Autism And Vaccines

Autism and Vaccines

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Author Note

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Introduction

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a nervous and developmental condition that initiates early in childhood and persists throughout an individual's life. It disturbs individual acts and interaction, communication, and learning. Studies have found no clinical connection between autism development and vaccines given to children in early childhood. It has been observed that the standards of research preparation in various disciplines, counting medical psychology, have increasingly dropped, leading to a considerable upsurge in the percentage of persons with an insufficient grounding in the basic methodical approach and critical thinking (Herbert, Sharp, & Gaudiano, 2002). There lies a debate that the vaccines have an association with the onset of autism spectrum disorders. There is no evidence found in the studies that suggest a link of inoculation of the vaccines with the development of autism spectrum disorders.

Autistic-spectrum illnesses are linked with severe psychiatric symptoms, frequently deep developmental delays, and damages in numerous zones of functioning. Though the etiology of autism rests mainly unidentified, and there is presently no treatment for the disease, some anticipative interferences seem to be beneficial in assisting individuals with autism. The context of autism renders family associates and other shareholders susceptible to extremely doubtful etiological models and interference approaches, numerous of which can be considered as pseudoscientific ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1nn8b5rpnr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Herbert, Sharp, & Gaudiano, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Herbert, Sharp, & Gaudiano, 2002)"},"citationItems":[{"id":294,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/993G6KVP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/993G6KVP"],"itemData":{"id":294,"type":"article-journal","title":"Separating fact from fiction in the etiology and treatment of autism","container-title":"A scientific review of the evidence. The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice","volume":"1","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Herbert","given":"James D."},{"family":"Sharp","given":"Ian R."},{"family":"Gaudiano","given":"Brandon A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Herbert, Sharp, & Gaudiano, 2002). It is supposed that parents and specialists alike would do well to accept the position of caution emptor, or "let the consumer be cautious," when opting for new treatments for autism.

There has newly been a considerable community concern that the mumps, measles, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is producing an augmented occurrence of autism. As the suggestion of the connection among the MMR inoculation and autism, supporters' argument to the fact that described cases of autism have amplified intensely over the previous two eras, which seem to concur with the extensive consumption of the MMR vaccine beginning in 1979. Dales, Hammer, and Smith (2001) found in their analyses of the California Department of Developmental Services archives that the number of autistic illness caseloads amplified about 572% from 1980 to 1994. Parent Cindy Pokezwinski considers in immunization for progenies ("MMR vaccine caused my son's autism," May 23). She remained suggestive that maybe the MMR inoculation might be provided a bit late to the children. She suggested that the early age of children is a growing age where a child's brain is growing and perhaps is the time where vaccination alters the growing pattern of a child ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aob5bknlp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}Cindy Pokezwinski For the Deseret News - Google Search,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“Cindy Pokezwinski For the Deseret News - Google Search,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/GWU8UJF5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/GWU8UJF5"],"itemData":{"id":297,"type":"webpage","title":"Cindy Pokezwinski For the Deseret News - Google Search","URL":"https://www.google.com/search?ei=jI-6XYroBYmEhbIP9JakwAY&q=Cindy+Pokezwinski+For+the+Deseret+News&oq=Cindy+Pokezwinski+For+the+Deseret+News&gs_l=psy-ab.3...206412.206853..207191...0.0..0.290.290.2-1......0....1j2..gws-wiz.....0.Itcecc9iCeo&ved=0ahUKEwiK3u2G_8XlAhUJQkEAHXQLCWgQ4dUDCAs&uact=5","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Cindy Pokezwinski For the Deseret News - Google Search,” n.d.). Children have been observed with profound changes after receiving the vaccines.

According to the CDC research and prevention strategies, the vaccines have no profound link with the disease; however, there has been evidence-based researches available in support of this argument ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2925v7vp04","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Concerns | Vaccine Safety | CDC,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2019)}","plainCitation":"(“Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Concerns | Vaccine Safety | CDC,” 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":291,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5II82BGJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5II82BGJ"],"itemData":{"id":291,"type":"webpage","title":"Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Concerns | Vaccine Safety | CDC","abstract":"Studies have shown there is no link between autism and any vaccine or vaccine ingredient.","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html","language":"en-us","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Concerns | Vaccine Safety | CDC,” 2019). Parents have suggested that the vaccine may cause changes in the development of children, and therefore, it should be thoroughly studied. Representing a comparable development in Europe, Kaye, Melero-Montes, and Jick (2001) stated that the annual occurrence of children identified with autism amplified sevenfold since 1988 in the United Kingdom. Doubts that the MMR vaccination may be accountable for this increase in the snowballing occurrence of autism have been reported in the media, and certain parents have suggested dropping immunizations for their progenies to save them from emerging autism (Manning, 1999). The use of the word "autism" through this research paper to mention not only to standard autistic illness (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), however in certain circumstances to the full variety of autistic-spectrum syndromes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2ie8iq2knm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Concerns | Vaccine Safety | CDC,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2019)}","plainCitation":"(“Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Concerns | Vaccine Safety | CDC,” 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":291,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5II82BGJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5II82BGJ"],"itemData":{"id":291,"type":"webpage","title":"Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Concerns | Vaccine Safety | CDC","abstract":"Studies have shown there is no link between autism and any vaccine or vaccine ingredient.","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html","language":"en-us","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Concerns | Vaccine Safety | CDC,” 2019). The massive research studied in the paper does not differentiate between the numerous subtypes of autistic-spectrum illnesses. It is consequently often unmanageable to judge the grade to which research conclusions are exclusive to autistic illness, or are generalizable to other general progressive disorders.

Various individuals have had concerns that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) might be connected to the vaccines youngsters be given, but researches have revealed that there is no connection among receiving vaccines and increasing ASD. In 2011, an Institute of Medicine (IOM) reported that there are rare cases identified with the exceptional outcomes, and the vaccines are safe. Various studies were conducted on the ingredients of the vaccines and found no side effects of the ingredients on children's development.

Summary and Conclusion

Autistic-spectrum conditions are amongst the supreme inexplicable forms of developmental infirmity. Though the cause of autism is mainly unidentified, current progress points to the significance of hereditary factors and initial ecological elements that lead to this disease. Studies have found numerous encouraging behavioral, informative, and psychopharmacologic interferences for the recovery of the patients, and the interventions have been established and practices nowadays ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1lc3lk48nj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Herbert, Sharp, & Gaudiano, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Herbert, Sharp, & Gaudiano, 2002)"},"citationItems":[{"id":294,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/993G6KVP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/993G6KVP"],"itemData":{"id":294,"type":"article-journal","title":"Separating fact from fiction in the etiology and treatment of autism","container-title":"A scientific review of the evidence. The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice","volume":"1","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Herbert","given":"James D."},{"family":"Sharp","given":"Ian R."},{"family":"Gaudiano","given":"Brandon A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Herbert, Sharp, & Gaudiano, 2002). However, numerous factors are hindering the interventions from achieving the objectives. The aims and objectives of these evidence-based studies are to pay attention to the recovery of the patients. Several factors, such as myths and community hindrances, including the rumors about vaccines and immunizations, have significantly reduced the preventive strategies. These factors have been observed with no clinically proven evidence supporting the argument that vaccines are the cause of autism. There is no harmful ingredient found in the vaccines that affect the development of children at an early age. Centers for disease control and prevention have several studies that have suggested no correlation of vaccines of measles and mumps with the development of autism.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cindy Pokezwinski For the Deseret News - Google Search. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2019, from https://www.google.com/search?ei=jI-6XYroBYmEhbIP9JakwAY&q=Cindy+Pokezwinski+For+the+Deseret+News&oq=Cindy+Pokezwinski+For+the+Deseret+News&gs_l=psy-ab.3...206412.206853..207191...0.0..0.290.290.2-1......0....1j2..gws-wiz.....0.Itcecc9iCeo&ved=0ahUKEwiK3u2G_8XlAhUJQkEAHXQLCWgQ4dUDCAs&uact=5

Herbert, J. D., Sharp, I. R., & Gaudiano, B. A. (2002). Separating fact from fiction in the etiology and treatment of autism. A Scientific Review of the Evidence. The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 1(1).

Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Concerns | Vaccine Safety | CDC. (2019, February 6). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html

Autism Spectrum, Assigment 3

Autism Spectrum, Assignment 3

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Autism Spectrum, Assignment 3

Response 1: When a child is diagnosed with Autism it is difficult for every family member to process. Parents are so overwhelmed by fulfilling the needs of the child with ASD they often the other siblings feel neglected that causes intense rivalry between them. It also affects the parents’ own relationship as they have no time for themselves. They have to manage their finances that is one of the major conflicts which often leads to serious consequences like divorce (Cridland. et.all 2016).

Response 2: Typically, autism is detected when the child is 12 months old or more. During their childhood, they face difficulty in walking and expressing themselves. As they do not know how to respond to a certain situation. When they reach school the lack of ability to express they are not being able to make friends. Also, they understand things differently due to which they are often left behind. When they reach adulthood the transition in the educational and residential domain is a whole new challenge as they do not respond well to change causing them extreme distress (Stoner & Stoner 2016).

Response 3: Interventions are basically theories about the reasons and causes of autism. These interventions include behavioral interventions, family-based interventions, combined interventions, medicational interventions, and combined interventions. While discussing home-based interventions it totally depends upon the parents what they choose for their child. Combined intervention is more preferable as it covers part of every intervention and is easy to adapt.

Response 4: Every child is different from one and other and their needs also vary from each other. The same is the case with children having autism. Some behavioral problems are automatic/sensory, escape, and, attention. As every individual reacts differently so these strategies cause a child to sometimes act stubborn to an extent that they can hurt themselves. As the strategy is focused on enforcing desirable behavior the children consider it as leverage and act according to their own will which causes lots of distress for parents. They do not fear of getting punished making them more demanding.

Response 5: FBA is also known as functional behavior assessment is a structured process of exploring the problems in the behavior, their occurrence, and their prevention by using special treatments or therapies (Goldstein, & Ozonoff 2018). Steps including in the assessment are given below:

Data collection

Developing a hypothesis using the data collected

Observing patient behavior directly

Constructing and describing the behavior support plans

Finding out sources that are responsible for specific behavior

Redesigning the areas that need to changes according to the patient requirements.

Children having ASD are often sensitive so it is important that during these assessments the parents should be present and if needed the teacher teaching the child should also be present to help in the assessments.

Response 6: Embedded instruction benefits are as follows:

New skills can be learned in a natural environment

Encourage independency

Easy to implement

Every approach has some limitations. The same is the case with the embedded instruction. The approach is not suitable for every child with ASD. As the approach has certain targets that the child must achieve yet many are not able to meet the target.

References

Cridland, E. K., Jones, S. C., Stoyles, G., Caputi, P., & Magee, C. A. (2016). Families living with autism spectrum disorder: Roles and responsibilities of adolescent sisters. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31(3), 196-207.

Goldstein, S., & Ozonoff, S. (Eds.). (2018). Assessment of autism spectrum disorder. Guilford Publications.

Stoner, J. B., & Stoner, C. R. (2016). Career disruption: The impact of transitioning from a full-time career professional to the primary caregiver of a child with autism spectrum disorder. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31(2), 104-114.

“The Effects Of Cyberbullying On Cognitive And Psychosocial Development In Adolescence.”

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Abstract

In this study, the effects of cyber bullying on psychological and cognitive development in adolescents are investigated. The sample of the study consists of 300 high school student adolescents from different institutions in Orange County 2018-2019 academic years. In this study, demographic data forms the Scale of Cyber bullying and brief Symptom Inventory are used as data collection instruments. Piaget's cognitive development and Erikson's theory of psychosocial development are used to work around the topic and analyze the findings. The results of the study showed that there are significant relationships between cyber bullying and psychosocial development in adolescence. These results are discussed in light of relevant literature and at the end of the paper, some recommendations are made as well.

Keywords: Cyber bullying, Psychosocial Development, adolescents, Cognitive.

“The Effects of cyber bullying on cognitive and psychological development in adolescence”

During the adolescence period, relationships among youngsters become more of an issue and these relationships have an important place in cognitive and psychosocial development of youngsters. Relationships that people make on internet are not always positive and good. Sometimes these friendships have a deep negative affect on youngsters. An adolescence’s exposure to bullying from his/her peers harms their emotional, cognitive and psychosocial development. Instead of utilizing the internet for the purpose of learning, people have changed it to be a necessity and a primary mode of communication. It has created harmful dynamic for social connections. Also, cyberbullying includes action taken through communication platforms with the purpose of hurting other people. The purpose of this study is to inspect how cyberbullying has a negative impact on the cognitive and psychological growth of adolescents.

According to Ericson theory of psychosocial development, the first five stages occur till the age of eighteen then the rest of three happen up to adulthood. Erikson has a belief that there is room for a person’s cognitive and psychosocial development throughout their life, yet he emphasizes on adolescents’ development. The lifespan development area of a person is different depending on the age i.e. from childbirth to adulthood. This theory indicates that the successful growth of a personality is achieved from the completion of each development stage.

Other theory that is taken under consideration for this study is Piaget's cognitive development. His theory suggests that children go through four different stages of mental development i.e. Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years, Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7, Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11, Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up. Piaget's theory of cognitive development helped us understand better about adolescent’s intellectual growth. It suggested that children are not merely passive receivers of knowledge. In fact they are continuously exploring and experimenting while they learn how the world works.

Related Research

According to the studies, cyber bullying leads to victimization of the young people. There is the existence of a relationship between cyberbullying and depression, anxiety, slow learning, and lack of creative skills among adolescents. Being a cyber victim causes the person to have psychosocial function deficiency. CITATION Gel17 \l 1033 (Josh, 2017) Non-social people and those who experience anxiety try and avoid social relations and use cyber platforms and express themselves in this way. This causes them to be a potential contender of cyber bullying. Also, being exposed to cyberbullying causes a rise in nonfunctional behaviors.

Cyber Bullying has many forms, starting from verbal taunts and threats to exclusion, humiliation, and spreading rumors, electronic harassment using e-mails, texts or different online social media platforms. Social and verbal bullying are the most common forms that students experience at schools at some point in their life. A famous researcher Vallencourt Trinh found that 31% of the bullying reported in 2012 at a high school in Orange county America was by the students till the age of 14. They were all bullied by their peers over internet. CITATION Med18 \l 1033 (Sari, 2018). That bullying leads up to much serious concerns i.e. the same victims of cyber bullying were socially and verbally bullied as well. In almost every educational institution, students learn the rule that physical harm to others is prohibited, but cyber bullying are more difficult to identify and address. Which leads to a number of functional disorders in children i.e. negative affect on the memory, struggling with problem solving, and decision-making, etc.

Cyberbullying leads to externalizing medical problems of teenagers. When we look at the child who has experienced cyberbullying, he/she is most likely to be involved in criminal activities, drug abuse and sexual behaviors. For example, consuming alcohol, indulged in early age sex, carrying guns in schools among others. As compared to other fellow kids, cyberbullying victims more likely involve in these immoral activities. These kind of practices affect the learning skills and academic growth of the adolescent and also has a negative effect on their overall health growth. 

Cyberbullying also leads to problematic behaviors in adolescents. Teenagers who are offenders of cyber bullying are mostly to be involved in problem behaviors including illegal deeds, aggression and an amplified proactive action. Negative sentiments from adolescents like fear, unhappiness, frustration, anger, embracement, depression and sadness are connected with cyber bullying. Cyberbullying poses a great risk to adolescents hereafter damaging their cognitive and psychosocial development. CITATION Hym15 \l 1033 (Hymel, 2015)

Adults count on adolescents to talk about and report bullying, especially at home, in their social circle, schools and classrooms. This way more and more people will get the courage to speak up about it and prevent it in future. But still youth are unwilling to report bullying, given valid fears of negative consequences or unproductive adult responses. A strong and positive relationship between teachers and students, parents and their kids is proved to enhance the probability of student reporting the bullying but with age, adolescence’s willingness to report bullying declines greatly.

Research Method

In this case, the correlation or descriptive method is used. Survey is conducted to inspect the relationship between the cyberbullying and psychosocial development in adolescents. Population of the study consisted of 364 students in three high schools located in Orange County, America. . 125 students (34.8%) were at 7th grade, 103 students (27.7%) were at 6th grade and 130 students (37.3%) were at 9th grade; 180 (47.9%) of them were male and 190 (52.2%) of them were female students. The range of age of the students was 11 to 16 years. After getting an official permit from the local Ministry of Education and from the schools’ administration, students were asked for their consent to help us in conducting this study. The affects of cyberbullying among adolescents in cyberspace were measured in this research. Also, the affects that cyberbullying has on the psychosocial and cognitive development of an adolescent were gathered through numerical data using this study.

 Research study also involves observing how the social health growth of an adolescent is affected by cyberbullying. Furthermore, the target population for this survey included of both males and females. The questioners were used to gather data and information from the population. It was both structured and unstructured. Raw data was collected and saved for further study to come up with more accurate and correct results. Also, to attain an understanding of the population of this research study, frequency propagation of demographic data was utilized.

Apparently, a great amount of communication occurs through internet among the youth therefore increases the chances of cyberbullying incidents. A lot of people believe d that this is a very crucial topic for discussion and must be addressed on all levels. Moreover, this study established the relationship between the two elements i.e. cyber bullying and youth’s development. The findings of this research study change the personal morals and attitude of an individual. Their whole personality is greatly affected because they feel alone and distressed when bullied online. It causes low self-esteem and in some cases, leads to the person indulging into unethical activities. CITATION Cat13 \l 1033 (Cathrine cappadocia, 2013)

Conclusion

Conclusively, regarding this research study, it upsets the lifespan development idea of Erikson psychosocial theory and Piaget's cognitive development. Reason being, all the stages that are mentioned in these theory must be complete proficiently. They include blame and resourcefulness, trust and mistrust, disgrace and autonomy, confusion and realization of identity, loneliness and understanding, inaction and generativity, hopelessness and ego integrity. Completion of all these stages leads to the better possibilities of solving problems among individuals. Erikson states these problems as psychosocial in nature because they involve an adolescent’s psychosocial and cognitive needs. Cyberbullying has a negative influence on the psychosocial growth of adolescents by victimization, making wrong choices and affecting their personalities. Therefore, this conclusion sums up to the fact that the adolescents’ personality is greatly affected by cyberbullying therefore leading to low self-esteem.  The research study established the relationship between cyberbullying and the adolescence development. Hence, the results indicate that cyberbullying is a global public health issue among adolescents.

Psychology profession can use these research findings of this study in a professional capacity to help cyberbullying victims. They can do it through counseling or therapy that might help the adolescent to overcome their distresses. The rate of suicide attempts and dishonesty among the youths can be reduce to a great extent.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cathrine cappadocia, W. M. (2013). Cyberbullying: Prevalence, Stability, and Risk Factors during Adolescence. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 171-192.

Hymel, S. (2015). Four decades of research on School bullying: An Introduction. American Psychologist , 293-299.

Josh, G. (2017). Effects of Cyber Bullying on Psychosocial Development in Adolescent. Write My Paper, 189-200.

Sari, M. (2018). Sense of school belonging among elementary school students. . Cukurova university faculty of education journal, 1-11.

Background Research

Sex Trafficking in Atlanta Georgia

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Sex Trafficking in Atlanta Georgia

This study intends to focus on the sex trafficking in Atlanta Georgia. Sex trafficking is the transportation of people for sex exploitation. It is commonly practiced in Atlanta through exploitation of young girls from poverty ridden neighborhoods I n the United States.

Annotated Bibliography

Boxill, N., & Deborah, R. (2007). Ending Sex Trafficking of Children in Atlanta. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0886109907299054 , 2-34.

The article analyses the prostitution of young girls as a major issue in the community. It also discusses various ways, which could be sued to end child trafficking. However, research question of the article is how to protect children from shock deliberate action. It is meant to establish ways of ending children trafficking for sex trade in the community. The study is completed using secondary research method where various articles were analyzed and the result derived. The study discovered that child trafficking can be ended through policy implementation. It also established that the stakeholders such as women organizations or groups should work together with law enforcement agency to protect children from sex trade. However, the findings of this study means that social issue can be addressed efficiently when stakeholders in the society decide to work together. It is also established that sex and children trafficking are mostly done by organized crime group and the best way to address the problem would be through cooperation with the police and other stakeholders in the society. The unanswered question is the role of law enforcement in prevention of sex trafficking and what role does parents play in the prevention of the sex trafficking, which is common among the young girls and children in the society.

Finn, M. A., & Muftić, L. (2013). Health Outcomes Among Women Trafficked for Sex in the United States: A Closer Look. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21 (3), 12-38.

The article illustrates that human trafficking is considered as one of the public health problem and therefore, must be addressed efficiently. The study identify the risk factors and the relationship between the physical sexual and mental outcome of women involve in sex trafficking. The research question is “what are the risk factors on the health outcomes on women involve in sex trafficking. The hypothesis of the study is to test whether there is a relationship between mental problem and sex trafficking of women. The research was conducted using qualitative research method to ensure that it is completed efficiently. In order to complete it a group of women involve in sex trafficking both locally and international were used. The data were then analyzed using SPSS and Excel for efficient result o outcome. The main finding of the study is domestic trafficking victims have the poorest health outcome when compared to international trafficking victims. It is also discovered that a larger percentage of women who are involve in sex trafficking show poor health status and therefore, they have several health issues. The findings means that sex trafficking is a health problem to the society. Since the findings indicate that majority sex traffickers are having health related problems it is therefore, evident that sex trafficking is a health concern and is should be addressed as such. The unanswered question is the impact of prostitution or sex trafficking to the economic growth of a state or a region.

Tripp, T. M., & McMahon-Howard, J. (2016). Perception vs. Reality: The Relationship between Organized Crime and Human Trafficking in Metropolitan Atlanta. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 6 (4), 732–764.

The article analyses the impact of the trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000. It states that since the enactment of the act, there has been an increase discusses of sex trafficking in both media and scholarlydiscussion. The research question is the impact of Trafficking Victim Protection Act of 2000. It meant to determine whetherthe trafficking Victim Protection Act has played any significant role in reducing the sex trafficking in the society. The hypothesis of the study was to establish the relationship between the criminal network and human trafficking in Georgia. The research was completed using qualitative research method. In this case, 300 participants were interviewed and the information obtained analyzed to get the result of the study. The data were collected across Georgia and the 24 trafficking cases were also analyzed to understand the impact of the trafficking victim protection act of 2000. The study, established that there is no relationship between human trafficking and criminal network or groups in Georgia. In the cases, of sex trafficking, only one was found to be related to organized crimes and therefore, there is no relationship between organized crimes and sex trafficking. The implication of the study is that sex trafficking is done by different people and to address the problem inclusive decision should be made.

Sex Trafficking in Atlanta Georgia

The social issue in Atlanta Georgia is the sex trafficking, which has been rampant over the years. Sex trafficking is the transportation and exchange of people for sexual exploitation. It has existed for centuries and treated as a criminal act. However, over the years the practice has been common in Atlanta Georgia. Many young girls and children are exploited for sex and therefore, it has ruined the lives of several people.

Who is affected by the social issue?

Sex trafficking affect young girls, women and children in the society more than any other person. Studies have indicated most traffickers are young girls aged between 15 to 24 years and therefore, it means that teenagers and young girls are mostly affected people.

How are they affected by the social issue?

Girls are traded for sexual exploitation. This practice commonly practiced by several people for business and therefore, it hurts girls. Several of them end up getting sexually transmitted diseases, which have ruined the lives of many young people. It is evident that they are forced to sex in most brothels across the state for payment, which goes directly to their bosses. Sex trafficking therefore, effect the health status of the victims and sometime it can end their lives faster than expected.

Factors that Contribute (Describe at least two factors that contribute to the social issue)

Sex trafficking is mostly contributed by high poverty rate in the society and crime. It has been established that sex trafficking is directly related criminal group and poverty. Some girls forced into sex trade because of poverty. However, some are kidnappedand forced into sex trade by criminal networks within the state. It has been established that girls from poor neighborhood are easily lured to sex trafficking in return of money and therefore, to reduce sex trafficking poverty must be addressed.

Recommendation

The best way to address the problem would be through partnership of various stakeholders. The government should conduct campaign against sex trafficking across the state. The poverty level or index should properly be addressed to solve the problem of sex trafficking in the society. This could be addressed through establishment of employment opportunity,to employee the young people and this would solve the poverty problem hence reduce level of sex trafficking. It is therefore, recommended to reduce the poverty index, create employment and address the criminal network in the society. This will help in reducing the sex trafficking in Atlanta Georgia.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bailey, M., & Wade, J. (2014). Human trafficking in Georgia: A survey of Law Enforcement. Assessing Georgia Law Enforcement Awareness and Involving in human traficking activities , 1-41.

Boxill, N., & Deborah, R. (2007). Ending Sex Trafficking of Children in Atlanta. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0886109907299054 , 2-34.

Finn, M. A., & Muftić, L. (2013). Health Outcomes Among Women Trafficked for Sex in the United States: A Closer Look. Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 21 (3), 12-38.

Moossy, R. (2016). Sex trafficking: Identifying Cases and Victims. NIJ Journal , 2 (262), 12-38.

Pollard, A. (2017). “Sex trafficking in Atlanta”. Lower Division Studies , 2-35.

Tripp, T. M., & McMahon-Howard, J. (2016). Perception vs. Reality: The Relationship Between Organized Crime and Human Trafficking in Metropolitan Atlanta. American Journal of Criminal Justice , 6 (4), 732–764.

Bandura’s Theory

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Albert Banduras Theory and I

In order to succeed, people need a sense of self-efficacy, to struggle together with resilience to meet the inevitable obstacles and inequities of life.

-Albert Bandura

The psychological and educational mtiers are laden with different theories that play an integral role in human development and training of their brains. Students need to explore different relevant learning theories to augment their comprehension regarding different interpersonal, academic, self-developmental, and other intertwined skills. In this regard, the personality theory of Albert Bandura carries an imperative stance. Like me, all the students are still in the early process of pinpointing personal traits and our inclinations and decisions in different situations it sometimes becomes challenging to understand our own behaviors and personality. Therefore, in the following, I am reflecting on the idea of identifying yourself or at least have a clearer idea of personality through implicating the rules of Banduras personality theory.

In many situations, I fail to determine that either I want to stand up and face the music or should give up without even fighting a good fight. Sometimes I feel incredibly dubious about my own capabilities to manage in stressful situations. Through research on the subject, I conclude that I am confronting a substantial lack of self-efficacy that, in turn, messes up my fortitude amidst various scenarios. In such backdrops, I become unsure about the vitality of my perceived role in the entire hullaballoo, and I never feel an impulse that could affirm that yeah, I can do that. However, the cognizance with the personality or should say the social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura I observed a silver lining.

After studying the theoretical framework and associated factors as well as prospect outcomes of the concept, it is evident to me that observational learning, societal experiences, and reciprocal determinism are indispensable faades in the development and understanding of a personality. In order to comprehend the core of ones personality characteristics, an individual necessitates the recognition of self-system that is comprised of cognitive skills, an individuals abilities, and attitudes. The self-system is a pivotal device to elaborate on the perceived responses of a person in different circumstances, and it is affirmed that self-efficacy is the fundamental and inseparable component of self-system.

By utilizing Banduras theory of personality, I can pay attention to different tasks, projects, and other aspects of my life and can evaluate my reaction in different situations. I can understand my habitual patterns that either the concept of deadlines makes me anxious, or presenting my idea in front of the entire class makes me nervous. Do I feel more comfortable with peers or prefer studying in solitude am I talkative or converse infrequently. By observing a myriad of instances, I can develop a map of my personality and will become able to understand my reactions and their underlying causation on certain occasions. Such delineation will further help me to cope with the weaknesses I noticed through observation.

On the other hand, I recall the experiment with that bobo doll, and I realized the intensity of imitation and opted models for simulation. In due course, I will sift through my potential forces that could evoke me to act like them. Subsequent to identifying the replication resources, I can divide them up in either negative or positive columns to decipher my inclinations. If my negative models surpassed the positive one, then I will be flabbergasted and will revise my preferences. I will include more heroic content to my exploration list and will avoid negative factors from permeating their influence on me. Moreover, I could observe my peers and family members for their attitudes and behaviors regarding certain happenings and will aim to compare my tendencies with them. Furthermore, through implicating the theoretical element of motivation, I can assess that what incentives are satisfactory for me either intrinsic appreciation or extrinsic monetary or prize-based rewards are more effective for me.

The underlying concept of Albert Bandura asserts the significance of personal judgment that could prop up an individual in executing required actions in prospective conditions. Through the implementation of different tactics and strategies extracted from the personality theory of Bandura, I can improve my overall efficacy of experiences and learning altogether. As a matter of fact, the expectations which are strongly interconnected with self-efficacy established the viability of an individuals coping abilities and durability during the different levels of obstacles. Phenomenally, the people who possess elevated self-efficacy wield productive endeavors to their allocated tasks and circumstances consequently, they reap gratifying outcomes. Contrarily, individuals with mitigated self-efficacy cease the battlegrounds in early phases and do not have guts to confront the hot waters. Therefore, my identification of personality tendencies through the provided theoretical frame of Bandura will develop a considerable sense of self-efficacy in almost every aspect of my life, including educational, professional, and domestic areas. I admit and appreciate that todays modern epoch favors the smartest and fittest one and pave the path for the people who infuse their efforts to their lives consciously. In this context, any archetype, including the personality theory of Bandura, are pragmatic tools not only for professionals but also for students so that we will learn to mold our personalities according to the practical and contemporary approaches for maximum gaining. All the aspects of theory, including observation, retention through imitation, and motivation, all are active forces to establish an image of ones personality and could help in eradicating the fallacies and developing productive skills.

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Baptist Church Culture

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Baptist Church Culture

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Baptist Church Culture

The Church of Faith and Freedom AfricanAmerican Baptists and Social Action

Clergy have a tendency to form the political opinions and attitudes of a large number of people in the society. In this regard, the new priest of the Second Baptist Church of Evanston introduced a change from social traditionalism to make the church one of most vibrant and active African-American Baptist Churches in social and political context in Midwest. The change was radical and it defined the overall strength of religious leaders in terms of introducing politics in spiritual institutions. The power of clergy demonstrates the influence of professional socialization on religion and politics. Social theology concepts integrate the vital objectives of ministry with a clear political intent. Furthermore, Political consciousness refers to the concept of maintaining and realising group interests with regards to cultural beliefs and ideological terms, and this process continues as the participants reanalyse their personal experiences and mutual interests (Lee, 2003).

The hierarchy of human power encompasses the likelihood to invoke political consciousness. Several previous codes that give resources in combined acts and social movements have penetrated in religion, and it is a vital thread interlinking African-American culture. Modern and progressive clergy often focus on uplifting the standards of African-Americans in American society, and they consider it the part of their religious mission. Moreover, many notable African-American churches have changed the congregational concepts related to social activism in new pastoral administration (Lee, 2003). Olivet Baptist church shifted from positioning 42 sections and auxiliaries for social movement when L.K. William was pastor during 1930s for a more spiritual emphasis in the leadership of his successor, Joseph Jackson.

In contrast, Dexter Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery was a traditional middle-class church that reformed to adopt progressive movement in the command of Vemon Johns and his successor Martin Luther King Jr. African-American clergy played a vital role in organising boycotts and embracing activism in South, and they were also present during activism that led to the combined and coordinated efforts against segregation and suppression (Lee, 2003). In this respect, the clergy used religious ways as their weapons to facilitate indigenous movement among African-Americans.

Church-Based Health Promotion Focused on Advance Care Planning and End-of-Life Care at Black Baptist Churches

African-Americans suffering serious diseases get below average palliative care and end of life car alongside an uneven number with deteriorating condition related to symptoms. The poor health-related interaction and information of advance care planning (ACP) resulted in the decline as far as the use of hospice is concerned. Due to disparities, the older population is expected to increase in United States as well as the proportion of older individuals in minority population during the next twenty years. According to an estimate, older population is expected to grow by 160 in comparison with just 59 in non-Hispanic white people (Hendricks Sloan et al. 2016). The minority population have different cultural norms and priorities for care when they suffer from any disease or are terminally ill.

According to the report of National Institute of Aging (NIA), more research is required to build test models of treatment that align with multiple cultural norms and beliefs. This approach will develop community partnerships with all the authorities and shareholders among minority groups, and at the same time it will provide more resources for the access of better palliative care. Previous research talked discussed the significance of Church and spirituality in the lives of African-American community. Church has been involved in positive health-related intervention. However, none of Churchs efforts addressed Advance care planning and palliative care. According to the study regarding African-Americans, a vast majority i.e. 93 supported church-based information on Advanced care planning, while 40 of the believers participated in the research said that they did not complete such planning (Hendricks Sloan et al. 2016). Therefore, church-based ACP is in demand.

Religion and health Holistic wellness from the perspective of two African church Denominations.

The paper evaluates the differences in values, norms, beliefs, approaches, and the overall opinion of vulnerability to illness from gender and religious perspectives in two Baptist and three Seventh Day Adventist African-Churches. In total, 363 African-American participated in the research and completed the questionnaire about the modern Health Belief Model. In this manner, the health beliefs were mainly regarding gender (Parmer Rogers, 1997). The results suggested that women were anxious about falling ill, being vulnerable to disease and they had full confidence in the doctors. On the other hand, Men had the routine of doing exercises often, also, they were less vulnerable to get ill, and were healthier. Moreover, Seventh Day Adventists were inclined to follow a specific diet plan and avoid cigarette and liquor. The women of Seventh Day Adventists and Baptist men believed more in health as compared to Baptist females and Seventh Day Adventists men (Parmer Rogers, 1997). Thus, the difference in overall approach is very much evident.

The relationship of God control and internal locus of control to intrinsic religious motivation, coping and purpose in life.

According to the common secular approach, the belief in God is the main element in the lives of religious people, and in this way believers lose self-control as they fully submit themselves to God. In addition, religion was held responsible for developing passivity in Africans and acknowledging the power of elite/status-quo. In this respect, some psychologists believe that an African individuals, through discrimination or injustice, has less prospects than they can regulate their own reinforcements. Therefore, they do not apply themselves, and live up their potential. Lately, an attempt has been made to redefine the connection between God and the firm believer in the context of self-directing, submitting, and collaborative.

The major responsibility for resolving and issue can depend on self-directing approach, on God (submitting style), or with both (collaborative approach). Similarly, the type of act of the self and the GOD may be more in self-style, less in God with regard to self-directing approach, while more in God, and less in self when it comes to submitting, or more in self, and more in God in collaborative approach. Furthermore, Psychologists think that self-directing approach is more prevalent with firm belief in God (Jackson Coursey 1988). They suggested that submitting approach is more linked to the belief that God has the ultimate control over all things. Also, self-directing approach is negatively linked as far as the Gods control is concerned. However, the collaborative approach demonstrated no connection with God but was based on the inherent values, and beliefs.

All of the researches did not use the black sample nor had they given the various structures of religious attachment and life patterns of White and Black communities. There is no authentic evidence that the results obtained using White Samples should effectively correlate with black ones (Jackson Coursey 1988). The religious beliefs should be genuine in order to find the real meaning and purpose of the life. In the sample of the black Baptist that firmly believes in God control, the inner center of control would be connected to the purpose in life (Jackson Coursey 1988).

There Is a Higher Height in the Lord Music, Worship, and Communication with God

Music has a significance in the overall services of African-American Baptists churches, and that is why some sort of music is almost played every time (Smith, 2015). Music is considered to represent the timbrel membrane of the Holy Spirit during the services. In this regard, the Holy Spirit is visible in musical terms (Smith, 2015). In addition, this is not the case with all the African-American churches. However, this practice is followed in Creek Missionary Baptist Church in Mississippi. Besides, several local Churches do not have the services of full-time pastors. Moreover, the idea of making music a part of the services is to engage worshipers and making the praying much more joyous. Also, the approach is deemed as the connection of the physical and spiritual world. Traditionally, the connection with Holy Spirit is supported by the music, and some believers are of the view that Holy Music takes them to different heights (Smith, 2015).

Furthermore, it brings a spiritual insight in an individual and they are able to understand Holy Spirit more (Smith, 2015). Whenever the sermon is given, the believers should pay attention to it. Music has been an important part of the African-American culture in Churches (Smith, 2015). It is more than the desire for participating in Church services, instead, it is used to understand the presence of the Holy Spirit and the connection to the world (Smith, 2015). The chanted sermon of Church is musical because in this way people feel more involvement in the overall process, and they understand the meaning and purpose more which they may not have been able if it was plane. Also, it gives good feeling to the listeners, and they find more solace in religion. Finally, music is perceived in the context of spirituality and connection to the lord.

References

Hendricks Sloan, D., Peters, T., Johnson, K. S., Bowie, J. V., Ting, Y., Aslakson, R. (2016). Church-based health promotion focused on advance care planning and end-of-life care at Black Baptist churches a cross-sectional survey. Journal of palliative medicine, 19(2), 190-194.

Jackson, L. E., Coursey, R. D. (1988). The relationship of God control and internal locus of control to intrinsic religious motivation, coping and purpose in life. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 399-410.

Lee, S. (2003). The Church of Faith and Freedom AfricanAmerican Baptists and Social Action. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(1), 31-41.

Parmer, T., Rogers, T. (1997). Religion and health Holistic wellness from the perspective of two African American church denominations. Counseling and Values, 42(1), 55-67.

Smith, T. (2015). There Is a Higher Height in the Lord Music, Worship, and Communication with God. Religions, 6(2), 543-565.

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PSYCHOLOGY

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Running head PSYCHOLOGY

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BASC-3 ASSESSMENT

BASC-3 ASSESSMENT

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

BASC-3 ASSESSMENT

Overview

The Behavior Assessment System for Children i.e. the BASC-3 is the third edition of the original BASC released in 1992 and the one that followed it in 2004. All these assessment systems have been used rather extensively in research as well as clinical applications. BASC-3 is rather similar to BASC-2 in terms of structure and focus. However, it provides an additional set of scales that aids in the measurement of behavioral and emotional disorders in a number of different contexts i.e. both in home and school settings.

The BASC-3 is an individual assessment test that was created as a multi-method and multi-dimensional system with the potential to evaluate both the self-perception and the behavior of children and young adults. The primary population of BASC-3 is 2 to 25-year-olds and this assessment system was created by Cecil R. Reynolds and Randy W. Kamphaus CITATION Cec15 \l 1033 (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2015). It is administered on an individual basis and is available in 12 different forms. All three editions of the BASC has been in publication since 1992 to 2015 and is being published by Pearson Canada Assessment, Inc.

The BASC-3, as mentioned earlier, is divided into 12 forms. These forms are classified into 3 groups and then further divided based on what behavioral or emotional issue needs to be assessed. Each form has its own amount of time allocated for the purpose of administration, ranging anywhere between 10 to 20 minutes for Teacher Rating Scale (TRS) and Parent Rating Scale (PRS), while 30 minutes for Self-Report of Personality (SRP). Additionally, the price associated with every single form of BASC-3 varies on the basis on a number of questions associated with the assessment and the time administered CITATION Cec15 \l 1033 (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2015).

Practical Information

Usually, behavioral and emotional difficulties have various aspects associated with them. These difficulties are usually assessed using different viewpoints and perspectives. Clinicians usually obtain such perspectives or views using several different measures and observations. With such data being collected in an ad hoc manner, the possibility of using this data for analytical purposes and obtaining a full picture of the scenario becomes rather difficult. This is what makes BASC-3 so desirable. It offers a comprehensive system that is useful at identifying, monitoring, evaluating, and remediating emotional and behavioral problems among children as well as adolescents CITATION Cli15 \l 1033 (Pearson, About the BASC™–3 Rating Scales™, 2015).

Administration and scoring procedures

Each component of the BASC-3 can be tailored to a situation. It can be used individually or even in combinations chosen by the administrator to deal with the situation at hand. Additionally, BASC-3 has three means or options for administration. The first one is Manual Entry or ME. Here, the traditional pencil-paper format is used to administer the test. The raw scores and options obtained are then entered into the system manually for the purpose of interpretation. The second method is the on-screen method i.e. the OSA. This method is usually used to on-screen, using a web-enabled computer that uses the Q-global software. It is often associated with the use of a Test Session Lock, a feature that keeps the individuals taking the assessment from using the internet. Finally, the third option i.e. Remote on-screen administration or ROSA, allows the test to be taken remotely, from any location. However, ROSA is only available for specific tests CITATION Cli15 \l 1033 (Pearson, About the BASC™–3 Rating Scales™, 2015). Scoring can be carried out using the traditional hand-scoring method, or it can utilize the web-based, Q-global format of scoring. However, there is a list of factors which may classify an assessment ineligible for scoring purposes if certain data is missing.

Qualifications for test administration

A central principle that is often associated with professional test use is that the individuals at work here should only use the tests they are trained to use. Pearson, the publisher of BASC-3, thus ensures that the test being purchased is in the hands of an administrator who is qualified for the job. Thus, the test is only sold to those individuals that can provide credentials regarding their qualifications. A qualified user is seen as someone that assumes complete responsibility of all aspects of appropriate test use. This includes administration, interpretation, scoring and even application of the results. There are some tests that can be assessed and scored by less trained individuals. However, they would only be allowed to do so in the presence of a qualified administrator CITATION Cli151 \l 1033 (Pearson, Qualifications policy, 2015).

Use in Counselling

BASC-3 is often used in school or clinical settings to the collection and administer evidence-based intervention to kids. It is specifically designed to help rectify the most common behavioral problems experienced by children and adolescents in that particular aspect. Here is a descriptive view of some of the problems solved through BASC.

Attention/ Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorder among children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tIAaIVlk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rowland, Lesesne, & Abramowitz, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Rowland, Lesesne, & Abramowitz, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":235,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/6UPF57ZP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/6UPF57ZP"],"itemData":{"id":235,"type":"article-journal","title":"The epidemiology of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a public health view","container-title":"Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews","page":"162-170","volume":"8","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Rowland","given":"Andrew S."},{"family":"Lesesne","given":"Catherine A."},{"family":"Abramowitz","given":"Ann J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rowland, Lesesne, & Abramowitz, 2002). It is serious consequences associated with it, with those suffering from the disease having difficulty is receiving education and later being employed. It not only affects one’s performance at school, but it also has a profound effect on a child’s social as well as personal development. In a research carried out by ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9jbIFXxP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Adams, Finn, Moes, Flannery, & Rizzo, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Adams, Finn, Moes, Flannery, & Rizzo, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":234,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/84GHIMA9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/84GHIMA9"],"itemData":{"id":234,"type":"article-journal","title":"Distractibility in attention/deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The virtual reality classroom","container-title":"Child Neuropsychology","page":"120-135","volume":"15","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Adams","given":"Rebecca"},{"family":"Finn","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Moes","given":"Elisabeth"},{"family":"Flannery","given":"Kathleen"},{"family":"Rizzo","given":"Albert “Skip”"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Adams, Finn, Moes, Flannery, & Rizzo (2009), the team chose to explore the behavioral response of children using BASC monitor that is exclusively used to treat ADHD, by using a parent rating scale. In the end, following the administration of the test and result obtained. They showed that children on medication showed no significant difference in terms of performance than children that were off medication. However, in terms of interpersonal problems, children on medication scored higher than those not on it. On the other hand, a research carried out by ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Dk3FDiKO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jarratt, Riccio, & Siekierski, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Jarratt, Riccio, & Siekierski, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":236,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/TIZYQVLX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/TIZYQVLX"],"itemData":{"id":236,"type":"article-journal","title":"Assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the BASC and BRIEF","container-title":"Applied Neuropsychology","page":"83-93","volume":"12","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Jarratt","given":"Kelly Pizzitola"},{"family":"Riccio","given":"Cynthia A."},{"family":"Siekierski","given":"Becky M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Jarratt, Riccio, & Siekierski (2005) used BASC to studied children suffering from ADHD on the basis of their adaptive skills, externalizing and internalizing problems, behavioral symptom index, and even school problems. BASC showed promising results in response to clinical areas, giving information about externalizing behaviors and behavioral regulation. However, this study also expressed the need for the addition of more details for the purpose of diagnosis such as the history of behaviors.

Thus, assessment of ADHD based on BASC shows promising results and has opened doors to new forms of exploration in the study of ADHD.

Aggressive Behavior and Delinquency

Delinquency is a significant problem for American society. It is not only costly, but it is also complex and very distressing at the same time. With the number of people under 18 being arrested increasing every year, the relationship that exists between the emergence of delinquency and developmental changes that show an inclination towards it as a child and a teenager is well documented. However, the number of psychological and environmental factors that exert an influence on juvenile delinquency is also well-known. However, the relationship between these factors requires extensive research and study. A study carried out by ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eDq2sKfP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kennedy, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Kennedy, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":46,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/S2X3RWJ6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/S2X3RWJ6"],"itemData":{"id":46,"type":"article-journal","title":"Supporting peer relationships and social competence in inclusive preschool programs","container-title":"Young Children","page":"18-25","volume":"68","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Adam S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Kennedy (2013) shows the relationship between these factors, by analyzing violent and non-violent delinquents and establishing the basis of further study in with regard to behavioral, intellectual and personality correlations with juvenile offenders.

In another research, BASC was used to carry out a longitudinal assessment using both parents and teachers as administrators to understand the individual coping power of the children under their care ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eGYoS0Mw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lochman et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Lochman et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":238,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/BEFPVXG8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/BEFPVXG8"],"itemData":{"id":238,"type":"article-journal","title":"Evidence-based preventive intervention for preadolescent aggressive children: One-year outcomes following randomization to group versus individual delivery.","container-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology","page":"728","volume":"83","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Lochman","given":"John E."},{"family":"Dishion","given":"Thomas J."},{"family":"Powell","given":"Nicole P."},{"family":"Boxmeyer","given":"Caroline L."},{"family":"Qu","given":"Lixin"},{"family":"Sallee","given":"Meghann"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lochman et al., 2015). The purpose of this study was to study the prevalence of aggressive behavior in preadolescent children and of any interventive measures need to be put into place to curb their aggressive tendencies. With BASC aggression scale eligible for enrollment assessments were carried out for three consecutive years. Using 360 child-parent pairs, the sample was selected from school to participate, with them being analyzed using various factors. Using BASC gave both parents and insightful look as to how to reduce aggressive behavior in kids their age and even keep them from going down the path of delinquency.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

More than one third children in the US suffer from obstructive sleep apnea ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cZXHlViu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shine, Coates, & Lannigan, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Shine, Coates, & Lannigan, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":241,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/MPNETNGV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/MPNETNGV"],"itemData":{"id":241,"type":"article-journal","title":"Obstructive sleep apnea, morbid obesity, and adenotonsillar surgery: a review of the literature","container-title":"International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology","page":"1475-1482","volume":"69","issue":"11","author":[{"family":"Shine","given":"Neville Patrick"},{"family":"Coates","given":"Harvey L."},{"family":"Lannigan","given":"Francis J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shine, Coates, & Lannigan, 2005). It has detrimental effects on one’s wellbeing, both physically and physiologically. Furthermore, some researchers are also of the opinion that the global epidemic of obesity can also increase the likelihood of children to suffer from OSA, among other things. OSA in combination with obesity directly impacts the cognition and behavioral patterns among children, who can also suffer as a result of OSA ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pJ4PqWCn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mitchell & Boss, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Mitchell & Boss, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":240,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/3R22XNND"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/3R22XNND"],"itemData":{"id":240,"type":"article-journal","title":"Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea in obese and normal-weight children: impact of adenotonsillectomy on quality-of-life and behavior","container-title":"Developmental neuropsychology","page":"650-661","volume":"34","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Mitchell","given":"Ron B."},{"family":"Boss","given":"Emily F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mitchell & Boss, 2009). On the basis of this study, BASC can again play a significant role. In order to assess the condition of these children post-op, caregivers were asked to complete the BASC surveys, along with other surveys to measure the level of hyperactivity, depression and somatization among children. The test was administered according to the children’s respective age group and also scored on the basis of the subject’s age as well. Of the eighty-nine children chosen for the study, forty were obese while the remaining had normal-weight. However, the improvements exhibited by obese children at the end of the study demonstrate insignificant improvement in the quality of life for these children.

Critical Evaluation

Ease of administration and scoring

The BASC-3 is easy to administer and score, given the number of means available to do so. It has a very targeted approach and is well received by administrators and subjects alike. The assessment is multicolored, bring and engaging, which helps it keep the attention of younger children. The introduction of SOS and SDH forms of assessment makes it easier and highly useful. However, it often fails to collect and report key medical, familial and social data that can be included in this measure. The most dramatic change for BASC-3 is the availability for online administration as well as scoring. Although there are some reservations with the system as well, with some being uncertain as to who make be taking the test being administered online CITATION FJM17 \l 1033 (Medway, 2017).

With regard to scoring, most of the assessments are hand-scored or employ the use of Q-global systems online for scoring purposes. While it has been regarded positively by both clinicians and researchers, there test still requires more acceptance among parents and school teachers in order to be effective CITATION FJM17 \l 1033 (Medway, 2017).

Norms

With regard to the norms, users are provided with a number of available reference frameworks that are used to evaluate the normative position on the basis of the scoring for each student on the basis of BASC-3. Norms are provided for both general and clinical samples, along with the group of students that have been clinically diagnosed with symptoms consistent with a number of disorders, such as ADHD CITATION TRK17 \l 1033 (Konold, 2017).

Adolescents between the ages of 18 and 25 are combined into a single framework for the administration of SRP i.e. the self-report of personality. Norms have been declared distinct for both males and females, especially with respect to the presentation of behaviors. Another brilliant aspect of BASC is that during the administration of the assessment, manual users are offered guidance by the administrators to discuss if one aspect of the test manual is better than the other. Scores are then carried out using percentile ranks that allow users to evaluate the relative positive of students with regard to the normal framework CITATION TRK17 \l 1033 (Konold, 2017).

Reliability

The BASC-3 can provide in-depth reports of reliability analysis of the scales located in various different forms and versions of the instrument. Internal consistency and test reliability are provided for all the versions of the instrument and coefficients remain consistent among similar informant types, especially those presented in the teacher and parents forms CITATION TRK17 \l 1033 (Konold, 2017).

Although there were a variety of different reasons why informant evaluation of the same subject may be different since the child may behave differently in the presence of a different administrator. However, the estimates of individuals agreeing on both the parent and the teacher scales were largely within expectation. This was especially significant when compared to other published behavioral assessments CITATION TRK17 \l 1033 (Konold, 2017).

Validity

The BASC-3 presents several investigative validity studies with regard to every single one of its three versions. It includes focusing on content evidence using the details provided in the development and selection. It is seen as a battery of behavioral measures, most of which are evaluated through intercorrelations through scales as well as the use of factor analytic approaches. Furthermore, profiles of behavior are often differentiated between children hailing from different clinical studies as well as educational classifications CITATION TRK17 \l 1033 (Konold, 2017).

Multicultural considerations, Strengths, and limitations of the instrument

One of the biggest strengths of BASC-3 is the fact that it provides a variety of scales that measure and describe a broad array of behavioral and emotional issues CITATION FJM17 \l 1033 (Medway, 2017). It can be administered in English as well as the Spanish language. However, it does not have a broad spectrum in place regarding the languages it can be administered in. Additionally, at present, the school systems around the world, especially in countries like the US, it is commonplace to find students from different ethnicities coming together. If an assessment system is not tailored to the needs of different ethnicities, or it is not generalized in such a way that it can cater to just about everyone. This places a severe limitation of the use of an instrument ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"R5CNAAka","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Song et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Song et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/AANLIC7M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/AANLIC7M"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cross-cultural aspect of behavior assessment system for children-2, parent rating scale-child: standardization in Korean children","container-title":"Yonsei medical journal","page":"439-448","volume":"58","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Song","given":"Jungeun"},{"family":"Leventhal","given":"Bennett L."},{"family":"Koh","given":"Yun-Joo"},{"family":"Cheon","given":"Keun-Ah"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Hyun Ju"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Young-Key"},{"family":"Cho","given":"Kyungjin"},{"family":"Lim","given":"Eun-Chung"},{"family":"Park","given":"Jee In"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Young-Shin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Song et al., 2017). However, BASC-3 is diverse in its use. Since it allows the administrator to guide the children and the adolescents taking the assessments, the language and ethnicity barrier can be dealt with.

Recommendations for use

The BASC-3 is a versatile test that is based on a strong empirical foundation. It is a welcome update and revision to one of the most prominent behavior rating scales used in schools and clinical settings for research purposes. The latest edition has a number of revised components, including the rating scales that are easy enough to adapt with a little training ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"j0N8yZfj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wilder & Sudweeks, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Wilder & Sudweeks, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":233,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/J9QFXD8Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/J9QFXD8Q"],"itemData":{"id":233,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reliability of ratings across studies of the BASC","container-title":"Education and Treatment of Children","page":"382-399","author":[{"family":"Wilder","given":"Lynn K."},{"family":"Sudweeks","given":"Richard R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wilder & Sudweeks, 2003). However, the newer aspects of the assessment will require a certain period of time for users to gain considerable familiarity with the system and its properties. Although, the assessment system could benefit from the provision of workshops that can provide hands-on experience to the administrators. Thus, this allows BASC-3 to be used in an effective and efficient manner, with attention paid to clinical as well as differential diagnostics and intervention effectiveness CITATION FJM17 \l 1033 (Medway, 2017).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, R., Finn, P., Moes, E., Flannery, K., & Rizzo, A. “Skip.” (2009). Distractibility in attention/deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The virtual reality classroom. Child Neuropsychology, 15(2), 120–135.

Jarratt, K. P., Riccio, C. A., & Siekierski, B. M. (2005). Assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the BASC and BRIEF. Applied Neuropsychology, 12(2), 83–93.

Kennedy, A. S. (2013). Supporting peer relationships and social competence in inclusive preschool programs. Young Children, 68(5), 18–25.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Konold, T. R. (2017). Test Review of Behavior Assessment System for Children, Third Edition. Retrieved from The twentieth mental measurements yearbook: http://marketplace.unl.edu/buros/

Lochman, J. E., Dishion, T. J., Powell, N. P., Boxmeyer, C. L., Qu, L., & Sallee, M. (2015). Evidence-based preventive intervention for preadolescent aggressive children: One-year outcomes following randomization to group versus individual delivery. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(4), 728.

Medway, F. J. (2017). Test Review of Behavior Assessment System for Children, Third Edition. Retrieved from The Twentieth mental measures yearbook: http://marketplace.unl.edu/buros/

Mitchell, R. B., & Boss, E. F. (2009). Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea in obese and normal-weight children: impact of adenotonsillectomy on quality-of-life and behavior. Developmental Neuropsychology, 34(5), 650–661.

Pearson, C. (2015). About the BASC™–3 Rating Scales™. Retrieved from Pearson Clinic, Pearson Canada Assessment, Inc.: https://images.pearsonclinical.com/images/assets/basc-3/basc3resources/About-the-BASC-3-Rating-Scales.pdf

Pearson, C. (2015). Qualifications policy. Retrieved from Pearson Clinic, Pearson Canada Assessment, Inc.: https://www.pearsonassessments.com/professional-assessments/ordering/how-to-order/qualifications/qualifications-policy.html

Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2015). Behavior Assessment System for Children, Third Edition (BASC™-3). Retrieved from Pearson Clinical, Pearson Canada Assessment, Inc.: https://www.pearsonclinical.ca/en/products/product-master.html/item-33

Rowland, A. S., Lesesne, C. A., & Abramowitz, A. J. (2002). The epidemiology of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a public health view. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 8(3), 162–170.

Shine, N. P., Coates, H. L., & Lannigan, F. J. (2005). Obstructive sleep apnea, morbid obesity, and adenotonsillar surgery: a review of the literature. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 69(11), 1475–1482.

Song, J., Leventhal, B. L., Koh, Y.-J., Cheon, K.-A., Hong, H. J., Kim, Y.-K., … Kim, Y.-S. (2017). Cross-cultural aspect of behavior assessment system for children-2, parent rating scale-child: standardization in Korean children. Yonsei Medical Journal, 58(2), 439–448.

Wilder, L. K., & Sudweeks, R. R. (2003). Reliability of ratings across studies of the BASC. Education and Treatment of Children, 382–399.

Behavior Changing

Behavior Changing

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Behavior Changing

Operant Conditioning is a type of learning for the living things which involve the utilization of reinforcement and punishment for the purpose to shape or change any behavior or either to bring out the desired behavior in own self or in someone else. After an in-depth analysis of my personality and behavior, I would prefer to choose my own self for this question. Hence, I would and can use operant conditioning in several ways to change my behavior.

I am the person having behavior who do effective planning for what he is going to do but the biggest problem that I face is I do not usually implement what has been planned. So, I will change this particular using operant conditioning.

I would change my behavior mostly using motivation, self-recognition, and enhancing self-satisfaction. There are a number of other reinforces and reinforcements which can be used for changing the behavior just mentioned above. But motivation, self-recognition, and enhancing self-satisfaction are the reinforces which come in the category of positive reinforcement (Kendra, 2019). While I always found myself and my behavior highly affected by positive reinforcements instead of putting myself for punishments and penalties.

The plan that I would use to change this behavior (lack of implementation of planning) is below.

I would analyze my behavior and will find what is most crucial to be changed.

Categories the behavior and would consider it as a problem to be covered and solved.

Establish and set goals that I want to stop by changing this behavior

Create a proper plan for how to get fixed those concerns as well as how to reach the established/set goals (HealthyPsych , 2019).

Finally, take every possible step and put the best of my efforts to get those goals achieved.

In terms of reinforcement, I would be using to emotionally recognize myself at the time when I implement any of the plans I have made to implement. This is the best reinforcement for me to use because emotional reward and recognition always encourage me to put more efforts. So with this, I would be able to change this behavior in a better way than any other one. Beyond that, I would self-motivation as reinforcement. Motivation would be used because it does let me keep learning about myself and assists me to see good in Bad. So in this case, when I see and realize good things and deeds as a result then I would be more likely to implement what I plan. Because when human beings see something good as a result, then they put hard efforts to bring in that results (Bucher, & Lovaas, 2017).

In addition to the positive reinforcement, I will increase a pleasant stimulus. By increasing pleasant stimulus, my behavior would be strengthened towards what I need to change. I will increase a pleasant stimulus and encourage my behavior same as like according to (BC Campus, 2019), the example of pleasant stimulus is giving rewarding a student with a prize after he or she gets higher marks than the expected by teachers or even parents.

I made these particular choices and decision because the changing of the behavior would enable me to accomplish my life goals and how to accomplish or to achieve what I desire (Blackman, 2017). As well as, the mentioned reinforcement choice has been made because they fit my behavior and personality the best compared to other behavior changing choices as per my nature that motivation and recognition are the varieties that always encouraged me to do more.

References

BC Campus. (2019). Changing Behaviour through Reinforcement and Punishment: Operant Conditioning – Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition. Opentextbc.ca. Retrieved 1 October 2019, from https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/7-2-changing-behavior-through-reinforcement-and-punishment-operant-conditioning/

Blackman, D. E. (2017). Operant Conditioning: an Experimental Analysis Of Behaviour. Routledge.

Bucher, B., & Lovaas, O. I. (2017). Operant Procedures in Behavior Modification with Children. In Foundations of Behavioral Therapy (pp. 36-64). Routledge.

HealthyPsych. (2019). How to Change Behavior: A Theoretical Overview. HealthyPsych.com. Retrieved 1 October 2019, from https://healthypsych.com/how-to-change-behavior-a-theoretical-overview/

Kendra, C. (2019). What Is Operant Conditioning and How Does It Work? Verywell Mind. Retrieved 1 October 2019, from https://www.verywellmind.com/operant-conditioning-a2-2794863

Behavioral Treatments Of Sex Offenders

Behavioral Treatments of the Sex Offenders

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Behavioral Treatments of Sex Offenders

The majority of sentenced sex reprobates are ultimately released back in societies. There is a need to analyze how female sexual offenders are processed and treated in the communities. Though sexual reoffending is a situation that can certainly not be elucidated, certain encouraging techniques are available by which its influence on the communities and the offender can de declined ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a15uk1pim68","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":163,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/8EY89VVH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/8EY89VVH"],"itemData":{"id":163,"type":"webpage","title":"How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay","abstract":"The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse how female sexual offenders are perceived and treated in society. This was achieved through secondar...","URL":"https://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/criminology/how-female-sexual-offenders-are-perceived-criminology-essay.php","language":"en"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay,” n.d.). Using cognitive interactive therapy and other interferences for sexual criminals, a certain proportion of decrease in sexual reoffending can be guaranteed. Cognitive interactive therapy has reliably stayed effective management for countless of mental diseases and illnesses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1g7k6djmu6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Moster, Wnuk, & Jeglic, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Moster, Wnuk, & Jeglic, 2008)"},"citationItems":[{"id":162,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/4VAB7NY8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/4VAB7NY8"],"itemData":{"id":162,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy interventions with sex offenders","container-title":"Journal of Correctional Health Care","page":"109-121","volume":"14","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Moster","given":"Aviva"},{"family":"Wnuk","given":"Dorota W."},{"family":"Jeglic","given":"Elizabeth L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Moster, Wnuk, & Jeglic, 2008). It is important to present potential challenges that are encountered in the course of decreasing female sexual recidivism. It is also significant to comprehend how these offenders are been treated among communities and similarly, how media portray these offenders publically.

Sexual violence is not attributable to discrete psychological factors and social status, it is a stereotype of the entire community and society. Social and philosophical factors are also linked with the manifestation of sexual violence. These societies can protect and release offenders in the communities without management and treatment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ab9eeqol66","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":163,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/8EY89VVH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/8EY89VVH"],"itemData":{"id":163,"type":"webpage","title":"How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay","abstract":"The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse how female sexual offenders are perceived and treated in society. This was achieved through secondar...","URL":"https://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/criminology/how-female-sexual-offenders-are-perceived-criminology-essay.php","language":"en"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay,” n.d.). It is a culture that prevails in societies and communities which entails an appropriate awareness to halt the release of sexual offenders in the communities without cognitive therapies. It is also significant to observe the justice system in how it treats and responds to sex offenders. The children and women are the core victims of sexual violence. However, studies have shown that females are the utmost victims worldwide. All-inclusive figures stipulate that 2% of the victims are men, and 75% are females. Females' offending violence against children accounts for only 5 %. These statistics burden up a fact that the females are the most vulnerable amongst all victims. There is a need for effective management to control these offenders and to stop violence against women in societies.

The lover/teacher relationships are often neglected and the association is not used as an offense and crime. This kind of stereotype commits violence and creates less harm to the partner and does not recognize it as a crime. These offenders are open in societies and communities. These types of offenders are depicted as a relationship and the issue is not been raised as a crime. The predisposed kind of offenders use children and adults for a longer period for their sexual pleasure and do not recognize it as a crime. They are mostly females and sometimes males also use children to fulfill their sexual desire. The abuse is committed against the child will and it is more common in females working in the daycares. The male-coerced woman criminal commits abuse first in the company of their male. They will usually validate great emotional addiction and subservient behavior to the male. It has been recommended that this kind of woman criminal accounts for the major proportion of female child sexual offenders. In history, the studies have revealed that child abuse was only committed by males. Currently, studies have suggested that females are also responsible and are involved in sexual abuse against children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a12tmbkhmij","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":163,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/8EY89VVH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/8EY89VVH"],"itemData":{"id":163,"type":"webpage","title":"How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay","abstract":"The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse how female sexual offenders are perceived and treated in society. This was achieved through secondar...","URL":"https://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/criminology/how-female-sexual-offenders-are-perceived-criminology-essay.php","language":"en"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay,” n.d.).

Females are usually considered as the caring and cultivation of civilized society but recently it has been evaluated that females are also involved in this dirty crime. Most females use this way of offense to please their male-dominant partners. The female sex offenders are often released in the societies considering them as normal persons. Media is equally responsible for taking the light and insignificant. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a way of treating and managing an individual's behaviors. It modifies one's behavior in terms of adopting healthy and positive attitudes. It also amends the negative behaviors of the persons by replacing them with modified behavior. However, cognitive behavior therapy is a consistent therapy that requires a regular and constant follow-up for acquiring modified behaviors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a26v32upn8v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Moster et al., 2008)","plainCitation":"(Moster et al., 2008)"},"citationItems":[{"id":162,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/4VAB7NY8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/4VAB7NY8"],"itemData":{"id":162,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy interventions with sex offenders","container-title":"Journal of Correctional Health Care","page":"109-121","volume":"14","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Moster","given":"Aviva"},{"family":"Wnuk","given":"Dorota W."},{"family":"Jeglic","given":"Elizabeth L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Moster et al., 2008). This behavior therapy is based on human cognitive characteristics. The way a person infers a reflection depicts its nature or cognitive philosophy. This helps in the identification of the positive and negative side of a person. Using these interferences, specialists or physical therapists treats and manages their patient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a18ittis8cd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Moster, Wnuk, & Jeglic, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Moster, Wnuk, & Jeglic, 2008)"},"citationItems":[{"id":162,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/4VAB7NY8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/4VAB7NY8"],"itemData":{"id":162,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy interventions with sex offenders","container-title":"Journal of Correctional Health Care","page":"109-121","volume":"14","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Moster","given":"Aviva"},{"family":"Wnuk","given":"Dorota W."},{"family":"Jeglic","given":"Elizabeth L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Moster, Wnuk, & Jeglic, 2008).

Prediction of human behavior is a complex procedure that requires suitable therapy to perpetuate it. The reflection of offensive and criminal thinking is associated with negative outcomes and negative behaviors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1aq83dbt7t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Moster et al., 2008)","plainCitation":"(Moster et al., 2008)"},"citationItems":[{"id":162,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/4VAB7NY8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/4VAB7NY8"],"itemData":{"id":162,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy interventions with sex offenders","container-title":"Journal of Correctional Health Care","page":"109-121","volume":"14","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Moster","given":"Aviva"},{"family":"Wnuk","given":"Dorota W."},{"family":"Jeglic","given":"Elizabeth L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Moster et al., 2008). This entails long-term therapy to modify and adopt innovative behaviors. The offenders and the criminals require cognitive therapy to improve their conducts especially the management of self-support and self-control. Offenders are treated in a way that they are responsible for their views and emotions. Self-control management therapies are introduced along with cognitive therapy for the management of offenders. However, most of the offenders are not even sent for rehabilitation therapies. Mass media and channels have not portrayed female sex offenders as criminals. There is a need to realize them as an offender and the criminal justice system has to rethink while sending them in the societies and communities. The criminal justice system should have implemented and recommend the consistent cognitive therapy treatment and management strategies for these offenders before sending them in the societies. The reoffending behavior is only stoppable and preventable by utilizing suitable behavioral therapies of the offenders.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY How Female Sexual Offenders Are Perceived Criminology Essay. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/criminology/how-female-sexual-offenders-are-perceived-criminology-essay.php

Moster, A., Wnuk, D. W., & Jeglic, E. L. (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy interventions with sex offenders. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 14(2), 109–121.

Behaviour & Environment Case Study

Behaviour & Environment Case Study

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Behaviour & Environment Case Study

The Case Scenario

George Abram is a 13 years old boy who shifted to Batlow, Australia from Oymyakon, Russia in 2017 along with his family. Unfortunately, a deadly bushfire surrounded the whole town two days after they arrived in the town. Everyone was stirred by the sudden bushfire so he was. Scores of animals burned alive including Vladimir, his favourite pet. Abram and his family escaped the fire and shifted to Canberra, but came back after three months. Abram had never seen fire in such a large amount before that and he stayed traumatized after many weeks of that incident. He was taken to a psychiatric who told not to expose Abram to fire before he turns 25.

Section 1 - Overview of issue/intervention

George Abram was affected by pyrophobia and he needed a proper psychological treatment. He is a Russian who spent almost 7 years of his life seeing snow everywhere around. He shifted to Australia and this world was new for him. This weather might have irritated him due to higher temperature, but it was tolerable. Shifting from a region where temperature falls more than 50 Celsius to a town where temperature rises more than 20 degree Celsius was itself a challenge, but a bushfire was like a volcano for a young boy. It burned his house and his beloved pet before his eyes (Schirmacher, 2011). Amygdala an almond shape part of Abram’s brain was affected due to that incident. He should have been treated using psychological therapies instead of keeping away from fire. Amygdala is responsible for making mind conscious about phobias which can lead to loss of confidence in humans. That is the reason Abram is still suffering from the fear of fire even after three years and it is possible that he might stay same if not treated before he reaches mature age (Chadwick, Birchwood, & Trower, 1996).

Cognitive therapy, a kind of psychotherapy, is a useful treatment to treat Abram. Apart from that, the authorities will be approached to make strategies to avoid such incidents in future. The only disorder that is causing complication in the psyche of Abram is pyrophobia, but it can lead to many other phobias like scopophobia that causes too much anxiety in the patient. Cognitive therapy targets the mind of the patient and it attempts to change the way a person thinks about a certain entity. If Abram is not convinced that fire is a dead entity and it does not have the capability to think, he might consider it a giant killer throughout his life (Young, 1999). This theory will be implemented by arranging meetings with Abram and developing interpersonal relationship with him. Abram is a kind of shy boy, but once he feels comfortable with anyone, frank communication becomes easier. He would be approached by talking about his favourite game cricket. Moreover, some prominent community members of Batlow will be approached to make formal claim of proper strategies for precaution to the authorities.

Section 2 - Identify important stakeholders

George Abram lives in Batlow which is a beautiful town in Australia, but it is vulnerable to bushfire like many Australian regions. The town is surrounded by woods that is a good thing, but Global Warming has made these woods fire-bombs. The setting is made by Nature although exploited by humans. Woods are a natural part of the territory where humans are building industries. Almost one dozen hundred people reside in Batlow who are vulnerable to bushfire if such an incident happens again (Alvarez, 1997). The town is under the provision of the Commonwealth of Australia and governed by the LGA Council of Batlow. In fact, the main cause of bushfire is Global Warming and increasing temperature plus famine in Australia, therefore, the Batlow authorities alone cannot be held responsible for the bushfire although they should have taken precautionary measures and timely actions to save the houses and infrastructure which burned. This fire affected many people’s psyche who were new in Australia as they were shocked when they learned that even non-human forces can rise anytime to kill humans here (Hawton, 1989). Two cases were reported where young children were taken to psychiatrists for mental treatment in Batlow with the same disorder that haunts Abram's mind.

Section 3 - Explain how the strategy would be implemented

In the first step, Abram will be treated using Cognitive Therapy. It starts with the idea that what a person thinks shapes the way of his feeling. Pyrophobia in Abram stemmed from having thoughts or beliefs that fire is alive creature like a wolf who can attack when offended and can eat humans, animals, and many other things. Changing this belief might change Abram’s and the other patients’ view of the events they experienced and their emotional state. Cognitive focuses more on current thinking and communication patterns instead of past. I will work with Abram to confront and challenge inappropriate thoughts by encouraging different ways of viewing fire. The usefulness of fire will be explained to him and I will light and put out fire before him. Moreover, I will explain to him how fire burns using scientific knowledge in the school lab.

In the second step, I will approach the LGA authorities of Batlow having some suggestions with the support of prominent community members of Batlow. After I receive the government and the community support, we shall raise fund by some businessmen and the government to spread awareness and to build a canal between woods and the town (Ellis, Kanowski, & Whelan, 2004). Awareness about the impacts of Global Warming will be spread and the people will be portrayed how to act during fire-emergency. They will be encouraged to keep fire-fighting tools in the houses like Oxygen cylinders and other tools which they can use to flee the houses in case of emergency. Woods are at the two sides of Batlow Tumut River is linked to Blowering, the neighboring town of Batlow. The state authorities will be asked to invest in making a canal that go around Batlow and fells back to the river. It would stop the bushfire rushing towards the town and the authorities will feel easier to take precautionary measures if the fire gets uncontrolled. Moreover, it would enrich the area with surface water that would be used to cope with fire-emergency. As a result, we be able to avoid cases like George Abram.

Section 4 - Evaluate the rationale for the strategy

A solution that is proposed in two steps is a workable strategy and it is possible that both the community and the government help me to execute the solution strategy. Two parties are expected to help me for the execution of the first step that is the treatment of Abram. Fortunately, they both agree to help me rather Abram has become a friend to me and we talk much about cricket. Judith Beck writes in his book Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond (1995) that a psychiatric can treat a patient only when the patient feels comfortable to share his/her experiences with the psychiatric. I and Abram have developed such a relationship.

The second step is also applicable and useful since our application has been received by the authorities for consideration. Peter Schirmacher writes in his book Fighting with fire: How bushfire suppression can impact on firefighters' health (2011) that if educated adult people are able to deal with them in the case of emergency more than seventy per cent burden of firefighters would decrease and they would be able to save more lives and infrastructure. A public awareness campaign can help to make the adults able to cope with such situations. It is a time consuming and money consuming task and I agree here with Argimiro Lopez Alvarez who writes in his book Bush Fire Fighting Machine (1997) that civilized nations do not hesitate to sacrifice their money and time if their future is at stake. If incidents like one experienced by Abram are handled properly, our other children might stay safe from psychological disorders and traumas.

References

Alvarez, A. L. (1997). U.S. Patent No. 5,641,024. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Schirmacher, P., Bedossa, P., Roskams, T., Tiniakos, D. G., Brunt, E. M., Zucman-Rossi, J., ... & Galle, P. R. (2011). Fighting the bushfire in HCC trials. Journal of hepatology, 55(2), 276-277.

Ellis, S., Kanowski, P., & Whelan, R. J. (2004). National inquiry on bushfire mitigation and management.

Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.

Chadwick, P. D., Birchwood, M. J., & Trower, P. (1996). Cognitive therapy for delusions, voices and paranoia. John Wiley & Sons.

Hawton, K. E., Salkovskis, P. M., Kirk, J. E., & Clark, D. M. (1989). Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric problems: A practical guide. Oxford University Press.

Benchmark - Implicit Prejudice

Benchmark - Implicit Prejudice

Gabrielle Guerra

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Benchmark - Implicit Prejudice

Many people believe that they are free of prejudicial feelings based on race or gender when they deal with other people. However, it is quite possible that a person exhibits signs of implicit racism even if he or she outwardly appears to be unprejudiced. For this purpose, I decided to take the race and gender-career implicit association test (IAT) hosted by Harvard to examine my own biases.

Description of Test and Results

I found the idea of determining one’s hidden biases by means of the IAT to be very interesting. The Harvard-hosted site contained a number of IAT tests on different areas, wherein I selected the race and gender-career test to evaluate my own biases. The first test on race aimed to assess my automatic preference for European Americans or Black Americans using a timed activity in which I had to answer a set of questions. I had not undertaken a test like this before, and initially, I was not quite sure whether pressing a few keys could bring out my hidden biases. Nevertheless, I continued with the race test followed by the gender and career test while trying best to follow the instructions on the screen. The results of the race IAT test showed that I was more comfortable around European American people than African American people and tend to prefer the former over the latter with a slight penchant. The gender-career IAT also suggested that I had a moderate association for ‘Female with Family’ and ‘Male with Career’. Essentially, the test was evaluating how fast I responded to the ‘Male’ and ‘Career’ prompts compared to the ‘Female’ and ‘Career’ prompts to determine whether a gender-bias existed.

Discussion of Results

The IAT assess bias by measuring the strength of association between two or more concepts. The results predicted my implicit bias by calculating how fast I could categorize those concepts CITATION Pro11 \l 1033 (Project Implicit, 2011). As I hit the final submit button and saw the results, I felt both unsettled and surprised. The surprise came from learning that I had a slight, albeit significant, preference for White Americans over Black Americans. The fact that I myself am Hispanic and yet possess a hidden implicit bias against another minority community felt unsettling. Moreover, I always considered myself a self-aware individual and would confront my biases whenever I felt any in my actions or thoughts. The IAT results seem to be quite opposite of my own worldview. Likewise, the results of the gender-career IAT test that I had a moderate bias towards females with family. Once again, the results were surprising because I always liked the idea that men and women should have equal contribution to the house, and that both should have equal career opportunities. Nevertheless, women historically have been associated with family as men have been associated with career and breadwinning; therefore, it is possible that most of us inherited this bias from society.

Even though I accepted the results and saw an opportunity in re-examining my biases, I felt that the element of time-based judgment made the test tricky. In many instances when the keys in the test switched, I mistakenly entered pressed the wrong one. So, whether I associated ‘good' to white and ‘bad' to black solely because of my implicit biases is open for debate. Furthermore, since I was already aware that my biases are going to be tested, it is possible that I answered the questions based on what should be the right answer instead of what I really thought. However, judging by the way the questions were structured and patterned, both IAT tests seemed to have considered that tendency.

Reflection on Results and Possible Causes

Although initially I was surprised by the results, they started to make sense as I began to contemplate over them. Although America has become far more progressive recently, there still seems to exist a slight cultural tendency of seeing White people as superior to Black people. Although I am Hispanic, I grew up within a White neighborhood and most of my friends were White. The K-12 school I attended also had a very low number of Black students compared to the national average. It is possible that these factors affected my own implicit bias. Nevertheless, I believe my college and secondary education played a role in reducing that bias from a visibly strong level to a slight one. We had a number of class discussions in school about White privilege and White supremacy and being non-White, I was quite aware of that tendency. Similarly, though most of my teachers were women, STEM subjects were generally taught by male teachers.

Moreover, since implicit biases mostly exist on an unconscious level, it is possible for a person to hold a different belief or viewpoint while harboring certain biases internally at the same time. I think the surprise I felt was because internal biases do not always align with our own personal identity or sense of self. Moreover, they do not necessarily come from direct personal experience, but can rather develop through prevailing cultural attitudes and social conditioning CITATION Lev12 \l 1033 (Levinson & Smith, 2012). I am certain that some of the usual implicit associations we have in society are influenced by media portrayals of Black people.

Validity and Reliability of the Test

The IAT evaluated my internal biases by measuring the strength of association between a category and an attribute, which came in the form of pictures, symbols, and words. My individual stimuli to these attributes were used on basis of the underlying assumption that I would respond more quickly and accurately when a strong internal association exists between those attributes and the corresponding category CITATION Lan07 \l 1033 (Lane, Banaji, Nosek, & Greenwald, 2007). In the race test, the attributes of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ were checked for their strength of association with being White or Black, in terms of accuracy and speed CITATION Pro11 \l 1033 (Project Implicit, 2011). Using the element of speed judgment to assess implicitly-held attitudes has been the basis of over 200 empirical studies CITATION Lan07 \l 1033 (Lane, Banaji, Nosek, & Greenwald, 2007). Nevertheless, several variables related to the test could affect results, such as the order in which the test is taken or the mental alertness of the user while taking the test. Thus, switching the order of the category-attribute pairs and taking the test more than once may influence the repeatability of the results.

Nevertheless, there is still a strong reason to care about the IAT score because our implicit associations can help predict our choices and behavior in social and professional settings. Being aware of these biases can help society overcome discrimination in criminal justice, enhance fairness in promotion and hiring, and address healthcare inequalities.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Lane, K. A., Banaji, M. R., Nosek, B. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2007). Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: IV: What We Know (So Far) about the Method. In B. Wittenbrink, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Implicit measures of attitudes (pp. 59-102). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Levinson, J. D., & Smith, R. J. (2012). Implicit racial bias across the law. Cambridge; NY: Cambridge University Press.

Project Implicit. (2011). Race IAT. Retrieved July 27, 2019, from Harvard: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html

Bio Psychology- Research On Bipolar

Polar Disorder

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Bipolar Disorder

Effects on Central Nervous System

Various types of neurotransmitter chemicals are present in the human brain that allow the transmission of various nerve impulses across the neurons ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aPgwRF5t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Gulf Bend MHMR Center,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Gulf Bend MHMR Center,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":335,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/J9KID6UD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/J9KID6UD"],"itemData":{"id":335,"type":"webpage","title":"Gulf Bend MHMR Center","URL":"https://www.gulfbend.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=11204&cn=5","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Gulf Bend MHMR Center,” n.d.). Neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate), glutamate, and acetylcholine are mainly associated with bipolar disorder. According to another research, neuropeptides that include endorphins, somatostatin, vasopressin, and oxytocin are also suspected to be present in the brains of affected individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"m9Ed6Dia","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maletic & Raison, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Maletic & Raison, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":332,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/9UGR4WVK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/9UGR4WVK"],"itemData":{"id":332,"type":"article-journal","title":"Integrated Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder","container-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","volume":"5","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"From a neurobiological perspective there is no such thing as bipolar disorder. Rather, it is almost certainly the case that many somewhat similar, but subtly different, pathological conditions produce a disease state that we currently diagnose as bipolarity. This heterogeneity – reflected in the lack of synergy between our current diagnostic schema and our rapidly advancing scientific understanding of the condition – limits attempts to articulate an integrated perspective on bipolar disorder. However, despite these challenges, scientific findings in recent years are beginning to offer a provisional “unified field theory” of the disease. This theory sees bipolar disorder as a suite of related neurodevelopmental conditions with interconnected functional abnormalities that often appear early in life and worsen over time. In addition to accelerated loss of volume in brain areas known to be essential for mood regulation and cognitive function, consistent findings have emerged at a cellular level, providing evidence that bipolar disorder is reliably associated with dysregulation of glial–neuronal interactions. Among these glial elements are microglia – the brain’s primary immune elements, which appear to be overactive in the context of bipolarity. Multiple studies now indicate that inflammation is also increased in the periphery of the body in both the depressive and manic phases of the illness, with at least some return to normality in the euthymic state. These findings are consistent with changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which are known to drive inflammatory activation. In summary, the very fact that no single gene, pathway, or brain abnormality is likely to ever account for the condition is itself an extremely important first step in better articulating an integrated perspective on both its ontological status and pathogenesis. Whether this perspective will translate into the discovery of innumerable more homogeneous forms of bipolarity is one of the great questions facing the field and one that is likely to have profound treatment implications, given that fact that such a discovery would greatly increase our ability to individualize – and by extension, enhance – treatment.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4142322/","DOI":"10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00098","ISSN":"1664-0640","note":"PMID: 25202283\nPMCID: PMC4142322","journalAbbreviation":"Front Psychiatry","author":[{"family":"Maletic","given":"Vladimir"},{"family":"Raison","given":"Charles"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",8,25]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maletic & Raison, 2014). A wide area of interest in bipolar research is testing neurotransmitters, the chemical changes associated with it, positions, and their impact. This is understood that in an individual with bipolar disorder, certain molecules are somehow uneven in the brain relative to a person without the disease. For instance, it is observed that the blood and spinal fluid of bipolar individuals have a low level of GABA, while oxytocin- active neurons are seen to be present at elevated levels ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KGHZMq7Z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maletic & Raison, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Maletic & Raison, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":332,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/9UGR4WVK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/9UGR4WVK"],"itemData":{"id":332,"type":"article-journal","title":"Integrated Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder","container-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","volume":"5","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"From a neurobiological perspective there is no such thing as bipolar disorder. Rather, it is almost certainly the case that many somewhat similar, but subtly different, pathological conditions produce a disease state that we currently diagnose as bipolarity. This heterogeneity – reflected in the lack of synergy between our current diagnostic schema and our rapidly advancing scientific understanding of the condition – limits attempts to articulate an integrated perspective on bipolar disorder. However, despite these challenges, scientific findings in recent years are beginning to offer a provisional “unified field theory” of the disease. This theory sees bipolar disorder as a suite of related neurodevelopmental conditions with interconnected functional abnormalities that often appear early in life and worsen over time. In addition to accelerated loss of volume in brain areas known to be essential for mood regulation and cognitive function, consistent findings have emerged at a cellular level, providing evidence that bipolar disorder is reliably associated with dysregulation of glial–neuronal interactions. Among these glial elements are microglia – the brain’s primary immune elements, which appear to be overactive in the context of bipolarity. Multiple studies now indicate that inflammation is also increased in the periphery of the body in both the depressive and manic phases of the illness, with at least some return to normality in the euthymic state. These findings are consistent with changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which are known to drive inflammatory activation. In summary, the very fact that no single gene, pathway, or brain abnormality is likely to ever account for the condition is itself an extremely important first step in better articulating an integrated perspective on both its ontological status and pathogenesis. Whether this perspective will translate into the discovery of innumerable more homogeneous forms of bipolarity is one of the great questions facing the field and one that is likely to have profound treatment implications, given that fact that such a discovery would greatly increase our ability to individualize – and by extension, enhance – treatment.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4142322/","DOI":"10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00098","ISSN":"1664-0640","note":"PMID: 25202283\nPMCID: PMC4142322","journalAbbreviation":"Front Psychiatry","author":[{"family":"Maletic","given":"Vladimir"},{"family":"Raison","given":"Charles"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",8,25]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maletic & Raison, 2014). These are usually structural abnormalities. However, these findings do not contribute to understanding the overall brain functioning in disorder. Some of the changes observed in the bipolar brain are the reduction in size and the Neuroprogression ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"McdKOZRP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wollenhaupt-Aguiar et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Wollenhaupt-Aguiar et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":337,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/4EBQ4XQJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/4EBQ4XQJ"],"itemData":{"id":337,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reduced Neurite Density in Neuronal Cell Cultures Exposed to Serum of Patients with Bipolar Disorder","container-title":"The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology","source":"PubMed","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Increased inflammatory markers and oxidative stress have been reported in serum among patients with bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of this study is to assess whether biochemical changes in the serum of patients induces neurotoxicity in neuronal cell cultures.\nMETHODS: We challenged the retinoic acid-differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells with the serum of BD patients at early and late stages of illness and assessed neurite density and cell viability as neurotoxic endpoints.\nRESULTS: Decreased neurite density was found in neurons treated with the serum of patients, mostly patients at late stages of illness. Also, neurons challenged with the serum of late-stage patients showed a significant decrease in cell viability.\nCONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that the serum of patients with bipolar disorder induced a decrease in neurite density and cell viability in neuronal cultures.","DOI":"10.1093/ijnp/pyw051","ISSN":"1469-5111","note":"PMID: 27207915\nPMCID: PMC5091826","journalAbbreviation":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Wollenhaupt-Aguiar","given":"Bianca"},{"family":"Pfaffenseller","given":"Bianca"},{"family":"Chagas","given":"Vinicius de Saraiva"},{"family":"Castro","given":"Mauro A. A."},{"family":"Passos","given":"Ives Cavalcante"},{"family":"Kauer-Sant'Anna","given":"Márcia"},{"family":"Kapczinski","given":"Flavio"},{"family":"Klamt","given":"Fábio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",5,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wollenhaupt-Aguiar et al., 2016). Neuroprogression is characterized by the alteration of normal brain functioning, which results in a pathological condition associated with the learning, memory, and repair system. Such changes are mainly the functional abnormalities associated with a disease.

Symptoms

According to the DMS-IV TR, Symptoms of bipolar disorder depend on the type of the bipolar episode. Throughout the manic state, individual experiences the feelings of extreme vitality, inventiveness and ecstasy. Depression phase possibly involves feelings of prickliness, remorse, random temper blows, and agitation. Symptoms involved in the mixed episode are depression shared with feelings of restlessness, prickliness, lack of sleep, anxiety and extreme flow of thoughts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"W8bAddjf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(First, France, & Pincus, 2004)","plainCitation":"(First, France, & Pincus, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":340,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/3EZF57SB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/3EZF57SB"],"itemData":{"id":340,"type":"book","title":"DSM-IV-TR guidebook","collection-title":"DSM-IV-TR guidebook","publisher":"American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.","publisher-place":"Arlington, VA, US","number-of-pages":"xi, 501","source":"APA PsycNET","event-place":"Arlington, VA, US","abstract":"This guidebook contains just about everything we know about psychiatric diagnosis. The information was derived from our collective experience with patients, supervision, consulting with colleagues, working on DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR, developing the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID), and fielding interesting questions from audiences at talks and workshops. DSM-IV-TR is the product of more than 1,000 individuals. Although we edited the final version of DSM-IV-TR and must bear considerable responsibility for its content, we were attempting to find a voice that best captured the consensus of the entire field. This book provides us with an opportunity to make a much more personal statement that reflects our own perspectives. The views expressed here are our own and do not necessarily reflect those of the DSM-IV Task Force or the American Psychiatric Association. Some of the material included in this guidebook is based on our previous publications, which are listed in the bibliography at the end of this book. This Guidebook was revised and updated in 2004 to correspond with the DSM-IV Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), which was published in 2000. The main objectives of the text revision were several fold: 1) to review the DSM-IV text to ensure that all of the information is still up-to-date and make changes to reflect information newly available since the close of the initial DSM-IV literature review process; 2) to correct errors and ambiguities that have been identified in DSM-IV; and 3) to update the diagnostic codes to reflect changes in the ICD coding system officially used by the U.S. government for health care reporting. Most of the changes that were intended to update the DSM-IV-TR text had little bearing on the contents of this Guidebook. However, changes that served to correct errors and ambiguities in the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, subtypes, and specifiers are reflected throughout this Guidebook. Similarly, the diagnostic codes included in this Guidebook have been updated to reflect all coding changes effective as of October 1, 2003. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","ISBN":"978-1-58562-068-5","author":[{"family":"First","given":"Michael B."},{"family":"France","given":"Allen"},{"family":"Pincus","given":"Harold Alan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (First, France, & Pincus, 2004).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY First, M. B., France, A., & Pincus, H. A. (2004). DSM-IV-TR guidebook. Arlington, VA, US: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

Gulf Bend MHMR Center. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2019, from https://www.gulfbend.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=11204&cn=5

Maletic, V., & Raison, C. (2014). Integrated Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00098

Wollenhaupt-Aguiar, B., Pfaffenseller, B., Chagas, V. de S., Castro, M. A. A., Passos, I. C., Kauer-Sant’Anna, M., … Klamt, F. (2016). Reduced Neurite Density in Neuronal Cell Cultures Exposed to Serum of Patients with Bipolar Disorder. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyw051

Bio Psychsocial Assessment

U bjbjnn baaud 84SfVVVVPfroLz..zzVV

zzzzVVzzzzzVlzz0Szzzz0zzzzzzzzzzzzSzzzzzzzzzzzzz B Name ______________________________ Date _________________ DOB ________________

Age ________________________________ Start Time ____________ End Time ___________

Identifying Information

David is a well-settled man with a happy family of 2 adult children and the job of his choice. He married his high school girlfriend and have no issues with her in the relationship. However, recently he is bizarre and showing behavioral issues in his attitude towards life. He lost interest in the activities he used to enjoy. He now spends time with himself and has stopped meeting his friends.

Presenting Problem

As it is mentioned in the case study that Davids sister Lisa had depression in the past so it might be possible that he is suffering from the depression too. He might have become a victim of Major depressive disorder. There is also a possibility that he might be suffering from a personality disorder.

Life Stressors

It is assumed from the case study that something might be bothering him in his personal life which is affecting all of his relationships. He desperately needs a counseling session with a psychologist. Cognitive therapy needs to be done on an immediate basis so that his real issues can be revealed.

Substance Use FORMCHECKBOX Yes FORMCHECKBOX No

He was a heavy drinker in the college but now he has reduced his habit of drinking and do not take any substance as well.

Addictions (i.e., gambling, pornography, video gaming)

He does not have any addiction but was to drink heavily before falling into depression.

Medical/Mental Health Hx/Hospitalizations

He needs detailed counseling in the form of cognitive therapy.

Abuse/Trauma

No trauma or abuse of any kind is mentioned in the case study but as his sister was also a depressed person that it might be otherwise as well.

Social Relationships

As he used to have multiple activities in his life that means he had a lot of friends in his circle too but recently he detached himself from all social relationships.

Family Information

He has a very good family and has a loving life but they do not spend much time as a couple.

Spiritual

Spiritual issues might be his reasons for depression as he feels an emptiness in his present life.

Suicidal

He has become suicidal in the last two months and might end his life if the concern is not shown on time.

Homicidal

No matter of homicidal is detected in the case study.

Assessment

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Initial Diagnosis (DSM)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Initial Treatment Goals

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Plan

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name _____________________________________________ Date __________________

Psychosocial Assessment ____ Part 1 (Topic 2)

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2 H0 --- 2 x0 David  2 0 is a well

2 0 - J2 0 settled man with a happy family of 2 adult 

2 0 F2 0 children and the job of his choice. He  2 AHi0 married his high school girlfriend and have no issues with her in the relationship. However, recently he    2 fHm0 is bizarre and showing behavioral issues in his attitude towards life. He lost interest in the activities he   2 H0 us 2 US0 ed to enjoy. He now spends time with himself and has stopped meeting his friends.  

2 q0 @Microsoft Sans Serif-@Microsoft Sans Serif--

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2 H0 -@ H- (2 H0 Presenting Problem 

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2 H0 --- 2 xe0 As it is mentioned in the case study that Davids sister Lisa had depression in the past so it might    S2 H00 be possible that he is suffering from the depres  2 s0 sion too. H 2 0 e might have beco 2 /0 me

2 A0 2 G0 a victim of Major  (2 1H0 depressive disorder 2 1V0 . There is also a possibility that he might be suffering from a personality disorder.  

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2 U0

2 hH0 --- 2 zxT0 It is assumed from the case study that something might be bothering him in his perso   2 z 0 nal life 2 Hl0 which is affecting all of his relationships. He desperately needs a counseling session with a psychologist.    2 Hb0 Cognitive therapy needs to be done on an immediate basis so that his real issues can be revealed.  

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2

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2 H0 --- 2 2x0 He was a heavy drinker in the college but now he has reduced his habit of drinking and do not  52 WH0 take any substance as well. 

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xsdelement nameDocumentStatusTaxHTField0 maindex17 nillabletrue mataxonomytrue mainternalNameDocumentStatusTaxHTField0 mataxonomyFieldNameDocumentStatus madisplayNameStatus madefault mafieldIddeadbeef-14b3-4711-a028-ec5ab2e777db masspId5ddf6d74-a44e-45e9-afc0-d7ad5ae01d3b matermSetId89f586f0-dd11-45fd-b561-c10d067e4b4b maanchorId00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 maopentrue maisKeywordfalse

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xsdelement nameDocumentTypeTaxHTField0 maindex20 nillabletrue mataxonomytrue mainternalNameDocumentTypeTaxHTField0 mataxonomyFieldNameDocumentType madisplayNameDocument Type mareadOnlyfalse madefault mafieldIddeadbeef-9601-426a-9322-ac73799625f1 masspId5ddf6d74-a44e-45e9-afc0-d7ad5ae01d3b matermSetId56472838-225c-4fb3-b14d-139d47897cc6 maanchorId00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 maopentrue maisKeywordfalse

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Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by alternating periods of depression and manic (elevated mood) episodes. This mental illness was also formerly known as Manic Depressive Illness. It varies widely from one individual to another but usually consists of uncontrollable mood swings from dangerous highs called mania, to dangerous lows of severe depression. Both can last for months or even longer and can require hospitalization. It is probably genetically determined although it can manifest itself at any point in life. It cannot be avoided but can be treated through regular psychiatric supervision and medication. It can occur at any time in life but usually initiates in the mid-teenage years. Unfortunately, the depressive periods of bipolar disorder are very severe and in some cases it is chronic compared to usual depression, and often results in suicidal thoughts. Sadly, most of the people suffering from bipolar disorder mostly face depressive times.

The only reason bipolar disorder is considered as one is because the current progressive culture insists that all people think in exactly the same way. Since it's obvious that bipolar people don't think the same way as other people, they have to work around it by telling others that they are suffering. Bipolar people have a high bar for how meaningful and exciting they feel their lives should be. When their lives don't meet that standard, they get depressed and desperately ruminate trying to think of ways their life could have more meaning. When they finally find such a potential source of meaning, they get highly motivated towards some actions, that produces either favorable of unfavorable results.

Bipolar disorder is strongly hereditary, more so than simple depression. There is a somewhat elusive idea that it's romantically not such a bad affliction to have as it tends to affect high achieving creative people like poets, musicians, artists etc., nevertheless, this is far from the truth. Sometimes it can be as disabling as schizophrenia, can also diminish the normal life-expectancy by some 20 years, dejecting for the loved ones of victims and for the patient himself. Some of the causes that contribute to bipolar disorder are emotional or physical trauma, drug abuse, and the negative effects of some medicines, particularly broad spectrum modern antidepressants.

There are generally four types of bipolar disorder according to the National Institute of Mental Health ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BwDKmWNQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}NIMH\\uc0\\u8239{}\\uc0\\u187{} Bipolar Disorder,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“NIMH » Bipolar Disorder,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1225,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/JFGB9CKI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/JFGB9CKI"],"itemData":{"id":1225,"type":"webpage","title":"NIMH » Bipolar Disorder","URL":"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“NIMH » Bipolar Disorder,” n.d.). The first one is, Bipolar I disorder; this disorder is characterized by mania periods of at least 7 days or any other time duration. In case of depressive episodes, the patient needs to be treated in a hospital to prevent self-harm resulting from reckless behavior. The second is Bipolar II disorder; a person suffering from BP2 undergoes experiences of depression and hypomania. Generally people with BP 2 undergo less extreme Hypomania full manic episode. People suffering from bipolar II disorder generally do not undergo full mania. BP 2 is characterized by mood swings without mania. Depression usually is the predominant mood but there could be long periods of euthymic (normal) emotions. Forays into hypomania may cause some chaos but it isn't irreparable. Apologies will likely be necessary for some offensive behavior. In contrast to hypomania, manic symptoms negatively affect every aspect of someone's life. There is nothing good that is attributable to mania, it often leads to hospitalization and/or intensive psychotherapy and a change in medications.

The difference between both the types is in the levels of symptom severity. It's the same tree, just different branches. Bipolar 1 is the most extreme and worst case scenario of those afflicted. Bipolar 2 has the potential to be as symptomatic as Bipolar 1, but it usually does not escalate to the same degree as Bipolar 1 and does not happen as often or for as long as it does to a Bipolar 1 afflicted person. There is less uncontrolled mania with Bipolar 2. Therein lies the difference.

Cyclothymia is a mild form of the disorder, in which the patient has less severe mood swings than you see in Bipolar 1 or 2 while non specified means this version of the disorder doesn’t fit into any one of the aforementioned categories; it basically means that the illness looks like bipolar but doesn’t meet the criteria for a definitive diagnosis. The fourth category is other specified and unspecified bipolar disorders. If a person does not fit into any of the above mentioned types, such a bipolar disorder can be declared as "unspecified bipolar disorder," or "other specified bipolar disorder", based on the symptoms they show.

Although there are arbitrary distinctions made between type one and type two, it's generally recognized as a spectrum disorder. The thing with bipolar is that it tends to manifest in unique ways; in other words, its characteristics seem to depend on the individual. Depression tends to look the same no matter who's wearing it. Mania in bipolar can be extreme megalomania, or just spending more at the mall. Mood swings and cycling in type one bipolar is more extreme than in type two. They are at more risk of suicide. Any guide that says bipolar fits neatly into categories is arbitrary and of limited use, except for people who need things to fit neatly away.

Disorder among kids and teens and Disorder Symptoms

There is a likelihood of prevalence of bipolar disorder among kids and young adults, though it is very rare. Amid kids, bipolar disorder can occur when a trigger or stimulus results in clear signs of depression or mania, but in some cases no clear trigger can be observed. Children often display uncontrolled behavior so it is almost impossible to identify this disorder among kids. This often leads to controversy in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder among young children. Kids having such a disorder may exhibit severe temper tantrums for consistent few hours and they also fail to learn alternate behavior. In this age, the symptoms of bipolar disorder also resemble the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, signs of disorder can be observed among teens.

Teens and adults having bipolar disorder show risky behaviors such as drug or alcohol use, thinking more about death or suicide, poor academic performance, reckless sexual activity, and fighting, etc. A young person showing these symptoms may need to see a mental health professional and may be diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Symptoms

One cannot call the symptoms of bipolar disorder ‘hidden’ but one can say they are generally ‘not talked about’. For example: headaches, sensitivity to light, sound, touch, changes in appetite, tingling in the extremities when Manic, rage, and inappropriate emotional responses to ‘normal’ stimuli that occur frequently no matter what you do ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oRha5oeD","properties":{"unsorted":true,"formattedCitation":"(RN, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(RN, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1227,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WZH3XBFK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WZH3XBFK"],"itemData":{"id":1227,"type":"webpage","title":"Bipolar disorder: How to spot the signs and when to see a doctor","URL":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312143.php","author":[{"family":"RN","given":"Nicole Galan"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (RN, n.d.). One with disorder if hear a certain song playing start to cry out, they know it's going to happen but there's not a thing they can do about it. Headaches get worse and victims of mania show aggression towards those who disagree to their ideas and views. If the social stigma of bi-polar weren't so prevalent it can be assumed that more patients would talk about those certain symptoms that don't ‘fit.’

Impacts of bipolar disorder are also severe on the victim. It becomes a long and rough ride for them. Basically bipolar disorder is displayed as a person whose mood swings are so extreme it interfere with everyday life. Initially doctors tried to classify the victim as a manic depressant that is when the patient suffers from extreme highs. Symptoms include but not limited to poor health and sleep hygiene, delusions of grandiosity, racing thoughts, lack of appetite, weight loss, severe loss of impulse control leading to loss of jobs, lost paychecks, engaging in risk taking, drug abuse ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PXPCIOCp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chatterton, Ke, Lewis, Rajagopalan, & Lazarus, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Chatterton, Ke, Lewis, Rajagopalan, & Lazarus, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1224,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WVH3V7G9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WVH3V7G9"],"itemData":{"id":1224,"type":"article-journal","title":"Impact of bipolar disorder on the family: utilization and cost of health care resources","container-title":"Pharmacy and Therapeutics","page":"15","volume":"33","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Chatterton","given":"Mary Lou"},{"family":"Ke","given":"Xiongkan"},{"family":"Lewis","given":"Barbara Edelman"},{"family":"Rajagopalan","given":"Krithika"},{"family":"Lazarus","given":"Arthur"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chatterton, Ke, Lewis, Rajagopalan, & Lazarus, 2008). This is followed by depression along with the previous list of symptoms we can add anti-social, cannot get out of bed, eating too much, self-medication, detachment from reality, suicide attempts and hospitalizations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yu3JpRTR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawton, Sutton, Haw, Sinclair, & Harriss, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Hawton, Sutton, Haw, Sinclair, & Harriss, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1231,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/4VBYR4LJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/4VBYR4LJ"],"itemData":{"id":1231,"type":"article-journal","title":"Suicide and attempted suicide in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of risk factors.","container-title":"The Journal of clinical psychiatry","author":[{"family":"Hawton","given":"Keith"},{"family":"Sutton","given":"Lesley"},{"family":"Haw","given":"Camilla"},{"family":"Sinclair","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Harriss","given":"Louise"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawton, Sutton, Haw, Sinclair, & Harriss, 2005). These two states are a bipolar person’s world. It is very destabilizing. Once can be mistaken for an addict, misdiagnosed and the pills. Family and friends get sick of victim’s antics and it is very hard to be sick and not even know it or be aware. Only with medication and therapy from licensed medical professionals along with intense support group, can a person achieve relief. It is a chronic disorder, one will not die, and one will never be better, just stable. Though one can live a productive happy life. Once stability is reached it gets easier to maintain. Although relapse back to symptomatic is always imminent.

In short, the effects of bipolar are a repetitious series of emotional ups and downs. These fluctuations of mood are far more extreme than ordinary personal feelings. They include (for most people) psychotic episodes in which the mood becomes so extreme that irrational patterns of action are adopted. All in all, not a fun disease.

Treatments of Bipolar Disorder

The actual diagnosis of bipolar disorder is rather complex and is diagnosed based on medical history and indications of alternating periods of depression. For instance, loss of appetite, loss of interest in pleasurable activities, or excessive weight gain or loss. Other symptoms used in diagnosis are decreased sleeping habits, suicidal attempts of tendencies and a feeling of utter hopelessness) and mania including a reduced need for sleep, an elevated mood, delusions of grandeur. Spending beyond ones means, marked weight loss and the abuse of mood altering drugs are also traced. The mainstay of treatment for bipolar disorder is medication based and the gold standard of treatment is the use of lithium, a mood stabilizer. Other medications used include Valproate, Seroquel and a handful of other drugs. Cognitive behavioural therapy works well, but only in conjunction with medication.

The incidence of bipolar disorder has grown dramatically in Western populations, particularly in the past decade and it now affects some 5-7% of Western populations.In terms of lost productivity, morbidity and mortality, it is arguably the greatest medical burden on our society, and treatment can be quite a challenge. The good news is that it is often the drive behind most incredible, talented and creative people, and that with sound treatment and patience on behalf the therapist, the patient and their loved ones can lead a very normal, fulfilling, and productive life. It is important to involve a multidisciplinary approach to treatment involving the primary physician, a psychiatrist, a psychologist, a social worker and the family. With such an approach, the prognosis can very bright indeed.

Medication can help manage bipolar disorder but it’s not a cure. There is no “cure” for BPD, just like there’s no “cure” for diabetes. Like diabetes, it has to be managed and monitored carefully. However, because BPD is partly caused by an imbalance of hormones in the body, the medication can help a person to keep from being driven to madness by their own hormones going bonkers. A BPD patient still needs psychotherapy and sometimes behavioral therapy to help them maintain a baseline, but the hardest part of the medication side of it is that it takes time to find out what combination of medication is needed to help the person’s chemistry balance out. Some medications have a negative effect, others positive, and many require two or more to balance. The medications take time to show some positive change and it even takes a month to show some positive outcomes. Too many people want to have a pill for every little problem and don’t realize the human body doesn’t precisely work that way.

A BPD patient still needs patience, support, and help to deal with their illness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ouBRyu2m","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hilty, Leamon, Lim, Kelly, & Hales, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Hilty, Leamon, Lim, Kelly, & Hales, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1223,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/TGLG5TLF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/TGLG5TLF"],"itemData":{"id":1223,"type":"article-journal","title":"A review of bipolar disorder in adults","container-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)","page":"43","volume":"3","issue":"9","author":[{"family":"Hilty","given":"Donald M."},{"family":"Leamon","given":"Martin H."},{"family":"Lim","given":"Russell F."},{"family":"Kelly","given":"Rosemary H."},{"family":"Hales","given":"Robert E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hilty, Leamon, Lim, Kelly, & Hales, 2006). If a person with diabetes wasn’t able to take their insulin or was having problems because of it and nobody else was there, they would have problems, same goes for a BPD patient. One should be kinder than one need to be and remember that meds are needed in many cases, but they’re not the end-all and be-all of BPD management. There is medication that helps when diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder but the question is how to find that pill and that combination that helps one.

Every patients Bipolar is different, the incentives are different, the psychology of the patient is different, and the diet is different and so on. So it highly depends on the patient and the psychiatrist to find the right combination. It sometimes takes a while to see through all of its side effects as well.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Chatterton, M. L., Ke, X., Lewis, B. E., Rajagopalan, K., & Lazarus, A. (2008). Impact of bipolar disorder on the family: Utilization and cost of health care resources. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 33(1), 15.

Hawton, K., Sutton, L., Haw, C., Sinclair, J., & Harriss, L. (2005). Suicide and attempted suicide in bipolar disorder: A systematic review of risk factors. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.

Hilty, D. M., Leamon, M. H., Lim, R. F., Kelly, R. H., & Hales, R. E. (2006). A review of bipolar disorder in adults. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 3(9), 43.

NIMH » Bipolar Disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved October 13, 2019, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml

RN, N. G. (n.d.). Bipolar disorder: How to spot the signs and when to see a doctor. Retrieved October 13, 2019, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312143.php

Black Families

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Black Families and Perceived Crisis

African Americans belong to the black racial faction of the United States, and characteristically have roots to the black enslaved American people. African American is a considerable fraction of the US, and according to the population statistics of 2017, it depicts a total of 12.7 percent of the total American populace. In the past five decades, the African American family concept is encountering a substantial paradigm shift that can be defined as a crisis.

Throughout the fifty years, the blacks are demonstrating an augmenting rate of divorces and births out-of-wedlock simultaneously, the rate of marriages among afro Americans is falling rapidly. The trend is dragging African American families considerably lower than whites marriage rates, which were used to be entirely opposites in olden times. The US Census Bureau (2012) portrays that 44.5 black men and 41.4 black women never got married in their lives. Similarly, more than 50.9 black mothers and 4.2 black fathers are nurturing their kids as single parents.

The crisis alludes to a myriad of reasons that are exacerbating the issue at hand the matriarch system, increased rate of educated black women, and the idea of same-sex marriages are the most eminent among all. Blacks are pathological race, and in this context, the implied burden of matriarchy suppressed black American males to a great extent that, in turn, snatched their will to establish customary families. On the other hand, black women rectify that after getting higher education and academic exposure, they become fail to obtain a perfect match that either delays their marriages or leaves them unmarried altogether. Similarly, under the presidency of Barak Obama, blacks attained sustenance toward same-sex marriages, and recently, almost 50 of blacks favor such marriages, which obviously impact the structure of the conventional family structure. In order to tackle the adversaries, African Americans should take initiatives to protect their family system from dwindling among the contemporary chaos they should establish their intimate relationship by evading the notion of patriarchy or matriarch and should equally share the social and domestic obligations.

Work Cited

Black Folk Dont Get Married. YouTube. N.p., 2019. Web. 5 Nov. 2019.

Bureau, US. Statistical Abstract Of The United States 2012. Census.gov. N.p., 2019.  Web. 5 Nov. 2019.

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Book Review: Stephen P. Greggo & Timothy Sisemore (Eds.). Counseling And Christianity: Five Approaches.Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press, 2012. 256 Pp. ISBN 978-0-8308-3978-0.

PSYCHOLOGY

A BOOK REVIEW

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE OF

PSYCHOLOGY

BY

WILSON

CITY, STATE

JUNE 17, 2019

Stephen P. Greggo & Timothy Sisemore (Eds.). Counseling and Christianity: Five Approaches. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press, 2012. 256 pp. ISBN 978-0-8308-3978-0

Authors

Stephen G. Greggo and Timothy A. Sisemore have both edited the book, ‘Counseling and Christianity: Five Approaches.’ Stephen P. Greggo is actively involved in teaching. He is a professor of counseling, training mental health counselors and clergy. Greggo is a psychologist and has maintained a close association with the Christian Counselling Associates in New York. Timothy A. Sisemore is serving as Director and a research professor of Psychology and Counselling at Richmont Graduate University Chattanooga. He also works as a counselor at Richmont Counselling center. Both authors have actively contributed to Christianity by creating an association between psychology and religion. They have both contributed to the subject by writing a number of books.

Synopsis

The book Counseling and Christianity: Five Approaches builds an extensive understanding of the application of psychological counseling theories to the physical aspects of Christianity by conceptualizing one case in all five methods. The book begins by illustrating the challenges that Christian counselors may face CITATION Ste12 \l 1033 (Stephen P. Greggo 2012) . The editors emphasize the vision, temptations, motivations and personal passions of the Christian counselors should enhance and reflect the Spirit of Christian principles. The case revolves around a hypothetical client who has complex issues. The scholars associated with each approach interpret and resolve his issues through their theories by assessing, counseling and suggesting remedies for it. The five schools of thought the book revolve around counseling which adheres to the Christian ideologies. The authors work comprehensively to distinguish and explain these five models. The book takes inspiration from Psychology and Christianity: Five Views by Johnson. They include the levels of transformation, integration, and Christian psychology, transformational and biblical counseling approach. The book reflects upon the teaching of God and how they can provide a better understanding of spiritual levels in an individual CITATION Ste12 \l 1033 (Stephen P. Greggo 2012) . Hence any human psychological issues can be better understood with the aid of the Gospel. The integration approach holds that the word of God is the ultimate truth. Therefore the teachings of God shall remain fundamental in the beliefs and the practices of the individuals CITATION Ste12 \l 1033 (Stephen P. Greggo 2012)

. Science shall be central to the counseling integrating and balancing the theology, psychology and spiritual concerns. The Christian psychology approach refers to the guidelines and the practices of the therapist and the one receiving counseling to be aligned with the word of God CITATION Ste12 \l 1033 (Stephen P. Greggo 2012). It shall be vividly operational in both the therapist and the individual receiving it. The transformational approach defines a narrative for the therapist who has been transformed through spiritual guidance to deliver counseling by encouraging the spirituality and association with Bible and the principles laid by God effectively CITATION Ste12 \l 1033 (Stephen P. Greggo 2012). All of this to motivate and enhance the Christian faith in the believers. And lastly, the Biblical counseling approach which states that the Faith is psychology itself and the Christian Ministry is the therapy. The primary aim of this therapy is to secure Christian wisdom through the cure of souls of individuals CITATION Ste12 \l 1033 (Stephen P. Greggo 2012). The author highlights that other therapies are secular in nature and do not completely heal the psychological needs of the people.

Critical Evaluation

The book ‘Counseling and Christianity: Five Approaches’ is a comprehensive effort by the editors towards creating a multi-disciplinary approach that leads to a better understanding of psychology and the Christian Faith CITATION McM10 \l 1033 (McMinn 2010). The book provides a better understanding of the psychological application through counseling as compared to the literature available before it CITATION Eri10 \l 1033 (Johnson 2010). The book is well edited and hence is an unbiased and fair assessment of a wide range of perspectives available. It strengthens the association between the theory i.e. Christianity and practices i.e. counseling. The book is unique for its application of theology to aid individuals in distress. The practicality of the content can be viewed in its constant application of the counseling models to a hypothetical case that can be easily related to the lives of many individuals. The case signifies the complications and issues that can be addressed through the Word of God with the help of these five approaches. The book serves as a guideline for the Christian who is in service or aspire to be counselors to incorporate and instill the spirit of God in their services. Another significant feature of this resource is that it does not ignore the contemporary aspects of the modern world. The book is widely applauded for recognizing and incorporating other disciplines; it identifies the science on equal levels without distinctions.

Although it is applauded for its outstanding approach to integrating science with religion. The book has also attracted many critics for its content. Critics argue that although all five approaches mentioned are comprehensively discussed however, they are more suggestive than the actual representation given by the original authors of these five models. Moreover, in many ways, individuals regard scientific understanding above the religious when it comes to counseling CITATION Jud19 \l 1033 (Pickering 2019). Therefore incorporating religious beliefs has a low receptivity amongst individuals seeking counseling or therapy CITATION Nau19 \l 1033 (Naum Ilievski 2019). In addition to this the empirical research on the results of therapy by incorporating Christian principles also conclude a deficit of trust by individuals in these approaches CITATION Rob80 \l 1033 (Larzelere 1980 ). The relativism one case cannot be applied to all, one person’s truth cannot be another person’s reality. Critics argue that there is a wide range of issues that Jake’s case may not be applied. Lastly, critic's state there remains a wide gap between the Christians and secular mediums of counseling that include medicine and other treatments. The book does not address how the non-Christians could take help from it. Hence the approaches laid in the book are not universal.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson, Eric L. Psychology and Christianity: Five Views. InterVarsity Press, 2010.

Larzelere, Robert E. "The Task Ahead: Six Levels of Integration of Christianity and Psychology." Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1980.

McMinn, M. R., Staley, R. C., Webb, K. C., & Seegobin, W. "Just what is Christian counseling anyway?" Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 2010: 391-397.

Naum Ilievski, Angelina Ilievska. "Introduction to the Core Concepts of Christian Psychotherapy." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2019: 15-22.

Pickering, Judith. The Search for Meaning in Psychotherapy: Spiritual Practice, the Apophatic Way and Bion. Routledge, 2019.

Stephen P. Greggo, Timothy A. Sisemore. In Counseling and Christianity: Five Approaches, 40-41. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2012.

Bullying: Does The Responsibility Lie With The School Board Or The Students?

Campaign On STD's

Campaign on STD's

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Campaign on STD's

Based on the data and findings pointed by the article "5 reasons why 3 STD's are roaring back in America", one of the important issues can be recognized which need a quick solution to be controlled. However, the major reason of this rising rate for STDs can be accounted to not having the knowledge regarding the adversities of the diseases as well as the preventive measures, among teenagers and young adults. Hence, the foremost step that can be taken in this regard include awareness campaign in the community that can provide awareness to impart skills and knowledge about STDs and their prevention. As for controlling any adverse scenario, it is important for the community to be knowledgeable in terms of adequate controlling. The specific community intervention or campaign can include the approaches for addressing behavioral changes in order to prevent the risk of the STDs in their social as well as in personal environment (McFarlane et al., 2015). Hence, the community interventions can be done with the help of capacity building, community mobilization, and empowerment of the youth.

As the concept of STDs is considered as a tabooed one, and talking about them or making the other person to discuss them has always been difficult. Similarly, this campaign or community intervention can also face barriers regarding communication of these issues with teenagers and young adult as asking for them to listen about the Sexually transmitted diseases and discussion about the preventive sex that can make adults as well as parents in a community to avoid future mishaps.(Coyle et al., 2016). Moreover, making sex is treated as a personal issue. Thus the campaign might face the difficulty for making it a public issue, but still this can be catered by the involvement of health care providers as well as professionals.

Considering the latest model of knowledge and youth involvement, both can be targeted by different modes such as limitations at the educational institutes and, barriers in open awareness programs that can be controversial, but any attempt can be successful. Moreover, mass media, internet applications, workplaces as well as the social media websites can be used to make this community intervention happen.

References

Coyle, K., Basen-Engquist, K., Kirby, D., Parcel, G., Banspach, S., Collins, J., ... & Harrist, R. (2016). Safer choices: reducing teen pregnancy, HIV, and STDs. Public health reports.

McFarlane, M., Brookmeyer, K., Friedman, A., Habel, M., Kachur, R., & Hogben, M. (2015). GYT: Get Yourself Tested Campaign Awareness Associations With Sexually Transmitted Disease/HIV Testing and Communication Behaviors Among Youth. Sexually transmitted diseases, 42(11), 619-624.

Can Music Affect The Cognititve Devleopment In Children

Can music affect cognitive development in children

Introduction

It is affirmative that music is ubiquitous for the lives of children. Music can be found in almost all the cultures of the world. A number of people think that listening to music may affect the development of brain while others think that listening to music can lead to the enhancement of higher functioning of brain. Many of the researchers asserts that there is a direct relationship between cognitive development of children and high-quality music, taking into account the research proportion asserting that the IQ of an average child increased up to 7.5 points or it was close to 20, with a special stress on positive improvement in math and language tests. Many of the scientists have formed theories where equal stress and negation is asserted to study the impact of music on cognitive development in children. Music has consumed such a large section of human life that the researchers are enforced to study if there is any relationship between the cognitive development of a child and music Despite all transitions, it would not be wrong to say that music can affect cognitive development in children.

Discussion

It is observed that caregivers sing lullabies in order to soothe the upset infants they sing play songs and nursery rhythms to change the mood of children. Music is also used as a tool to teach certain concepts in schools and daycares. One can find number of musical interludes in childrens programs. All these stances assert Mozart Effect, the idea that young children and infants can be benefitted from early music training and exposure. The initial study in Mozart Effect by Francis Rauscher and Gordon Shaw concluded that that the subjects who listened to Mozart have an increased performance on IQ spatial reasoning tasks but this effect wore off after 10 minutes. (Hallam, S, 2016, Vol. 16, No. 2). Although this experiment inferred that there was a short term gain in spatial reasoning, still, findings made people question either music affect short term reasoning or it plays a role in creating long term success for children. In accordance with same research, Davies (2000) asserted that Optimal learning occurs when the two hemispheres of the brain work in coordination with each other, it uses the natural design of brain to make learning faster, more entertaining and easier. (Hallam, S, 2016, Vol. 16, No. 2).

Research has highlighted that listening to music requires certain perceptual abilities along with auditory memory, pitch discrimination and the selective attention that can help to perceive temporal and harmonic structure, taking into account the understanding of networks in brain. According to Xatorre, it has been highlighted that neuroimaging studies have shown that emotions induced by music are much similar to brain regions that are implicated in the non-musical basic emotions, referring to insula, hippocampus, reward system and orbitofrontal cortex. (Chen-Hafteck, et, al. 2018, p.40). It is asserted that engaging in music and listening refers to shared language. The communication toll between caregivers and the infants is strengthened from a very young age. Music uses many of those skills that are necessary for supporting language development, sharing the early encoding of brain. According to research by Barrett, it has been asserted that music plays a major role in speech development. Rhythmic development and singing can help to promote speech development along with music training that can help to empower child speech development. It was found that both, individual and joint music making activities are a major tool to provide a rich context for the children to get their language flourished. Same research infers that engaging in participatory music help a child to increase communication in groups and empower confidence. When a child experiences musical rhythms, there is an empowerment of social bonding and social development, referring to the formulation of strong bonds between infants, caregivers and the groups they are exposed to. (Cohrdes, et, al. 2018).

In accordance with a research setting that highlighted 6 months of active participation of a child in music classes that began from the age of 6 months shows that children were good at communication skills, they were better at pointing out the subjects to reach and waving goodbye. Such students smile more, they show less distress whenever they are exposed to an unfamiliar setting or things dont go the way they want. (Cohrdes, et, al. 2018). A research that was done using children who were six to eleven years old, it is asserted that there was a highly positive association between IQ and the duration of music lesson. The study highlights that the students of different age groups were given music lessons for variant lengths of time. (Habibi, et, al. 2018. pp.73-81). It is asserted that the children who were exposed to music lessons were higher in cognitive ability, taking into account that the results were also long-lasting.

Schellenberg has also highlighted that music training is a stance that can lead to improved performance on a number of tasks that are all associated with cognition and music perception. Another research that experimented on 144 students who were then divided into four groups depicts the positive impact of music in cognitive development. (Chen-Hafteck, et, al. 2018., p.40). Among them, two groups were exposed to the keyboard lessons or voice lessons that used folk songs, hand signs and the rhythmic syllables for one year and the other group was not given the same approach towards learning. These two control groups were not given any drama lesson. After their training, an IQ test was performed on each of the students group and the results affirmed that the IQ score was greater in the children who were given drama classes or they were meant to learn by using keyboards. The average IQ of drama students was found to be 4.3 points and the music lesson groups were assumed to have an average IQ that increased up to 7 points. This evidence paved way for fact that music plays a role in increasing the IQ of the students. It is also added that the students who were presented with drama showed increased social behaviour and it was not the case in children who were only given the music lessons. (Chen-Hafteck, et, al. 2018., p.40).

A study was done in New Mexico that analysed the fifth grades students they were made to undergo a Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (CTBS). The research highlighted that nearly one-fourth of the students who enrolled in the music program for the time span of two years had a better score on all the sections of the test as compared to the total group of 5, 299 students who underwent the same test. It is profound to note that there is no comprehensive detail about which type of music lesson was given however, the data proved that the students who were taking music lesson inferred better results. (Habibi, et, al. 2018. pp.73-81). A study was done on 71 students who were belonging to the age group of 4 to 6 years and it was discovered that there is a potential relationship between the structured music curriculum as well as cognitive development. Such students were then tested on the basis of Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and another test named as Young Child Music Skill Assessment. After testing and the analysis of results, it was concluded that about half of the participants that were involved in a 75 minutes weekly lesson and were exposed to the subject set for more than 30 weeks of years. After the completion of the program, it was inferred that about half of the students that were involved in 75 minutes weekly lesson for the time span of 30 weeks of years, the students were retested and used the same tests, it was highlighted that there was a considerable gain for the children who were the participants of music program. (Habibi, et, al. 2018. pp.73-81).

The research highlighted that there was a great association between spatial-temporal reasoning abilities and early music instructions. It would not be wrong to say that the researchers concluded that there is a relationship between frontal lobes and music. Results concluded, in general, music increased activity in the left frontal lobes that are associated with happiness. The results of this research were more like a U-turn that highlighted that music created an environment that is comfortable, and void of tension. Davies, (2000, pg. 150), highlighted that the music in classroom reduces stress, regulated energy, increases productivity and creates a relaxed productive learning environment that is ultimately connected with the betterment of cognition skills. (Chen-Hafteck, et, al. 2018. p.40).

In order to understand the impact that music has on cognitive development a study was conducted in Japan with an aim to gauge the impact of music in terms of stress level in students and children. Yoon, a researcher concluded that the students who were exposed to music every now and then had better mood swings and they were more towards a low level of stress in their blood. (Cuadrado F, 2019. pp.156-174). An analysis of the neurosurgeons and MIT scientists also assert that music has a direct relationship with positive cognitive development. An analysis of the scans of the auditory cortex, the grouping clusters of the brain cells highlights the activation patterns. MIT scientists assert that they have identified certain neural pathways that have the potential to react exclusively to the sound of music, taking into account that it could be any music. It was found that every time an individual is exposed to music, there is a set of neurons that are nestled within a furrow of auditory cortex will fire as a response to music exposure. It was one of the astounding findings that show that there are distinct areas in brain that are closely mapped and channeled to the domain of music. (Cuadrado F, 2019. pp.156-174).

A number of studies have highlighted that the act of making music is a stance that facilitates high level of cognitive functions, taking into account the actions such as, logical reasoning, complex problem solving along with certain conceptual tasks. (Hallam, S, 2016, Vol. 16, No. 2). Research has brought into insight that the musicians have a highly developed cognitive memory. Music is more like a connection of tags, sounds and emotional with certain conceptual, emotional and visual element. This process is again repeated in the minds of children assisting memory skills. In accordance with a case study, it has been highlighted that children having the age of 1 to 5 years, when exposed to music training were able to remember about 20 or more vocabulary words that are read to them off a list. (Hallam, S, 2016, Vol. 16, No. 2). According to a neuroscientist Oliver Sacks, fMRI scans highlight that music effect many regions and wide networks of brain, including areas that are responsible for emotions, motor actions and creativity. (Cuadrado F, 2019. pp.156-174). All of these areas are activated and empowered whenever a child listens to music. Although this study was groundbreaking, it was an avenue of flourishment because it was for first time that research revealed wide networks of brain along with certain areas that are activated by music, especially those areas that formulate complete section of cognitive development.

The Finnish researchers have found that whenever child is made to listen to music, a large number of neural networks are activated. The processing of musical pulses recruits and stress the motor centres in the brain, supporting that movement and music are closely intertwined. The limbic areas of the brain that are known to be associated with the emotions are found to be involved and participating in the tonality and rhythm processing. The processing of tone colour activates default mode network that is associated with creativity and mind wandering, resulting to support the long-debated and time held hypothesis that music enhances numerous aspects that are linked with creativity and learning in ways that cannot be done by other artistic and academic discipline. (Cuadrado F, 2019. pp.156-174).

It would not be wrong to say that the researchers from Denmark, Finland and United Kingdom have highlighted that they used certain computer modeling and brain imaging techniques to see what happens when a child is exposed to music. Research by Dr Vinoo Allluri, the research team leader recorded response of brain while listening to music, taking into account that he also noted musical components such as rhythm, timbre and tonality. (Cohrdes, et, al. 2018). The team discovered that as soon as an individual is exposed to music, there is an activation of motor and limbic regions along with auditory areas, as well as the areas of brain that are used for the esthetic judgments and self-referential appraisals. In a nutshell, listening to music enhance brains response in a different way to instrumental and vocal music. It is also significant to note that the same arena of research asserts that Lindermusik experience aimed at introducing children to a wide variety of musical genres in order to impart an understanding of what can be made possible through music. The experimentation continued for one month, with a precision of classical music. After one month, a value of emotional expression and improvisation was found in the child after playing music. Research also highlighted that exposure to a large variety of songs and rhythm is a critical impression for cognitive development in children. It refers to language proficiency, temporal reasoning and spatial reasoning. Exposure and listening to music also facilitate the understanding of moods, cultural associating and emotions. (Cohrdes, et, al. 2018).

Conclusion

It is interesting that scholars and doctors have researched and traced mysterious powers of music, taking into account the analysis of incredible insights. It is affirming that exposure to music and rhythm facilities neural bonding that is used for information and thought. Music has the potential to facilitate and empower alpha waves of brain that creates a sense of calmness and comfort. Listening to music empowers childrens development of perceptual skills that ultimately affect literary abilities and language learning along with spatial reasoning. Music activated the subsystem of brain referring to the structures that are involved in emotional development Music facilities the creation of bonds that facilitates well-being of children by empowering confidence and learning skills. It is important to note that music facilitates the childs potential to address emotional disturbance and catering to stress level, there is reduced anxiety and tension in children when they are made to listen to music. Exposure to music empowers cognitive development, taking into account positive and rewarding learning experiences.

References

Chen-Hafteck, L. and Meng, E., 2018. Music and language in early childhood development and learning. Music learning and teaching in infancy, childhood, and adolescence An Oxford handbook of music education,2, p.40.

Cohrdes, C., Grolig, L. and Schroeder, S., 2018. The development of music competencies in preschool children the effects of a training program and the role of environmental factors. Psychology of Music, p.0305735618756764.

Cuadrado, F., 2019. Music and Talent An experimental project for personal development and well-being through music.International Journal of Music Education,37(1), pp.156-174.

Habibi, A., Damasio, A., Ilari, B., Elliott Sachs, M. and Damasio, H., 2018. Music training and child development a review of recent findings from a longitudinal study.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1423(1), pp.73-81.

Hallam, S., 2016, June. The impact of actively making music on the intellectual, social and personal development of children and young people A summary. InVoices A World Forum for Music Therapy(Vol. 16, No. 2).

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