyadic coping. The study has multiple implications in family/couple counselling and by improved sample size, better data analysis and further exploration, the study can serve as the stepping stone for further marital interpersonal dimension (Holzapfel, Randall, Tao, & Iida, 2018).

References

Holzapfel, J., Randall, A. K., Tao, C., & Iida, M. (2018). Intercultural Couples’ Internal Stress, Relationship Satisfaction, and Dyadic Coping. Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 12(2), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v12i2.302

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Article Synthesis Or Title Of Previous Paper

ARTICLE SYNTHESIS

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

The article entitled, “Verbal, visual, and spatial working memory demands during text composition” explains that subtext (visual text) is one of the most powerful tools within a marketing strategy because they have a greater effect on the minds of people. According to the article, researchers have discovered that visual content is processed differently than text. In reality, images have the ability to communicate more information in a more effective way.

In fact, visual content is processed 60,000 times faster than text and generates around 94% more views. In addition, our brain retains 80% of what we see and only 20% of what we read and 10% of what we hear.

Why does visual content have such good effect? "Processing printing is not something the human brain was created for. It is very convenient and it has worked very well for 5,000 years, but it is an invention of human beings. On the contrary, mother nature has incorporated into our brain our ability to see the visual world and interpret it. In other words, we were biologically designed to react to visual stimuli and communicate through them. That is why we are often more interested in images or videos instead of a long text (Hale, Bronik, & Fry, 1997).

The simultaneous presentation of the written text and the band sound improves the recognition of the words heard and can benefit the learning of new lexical items, as evidenced by a series of tests of explicit and implicit memory carried out. These authors also explain that the subtitles can be a great help when it comes to visualizing in the minds of listeners the auditory keys through the textual channel, which makes them more sure of the adequate understanding of the information received. In this way, students can form a mental image of words more accurately and identify identical sounds later without textual help.

The author has defended the use of these subtitles in the field teaching-learning of L2, claiming that it is one of the means to through which students manage to overcome their difficulties in terms of oral comprehension. The author also suggests that the subtitles conform as much as possible to the soundtrack original, given that the opposite, according to her, would lead to confusion because the students they would find the expected correspondence between the oral text and the written one. The structure of viewing proposed by this author is the following: a first viewing without sub- titles, so that oral comprehension can be practiced and students get used to the context cultural and situational, and a second with bimodal subtitles, to combine oral comprehension with the written.

The second article is about the school age and memory. School age children may have problems with follow-up on instructions and explanations in class, even if they are attentive in the classroom. They may have issues with comprehending scientific computations that include a few stages, for example, division or variable based math issues, on the grounds that so as to take care of these issues they have to get to data about numerical activities of long haul memory, while They should recollect what they have quite recently done and what they need to do straightaway.

They frequently have an enormous issue with thinking issues, since they can't keep all the data in their psychological "plate", while they are choosing what is the most significant data and what is the procedure they need to use to tackle the issue. They may have practical issues with perusing perception since they cannot recall the sentences they have recently perused. Written composition is often an arduous task for children who have problems with working memory. They are forced to recover their ideas from long-term memory and at the same time remember rules about punctuation, grammar and write down their ideas.

Working memory is one of the central concepts of today's cognitive psychology. Being the place where the information necessary for ongoing treatments is maintained. Thus, many of the contemporary theories of cognitive development have made increasing the capacity of working memory one of the drivers of this development. Although the initial anchoring of the concept around short-term memory led psychologists to retain the term " working memory ", contemporary psychology emphasizes its links with attention, the development of working memory being above all the development of attentional abilities and their control.

We have seen that these spans increase strongly with age, the determinants of which are not easy to pin down. The effectiveness of treatments increases with age, and partly explains the changes observed, the ability to maintain also seems to change as well as the coordination skills of the two activities.

To conclude, both the articles are related to memory and how different aspects memory. Despite the importance that the recent technological revolution gives to the image, it is perceived even in our culture as a subsidiary to other discursive manifestations, such as those developed with the text. The status of the image has varied over time and at all times its influence has been determinant. The need to rewrite a discourse of one's own is what should push the historian to face the dominance and exploitation of new sources, for the benefit of their discipline and society as a whole. The subtext helps to improve the memory. The school age plays an important role in improving the memory.

References

Hale, S., Bronik, M. D., & Fry, A. F. (1997). Verbal and spatial working memory in school-age children: developmental differences in susceptibility to interference. Developmental psychology, 33(2), 364.

Olive, T., Kellogg, R. T., & Piolat, A. (2008). Verbal, visual, and spatial working memory demands during text composition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 29(4), 669-687.

Assessment

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Question 1

Yes, parents should be the part of the program because their involvement would play a great part in teaching teens to make decisions in their life wisely as this program raises awareness in youngsters about STDs, STIs, and the consequences of unplanned pregnancy ("Sex-Ed Classes Abstain From Abstinence-Only Talk").

Question 2

I believe circumcision is not entirely a useless process. It prevents a person from balanitis, phimoses and decreases the risk of urinary tract and sexually transmitted diseases in men ("Circumcision - American Urological Association"). But if I were a parent I would not have chosen it for my baby boy because of the following reasons:

My baby will suffer from pain.

There is a risk that he gets the infection during the circumcision

A slight mistake can damage his penis.

Question 3

It has been researched in the video that the primitive reward region was only activated by the loved one’s face of all the college students that were chosen for this study. It has found that such areas were also rich in dopamine which is the chemical that is associated with reward (Pearson).

Question 4

According to Roderick potential mate should share and respect the same values, as he and Scherazade have. For instance, in their case respecting the values of family, spirituality and exploring different parts of the world were common in both of them. Scherazade has similar thoughts like Roderick; both of them agree that love, communication and maintaining romance is necessary for a relationship ("Mydevelopmentlab Video Series"). The interview reflected that both partners share the same perspectives and understand each other which is the key to their successful relationship.

Question 5

If one does not want unwanted or teenage pregnancy, convincing sexual partner for using a condom is the wisest idea. Moreover, using a condom can reduce the risk of STDs and STIs, and there are no side effects of using them ("The Benefits Of Condoms - Advocates For Youth"). So, it is best to convince your partner to use condoms.

Works Cited

"Sex-Ed Classes Abstain From Abstinence-Only Talk." YouTube. N.p., 2019. Web. 28 Feb. 2019.

"Circumcision - American Urological Association." Auanet.org. N.p., 2019. Web. 28 Feb. 2019.

Revel-ise.pearson.com. N.p., 2019. Web. 28 Feb. 2019.

"Mydevelopmentlab Video Series." Visual.pearsoncmg.com. N.p., 2019. Web. 28 Feb. 2019.

"The Benefits Of Condoms - Advocates For Youth." Advocates for Youth. N.p., 2019. Web. 28 Feb. 2019.

Assessment

RUNNING HEAD: Psychology

Assessment

Author

[Name of the Institution]

Corporate manslaughter

Introduction

The policy consists of a wide range of government actions such as laws, programs, processes, statement of principles, and policy statements. It pays close attention to practices and principles of pursuit by the government of economic, political and social outcomes. Policy analysis usually focuses on the action of the government trying to differentiate between the different relationship between politics and knowledge ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Birkland</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>222</RecNum><DisplayText>(Birkland, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>222</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572954764">222</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Birkland, Thomas A</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An introduction to the policy process: Theories, concepts, and models of public policy making</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>1317509803</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Birkland, 2015). There are 3 different perspectives: positivism, the critique of positivism and post-positivism. In positivism, knowledge aims to replace politics. In critique to positivism, policy purports to replace knowledge and in post-positivism, both politics and knowledge attain reconciliation measures ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Du</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>212</RecNum><DisplayText>(Du, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>212</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950055">212</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Du, Yijia</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>What is the Problem Represented to be? A problematisation on two child policy in China</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Du, 2016).

WPR Approach

Despite the increasing appeal to understand policy as disclosure, there is no single method to analyse the policy as disclosure. In this case, Bacchi developed a very important and useful framework for analysing policy aspects and claimed that problems of policy are constructed socially and arise at a specific time and also in specific policy space ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bacchi</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>215</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bacchi, 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950329">215</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bacchi, Carol</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Analysing policy</title></titles><dates><year>2009</year></dates><publisher>Pearson Higher Education AU</publisher><isbn>1486022367</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bacchi, 2009). It is stated in her book “Analysing Policy” that “what the problem represented to be? (WPR). The WPR policy analysis approach is a tool or resource that is intended to enhance the critical interrogation of government policies. The WPR is based on 4 intellectual traditions such as post structuralisms, governmental studies, construction theory and feminism body theory. Bacchi has also provided a conceptual checklist that helps in the analytical process. This approach provides a conceptual checklist that helps in the analytical process by using a set of 6 questions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bacchi</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>215</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bacchi, 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950329">215</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bacchi, Carol</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Analysing policy</title></titles><dates><year>2009</year></dates><publisher>Pearson Higher Education AU</publisher><isbn>1486022367</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bacchi, 2009)

What’s the ‘problem’ represented to be in a specific policy or policy proposal?

What assumptions or presuppositions underpin this representation of the ‘problem’?

How has this representation of the ‘problem’ come about?

What is left unproblematic in this problem representation? Where are the silences? Can the ‘problem’ be thought about differently?

What effects are produced by this representation of the ‘problem’? How/where has this representation of the ‘problem’ been produced, disseminated and defended?

How has it been (or could it be) questioned, disrupted and replaced?

Bacchi approach not only analyses policy from a problem-solving perspective but also a perspective of problem questioning ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bacchi</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>215</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bacchi, 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950329">215</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bacchi, Carol</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Analysing policy</title></titles><dates><year>2009</year></dates><publisher>Pearson Higher Education AU</publisher><isbn>1486022367</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bacchi, 2009). According to its presumption, some of the problem representation benefit some group’s members at the expense of others. This approach also takes the side of those people who are harmed. The main aim of the WPR analysis is not to find the real problem and the right solution but to interrogate how the problem representation has come and how this helps to shape subjectivities and solution. The WPR approach recommends backward working from concrete programs and policies to reveal what is presented in a problem. The analyst work begins with texts such as verbal, written, and nonverbal communication. Textual analysis is not only applied to documents such as interview transcripts, speeches, judicial decisions, organization records, files, media statements, legislation, organizational charts, programs, contract, budget and research report but it also uses objects and textual information such as organizational culture and ceremonies.

Policy selected for this analysis: Two child policy in China

In China, the one-child policy was implemented on a national level until 2013. After that, government of China has erased a few restrictions and allowed the couples to have 2 children. Then in October 2015, this decades-old one-child policy was ended by the communist party leadership and two-child policy was implemented by allowing all the married couples to have two children ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yi</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>209</RecNum><DisplayText>(Yi, 1989)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>209</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572949891">209</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yi, Zeng</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Is the Chinese Family Planning Program&quot; Tightening Up&quot;?</title><secondary-title>Population and Development Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Population and development review</full-title></periodical><pages>333-337</pages><volume>15</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1989</year></dates><isbn>0098-7921</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Yi, 1989). Then in December 2015, the revised law on Family planning and the population was passed. It was the first time since its promulgation that this law was revised. In this amendment, implementation of the two-child policy, change of certain leave entitlement, paternity and maternity leave, cancellation of forced contraception, marriage leave and one child encouragement benefits were covered. In the law that was passed in 2015, restriction on the late marriages and late childbearing were removed and the couples were given freedom to have more than one child ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Zeng</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>213</RecNum><DisplayText>(Zeng and Hesketh, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>213</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950123">213</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zeng, Yi</author><author>Hesketh, Therese</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The effects of China&apos;s universal two-child policy</title><secondary-title>The Lancet</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Lancet</full-title></periodical><pages>1930-1938</pages><volume>388</volume><number>10054</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0140-6736</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Zeng and Hesketh, 2016). According to the article number ‘25’ of the new policy, it was mentioned that all those couples who bear children in compliance with regulation and laws will be granted benefits and extended leaves. In this policy analysis report, I aim to see the two-child policy from a perspective of feminist theory. How the problem was represented after China changed the one-child policy to two-child policy.

What's the 'problem' represented to be in two-child policy?

The problem statement relates to its cause, how far can the government go to address the problem and what part of the government is responsible. The first question is very simple and straightforward. If a government of China proposes to do anything, then what they are hoping to change? Secondly what problem does it solve? In the 5th Plenum of the CPC central committee, China has released communique stating that all couples can have 2 children by removing the restriction of having only one child ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Du</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>212</RecNum><DisplayText>(Du, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>212</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950055">212</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Du, Yijia</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>What is the Problem Represented to be? A problematisation on two child policy in China</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Du, 2016). According to this amendment, people of all ethnicities and entire party in China need to persist in producing and developing basic government policies on birth planning, stimulate the balanced development of the whole population, implement the two-child policy comprehensively and to launch activities vigorously to respond to population aging problem. This policy statement of two children was mentioned nationwide for the first time. In 2016, the 13th 5-year development plan also mentioned this state population policy plan. This adhered to the state policy of family planning, the total population of the country planned to be approximately 1 billion and 420 million people. Treatment of high sex ratio of population birth, improve the development strategies of population, development of integrated decision-making mechanism and comprehensive response to the decline in the working-age population ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Zeng</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>213</RecNum><DisplayText>(Zeng and Hesketh, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>213</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950123">213</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zeng, Yi</author><author>Hesketh, Therese</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The effects of China&apos;s universal two-child policy</title><secondary-title>The Lancet</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Lancet</full-title></periodical><pages>1930-1938</pages><volume>388</volume><number>10054</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0140-6736</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Zeng and Hesketh, 2016)

What presuppositions or assumptions underpin this representation of the ‘problem’?

Bacchi’s 2nd question asks which assumption and presupposition underpin identified the representation of the problem. The term “assumption/ presupposition refers to the knowledge or background that is taken for granted. It includes ontological and epistemological assumptions. Therefore, through the proper examination of assumptions and presuppositions, one can identify the conceptual logics which underlie this problem statement. Question 2 of Bacchi questions about what is in the mind of the people to consider the form of knowledge that is important for the statements to be accorded properly and the shape of arguments on which the arguments rely and form ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Merli</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>216</RecNum><DisplayText>(Merli and Raftery, 2000)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>216</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950395">216</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Merli, M Giovanna</author><author>Raftery, Adrian E</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Are births underreported in rural China? Manipulation of statistical records in response to China’s population policies</title><secondary-title>Demography</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Demography</full-title></periodical><pages>109-126</pages><volume>37</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2000</year></dates><isbn>0070-3370</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Merli and Raftery, 2000). There are different types of themes which underlying the above-mentioned problem representation. In this, I will focus on two assumptions/ presuppositions which underpin this problem which the 2 child policy claims. The one is that reproductive bodies of women are not of interest to women and her family but it is also of interest to the economy of the state. The other is that one-child policy is a major reason for the sex ratio imbalance in China ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tsai</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>218</RecNum><DisplayText>(Tsai, 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>218</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950542">218</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tsai, Jia-Jiuan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>What Is the Problem Represented to Be?: A Case Study of How China Central Television Network Represents the Problems in the Chinese Two-Child Policy</title></titles><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Tsai, 2019).

Women and state

The first assumption that underlies this problem representation is that whole policy of birth control is based on the thinking that women’s reproductive bodies are not only the interest of the women and her family but also of the economy of the state. In this, people are transformed by the state into “biological citizen” to attain the modernization and wellbeing of the nation. The focus on fertility in public and government discourse has linked to the issue of economic development and national survival in China since the era of Mao. This means that the social roles of women have already been defined according to the interest and need of the state. In the process of formulation of government policies, women are marginalized. Similar to one-child policy, the two-child policy is also linked to the authoritarian regime in the name of development and modernization where women’s reproductive right was in the hand of the state ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Merli</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>216</RecNum><DisplayText>(Merli and Raftery, 2000)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>216</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950395">216</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Merli, M Giovanna</author><author>Raftery, Adrian E</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Are births underreported in rural China? Manipulation of statistical records in response to China’s population policies</title><secondary-title>Demography</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Demography</full-title></periodical><pages>109-126</pages><volume>37</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2000</year></dates><isbn>0070-3370</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Merli and Raftery, 2000). Different laws on the family planning and population argued that the two-child policy is important to achieve the population development with society, resources and economy. On the other side, it is also believed by some people that the main problem for China is not its large population but the aging population and government should focus on the welfare of the aging population.

Sex ratio

From the above analysis of problem representation, it is determined that one of the main aims of the two-child policy is to promote balanced development of the population and to solve the issue of sex ratio imbalance. This assumption underpins that one-child policy brings imbalance in sex ratio and it can be fixed after the two-child policy implementation.

How has this representation of the ‘problem’ come about?

The Bacchi 3rd question goes beyond the texts to explore how a particular problem representation has come about. To explore this China cultural and political condition are traced to analyse the power relations that are involved in this problem representation. The two-child policy was released in 2015 and in that year the growth rate of China was approximately 6.9% and it helps the government to hit the target of about 7%. Some researchers have identified that the annual growth of China was about 4-6%. According to the National Bureau of Statistics serious downfall was seen in the economy of China after 2012. This can be due to the 30 years population control policy of China as most of the China working-age population passed away in 2012 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Merli</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>216</RecNum><DisplayText>(Merli and Raftery, 2000)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>216</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950395">216</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Merli, M Giovanna</author><author>Raftery, Adrian E</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Are births underreported in rural China? Manipulation of statistical records in response to China’s population policies</title><secondary-title>Demography</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Demography</full-title></periodical><pages>109-126</pages><volume>37</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2000</year></dates><isbn>0070-3370</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Merli and Raftery, 2000). There is a need for China to find an appropriate way to keep economic growth. One of the main solutions of this is increasing the birth rate to ensure more labour force in future.

What is left unproblematic in this problem representation? Where are the silences? Can the ‘problem’ be thought about differently?

In the following, questions can be asked such as where are the silences? And can the problem be thought differently? It is very important to highlight those conditions that allow problem representation to assume dominance and shape. This question focuses on the particular limitations and gaps in the problem representation. By implementing the two-child policy the government of china intended to reduce the adverse demographic effect that occurs because of the one-child policy. However, this two-child policy does not have a great impact on the worker retire ratio. The retirement system of China is still under stress. To solve the problem of population aging China government has implemented the two-child policy as an excuse. At the time of implementing the one-child policy government of China has promised to solve the aging problem of the population by suggesting some solutions such as social insurance, increase the living standard of people and pension scheme for elderly people ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Zeng</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>213</RecNum><DisplayText>(Zeng and Hesketh, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>213</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950123">213</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zeng, Yi</author><author>Hesketh, Therese</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The effects of China&apos;s universal two-child policy</title><secondary-title>The Lancet</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Lancet</full-title></periodical><pages>1930-1938</pages><volume>388</volume><number>10054</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0140-6736</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Zeng and Hesketh, 2016). However, after 40 years, the national security system still not established. In rural areas old age support is mostly provided by the family members. The government of China is still silenced on the insurance system for old age and the issue of population aging has been linked to the one-child policy rather than inefficient social security system in China.

There are many issues which still needs to be addressed and are not answered. The two-child policy focuses on the current issue of sex ratio and population aging effectively but ignores the deleterious effect that it has on the environment as a result of an increased population. During the time of the one-child policy, the government of China has argued about the implementation of this policy on an urgent basis to protect the environment. According to the policymaker, the implementation of this policy can slow the destruction of the environment such as according to negotiator of China by implementing this policy release of about 1.8 billion tons of CO2 and other harmful gases can be reduced.

What effects are produced by this representation of the ‘problem’?

According to family planning and population amendment law that was passed in 2015, maternity leave was extended from 98 days to 128 days. Whereas men can only get 10 to 15 leaves. Amendment law discourse exacerbates the dilemma that women are expected to fulfil both roles ‘caregiver’ as well as the ‘worker’. After the implementation of two-child policy more power was given to the patriarchal family to control the reproductive right of women. After this, women faced a new problem that they were forced to have another child under the pressure of patriarchal family. After this policy, those families who were satisfied with one child have to reconsider their decision especially those families who have girls. They will force to get another due to the traditional preference for the son. The implementation of two-child policy brings the women to a fight with both state and patriarchal family. Under this policy, both the state and patriarchal family joined their hands together in oppressing women. Both the one child and two-child policy deprive the women of their reproductive right ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Zeng</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>213</RecNum><DisplayText>(Zeng and Hesketh, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>213</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950123">213</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zeng, Yi</author><author>Hesketh, Therese</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The effects of China&apos;s universal two-child policy</title><secondary-title>The Lancet</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Lancet</full-title></periodical><pages>1930-1938</pages><volume>388</volume><number>10054</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0140-6736</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Zeng and Hesketh, 2016).

The implementation of the two-child policy created some risks for the employment and career development of women. The two-child policy increases the responsibility of women and also undermines her social roles. This policy was also associated with gender inequality. The two-child policy of China can also be seen in different perspectives. Here are some positive things which are associated with this policy. The children can learn sharing and cooperation. The financial security is another advantage that the implementation of this policy gives. Another benefit of this policy was that by the implementation of this policy a huge reduction in the abortion of unplanned pregnancies was seen. Secondly, the decrease in the problem of unregistered children was also seen ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Zeng</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>213</RecNum><DisplayText>(Zeng and Hesketh, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>213</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950123">213</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zeng, Yi</author><author>Hesketh, Therese</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The effects of China&apos;s universal two-child policy</title><secondary-title>The Lancet</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Lancet</full-title></periodical><pages>1930-1938</pages><volume>388</volume><number>10054</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0140-6736</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Zeng and Hesketh, 2016). According to the policy analyst, the effect of two-child policy on the rapid population aging and shrinking workforce will not be seen in the next few decades. There is a need for some sound policies to meet the health and social needs of the aging population ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Feng</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>221</RecNum><DisplayText>(Feng et al., 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>221</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572954707">221</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Feng, Wang</author><author>Gu, Baochang</author><author>Cai, Yong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The end of China&apos;s one‐child policy</title><secondary-title>Studies in family planning</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Studies in family planning</full-title></periodical><pages>83-86</pages><volume>47</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0039-3665</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Feng et al., 2016). In conclusion, the WPR analysis approach starts from the assumption of some problem representation to the understanding of the issue. Although the two-child policy of China is a national-level policy still it attributed the responsibility of the problem to the women ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Scharping</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>219</RecNum><DisplayText>(Scharping, 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>219</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1572950612">219</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scharping, Thomas</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Abolishing the One-Child Policy: Stages, Issues and the Political Process</title><secondary-title>Journal of Contemporary China</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Contemporary China</full-title></periodical><pages>327-347</pages><volume>28</volume><number>117</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>1067-0564</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Scharping, 2019). The discourse in this policy does not address the main issue of labour division between men and women. It further deepens the stereotype associated with gender. After the implementation of this policy women faced serious discrimination in the labour market.

References

ADDIN EN.REFLIST Bacchi, C. 2009. Analysing Policy, Pearson Higher Education Au.

Birkland, T. A. 2015. An Introduction To The Policy Process: Theories, Concepts, And Models Of Public Policy Making, Routledge.

Du, Y. 2016. What Is The Problem Represented To Be? A Problematisation On Two Child Policy In China.

Feng, W., Gu, B. & Cai, Y. 2016. The End Of China's One‐Child Policy. Studies In Family Planning, 47, 83-86.

Merli, M. G. & Raftery, A. E. 2000. Are Births Underreported In Rural China? Manipulation Of Statistical Records In Response To China’s Population Policies. Demography, 37, 109-126.

Scharping, T. 2019. Abolishing The One-Child Policy: Stages, Issues And The Political Process. Journal Of Contemporary China, 28, 327-347.

Tsai, J.-J. 2019. What Is The Problem Represented To Be?: A Case Study Of How China Central Television Network Represents The Problems In The Chinese Two-Child Policy.

Yi, Z. 1989. Is The Chinese Family Planning Program" Tightening Up"? Population And Development Review, 15, 333-337.

Zeng, Y. & Hesketh, T. 2016. The Effects Of China's Universal Two-Child Policy. The Lancet, 388, 1930-1938.

BIBLIOGRAPHY DPI NSW, 2017. Briefing, debriefing and handovers in emergencies. [Online] Available at: ergency-preparedness-response-recovery/local-emergency-programs/after-action-review[Accessed 21 April 2019].

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Assessment 1: Background & Literature Review

Assessment 1: Background & Literature review

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Social Media and Cyberbullying

Introduction and Background

Social media has a substantial impact on adolescents as it provides great communication opportunities. With the advancement in technology, social media provides a viable platform for adolescents to engage in communication and entertainment activities. However, with the passage of time, social media is being used as a tool to bully adolescents. It is important to mention the fact that most of the adolescent’s experience on social media is based on the benefits of digital communication. However, anonymity experience of adolescents is making them vulnerable to cyberbullying, which can be highly catastrophic. Social media has revolutionized the field of communication, entertainment, and professional working through blogs, instant messaging platforms, and social networking sites. It offers a specific platform for individuals to engage in social interactions. Furthermore, social media offers adolescents with the possibilities of establishing and maintaining friendships. Regardless of the positive aspects, social media can contribute towards the confrontation of an individual with threatening circumstances such as suicidal thoughts, signals of depression, sexually-transgressive behavior and cyberbullying. The purpose of this paper is to determine the role of social media towards high prevalence of cyberbullying.

Literature Review

The prevalence of cyberbullying is increasing at an alarming speed as users are reachable 24/7. Social media is a viable platform for an offender to confront someone outside his/her house and school premises. Researchers have found that adolescents usually stay in contact with their peers through social networking sites such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, etc. Previously, cyberbullying usually occurred through instant messaging programs and mobile phone activities. Internet-based text messages were used in the past to oppress or harass an individual. Currently, social networking sites are being used to bully an individual, which creates a significant sense of fear in victims. It is notable to mention that social media interaction of youth contains some specific digital stressors that can be catastrophic for a victim. The social media platform is being used to send mean and harassing personal messages to an individual. It can also be used to steal personal information of an individual by hacking into his/her accounts. Later, this information can be used to harass or blackmail that specific individual. The impact of social media harassment in terms of cyberbullying can be severe for adolescents due to the large portion of the online audience. Researchers have found that social media platform is being used for personal attacks, impersonation, humiliation, and public shaming. It is obvious that social media tools offer potential damaging ways to interact with individuals regardless of its multiple advantages.

According to Erdur-Baker (2010), “peer bullying now goes beyond school borders.” It is important to consider cyberbullying in terms of the school environment. Cyberbullying beyond schoolyard has increased at an alarming rate due to which schools are being charged by government to take immense actions on this particular issue (Erdur-Baker, 2010). There is an immense need to prevent cyberbullying as it has a crucial impact on adolescents. Cyberbullying has the potential to establish a threatening feeling for students in the school. It is important to consider the fact that cyberbullying can disrupt the academic progress of an individual. Various research done in the past tried to find out the reason behind cyberbullying and how they influence the behavior of adolescents. For this particular purpose, researchers interviewed teachers and parents of victims to evaluate their thoughts on this particular topic. According to parents, cyberbullying has created a terrifying feeling in their children, so their children often find a way to avoid going to school (Erdur-Baker, 2010). The prevalence of cyberbullying is catastrophic for adolescent students as it negatively impacts their academic progress. Parents are highly concerned about their children due to the increment in cyberbullying activities. It is observed that parents are worried about the emotional wellbeing of their children.

Cyberbullying has the potential to destroy the psychological wellbeing of individuals due to the creation of threatening feelings. Parents often feel powerless to control the impact of cyberbullying as they are facing difficulties to understand the mechanisms of cyberbullying (Erdur-Baker, 2010). It is one of the most crucial aspects that should be focused in an effective manner to establish some viable solutions. The permanency of online communication is also problematic for parents as it has the potential to increase the risk of cyberbullying. Parents expressed concerns about the engagement of their children on social networking sites (Erdur-Baker, 2010). Uploading or posting things on impulse has the potential to be misjudged. Such circumstances can be crucial for an individual as it can later be used in the wrong way by other individuals. Posts or comments of an individual on internet can be misinterpreted and used to blackmail or harass them. It is the core responsibility of parents to take significant participation in cyberbullying prevention and intervention.

Lack of technical knowledge is also hindering the efforts of parents to prevent their children from cyberbullying (Erdur-Baker, 2010). Parents are unable to do adequate parenting despite the sense of responsibility as they are facing difficulties to have better technical knowledge. Governments and states made it compulsory for schools to address the incidents of cyberbullying (Erdur-Baker, 2010). However, the majority of parents are unaware of the requirement and boundaries that should be adopted by schools. Due to this conundrum, parents are unable to completely address the incident of their children being cyberbullied in schools. Teachers and school administration are also aware of the fact that legislations legitimized schools to address the serious issue of cyberbullying.

Lowry et al (2016) also focus their research work to critically examine why adults extensively involved in cyberbullying specifically in case of social media. The main aim of researchers through their research work is to identify different integrated factors that cause the growing concern of cyberbullying on social media particularly in the context of adults. Undoubtedly, it is significant to identify and critically analyze the particular aspects that trigger young people to involve in inappropriate activities on social media platforms specifically in the form of cyberbullying (Lowry et al., 2016). The researchers come up with the argument that it is essential to identify the integrated aspects to identify the actual intensity of this issue and propose suitable solutions. Cyberbullying on social media is defined as the inappropriate approach of communication to harass others. Researchers come up with the opinion that plays a role to encourage adults to involve cyberbullying activities on social media (Lowry et al., 2016). The extensive research work by researchers helps to determine IT artifact as one critical source that causes the growing trend of cyberbullying. The particular theoretical model in the form of social media cyberbullying model (SMCBM) is used by the researchers to determine the adult’s inclination of using social media platform for cyberbullying.

It is established by the researchers through their research findings that extensive social media usage with the combination of anonymity facilities and encourage adults to adopt the approach of cyberbullying (Lowry et al., 2016). Furthermore, it is important to identify all the hazards and negative implications associated with the trending issue of cyberbullying. There is evidence of many young individuals who greatly suffer due to the inappropriate approach of social media mainly in the form of cyberbullying (Lowry et al., 2016). The duration of using social media on a daily basis is another crucial aspect relevant to the growing issue of cyberbullying. It is observed that young people invest many hours of their day to remain engage in different social media sites (Lowry et al., 2016). The increasing involvement of adults with the world through social media increases the risk of cyberbullying.

The use of social media by teenagers has increased over the past few years. They are not just using it as a communication tool but their lives are circling around its usage ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wvQC0Ejv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2740,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"itemData":{"id":2740,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cyberbullying in the world of teenagers and social media: A literature review","container-title":"International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL)","page":"68-95","volume":"6","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Alim","given":"Sophia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alim, 2016). Over the past few decades, the use of social media sites has enormously increased. In the United States, it is estimated that nearly 80 percent of adolescents are using social media networking sites ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wvQC0Ejv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2740,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"itemData":{"id":2740,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cyberbullying in the world of teenagers and social media: A literature review","container-title":"International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL)","page":"68-95","volume":"6","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Alim","given":"Sophia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alim, 2016). Broad set of functionality is offered by social media websites to attract an individual to utilize social media websites. Social media websites offer collective communication style and user-generated content, which is highly appealing to individuals. According to Garett, Lord, & Young (2016), selective sharing of information is allowed by social media networking site. An individual usually finds it highly engaging to share specific information to others through these social media networking sites. Unprecedented access is given to adolescents through social media to share even their personal information on internet ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YLfdqSFU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Garett, Lord, & Young, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Garett, Lord, & Young, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2743,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/78SPRQ5B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/78SPRQ5B"],"itemData":{"id":2743,"type":"article-journal","title":"Associations between social media and cyberbullying: a review of the literature","container-title":"Mhealth","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"Garett","given":"Renee"},{"family":"Lord","given":"Lynwood R."},{"family":"Young","given":"Sean D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Garett, Lord, & Young, 2016). This ability has the potential to leverage personal information of individuals against themselves ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YLfdqSFU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Garett, Lord, & Young, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Garett, Lord, & Young, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2743,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/78SPRQ5B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/78SPRQ5B"],"itemData":{"id":2743,"type":"article-journal","title":"Associations between social media and cyberbullying: a review of the literature","container-title":"Mhealth","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"Garett","given":"Renee"},{"family":"Lord","given":"Lynwood R."},{"family":"Young","given":"Sean D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Garett, Lord, & Young, 2016).

The extensive use of technology and social media has made them as Generation Z and has also caused a major issue of cyberbullying for teenagers as well as for the whole society. Cyberbullying refers to the use of information and communication technology with the purpose of harassing and causing harm to others ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6MeM59ut","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2740,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"itemData":{"id":2740,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cyberbullying in the world of teenagers and social media: A literature review","container-title":"International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL)","page":"68-95","volume":"6","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Alim","given":"Sophia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alim, 2016). This harassment is often carried out in thoughtful, repetitive and in a hostile way. Moreover, the information and communication technology here includes the use of email, text message using mobile and social media such as Facebook, Twitter, blogs, social bookmarking sites and video-sharing sites such as Flickr and YouTube ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3mbQeEpV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2740,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"itemData":{"id":2740,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cyberbullying in the world of teenagers and social media: A literature review","container-title":"International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL)","page":"68-95","volume":"6","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Alim","given":"Sophia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alim, 2016).

It is highly important to consider some specific features of cyberbullying in order to make a better understanding of its existence. According to Alim (2016), the features of cyberbullying include: (a) sharing of embarrassing information of an individual to large audience, (b) cyberbullying can happen 24/7, (c) cyberbullies are not necessarily needed to have face to face meeting with their victims, (d) cyberbullying activities can be aggressive and repetitive, (e) it is difficult to find a cyberbully due to vast number of people who use social networking sites, and (f) victims of cyberbullying are unable to cope with bullies due to mental stress. Recent research conducted by Bridianne and Andrew has shown that one in three teens practice some kind of cyber-bullying that result in emotional distress, psychosocial trauma and decreased self-esteem (Wiederhold & Riva, 2012). Ditchthelabel in partnership with Habbo Hotel in 2014 also conducted a survey about this issue ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bFoB7jnY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2740,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"itemData":{"id":2740,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cyberbullying in the world of teenagers and social media: A literature review","container-title":"International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL)","page":"68-95","volume":"6","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Alim","given":"Sophia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alim, 2016). This included 10,008 teenagers and young people having ages 13–22 years. Among this population, 37% of teenagers were experiencing cyberbullying on a regular basis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0gRibsl6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2740,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"itemData":{"id":2740,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cyberbullying in the world of teenagers and social media: A literature review","container-title":"International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL)","page":"68-95","volume":"6","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Alim","given":"Sophia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alim, 2016). Another study conducted by Duggan, Coresi, and Gassar in 2014 focused on the approachability of the digital world by teenagers and resultant implications of cyberbullying ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5w41RDE0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2740,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"itemData":{"id":2740,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cyberbullying in the world of teenagers and social media: A literature review","container-title":"International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL)","page":"68-95","volume":"6","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Alim","given":"Sophia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alim, 2016).

Moreover, researchers are mostly focusing on the upsetting effects of cyber-bullying instead of constituents of cyber-bullying. Cyber-bullying although includes the use of technology for the purpose of harassing or threatening others. However, at the same time, the research about the nature and regularity of harassment is also required (Wiederhold & Riva, 2012). Some researchers consider any action as cyber-bullying only if it ongoing and repetitive in a manner (Wiederhold & Riva, 2012).

Generally, cyber-bullying occurs through mobile phone activity and instant messaging programs. A study conducted in Finnish included a large number of adolescents and results showed the use of instant messaging programs as a real cause of the cyber-bullying ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"V6qoRv3H","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2741,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"itemData":{"id":2741,"type":"article-journal","title":"Online social networking and the experience of cyber-bullying","container-title":"Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine 2012: Advanced Technologies in the Behavioral, Social and Neurosciences","page":"212","volume":"181","author":[{"family":"Wiederhold","given":"B. K."},{"family":"Riva","given":"G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wiederhold & Riva, 2012). Here, teens were sending the internet-based text messages to each other in real-time. More recent studies have also shown the more and more use of instant messaging programs along with the use of social networking sites (SNS). SNS being interactive media sources permit teens to keep in contact with each other and share information. They are found to interact with their SNS for over an hour a day. This use of SNS also exposes them to numerous risks if they share their identifiable information such as photos and geographic location ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bZBCYbes","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2741,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"itemData":{"id":2741,"type":"article-journal","title":"Online social networking and the experience of cyber-bullying","container-title":"Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine 2012: Advanced Technologies in the Behavioral, Social and Neurosciences","page":"212","volume":"181","author":[{"family":"Wiederhold","given":"B. K."},{"family":"Riva","given":"G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wiederhold & Riva, 2012).

Similarly, other research have also shown the reasons for joining SNS by teens. These include peer pressure, friendship, self-expression as well as sexuality ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kZZM6f2s","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2740,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"itemData":{"id":2740,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cyberbullying in the world of teenagers and social media: A literature review","container-title":"International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL)","page":"68-95","volume":"6","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Alim","given":"Sophia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alim, 2016). However, no study has still established a conclusive connection between this new social medium and cyber-bullying. According to the findings of Alim (2016), nearly 40 percent of students received mean comments on social networking sites, which is problematic and demotivating for them. It is also found that approximately 37 percent of individuals have to experience victimization in online gossips, which concludes that social media is being used as a tool to bully individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"b6iAOcnv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Alim, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2740,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/I6XCEZ4D"],"itemData":{"id":2740,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cyberbullying in the world of teenagers and social media: A literature review","container-title":"International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL)","page":"68-95","volume":"6","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Alim","given":"Sophia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alim, 2016). It is essential to consider the prevalence of social media and cyberbullying in South African youth. According to a national survey by “Global Advisor Cyberbullying Study”, 25 percent of South African parents reveal that their child has been victimized by cyberbullying. This case study has interviewed nearly 20,793 people from 28 countries to find out the prevalence of cyberbullying. According to this survey, it is revealed that South Africa has higher proportion of cyberbullying as compared to other nations in the world. This study states that more than half (54 percent) of parents in South Africa are aware of a child in the society who has experienced harassment and oppression through cyberbullying. According to that study, the US and South Africa are among top five countries whose parents reported that their children have experienced harassment or oppression through cyberbullying.

As the prevalence of cyberbullying is increasing at an alarming rate, there is an immense need to take some critical actions in order to restrict cyberbullies to attack an adolescent through social media. School administration need to take serious steps in this regard by complying with the legislation of their specific region ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bZBCYbes","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2741,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"itemData":{"id":2741,"type":"article-journal","title":"Online social networking and the experience of cyber-bullying","container-title":"Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine 2012: Advanced Technologies in the Behavioral, Social and Neurosciences","page":"212","volume":"181","author":[{"family":"Wiederhold","given":"B. K."},{"family":"Riva","given":"G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wiederhold & Riva, 2012). Many researchers have interviewed teachers to find out the link of cyberbullying to the academic performance of an individual. It has been indicated by teachers that cyberbullying usually traumatize an adolescent. Due to the negative impact of cyberbullying on the psychological health of an individual, it is impossible for that particular student to cope up with his/her studies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bZBCYbes","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2741,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"itemData":{"id":2741,"type":"article-journal","title":"Online social networking and the experience of cyber-bullying","container-title":"Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine 2012: Advanced Technologies in the Behavioral, Social and Neurosciences","page":"212","volume":"181","author":[{"family":"Wiederhold","given":"B. K."},{"family":"Riva","given":"G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wiederhold & Riva, 2012). Therefore, schools should need to comply with the anti-bullying policies to restrict these incidents. The process of cyberbullying in schools can be reduced by creating awareness about cyberbullying and outlining processes to respond and report the incident of cyberbullying. Bullying prevention lessons have a tendency to reduce the overall occurrence of cyberbullying ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bZBCYbes","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2741,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"itemData":{"id":2741,"type":"article-journal","title":"Online social networking and the experience of cyber-bullying","container-title":"Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine 2012: Advanced Technologies in the Behavioral, Social and Neurosciences","page":"212","volume":"181","author":[{"family":"Wiederhold","given":"B. K."},{"family":"Riva","given":"G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wiederhold & Riva, 2012). It is important to mention that bullying prevention lessons are a part of the learning curriculum. Consequently, major emphasis is needed in this regard to overcome the prevalence of cyberbullying. A critical examination of existing literature on cyberbullying indicates that social media is one of the major reason behind the high prevalence of cyberbullying ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bZBCYbes","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Wiederhold & Riva, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2741,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/DIS34FIK"],"itemData":{"id":2741,"type":"article-journal","title":"Online social networking and the experience of cyber-bullying","container-title":"Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine 2012: Advanced Technologies in the Behavioral, Social and Neurosciences","page":"212","volume":"181","author":[{"family":"Wiederhold","given":"B. K."},{"family":"Riva","given":"G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wiederhold & Riva, 2012). It dictates that social media platform and social networking sites possess both positive and negative aspects at the same time.

References

Alim, S. (2016). Cyberbullying in the world of teenagers and social media: A literature review. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL), 6(2), 68-95.

Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New media & society, 12(1), 109-125.

Garett, R., Lord, L. R., & Young, S. D. (2016). Associations between social media and cyberbullying: a review of the literature. Mhealth, 2.

Lowry, P. B., Zhang, J., Wang, C., & Siponen, M. (2016). Why do adults engage in cyberbullying on social media? An integration of online disinhibition and deindividuation effects with the social structure and social learning model. Information Systems Research, 27(4), 962-986.

Wiederhold, B. K., & Riva, G. (2012). Online social networking and the experience of cyber-bullying. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine 2012: Advanced Technologies in the Behavioral, Social and Neurosciences, 181, 212.

Assessment Worksheet

Title

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Assessment Worksheet

Question Number 1

The research question: ‘What are the views and opinions of masses in different societies about domestic violence?’

Question Number 2

A testable hypothesis is as follows:

People take domestic violence negatively; despite considering the age, sex, gender, and financial and social status.

Domestic violence is influenced and impacted by one's gender, caste, financial background, age, and race.

Awareness and domestic violence have a negative relationship, i.e., awareness educates the people and lowers the rate of domestic violence.

Question Number 3

The constructs which are going to be investigated in this research include physical and mental effects on people going through the negative environment and the negative environment itself, i.e., homicides substance abuse, etc.

Question Number 4

(a) The foremost test used will be the Interview for Retrospective Assessment of the Onset and Course of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses by Janet Smith and Allen Hess. The other test used will be the personal experience inventory for adults by Claudia Wright and Mark Shriver. The last test used will be Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations by Tony Cellucci and Glenn Gelman (Carlson, Geisinger & Jonson, 2017).

(b) The three tests will be administered by using questionnaires or inventories and interviews regarding these assessments and a target population of adult and married or man and women in relationships will be asked to fill in the form after taking their consent. The test will provide information regarding the demographics of each individual, their gender, race, caste, financial background, age, and race on the attitudes towards abuse and violence at the domestic level.

( c ) The psychometric property of each test is as follows:

Interview for Retrospective Assessment of the Onset and Course of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses (IRAOS). The reliability coefficient is 0.8 and construct validity of the test is measurable.

Personal Experience Inventory for Adults: reliability is 0.8 and it is a valid text.

Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations and its reliability coefficient is 0.7.

(d) These tests will be useful for the paper because it will be generating a deep understanding of the views and beliefs of society about domestic violence, it will enable us to be aware the general people about this burning issue and can better educate people by making different resources for the individuals being victimized. These tests will also identify the influence of one's gender, caste, financial background, age, and race on the attitudes towards abuse and violence at the domestic level.

References

Carlson, J. F., Geisinger, K. F., & Jonson, J. L. (Eds.). (2017). The twentieth mental measurements yearbook. Buros Center for Testing, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln.