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Can Music Affect The Cognititve Devleopment In Children

Can music affect cognitive development in children

Introduction

It is affirmative that music is ubiquitous for the lives of children. Music can be found in almost all the cultures of the world. Several people think that listening to music may affect the development of the brain while others believe that listening to music can lead to the enhancement of higher functioning of the brain. Many of the researchers assert that there is a direct relationship between cognitive development of children and high-quality music, taking into account the research proportion arguing that the IQ of an average child increased up to 7.5 points or it was close to 20, with particular stress on definite improvement in math and language tests. Many of the scientists have formed theories where equal importance and negation is asserted to study the impact of music on cognitive development in children. Music has consumed such a large section of human life that the researchers are enforced to consider if there is any relationship between the cognitive development of a child and music Despite all transitions, it would not be wrong to say that music can affect cognitive development in children.

Discussion

It is observed that caregivers sing lullabies to soothe upset infants they sing play songs and nursery rhythms to change the mood of children. Music is also used as a tool to teach specific concepts in schools and daycares. One can find several musical interludes in childrens programs. All these stances assert Mozart Effect, the idea that young children and infants can be benefitted from early music training and exposure. The initial study in Mozart Effect by Francis Rauscher and Gordon Shaw concluded that that the subjects who listened to Mozart have increased performance on IQ spatial reasoning tasks, but this effect wore off after 10 minutes. (Hallam, S, 2016, Vol. 16, No. 2). Although this experiment inferred that there was a short term gain in spatial reasoning, still, findings made people question either music affect short term reasoning, or it plays a role in creating long term success for children. By same research, Davies (2000) asserted that Optimal learning occurs when the two hemispheres of the brain work in coordination with each other, it uses the natural design of brain to make learning faster, more entertaining and easier. (Hallam, S, 2016, Vol. 16, No. 2).

Research has highlighted that listening to music requires specific perceptual abilities along with auditory memory, pitch discrimination and the selective attention that can help to perceive temporary and harmonic structure, taking into account the understanding of networks in the brain. According to Xatorre, it has been highlighted that neuroimaging studies have shown that emotions induced by music are much similar to brain regions that are implicated in the non-musical basic emotions, referring to the insula, hippocampus, reward system, and orbitofrontal cortex. (Chen-Hafteck, et, al. 2018, p.40). It is asserted that engaging in music and listening refers to shared language. The communication toll between caregivers and the infants is strengthened from a very young age. Music uses many of those skills that are necessary for supporting language development, sharing the early encoding of the brain. According to research by Barrett, it has been asserted that music plays a significant role in speech development. Rhythmic development and singing can help to promote speech development along with music training that can help to empower child speech development. It was found that both, original and joint music making activities are a primary tool to provide a rich context for the children to get their language flourished. Same research infers that engaging in participatory music help a child to increase communication in groups and empower confidence. When a child experiences musical rhythms, there is an empowerment of social bonding and social development, referring to the formulation of strong bonds between infants, caregivers, and the groups they are exposed to. (Cohrdes, et, al. 2018).

By a research setting that highlighted six months of active participation of a child in music classes that began from the age of 6 months shows that children were good at communication skills, they were better at pointing out the subjects to reach and waving goodbye. Such students smile more they show less distress whenever they are exposed to an unfamiliar setting, or things dont go the way they want. (Cohrdes, et, al. 2018). A research that was done using children who were six to eleven years old, it is asserted that there was a highly positive association between IQ and the duration of music lesson. The study highlights that the students of different age groups were given music lessons for variant lengths of time. (Habibi, et, al. 2018. pp.73-81). It is asserted that the children who were exposed to music lessons were higher in cognitive ability, taking into account that the results were also long-lasting.

Schellenberg has also highlighted that music training is a stance that can lead to improved performance on several tasks that are all associated with cognition and music perception. Another research that experimented on 144 students who were then divided into four groups depicts the positive impact of music in cognitive development. (Chen-Hafteck, et, al. 2018., p.40). Among them, two groups were exposed to the keyboard lessons or voice lessons that used folk songs, hand signs and the rhythmic syllables for one year and the other group was not given the same approach towards learning. These two control groups were not given any drama lesson. After their training, an IQ test was performed on each of the student s group, and the results affirmed that the IQ score was higher in the children who were given drama classes or they were meant to learn by using keyboards. The average IQ of drama students was found to be 4.3 points, and the music lesson groups were assumed to have an average IQ that increased up to 7 points. This evidence paved the way for the fact that music plays a role in increasing the IQ of the students. It is also added that the students who were presented with drama showed increased social behavior and it was not the case in children who were only given the music lessons. (Chen-Hafteck, et, al. 2018., p.40).

A study was done in New Mexico that analyzed the fifth grades students they were made to undergo a Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (CTBS). The research highlighted that nearly one-fourth of the students who enrolled in the music program for two years had a better score on all the sections of the test as compared to the entire group of 5, 299 students who underwent the equivalent examination. It is profound to note that there is no full detail about which type of music lesson was given however, the data proved that the students who were taking music experience inferred better results. (Habibi, et, al. 2018. pp.73-81). A study was done on 71 students who were belonging to the age group of 4 to 6 years, and it was discovered that there is a potential relationship between the structured music curriculum as well as cognitive development. Such students were then tested based on the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and another test named as Young Child Music Skill Assessment. After testing and the analysis of results, it was concluded that about half of the participants that were involved in a 75 minutes weekly lesson and were exposed to the subject set for more than 30 weeks of years. After the completion of the program, it was inferred that about half of the students that were involved in 75 minutes weekly lesson for the time span of 30 weeks of years, the students were retested and used the same tests, it was highlighted that there was a considerable gain for the children who were the participants of the music program. (Habibi, et, al. 2018. pp.73-81).

The research highlighted that there was a significant association between spatial-temporal reasoning abilities and first music instructions. It would not be wrong to say that the researchers concluded that there is a relationship between frontal lobes and music. Results found, in general, music increased activity in the left frontal lobes that are associated with happiness. The results of this research were more like a U-turn that highlighted that music created a comfortable environment, and void of tension. Davies, (2000, pg. 150), emphasized that the music in the classroom reduces stress, regulated energy, increases productivity and creates a relaxed productive learning environment that is ultimately connected with the betterment of cognition skills. (Chen-Hafteck, et, al. 2018. p.40).

To understand the impact that music has on cognitive development a study was conducted in Japan to gauge the impact of music in terms of stress level in students and children. Yoon, a researcher, concluded that the students who were exposed to music now and then had better mood swings and they were more towards a low level of stress in their blood. (Cuadrado F, 2019. pp.156-174). An analysis of the neurosurgeons and MIT scientists also assert that music has a direct relationship with positive cognitive development. An analysis of the scans of the auditory cortex, the grouping clusters of the brain cells highlights the activation patterns. MIT scientists assert that they have identified certain neural pathways that have the potential to react exclusively to the sound of music, taking into account that it could be any music. It was found that every time an individual is exposed to music, there is a set of neurons that are nestled within a furrow of auditory cortex will fire as a response to music exposure. It was one of the astounding findings that show that there are distinct areas in the brain that are closely mapped and channeled to the domain of music. (Cuadrado F, 2019. pp.156-174).

Several studies have highlighted that the act of making music is a stance that facilitates a high level of cognitive functions, taking into account the actions such as, logical reasoning, complex problem solving along with certain conceptual tasks. (Hallam, S, 2016, Vol. 16, No. 2). Research has brought into insight that the musicians have a highly developed cognitive memory. Music is more like a connection of tags, sounds and emotional with a certain conceptual, emotional and visual element. This process is again repeated in the minds of children assisting memory skills. By a case study, it has been highlighted that children are having the age of 1 to 5 years, when exposed to music training were able to remember about 20 or more vocabulary words that are read to them off a list. (Hallam, S, 2016, Vol. 16, No. 2). According to a neuroscientist Oliver Sacks, fMRI scans highlight that music effect many regions and wide networks of the brain, including areas that are responsible for emotions, motor actions, and creativity. (Cuadrado F, 2019. pp.156-174). All of these areas are activated and empowered whenever a child listens to music. Although this study was groundbreaking, it was an avenue of flourishment because it was for the first time that research revealed wide networks of the brain along with certain areas that are activated by music, especially those areas that formulate complete section of cognitive development.

The Finnish researchers have found that whenever a child is made to listen to music, a large number of neural networks are activated. The processing of musical pulses recruits and stress the motor centers in the brain, supporting that movement and music are closely intertwined. The limbic areas of the brain that are known to be associated with the emotions are found to be involved and participating in the tonality and rhythm processing. The processing of tone color activates default mode network that is associated with creativity and mind wandering, resulting from supporting the long-debated and time held hypothesis that music enhances numerous aspects that are linked with creativity and learning in ways that cannot be done by other artistic and academic discipline. (Cuadrado F, 2019. pp.156-174).

It would not be wrong to say that the researchers from Denmark, Finland, and the United Kingdom have highlighted that they used specific computer modeling and brain imaging techniques to see what happens when a child is exposed to music. Research by Dr. Vinoo Allluri, the research team leader recorded the response of the brain while listening to music, taking into account that he also noted musical components such as rhythm, timbre, and tonality. (Cohrdes, et, al. 2018). The team discovered that as soon as an individual is exposed to music, there is an activation of motor and limbic regions along with auditory areas, as well as the areas of the brain that are used for the esthetic judgments and self-referential appraisals. In a nutshell, listening to music enhances the brains response in a different way to instrumental and vocal music. It is also significant to note that the same arena of research asserts that Lindermusik experience aimed at introducing children to a wide variety of musical genres to impart an understanding of what can be made possible through music. The experimentation continued for one month, with a precision of classical music. After one month, a value of emotional expression and improvisation was found in the child after playing music. Research also highlighted that exposure to a large variety of songs and rhythm is a critical impression for cognitive development in children. It refers to language proficiency, temporal reasoning, and spatial reasoning. Exposure and listening to music also facilitate the understanding of moods, cultural associating and emotions. (Cohrdes, et, al. 2018).

Conclusion

It is interesting that scholars and doctors have researched and traced mysterious powers of music, taking into account the analysis of incredible insights. It is affirming that exposure to music and rhythm facilities neural bonding that is used for information and thought. Music has the potential to facilitate and empower alpha waves of the brain that creates a sense of calmness and comfort. Listening to music allows childrens development of perceptual skills that ultimately affect literary abilities and language learning along with spatial reasoning. Music activated the subsystem of the brain refers to the structures that are involved in emotional development Music facilities the creation of bonds that facilitate the well-being of children by empowering confidence and learning skills. It is important to note that music promotes the childs potential to address emotional disturbance and catering to the stress level there is reduced anxiety and tension in children when they are made to listen to music. Exposure to music empowers cognitive development, taking into account positive and rewarding learning experiences.

References

Chen-Hafteck, L. and Meng, E., 2018. Music and language in early childhood development and learning. Music learning and teaching in infancy, childhood, and adolescence An Oxford handbook of music education,2, p.40.

Cordes, C., Grolig, L. and Schroeder, S., 2018. The development of music competencies in preschool children the effects of a training program and the role of environmental factors. Psychology of Music, p.0305735618756764.

Cuadrado, F., 2019. Music and Talent An experimental project for personal development and well-being through music.International Journal of Music Education,37(1), pp.156-174.

Habibi, A., Damasio, A., Ilari, B., Elliott Sachs, M. and Damasio, H., 2018. Music training and child development a review of recent findings from a longitudinal study.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1423(1), pp.73-81.

Hallam, S., 2016, June. The impact of actively making music on the intellectual, social and personal development of children and young people A summary. InVoices A World Forum for Music Therapy(Vol. 16, No. 2).

PSYCHOLOGY PAGE 10

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Subject: Psychology

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

Can Preschoolers Be Depressed

Can Preschoolers Be Depressed

Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees

Can Preschoolers Be Depressed

In our society, mental illness is stigmatized due to which many people are left helpless and without proper diagnosis. Owing to the lack of information regarding different types and symptoms of mental disorders people are unaware of the severe consequences of mental illness on any individual. In the article “Can Preschoolers Be Depressed?” the author Pamela Paul also highlighted various types of disorders and the necessity of early diagnosis to treat any mental illness The author also highlighted that people always associate mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, etc with adults only when in reality and individual regardless of age can be depressed. It has been observed that people often confused personality traits with the mental disorder illness and think that if a person is showing signs of depressions then it is his or her personality and thus hindering the chances of getting diagnosed properly.

In the article author, Pamela also highlighted that even preschoolers can also experience depression by taking the example of Kiran (Paul, 2019). According to the author, Kiran was a nice and obedient child and always had empathy for others however unlike many other kids of his age he was not joyful and always used to say nothing is fun. For him all the things and fun activities that a typical four-year-old child might enjoy were boring. He used to get frustrated a lot. The author also discussed that unlike many parents who think that their child is just throwing tantrums, Kiran’s parents took him to the child psychiatrist to determine the cause of deviation in his behavior. The psychiatrist diagnosed that Kiran had depression due to which he was unable to perform his routine task actively like other children of his age.

The author also discussed the point of view of several researchers and psychiatrists that depression among children is real. According to the author, one psychiatrist named Daniel Klein also stated that when asked about the history of depressive symptoms from adults, all of them answered that they had the symptoms of depression as long as they remember. This statement provides evidence that the roots of depression start very early and without being diagnosed and treated properly the symptoms can get worse over time. The author discussed that according to the chief of the emotion-and-development branch chronic mental illness is indeed predominantly the illness of the young as it begins in the early childhood years of an individual while also influencing his or her future.

Another issue that was highlighted in the article was that although very people are aware of the early childhood depression yet it is still a subject of debate as no one wants to pathologies preschoolers as at this stage a child does have mood swings and tantrums (Paul, 2019). Also, parents do not want to think that maybe their child’s different behavior is a sign of mental illness owing to the stigma associated with it. Additionally, children are worried that a psychiatrist may suggest antidepressants or other medications that may affect their children's health. It has been observed that many pharmaceutical companies want to take leverage from taking medication for children that have a mental illness. However, many psychiatrists and researchers oppose the concept of using antidepressant medication to treat children that young.

While discussing the diagnosis of mental illness among children, one thing that hinders the diagnosis is the lack of awareness of parents regarding mental disorders. Most of the parents think the depression is permanent and they consider themselves responsible for their child being depressed. The author Pamela Paul also highlighted that during pregnancy if a mother is depressed then a child may also possess a few symptoms of depression as well. However, this is not always true. Although, there are situations where family interaction does create negativity in a child’s life yet still many other factors re there that influence a child’s mental health.

In the context of depression, the most common symptom that is observed in the children having depression is sadness. A depressed child has difficulty in resolving the sadness. This sadness becomes pervasive that inhibits his or her functioning. Additionally, children in preschool lack linguistic sophistication and therefore are unable to describe their symptoms and feelings in words. Due to this reason, it is a bit challenging to interpret the feelings a child suffering from depression. Typically, children experiencing depression are insecure about their self-image and often have a feeling of guilt and shame if they are unable to do any task. Another issue that is faced while diagnosing a mental disorder in children is that most of the time depressive symptoms are mixed with the symptoms of ADHD (Paul, 2019). Also, if a child is depressed he may not depict aggressive behavior and disrupt class and are therefore left under-noticed and in turn are the ones left undiagnosed.

The author Pamela also discussed the intervention of parents and teachers in reducing depression among children. According to the author, it is undeniably true that early diagnosis can facilitate a lot in treating depression among children that are in preschool yet regular counseling and therapy sessions may also aid in treating depression. According to the author, a therapy named Parent-child- interaction therapy (P.C.I.T) has shown a significant result in the children that have depression as children can openly share their feelings with the aid of pictures and support of their children that may, in turn, facilitates in treating the depression they have. However, there is still a need for spreading awareness among people regarding mental illness that it is not an insult and is not always associated with adults.

References

Paul, P. (2019). Can Preschoolers Be Depressed?. The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29preschool-t.html

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Case # 4

Case # 4

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Case # 4

Depression and over-eating disorder:

Depression is a psychological disorder which is directly linked to the behavior and thoughts of the individuals. People who suffer from depression mostly carry negative thoughts not only for others but for themselves. Depression develops the feeling of loneliness, sadness, fear, and loss of interest. Overeating is another disorder which is linked to depression. People who have depressive symptoms feel more hunger and adopt a usual diet routine. In over-eating disorder, people lose their control while eating and later feel ashamed or worried.

Brandy’s Case:

Depression is a serious psychological disorder. Only in America, one out of five adults has a problem of depression. It is a disorder that nobody wants to address because of two reasons. Firstly, they feel ashamed of having this order and compare their success and progress with the disorder and second are those who take it as a part of life and do not discuss it with others. Majority of the world is facing depression, stress, and anxiety without knowing its complications. It is a severe disorder and the world is doing nothing for it. Brandy’s case is utilized to offer an explicit illustration of the disorder. The case of university students shows the symptoms of depression linked with the over-eating and fair of being overweight. Brandy, 21 years old girls, is an intelligent girl completing her honor degree with majors in Economics and Statistics. She seems very popular and progressive in her academic life as she is the president of the economics student society and vice president for student government. Progress and excellence show the strength of her mental and physical health. This is the point where people misunderstand the depressive symptoms. The first symptom that shows her disorder is the continuous worries about her image and success. As she is already doing great work in a university but the worries of being a failure and thinking that she is not good enough have become the reason for the problem. She was afraid of her past that if somebody knows about her secrets or past, they will hate her, this fear leads her to overeat. One of the serious depressive symptoms is overeating. People eat too much when they feel pressure or stress. In the case of Brandy with the increase in fear, she lost her control of eating. She admits to herself that she is dealing with her stress by eating.

Whenever she feels stressed, she starts eating and faces trouble to stop eating. This is the second symptom which is indicating her disorder. Another symptom that is linked with the overeating disorder is, forcing to vomit after eating heavily. She feels panic after eating that she may gain weight and therefore she vomit twice or thrice every day after overeating and spend hours to maintain her weight. These symptoms have not appeared in university life; they had first appeared when she was in high school. In high school she was fighting with stress unconsciously, she was worried about her future and admission. She ate too much and caught a stomach virus. After which she became habitual of eating when she feels stressed and then she puts her fingers down her throat to vomit. It is a good symbol Brandy understands her disorder, she wants to control it, and for a reason, she makes an appointment at the counseling center on campus. The main cause of her disorder is the fear of her past that she wants to hide from people and the worries about the future. All fear and worries are linked to her academic life. The pressure of academic excellence becomes the reason for her depression.

Empirical studies related to disorders

The overeating is not the only factor, other thoughts related to overeating are also considered as the factors of depression. People do not understand the reason for overeating unless they feel embarrassment and fear after eating. Instead of a happy and relaxed feeling after eating, people with depression disorder feel embarrassed about the amount they eat and start fearing about her weight and health. The scientific empirical studies identify the behavior of Brandy as the symptom of depression. Depression is not only causing the bad quality of life, but continuous struggle with depression may cause some kind of disability, suicide, and high chronicity. The research based on the binge eating-related concerns and depressive symptoms in young adulthood and its impact after seven years in different race or ethnicity. The researchers collected data from the students of grade 7 to 12. Eighty high schools and fifty middle schools participated as a volunteer. The data were collected to find out whether there is a correlation between overeating and stress. The method of data collection was baseline interview with the students, and the data which excluded the missing data related to the race or ethnicity which was not considered for analysis. The study of longitudinal data with the help of linear regression models was used to identify the correlation between depression and overeating. The data collected from the selected participants reveals that about six percent of the participants feel ashamed of the amount they ate, 2.1 percent participants felt fear that they might lose control over eating, and 0.9 participants admitted that they feel both symptoms as embarrassment and fear after overeating. The finding of the research shows that initial concern about the eating problems results in depressive symptom seven years later. Therefore early identification of the eating concerns and its prevention can help to control the depressive symptoms in later life. In addition, binge related concerns are dangerous for both physical and mental health. The analysis on the basis of different race indicated that fear of overeating correlated with depressive symptoms is higher in non-Hispanic whites and Asians or Pacific Islanders. However, there is no correlation between fear of overeating and depressive symptoms among non-Hispanic blacks and Latinos ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BVAH7nuy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hazzard, Hahn, Bauer, & Sonneville, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Hazzard, Hahn, Bauer, & Sonneville, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":6,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/CKFY3W7N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/CKFY3W7N"],"itemData":{"id":6,"type":"article-journal","title":"Binge eating-related concerns and depressive symptoms in young adulthood: seven-year longitudinal associations and differences by race/ethnicity","container-title":"Eating behaviors","author":[{"family":"Hazzard","given":"Vivienne M."},{"family":"Hahn","given":"Samantha L."},{"family":"Bauer","given":"Katherine W."},{"family":"Sonneville","given":"Kendrin R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hazzard, Hahn, Bauer, & Sonneville, 2019).

The binge eating disorder and depressive symptoms are correlated; they collectively lead to other serious psychological problem suicidal ideation and help-negation. Suicidal cases are increasing all over the world, and the main cause of the suicide attempt is depression and anxiety. Young people from age 15 to 24 have more suicidal ideation than the people above age 24. The data was collected from the 204 psychology students who just completed their degree after the advertisement was described on the department of psychology research board. The students completed the questionnaire as an anonymous person. No personal details were collected to ensure the privacy of the volunteers. The statistics were made from the collected data and researcher categorized the result in different sections like help seeking-intention, suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and hopelessness. The result shows that there is an inverse correlation between help-seeking intention and suicidal ideation. Individuals with high suicidal ideation find least intention to seek help from others. Data indicates that seeking help from someone is strongest to the magnitude of the help-negation effect. Depressive symptoms and helplessness also indicate that people do not seek any help from others for their problem. On the other hand anxiety, symptoms indicate the opposite result. It does not associate with help-seeking from any kind. Research finds that people identify their symptoms through their own attitude, behavior, and isolation. The result also shows that suicidal ideation is itself a big barrier between the identification of psychological disorders and help-seeking. People at the early stage could seek help mostly from the family members and friends but with the increase in suicidal ideation, help-seeking process start reducing and lead to the suicide attempt ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4K2aPFph","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wilson & Deane, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Wilson & Deane, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":7,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/TGHNU5SP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/TGHNU5SP"],"itemData":{"id":7,"type":"article-journal","title":"Help-negation and suicidal ideation: the role of depression, anxiety and hopelessness","container-title":"Journal of youth and adolescence","page":"291-305","volume":"39","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Wilson","given":"Coralie J."},{"family":"Deane","given":"Frank P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wilson & Deane, 2010).

Both empirical studies identify the symptoms of Brandy as she feels depression while thinking about her future goals and past secrets. When she feels depressed she starts eating and lose their control over eating. Overeating makes her embarrassed, and she feels fear of being overweight. Therefore she required treatment for both disorders as firstly for the depression and then for the overeating disorder.

Treatment for the disorders:

The depressive symptoms are linked to the helplessness and over eating disorders. When people lose their control over their eating habits and feel helpless, then depressive symptoms lead to a more serious psychological disorder like suicidal ideation. Therefore it is necessary to prevent the depressive symptoms at the early stage. The best cure for the disorder is guided self-help and cognitive behavior therapy. Guided self-help GSH is the therapy which depends on the self-help material to fight from the disorders like binge eating disorder and depression. GSH is done through the different session of up to thirty minutes, twice a week. During GSH therapy individuals help themselves to fight from the disorders, but they can ask help from the friend and family who is not a professional therapist. Therefore, this therapy is very effective for individuals who cannot visit the therapist in a short period. The therapist recommends individuals suffering from cringe eating disorder to start with the minimum intensive treatment. Later they can go for the intensive treatment, and GHS is the least intensive treatment. Through self-help therapist help you to lose your weight in a given time and when any patients find themselves unable to reduce the weight than the higher level of treatment is introduced for them. The other therapy that is useful for the depressive symptoms is cognitive behavioral therapy CBT. CBT is the type of therapy which depends on the talking session between patient and therapist. Therapist creates an effective and meaningful conversation to know your feelings, emotions and thought. This session helps patients change their behavior and thinking to fight with depression and anxiety. This therapy is also a kind of self-help as in this therapy individual involve themselves, rebuild their thinking and behavior. In the case of Brandy, these both therapies will be effective. She can resolve her overeating disorder through self-help guided therapy and can fight with the depressive symptoms through cognitive behavioral therapy.

Supportive studies for the treatment:

People who have the problem of obesity and other weight issues have symptoms of binge eating. To control the problem self-help is required. The research is made by using this information by adding treatment and its assessment for the intervention of binge eating. Binge eating disorder BED causes marked distress and create hurdles in effective weight management. Therefore the main aim of the research is to highlight the role of guided self-help in the prevention of BED. The second goal of the researcher was to see the correlation between the perceived therapeutic relationship between patients and dietitian. The study has a single group for data. The patient who has used self-help guided therapy from the Leeds Community Health Care Trust Adult Community Dietetics Weight Management, and had completed three-month therapy were invited to become the volunteer for the research. Total fifty patients became part of the study, but only twenty-four patients’ data were considered for the analysis. The data was analyzed through the statistical software SPSS. Means and standard deviation were calculated for the occurrence of patient's behavior at the baseline as well as at the end of the treatment. For secondary outcomes total score was measured. The results show that GHS is an effective therapy. The patient who used these therapies successfully reduced depression, anxiety, shape and weight concerns, and overeating disorder. The mean of binge eating shows that it did not reach the statistical significance but reduce over 40%. However, control over the binge eating was improved because of therapy. The results also show the significance of GHS as patients feel relaxed and successfully able to develop the happy relationship with the people around them GHS help them, the potential of the therapy is remarkable for the intervention for the eating disorders and depression. The researcher recommended that the therapy applied in a Transdiagnostic manner can help professional to be more flexible for the treatment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eZsMqyQl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Traviss\\uc0\\u8208{}Turner et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Traviss‐Turner et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":8,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/ZE9ZTUSW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/ZE9ZTUSW"],"itemData":{"id":8,"type":"article-journal","title":"Guided self‐help to manage binge eating in a dietetic‐led community weight management service","container-title":"Clinical obesity","page":"250-257","volume":"8","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Traviss‐Turner","given":"G. D."},{"family":"Philpot","given":"U."},{"family":"Wilton","given":"J."},{"family":"Green","given":"K."},{"family":"Heywood‐Everett","given":"S."},{"family":"Hill","given":"A. J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Traviss, Turner et al., 2018).

It will be significant to make a comparison between the satisfaction acquired through the self-administered online and with the therapist delivered. GHS is significant where people do not use others to help much, and they fight for their disorder, the primary role of the therapist is to provide the guideline and make the assessment after every session. In cognitive behavioral therapy, the therapist act as a tool and patients require their help. Therefore the study is made to examine the satisfaction level of the participant from self-administered online cognitive behavioral treatments and therapists delivered. To make the comparison, researcher used qualitative analysis by using the descriptive statistics the group of students was selected in which twenty-six were female, and eleven were male for the data collection of the participants who got treatment through therapist delivered. On the other hand, twenty five female and eighteen male were selected who began their treatment from self-administered online cognitive behavioral treatments. Total eighty students become the participant and the data collected by categorizing them in two groups. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics develop the average users’ agreement with the elements related to their access and use of online treatment. Chi-square comparisons were made to analyses the difference between the two modes of treatment. T-test was conducted to highlight the difference. The results show that all the eight participants who began treatment completed the task with all satisfactory measurement. The data analysis reveals that there was a significant difference between self-administered online cognitive behavioral treatments and therapists delivered. The participants were asked about whether they found online treatment easy, and effect for the long term, and will they recommend online therapy to others. The result shows that they found online therapy easy to use and useful for the long term; they agreed to recommend it to others as well. It also indicates that the participant found online therapy easier than the CBTs. While CBTs group explains the significance of the therapy as they found it more reliable. They liked the range of strategies and techniques that the therapist used for CBTs. The final result shows that CBTs is more significant than the online therapy because online therapy may be easy to use but sometimes online connection or delivery may cause the regular treatment while CBTs create the strong bond between the therapist and patient which help the patient to overcome from the problem faster. Also, participants share the negative points more for online therapy than the CBTs. Therefore it can be concluded that CBTs is more effective than the other online-delivered treatment for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and overeating disorder ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EcjLC8eQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Richards & Timulak, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Richards & Timulak, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":9,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/BWQECG6E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/BWQECG6E"],"itemData":{"id":9,"type":"article-journal","title":"Satisfaction with therapist-delivered vs. self-administered online cognitive behavioural treatments for depression symptoms in college students","container-title":"British Journal of Guidance & Counselling","page":"193-207","volume":"41","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Richards","given":"Derek"},{"family":"Timulak","given":"Ladislav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Richards & Timulak, 2013).

The above two empirical studies reveal the importance of self-help guided treatment and CBTs. In Brandy case, she also needs these therapies. With the help of self-help guided treatment, she can control over eating without seeking help from others. As she was worried and wanted to hide her problem from the friends; therefore through GHS, she can overcome her disorder without asking help. CBTs will be also helpful as this treatment will help to rebuild her thoughts and behavior and to overcome her fear of being the failure.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hazzard, V. M., Hahn, S. L., Bauer, K. W., & Sonneville, K. R. (2019). Binge eating-related concerns and depressive symptoms in young adulthood: seven-year longitudinal associations and differences by race/ethnicity. Eating Behaviors.

Richards, D., & Timulak, L. (2013). Satisfaction with therapist-delivered vs. self-administered online cognitive behavioral treatments for depression symptoms in college students. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 41(2), 193–207.

Traviss‐Turner, G. D., Philpot, U., Wilton, J., Green, K., Heywood‐Everett, S., & Hill, A. J. (2018). Guided self‐help to manage binge eating in a dietetic‐led community weight management service. Clinical Obesity, 8(4), 250–257.

Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F. P. (2010). Help-negation and suicidal ideation: the role of depression, anxiety, and hopelessness. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(3), 291–305.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

Case History (Psychology)

Case History

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Case History

The world has forgotten the miraculous works of Sir Nikola Tesla. He was indeed a genius, his will was to supply free electricity to the whole world through the Tesla tower project, but because of financial problems, it remained incomplete. People believed that he was from the future and could communicate with aliens. The A.C current, which we use today, is the gift for humanity by this great scientist (Tesla, 2007). The most mind-blowing fact about him is that he invented the radio and the alternating electric current and never took credit for all of those. Even if it is true that he got crazy later in life, those two put him on a very high pedestal. Another thing is that he was apparently able to work out all the details of a machine in his head. And he rarely made mistakes. At least in the first part of his life.

Nikola Tesla was/is one of the most unique and influential people to ever live, to see why one merely has to look at his staggering list of achievements. He was able to perform integral and differential calculus in his head. Most people find it extremely difficult even when given a calculator. He spoke eight languages and was able to recite all of the Serbian epic poems from memory. It is whilst doing this, and walking through a park in Budapest that Tesla looked up at the sun and saw a blinding vision (literally and metaphorically) of a polyphase induction motor, and thus instantly saw a solution to the rotating magnetic field issue that was causing severe problems for his academic counterparts.

All of his complex Designs and schematics were somewhat designed and stored in his mind; he barely made any sketches. Marconi's ‘invention' of the Radio, was based on a large volume of work previously done by Tesla. As quoted by the man himself: "Marconi is a good fellow, let him continue. He is using seventeen of my patents". Nikola Tesla pitched the idea of a Radar System to the United States Navy in 1917, a full 18 years before Watson-Watt was credited with its invention (Valentinuzzi, 1998). He was researching X-Rays long before Rontgen was credited with their discovery. In addition, Nikola Tesla did all of these things in his lifetime. Invented the hydroelectric dam, Neon lighting, Radio control, the electric motor. Experimented with Cryogenic engineering years before it became public knowledge. He discovered the resonant frequency of the Earth, something that wasn't confirmed to be correct until 50 years later, his patents were used in the development of the transistor two years after his death (O'Neill, 2007). Another aspect of his personality that is so influential on all of his inventions and discoveries was his obsessive-compulsive nature; tesla notoriously had Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) during a time where it was not a clinically defined condition

At the very end of his career, he suffered from depression, agoraphobia, and germaphobia. He had certificates worth a couple of million dollars of Westinghouse stock but refused to cash them in so wouldn’t fold. He died a penniless man. Nikola Tesla had some convoluted ritual every time he went to dine. He would insist on performing this for several minutes before he began eating. Additionally, he always wore white gloves when he ate. With regard to his germaphobia, this came from more reasonable causes as a young Tesla was nearly killed by cholera. However, he took his cleanliness to the extreme. There was a story that a fly once landed in Tesla's soup. He immediately called for the soup, the table setting, and the tablecloth itself to be replaced with new, fresh ones.

The word obsessed has been used to describe Tesla throughout his life. Generally speaking, continuously pushing oneself to exhaustion and sleep deprivation are not the best things one can do to take of themselves. During his days in college, Tesla was described as being so obsessed with his ideas that he could not focus on his schoolwork, and that leads to a nervous breakdown. Years later, after Tesla failed to get the needed funding to keep his Wardenclyffe laboratory, along with the frustration of seeing Marconi taking credit in the eyes of the world for inventing the radio, something Tesla claimed was his invention, he went on another downward spiral that leads to another nervous breakdown.

Moreover, He was convinced aliens were trying to send him a message. Years later, it was found out that he really did receive a signal from space, but it was a lightning storm on Jupiter. The man also just did not sleep. He slept 2 hours a day and worked 84 hours straight once, which is very unstable, in my opinion. OCD does not make one crazy since it is definitely one of the most misunderstood disorders, but his habits were so strange that they are worth mentioning here (Feller, 2010). Before eating, he would compute his dinner exact cubic volume. This habit of him got developed in his juvenile years. Generally, kids do not even know what cubic volume is. He also had to stack 18 napkins in a pile before touching his food, and it had to be 18 because it is divisible by 3. Tesla did all in 3s, which is not uncommon for people with OCD. He walked around the block 3 times, sum his footsteps while he did so, and whenever he stayed in hotels, he had to have a room number that would be divided by 3.

Furthermore, he also had this very extreme fear of germs. He was uncomfortable making physical contact with other people, and he was repulsed if he touched someone's hair and cringed when people wore earrings. He used to wear gloves to avoid the skin to skin contact, and if he did, he immediately washed his hands after. Besides, he spent so much time looking at microscopic beings in drinking water; that being said, he boiled and sterilized his water. His views on women and marriage were also really peculiar. A lot of people say that Tesla never married (or had sex) because Tesla believed that inventors should not marry because a woman since it would divide his attention. However, according to many biographies, that is not exactly true. To some biographers, Tesla declared it, but it is ambiguous. He actually had a little romance with a French actress. Later in his life, he admitted that as a kid, he had put women on a point that made him consider them unworthy. He saw his chastity as fear of women that had cost him the joys of life, yet he did not entirely regret it because science was basically his wife.

In addition to these facts, Tesla also believed that whiskey was the secret to longevity. He had a glass of whiskey every single day. Not because he was an alcoholic but because he genuinely believed it would help him live until he was 150. He actually had a reason for thinking this, although it seems kind of ridiculous. Men drank heavily in Tesla’s family and yet lived very long lives, and he believed there was a correlation. He also did the same and claimed it gave him bursts of energy and will sustain his life (Rivera). At the time of occurrence of US prohibition, Tesla was not happy and said the administration was robbing him of liquor and they have reduced his life period to only 130 years. There was also that time where he didn't have any money to pay for his hotel room, so he handed the clerk a "death beam" (basically the same idea as a death ray) and told them that it would explode if it is opened by an unofficial person. After Tesla died, the FBI opened it because they're risky like that, and nothing happened. It was just a standard electrical part.

The best fact about Tesla was he fell in love with a pigeon. In his few years before his death, he spent a lot of time feeding pigeons, and one day, he met this pigeon and felt connected to it. The pigeon followed him around and flew to him when he called. He believed he and the pigeon were soul mates, and he even said he loves the pigeon-like a man loves a woman. One day, the pigeon flew to his window, and Tesla said he was familiar that knew that she was trying to tell him about his death. He then claimed that rays of light shot out of her eyes and she died. That's not exactly out of character for Tesla because he did hallucinate often in the form of lights.

To sum up, he exhibited eccentric, peculiar, and odd behaviors, did not form close relationships with others (except the pigeon), had very odd beliefs and magical thinking, and also exhibited suspiciousness towards certain things (like the government), unusual perceptual experiences, and of course the hallucinations he would experience. These are all trademarks of schizotypal, but we will never really know what he had, we can only speculate and analyze the behaviors he did exhibit. Most of the behaviors he exhibited, he is declared to have Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) that had little impact on his career but on his personal life. However, he was indeed a strange, brilliant man.

References

Feller, S. A. (2010). 20th Century Physicists on Bank Notes. Radiations, 16(2), 7.

O'Neill, J. (2007). Prodigal genius: the life of Nikola Tesla. Book Tree.

Rivera, B. THE ENIGMA OF NIKOLA TESLA.

Tesla, N. (2007). My inventions: the autobiography of Nikola Tesla. A Distant Mirror.

Valentinuzzi, M. E. (1998). Nikola Tesla: why was he so much resisted and forgotten?. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 17(4), 74-75.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

Case Management

Case Management

Name

Institution

Main body

Agency description

The selected department is U.S Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Its mission is to fulfill the promise of President Lincoln, “caring for those who fight for us on the battle ground and their orphans” through serving and dignifying America’s veterans. Its vision revolves around the provision of excellent services and benefits to the veterans through sticking to the utmost levels of commitment, compassion, stewardship, accountability, integrity, excellence and professionalism. Their core values encapsulate integrity; practicing at the highest level of professionalism and maintenance of confidence and trust for veterans, commitment; fulfilling organization responsibilities and individual obligations, dignity; being veteran- centric and considering, identifying and advancing their interests appropriately.

The representative I interviewed was Mr. Richard Stone who currently serves as the Pain Manager in Veterans Health Administration (VHA). He has the full-fledge authority to perform duties and functions under Health Secretary in pain management department. The next section will represent the information attained from Dr. Richard about case management, its principles and goals, components and methods of service delivery. Case management will specifically encapsulate chronic pain management.

Principles and goals of pain management

Assessment of pain is usually done by using an objective scale having 0-10 measures where 0 means no pain and 10 means unimaginable pain. This scale only evaluates the severity of pain and is highly subjective in nature (Stuart & Stephen, 2000). The efficacy of therapeutic intervention cannot be reflected accurately through tracking client’s intensity of symptoms and application of interventions accordingly rather systematic goals of pain management must be applied based on client’s functional and behavioral aspects:

To manage client’s pain symptoms such that he reports 0-3 rating on the pain scale

To manage client’s pain symptoms such that he becomes enabled to execute his daily functioning properly

To manage client’s pain symptoms in such a way that he does not develop drug dependence in future

To manage client’s pain symptoms in such a way that he does not encounter relapse

To educate the client about do it yourself strategies of pain management

To educate client’s family about behaviors conductive to patient’s pain management

Components of pain management

Accessing and treating patient’s pain appropriately is the foremost ethical obligation of healthcare provider because pain is referred to as the fifth vital sign. Unfortunately, healthcare providers encounter various barriers while assessing and treating pain symptoms of patient. These barriers include disbelieving and disregarding patient beliefs about pain, underestimating pain severity reported by the patient, fear of causing addiction through over dosage of Opioids and their beliefs of drug seeking behaviors (Catherine, 2006). Following components of pain management help mitigate the above mentioned barriers (American Pain Society, 2007):

Asking the client about pain regularly

Client must be asked about the nature and severity of pain frequently because chronic pain might be intermittent, continuous or without sudden exacerbations. It might have various forms so it is important to keep a strict check on pain’s nature, intensity, frequency and duration.

Believing his reporting about pain severity

As mentioned above, pain might be severe or slight depending upon the biological, psychological and coping factors; which is purely subjective phenomenon. Client’s reporting about its severity should never be neglected for executing effective treatment and getting favorable ramifications.

Choosing appropriate pain management strategies

The biopsychosocial model of pain suggested that it is not entirely biological phenomenon rather psychological and social factors also play exceptional role in its determination (VHA, 2017). For example, client who is emotionally down might report sever pain symptoms as compared to what he reports during happy moods. Hence, all the aspects of pain must be taken under consideration before developing treatment plan.

Implementing interventions based at right time, place and condition

Again, it is important to develop and execute pain management plan based on all the potential etiology at the right time and condition. For example, medicine can be good option when assessment indicates biological cause behind pain, psychotherapy and social support can give effective results when underlying reasons include psychological and social factors (Chang et. al., 2015).

Four methods of pain management service delivery

Drug treatment

Opioids are commonly used for severe pain management when etiology lies in the biological roots. Aspirin, naproxen and ibuprofen are also used for pain management (Park & Moon, 2010). However, Opioids are highly addictive drugs and their over dosage may develop drug dependence and prescription drug abuse.

Exercise

Exercise regulates the movement of muscles and consumption of glucose due to which more and more oxygen reaches body for oxidative chemical reactions and activates our body organs to a great degree (Chang et. al., 2015). Exercise is helpful for people who report arthritis, lower back, psychosomatic and other pains.

Hypnosis and Cognitive behavioral approaches

Hypnosis is the most validated yet rare method used for treating pain symptoms. It requires trained profession for executing hypnotherapy in which patient is taken to the state of sleep where conscious and unconscious operate at the same time (VHA, 2017). Client becomes more receptive to suggestions and his pain symptoms are removed under the influence of favorable suggestions from the therapist. CBT practices are often combined with Hypnotherapy for pain management. Hypnosis is used when all the other treatments fail to develop desired results.

Social support

Sometimes patient feels deteriorated moods and develops severe somatic concerns when he has no one to nurture his sense of belongingness (VHA, 2017). For such instances, social support systems may help relieve client’s pain symptoms.

Role(s) of the pain manager (Henderson, 2005)

Pain manager performs following roles and responsibilities:

He communicates with the client effectively

He makes effective assessment based on complete biopsychosocial information

He educates patient and his family

He chooses the best treatment option in collaboration with the client and his family.

Phases of pain management

Effective communication

It is important to develop effective rapport with the client using Carl Rogers’ three components of rapport building; empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard (Chang et. al., 2015). Empathy enables the healthcare provider to enter client’s world and feel what he feels and effectively communicate what he feels about client’s feelings. Congruence is referred to as being genuine with the client and sharing experiences with the client for demonstrating integrity.

Unconditional positive regard is specifically effective when client demonstrates negative or unfavorable verbal or gestural responses. It directs the care provider to manifest positive response regardless of what client says or does. In this way, client finds a safer channel to express his feelings which might be the potential causes of pain symptoms e.g., psychological or social.

Careful assessment

Healthcare provider utilizes both objective and subjective measures to assess the nature and severity of pain i.e., patient’s self report on the rating scale, his behaviors and gestures validating pain intensity (restlessness, guarding and crying), history of disease, injury, medicine, and pain relief measures i.e., complementary and alternative therapies, massage, exercise and supplements.

In addition, psychosocial measurements include report of client’s pre-morbid functionality, influence of pain on patient’s life quality and intellectual working, developmental and cultural considerations, pain history regarding depression, violence, abuse and other psychopathology, family history of patient and his functioning during pain. Other objective assessments include Pain Brief Inventory (PBI), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), the FLACC scale, the Wong-Baker scale and the Numeric Scale.

Development, executing and monitoring of treatment plan

Pain management strategies must be developed in collaboration with the patient and his family and must be assessment specific (VHA, 2017). This step involves laborious decision making based on patient’s history, his effective and ineffective past treatments and risks. It includes both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.

Non-pharmacological treatment encapsulates trans-cutaneous electrical stimulus (TENS), music therapy, biofeedback, imagery and relaxation techniques, cognitive behavioral therapy, acupressure or acupuncture, repositioning, physical therapy and range of motion, massage, immobilization, aromatherapy, decreasing environmental stimuli (temperature, sound, light), therapeutic touch, and distraction (Chang et. al., 2015; VHA, 2017).

Pharmacological treatment includes analgesic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), tri-cyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), anticonvulsants, topical agents, anesthetics, and Opioids. This treatment must be used wisely and carefully because it may lead the patient to develop drug dependence (Park & Moon, 2010).

Education

Healthcare provider educates the patient and his family about various available treatment options, correct management and administration strategies, side effects of medications, and guidance about pain management resources. He also acts as an advocate for the patient to communicate his concerns to the authorities (McNamara, 2012).

Reflection

The above presented textual activity is based on the interview and observation regarding case management of chronic pain in the U.S Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). After deliberate observation and interview activity, it was analyzed that methods of pain management for veterans include drug treatment, hypnosis, exercise and social support and the role of pain manager revolves around assessment, intervention and education of patient about treatment and prevention measures. Pain management phases start from effective rapport building with the client using Rogers three components whereas next steps involve assessment, treatment and education. In a nutshell, this department follows best evidence based assessment and treatment practices to dignify the Lincoln’s promise to veterans.

References

American Pain Society (2007). Pain: Current understanding of assessment, management, and treatments. Glenview, IL: American Pain Society.

Catherine, H., (2006). Introduction of an intensive case management style of delivery for a new mental health service. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 15 (3), 157–62. doi:10.1111/j.1447

Chang, K. L., Fillingim, R., Hurley, R. W., Schmidt, S. (2015). Chronic pain management: non-pharmacological therapies for chronic pain. FP Essent., 432, 21-6. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25970869

Chronic Pain 101: Break the Cycle (2017). VHA Pain Management. Retrieved from https://www.va.gov/PAINMANAGEMENT/Veteran_Public/CHRONIC_PAIN_101.asp

Horbury, C., Henderson, A., & Bromley, B. (2005). Influences of patient behavior on clinical nurses’ pain assessment: Implications for continuing education. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 36(1), 18-24.

McNamara, M.C., Harmon, D., & Saunders, J. (2012). Effect of education on knowledge, skills and attitudes around pain. British Journal of Nursing, 21(16), 958-64.

Park, H. J., & Moon, E. D. (2010). Pharmacologic Management of Chronic Pain. Korean J Pain, 23(2), 99–108. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886242/

Stuart, G. W. Stephen Z. J. (2000). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of mental health case management over 20 years. Psychiatric Services. 51 (11), 14-21. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.51.11.1410. PMID 11058189

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

Case Study

Case Study

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

Case Study

In psychological assessment, this paper seeks to analyze the three scenarios presented in the study and derive the proper handling situation based on the cognitive development stage of the child in each scenario. The scenarios will be assessed according to the Piaget Stage Theory of Cognitive Development. According to a theory, four stages of cognitive development are: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal.

Scenario 1

The first scenario presents the 5-year old child who shoves another child and snatches his toy. The child later yells at the child and runs away. According to the Piaget Stage Theory of Cognitive Development, Child is in the “preoperational” developmental stage. In this stage, child is unable to think about anything that is not already incorporated in his viewpoint. The child requires concrete physical evidence to understand the situations and form a belief because he is unable to perceive the concepts abstractly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x3xD6l9q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ciccarelli & White, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ciccarelli & White, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":545,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/9MNNHBDK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/9MNNHBDK"],"itemData":{"id":545,"type":"book","abstract":"For courses in Introductory Psychology The most learner-centered and assessment-driven text available Throughout Psychology, Fifth Edition, Saundra Ciccarelli and J. Noland White employ a learner-centered, assessment-driven approach that maximizes student engagement, and helps educators keep students on track. The authors draw students into the discipline by showing how psychology relates to their own lives. Clear learning objectives, based on the recommended APA undergraduate learning outcomes, guide students through the material. And assessment tied to these learning objectives lets students check their understanding, while allowing instructors to monitor class progress and intervene when necessary to bolster student performance. Available to package with Psychology, Fifth Edition, MyPsychLab(r) is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. MyPsychLab is ideal for courses requiring robust assessments. Psychology, Fifth Edition is also available via REVEL, an interactive learning environment that replaces the print textbook, enabling students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience. REVEL is ideal for courses where student engagement and mobile access are important. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLab & Mastering does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab & Mastering, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. 0134641140 / 9780134641140 Psychology plus MyPsychLab with eText Access Card Package, 5/e Package consists of: 0134477960 / 9780134477961 Psychology, 5/e 0205206514 / 9780205206513 MyPsychLab with eText Access Card \"","ISBN":"978-0-13-463685-6","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: xmAuvgAACAAJ","number-of-pages":"800","publisher":"Pearson","source":"Google Books","title":"Psychology","author":[{"family":"Ciccarelli","given":"Saundra K."},{"family":"White","given":"J. Noland"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",10,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ciccarelli & White, 2016). Simply stated, he just communicates with words, pictures, and imagination. As a parent, I would adopt the authoritative style of parenting. However, I would address my child by politely telling her that what she did was wrong. As a child is still in the learning stage, by telling her to apologize from the other kid and returning the toy may induce a sense of good and bad. As a child is unable to see things from other viewpoints, I would take away her toy instead of making her learn how others would feel bad just like her. It would likely teach her to behave nicely with other kids.

Scenario 2

Both children in this scenario are in the formal operations developmental phase. In this stage, the teen is completely capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning by thinking logically about the situation and understanding the consequences of negative behavior ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vGLOqSiY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ciccarelli & White, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ciccarelli & White, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":545,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/9MNNHBDK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/9MNNHBDK"],"itemData":{"id":545,"type":"book","abstract":"For courses in Introductory Psychology The most learner-centered and assessment-driven text available Throughout Psychology, Fifth Edition, Saundra Ciccarelli and J. Noland White employ a learner-centered, assessment-driven approach that maximizes student engagement, and helps educators keep students on track. The authors draw students into the discipline by showing how psychology relates to their own lives. Clear learning objectives, based on the recommended APA undergraduate learning outcomes, guide students through the material. And assessment tied to these learning objectives lets students check their understanding, while allowing instructors to monitor class progress and intervene when necessary to bolster student performance. Available to package with Psychology, Fifth Edition, MyPsychLab(r) is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. MyPsychLab is ideal for courses requiring robust assessments. Psychology, Fifth Edition is also available via REVEL, an interactive learning environment that replaces the print textbook, enabling students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience. REVEL is ideal for courses where student engagement and mobile access are important. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLab & Mastering does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab & Mastering, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. 0134641140 / 9780134641140 Psychology plus MyPsychLab with eText Access Card Package, 5/e Package consists of: 0134477960 / 9780134477961 Psychology, 5/e 0205206514 / 9780205206513 MyPsychLab with eText Access Card \"","ISBN":"978-0-13-463685-6","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: xmAuvgAACAAJ","number-of-pages":"800","publisher":"Pearson","source":"Google Books","title":"Psychology","author":[{"family":"Ciccarelli","given":"Saundra K."},{"family":"White","given":"J. Noland"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",10,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ciccarelli & White, 2016). I will once again adopt an authoritative style of parenting. Kids at this stage are prone to communicating so I would engage my 13-year-old son in an effective conversation and ask him the reason for stealing when he already knew that it was not the right thing to do. He will be grounded for the rest of the week except when he is going to school. I would ask him to pay back the money he stole by doing a simple short term job such as cleaning a porch or garage of a neighbor. I would confiscate all the e-cigarettes he purchased from my money and make him understand the consequences of stealing.

In the case of my 15-year-old daughter, I would not punish her but make her explain the reason for not telling me about his brother’s act of stealing for the sake of buying vapes. She acted out due to not getting half of the money from the loot. I would make her payback by doing chores around the house.

Scenario 3

In the third case, 21 years old is in the formal operation scale, and she is quite capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning. Although she is completely aware of the abstract theories, her case suggests she is in the relativistic stage as her critical thinking has been influenced by her diverse social interaction at the campus ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DjJlDiHc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ciccarelli & White, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ciccarelli & White, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":545,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/9MNNHBDK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/9MNNHBDK"],"itemData":{"id":545,"type":"book","abstract":"For courses in Introductory Psychology The most learner-centered and assessment-driven text available Throughout Psychology, Fifth Edition, Saundra Ciccarelli and J. Noland White employ a learner-centered, assessment-driven approach that maximizes student engagement, and helps educators keep students on track. The authors draw students into the discipline by showing how psychology relates to their own lives. Clear learning objectives, based on the recommended APA undergraduate learning outcomes, guide students through the material. And assessment tied to these learning objectives lets students check their understanding, while allowing instructors to monitor class progress and intervene when necessary to bolster student performance. Available to package with Psychology, Fifth Edition, MyPsychLab(r) is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. MyPsychLab is ideal for courses requiring robust assessments. Psychology, Fifth Edition is also available via REVEL, an interactive learning environment that replaces the print textbook, enabling students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience. REVEL is ideal for courses where student engagement and mobile access are important. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLab & Mastering does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab & Mastering, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. 0134641140 / 9780134641140 Psychology plus MyPsychLab with eText Access Card Package, 5/e Package consists of: 0134477960 / 9780134477961 Psychology, 5/e 0205206514 / 9780205206513 MyPsychLab with eText Access Card \"","ISBN":"978-0-13-463685-6","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: xmAuvgAACAAJ","number-of-pages":"800","publisher":"Pearson","source":"Google Books","title":"Psychology","author":[{"family":"Ciccarelli","given":"Saundra K."},{"family":"White","given":"J. Noland"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",10,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ciccarelli & White, 2016). As she is capable of understanding the hypothetical situations, I would adopt the reasoning parenting style. I would place various consequences of her decision before her and let her deduce the results. I would let her know about the importance of college degree and career plans incase his husband does not want to support her in the future. I would ask her to invite the boy to a family dinner so we would know if he is right for the daughter. I would suggest alternatives to her, such as marrying the boy after completing the degree or getting an online education. Respecting my daughter’s decision is also my responsibility as a parent. Logical reasoning with my daughter will make her rethink the choices which can prove beneficial in the future.

Reference

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2016). Psychology. Pearson.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Case Study

Case Study

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Case Study

Question Number 1

The strengths in every child can be seen through the milestones covered according to their age. Willow is covering almost all the milestones of a 13-month-old baby, for instance, little or fewer words, holding things, trying out new things like food, etc. (On Track., 2019). Likewise, Sammy is also fulfilling all the age-appropriate markers of a 15 months old toddler, i.e., speech, walk, teething, identification of things and modified cognitive abilities.

Question Number 2

These parents have no cause for constantly worrying and comparing the developmental abilities among both children. Each child's and his learning capacity and capability is different than the other, regardless of the age factors or milestones. Thus, worrying after comparing the achieved milestone of one child to the other, as in the case of Sammy and Willow, it is not the right thing to do.

Question Number 3

The only concern for the parents is that in contrasting and comparing their child and putting them into the competition with each other, they are risking the individuality of their children which is according to their age and interest. If one child is interested in peeking at books and other likes playing with toys that is normal.

Question Number 4

The mothers should be taught about each developmental stage and milestone of their child and proper training according to the abilities and interest of the children should be provided the mothers along with a complete guide and education on cognitive and learning development of the children. The community programs and mother-groups should be accessible to the mothers, and they should join these services so that they learn and implement the information gained from these groups. There are online classes for mothers to learn about everyday milestone of their developing babies, so Ella and Jayne should search and join these online sites.

References

On Track. (2019). Beststart.org. Retrieved, from https://www.beststart.org/OnTrack_English/1-introduction.html

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Case Study

Case Study

[Name of the Student:]

[Name of the Institution:]

Case Study

The given case study is about identifying the changes occurred in a family system, the resulting relationship problems, and any triangulation. A worksheet postulating these findings is given below.

Triangulation

Relationship Problems

Changes in the Family System

Julie misses her mommy when she has a conflict with her step-mother. She starts crying. She is emotionally distant from her step-mother. She seeks refuge in her mother’s memories.

Triangulation also exists as Julie fears her mother and feels at ease on seeing her father when he visits home after a certain period (Glüer, 2006).

Julie experiences relationship problems. She missed the due attention from her mother as she was a drug addict.

She is completely out of touch with her mother as she has left them all.

She has to bear the harsh behavior of her step-mother. She cannot communicate her problems to her (Reilly & Yaure, 2019).

Her father is mostly out of home. She is deprived of care from and sufficient communication with him.

Julie’s parents got divorced and separated. She and her brother lost their mom. They can no more be able to have the influence of the most important individual of their family unit, their mother.

Both have to live in a new home. They encounter new family members, the step-mother and her 2-years old son. They find it difficult to adjust with the new individuals added to their family system (Schwartz & Sweezy, 2019).

References

Glüer, K. (2006). Triangulation. In The Oxford handbook of philosophy of language.

Reilly, J. F., & Yaure, R. G. (2019). The Role of Parents’ Relationship Quality in Children’s Behavior Problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies.

Schwartz, R. C., & Sweezy, M. (2019). Internal family systems therapy. Guilford Press.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

CASE STUDY

Case Study

Student’s Name:

Institutional Affiliation:

Case Study

Gloria son is making poor decisions because he is a 16-year-old teenager. Most teenagers make poor decisions ranging from getting drunk at parties to wearing outfits that appear to be outlandishly stupid (Blakemore & Choudhury, 2014). The reason for this is that the sections of the brain which control making of decisions are not fully developed until they reach early adulthood.

Gloria can utilize some strategies to assist her son in making better decisions. First Gloria should remind her son to ask for help when he needs to make decisions. Teenagers do not need to make decisions on their own (Blakemore & Choudhury, 2014). Gloria should ensure that her son saves contact of people who will be available when he is in a difficult situation. Secondly, Gloria should encourage the son to stop and think before making any decisions; it will assist him to remove himself temporarily from the case and make decisions away from the existing pressures.

From what I have learned about self-regulation and human development I think these strategies will be useful because the teenager will be able to ask for assistance from grown-up people who are better at making decisions. The teenager will also take time to deliberate his actions before making any decisions.

Reggie is demonstrating a fixed mindset towards the compliance test. He does not see the benefits of learning new safety policies. Reggie made a joke that one cannot teach an old person new tricks. The fixed mindset will affect his performance negatively because he already has a negative attitude towards the compliance test.

Brian plasticity refers to how the brain changes throughout its lifetime. The brain has the capability of reorganizing and creating new connections (Judge et al., 2013). Reggie fears that he is too old to learn new things but the brain changes throughout the lifetime. Reggie needs to have an open mindset and be ready to learn new things because new connections will be formed in the brain.

The strategies that Reggie should utilize to pass the compliance test include establishing milestones and be involved in group discussions. By having a goal will assist Reggie to make a list of the tasks to read and check off after finalizing reading them. Group discussions will help to change the mindset of Reggie and be open to learning new things.

Gloria and Lekeisha have different approaches to the project. Openness is the personality trait on the Big 5 personality trait that they differ most. Both of them dislike change, and they are not ready to learn new things. They both resist new ideas from one another.

Gloria can use cognitive reappraisal and emotional regulation to be able to work effectively with Lakeisha. Gloria can reframe her thoughts and accept the feeling without judging or controlling them. Doing this will reduce the intensity of the emotions that she experiences and permit her to deal productively with what that triggered them (McRae et al., 2014).

Gloria should breathe and label. When Gloria becomes aware of the negative emotions that are taking over the mental state she should take deep breaths. By breathing deeply, Gloria will deliver oxygen to the brain that assists in calming down to allow one to concentrate and think clearly. Gloria should focus on what she is feeling then label the emotion. Labeling the feelings lowers brains emotional response.

References

Blakemore, S. J., & Choudhury, S. (2014). Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 47(3‐4), 296-312.

Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J., & Barrick, M. R. (2013). The big five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Personnel psychology, 52(3), 621-652.

McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., Mauss, I. B., Gabrieli, J. J., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Gender differences in emotion regulation: An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal. Group processes & intergroup relations, 11(2), 143-162.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Case Study

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Case Study

Your Name (First and Last)

Institution or School name

Case Study

Answer no 1

As a single mother, the 16 years old teenage boy is helping himself out without the supervision of his mother. As of this, Gloria is also a working mother and not giving proper time to his son, he is prone to making poor choices. Just as he did by sneaking out of the house and getting drunk on a party. Having a laid-back mother is another factor that caused the son to make poor decisions. This is a worrisome scenario for Gloria.

Answer no 2

As a single mother, she needs to be involved with her son and keep in touch with him. A teenager tends to make poor decisions and be reckless and Gloria needs to understand that by only engaging with him and developing a friendly relation with her son can make things better. Being laid back and not caring about his son will only lead things to worse and make things bad for their mother-son relations.

Be supervising.

Pay attention to his needs.

Keep him in contact and updated.

An engaging and friendly relation.

Answer no 3

As we humans are developing and evolving with the experiences that we gain, the art of learning never stops. The proper way to face an issue is to study and analyze it. It was evident from the facts given that Gloria was a laid-back person meaning that she was careless and conserver about her surroundings and what was happening around her made her nervous. It was because of her nature and habits, her son was going through some rough patches and ultimately making poor decision. From the strategies given above, it will make her son trust on her and on her motherhood. With a more friendly and engaging relations, her son will share his problems and issues, and this will help Gloria understand her sons situation and get her help. Building and making a relation strong depends upon communication which is evidently lacking from their relation.

Answer no 4

As he is an old man and he has worked all his life with a clear single mindset, it becomes difficult for him to accept the change. With his retirement coming in close to 5 years, it affects his mindset to such an extent that he skips all the days provided to him for preparing for the test. His old age, his experience and his retirement are not allowing him to prepare for the test and accept the change being asked by the company.

Answer no 5

Getting a boost up from the coworkers and appreciating his work over the years can boost up his morale and may allow him to accept the change and adopt a growth mindset approach. It will be heard from him to move from his current stage but appreciating his work and telling him about how he can achieve more in 5 years if he adopts the new change, he will accept the new mindset approach and prepare for the test easily. Neuroplasticity is intended to permit mind cells to adjust themselves in light of developing or new circumstances and changes in nature. In this case, Reggie is as old as his cerebrum cells and cant in this way imagine or pre-suppose that it is outlandish for him to adapt new abilities to his standard occupation. The arrangement of optional practice tests has been demonstrated to help in neuroplasticity since it will in general alleviate cells to align themselves inside the setting of another condition (Myers, 2017). For Reggie to receive a growth mindset, he needs to initially acknowledge jobs must be constantly assessed to make efficiency. The first thing Reggie needs to do is center his disposition and outlook to the new way of performing his standard employment

Answer no 6

Mentality change Reggie needs a difference in outlook and oblige the current situation that expects him to get ready for the consistence test. It will be less demanding for him to struggle with the consistence tests when his mentality is correct and energetic about the task before him.

Group work Despite his propelled age, Reggie can most probably handle the tasks and take tests easily if he starts cooperating with his team. This is gainful to him since gathering roles are paramount than doing it exclusively consequently enabling him to get a handle on and remembering all the little things that are required in the test and working with the team or a group will provide him with more ideas than he can get by himself.

Repetitive learning and cramming If some other learning procedure have proven to be testing, Reggie can fall back on this strategy. This will enable him to reply somewhere around various inquiries as opposed to be with nothing on his mind and hand to answer with. This strategy will make him knowledgeable about the scenario and will ultimately help him pass the test.

Answer no 7

Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to experience are the five big personality traits. Being open to experience is what both Gloria and Lakeisha differ the most. Gloria is laid-back and not open to working with team while Lakeisha in not helping Gloria to work with her and encourage her to get the task done.

Answer 8

Gloria could set aside their disparities. She could be the greater individual and work together to take care of business. She could likewise approach Lakeisha with a decent mentality and address her in a caring voice to let her realize she is prepared to work and take care of business.

References

Myers, D. (2017). Psychology (4th ed.). Asheville, NC Soomo Learning. Available from hMp//www.webtexts.com

PAGE

2

CASE STUDY

1

Running head CASE STUDY

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Subject: Psychology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

CASE STUDY

CASE STUDY

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

CASE STUDY

Problem statements and goals:

Problem statements:

Mom doesn't find any time to spend with her children because of her tough job hours, due to which she is unaware of her children’s activities and their school progress. This is a concerning situation for her.

Kelvin, her son is losing interest in studies and mom worries that his company is also not good, which might result in him leaving school like his half-sister.

Mom feels unable to help Elise her daughter who is 20 years old, and left school at age of 16, now she is pregnant and works at minimum wage, mother concerns that how she will afford her new life.

When James, the father comes to live with family, they face space and privacy issues due to the size of the apartment. And mom fears that if a landlord might know about James lack of a lease, he might kick them out of the apartment.

Mom is considering taking a college degree so that she can play a better role in her supporting family, but don't have financial support to take a decision.

Goals:

Increase communication between mom and her children

Communicating with Kelvin about his dropping grades at school.

Formulate a strategy to enable mom to deal with Elisa's situation.

Make mom understand that she needs to have a goal-oriented communicated with James to make him understand his role in the family.

To help mom get a college degree.

Review: Problem statements and initial goals

Problem statements:

Mom can’t find time to give attention to her kids and their activities due to job requirements.

Mom fears that Kelvin might not make it to high school due to his dropping grades and interest in studies.

Mom feels unable to help her daughter who left studies and now is pregnant. Alice is working at a lower wage and can't afford an adult life.

Mom is concerned about the father's irresponsible role in a family which might get her family kicked out of the duplex.

Mom has no financial support to continue her studies that is her only chance at a better life.

Goals:

Mom needs to increase her communication with children

Kelvin should be communicated about the consequences of his decision regarding studies.

Help mom finds relief in Elisa's situation.

To help mom inform James clearly about the possible consequences of his actions on the family.

Mom needs to formulate a long term plan to get a college degree.

Plan of Services for the client:

Increased Communication

Mom needs to enhance communication with her children, even if it means that talking to them on Sundays. She needs to formulate routine with kids for the weekend and discuss their activities and studies. Through which she can help Kelvin realize the consequences of his life choices. She needs to adopt a kind and empathetic strategy with her kids and

James Role

Mom should communicate with James about his role in the family and the negative effects that his actions might have on the children. Mom needs to force James to take a decision about his family role if he needs to stay part of the family.

College degree

College degree is not only important for mom, but also for Elisa. Mom needs to encourage Elisa to take certification and study for diplomas during her pregnancy so that she can afford a better life for herself. Mom needs to communicate her about her own decision of getting a college degree as ways to motivate her ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5BfN5Tpc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(ColumbiaCollegeOnline, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(ColumbiaCollegeOnline, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1726,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/XDWSDB5R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/XDWSDB5R"],"itemData":{"id":1726,"type":"motion_picture","title":"HUMS 325: Client Interview","source":"YouTube","dimensions":"649 seconds","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmGS37XsryU&feature=youtu.be","shortTitle":"HUMS 325","author":[{"literal":"ColumbiaCollegeOnline"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (ColumbiaCollegeOnline, n.d.).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY ColumbiaCollegeOnline. (n.d.). HUMS 325: Client Interview. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmGS37XsryU&feature=youtu.be

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

CASE STUDY

Case Study: Catastrophizing

Name of Writer

Affiliations

Kristen was a 38-year-old woman with two teenage girls. She is enjoying a successful career in upper-level management. Despite working for the same company over the past six years she is very insecure and always fears the worst-case scenario. This situation has led her into a state of mind where she is constantly worried about losing her job. Her worries and insecurities are not limited to just her profession since her parents are getting older, she is worried that they might suffer diseases like Alzheimer's or cancer. Both of her daughters are good in studies and sports, they also are never involved in trouble. However, she was still concerned and worried that they might get spoiled and may indulge in drugs and other criminal activities as they grow up. Ever since this situation has started to begin, she is feeling restless, tired and tense. She has also started to space out in many meetings and presentations which led her to face many embarrassing moments. When she often can’t sleep because before sleeping every night, she rethinks all the worst scenarios that can happen to her and because of such situations she only gets two to three hours of sleep. Despite the support of friends and family Kristen herself stated that she is unable to ward off any undesirable thoughts. The reasons for her worries are also not specific and she is only worried about the downward turn of the economy.

Diagnostic Impressions

Thinking about the worst-case scenario comes under catastrophizing or catastrophic disorder and borderline personality disorder. Catastrophizing comes under the broader umbrella of depression as well as an anxiety disorder. Catastrophic way of thinking can be defined as continuous thinking of worst-case scenarios before starting anything. It can stop or hinder the thought process of people at the time of taking decisions. The symptoms of this disorder include a depressed and sad mood for the majority of the day. These mood swings and depressed feelings can even occur daily. A person usually loses interest in daily life activities as indicated by Kristine that she is single yet she has no interest in involvement in a romantic relationship. One of the major symptoms in insomnia and hypersomnia which is also visible from the case of Kristine since she is unable to sleep properly. There is also a feeling of restlessness and being slowed down. Other symptoms may include fatigue, indecisiveness, recurrent negative thoughts, and inability to concentrate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bTuBKdd4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Association, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Association, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":172,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/TI92PARA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/TI92PARA"],"itemData":{"id":172,"type":"article-journal","title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","container-title":"BMC Med","page":"133-137","volume":"17","author":[{"family":"Association","given":"American Psychiatric"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Association, 2013). Thinking about the worst-case scenario is also a cognitive process in which a person is likely to experience negative thoughts without him being thoughtful about it. This means that if a person is anxious or depressed about something, his perception or outcome about something he predicted might change because of his attitude. The negative thought process or always worrying about the worst-case scenario can affect people’s day to day activities. For example, if someone is walking through a roadside and found some money, if he is not suffering from any disorder, he will pick it up ang might give it to the nearest homeless person. However, if the person is suffering from severe anxiety, depression and continuously has negative thoughts he might think that this money was put there just to test his honesty. This means that when a person is depressed the results or outcome of a thought process is likely to be catastrophic. People who are depressed and anxious feelings that catastrophic result is the only possible outcome of the situation they are thinking about. While for a borderline personality disorder, a person suffering from it might feel that his life is a little bumpier than normal people because of who he is and what his surroundings are. People suffering from this personality disorder may feel that his likes and dislikes are changing frequently and there is always a fear of losing someone.

Treatment recommendations

There are certain things that if a patient manages properly, he or she is likely to minimize the roller-coaster of emotions and extreme negative thoughts about something. The first thing is recognition of certain emotion that is going through your mind. Try to notice whether there is systematic repetition over the emotions you are going through and whether these events qualify as a catastrophe or not. The next step is to associate the emotions with certain descriptive words like terrible, extreme, worry, awful, etc. For a therapist, the main purpose is to recognize between an annoying situation and a truly disastrous one and then treat the patient accordingly. The main goal of a therapist is to take control of the situation and find its complexity. The therapist should aim and try to find the exact situation through which a person is suffering. The first thing that should be properly advised is to help the patient in getting better sleep, set a proper diet plan for him, practice him to do relaxation techniques ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WnJUb9Yq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kvam, Kleppe, Nordhus, & Hovland, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Kvam, Kleppe, Nordhus, & Hovland, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":177,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/8AC4EZCN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/8AC4EZCN"],"itemData":{"id":177,"type":"article-journal","title":"Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis","container-title":"Journal of affective disorders","page":"67-86","volume":"202","author":[{"family":"Kvam","given":"Siri"},{"family":"Kleppe","given":"Catrine Lykkedrang"},{"family":"Nordhus","given":"Inger Hilde"},{"family":"Hovland","given":"Anders"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kvam, Kleppe, Nordhus, & Hovland, 2016). The therapy that should be used for the treatment of the patient should be cognitive behavioral therapy. The goal will be to bring positivity and cheerfulness in her life. Involve her more in daily life activities. Bring her closer to her children and parents to realize that it is only natural for people to get weak when they and suffer through diseases when they get old. As for her children, they are very competitive and intelligent there is no reason to worry about any future mishap that is a possibility and not certainty. As for the medication treatment of the disorder, there are a lot of antidepressants available, however, only a certain level and type are required for treatment. Some of the medicines for the treatment of depression include Paxil, Celexa, Savella, Wellbutrin, etc. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BY6aJ5ko","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Miller et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Miller et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":176,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/K8HGEBIJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/K8HGEBIJ"],"itemData":{"id":176,"type":"article-journal","title":"Antenatal depression, psychotropic medication use, and inflammation among pregnant women","container-title":"Archives of women's mental health","page":"785-790","volume":"21","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Miller","given":"Emily S."},{"family":"Grobman","given":"William A."},{"family":"Culhane","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Adam","given":"Emma"},{"family":"Buss","given":"Claudia"},{"family":"Entringer","given":"Sonja"},{"family":"Miller","given":"Gregory"},{"family":"Wadhwa","given":"Pathik D."},{"family":"Keenan-Devlin","given":"Lauren"},{"family":"Borders","given":"Ann"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Miller et al., 2018).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Association, A. P. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. BMC Med, 17, 133–137.

Kvam, S., Kleppe, C. L., Nordhus, I. H., & Hovland, A. (2016). Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 67–86.

Miller, E. S., Grobman, W. A., Culhane, J., Adam, E., Buss, C., Entringer, S., … Borders, A. (2018). Antenatal depression, psychotropic medication use, and inflammation among pregnant women. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 21(6), 785–790.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

CASE STUDY

Case Study: Xenophobia

Name of Writer

Affiliations

Key Issues

The patient is 21-year-old university student named as Jacob. The major personality disorders that he is facing right now includes fear of strangers. His family has noticed unusual and inexplicable behaviors. They have heard him whispering and talking to himself even if there was no one around. They have also heard him praying over and over in the night as well. He now doesn’t like to do things that he once loved to do. He is refusing to answer any calls and feels that if the call gets answers a deadly chip will get activated that was implemented in his brain. He stopped attending his university because he believes that his professors are plotting against him. He is also refusing to go to a psychiatrist because he believes that his parents are plotting against him and they might take out his brain and implant it in themselves. He believes that people are conspiring against him and he will do whatever it takes to protect himself against the danger. Apart from that, Jacob is not social anymore which he used to be. He has had girlfriends in the past but none of them was successful in the long run. He himself feels that most of his friends has moved on from him because of his “bizarre behavior”. He noted that many things which he once loved doesn’t attract him anymore. He believes that he doesn’t even wants an association with his friends anymore. He also loved to ride motorbike and work out at gym but such things also don’t interest him anymore.

Jacob and his family are very religious and have attended the church all of their life. Jacob have attended bible schools in his life. He regularly participated in Church activities and he used to do choirs. However, he also now refuses to go to church and sing hymens.

Diagnostic Impression

The patient is suffering from fear of unknowns, delusions and irrationality. The psychological terms that can be associated with these are Xenophobia, Paranoia and Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia. These terms come under the category of Bipolar and related disorders. The DSM 5 have listed the related condition of patient under “Major Depressive Episode”. The major symptoms are remarkable decrease in interest or pleasure in almost all of activities. Decrease in appetite and weight loss, inappropriate guilt, feeling of worthiness and loneliness, overreacting sense of protection are also some of the major symptoms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"o56UAset","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Association, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Association, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":212,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/53F97A5R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/53F97A5R"],"itemData":{"id":212,"type":"article-journal","title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","container-title":"BMC Med","page":"133-137","volume":"17","author":[{"family":"Association","given":"American Psychiatric"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Association, 2013). Anxiety or fear of feeling something more than what its actual danger is and Resistance and triggering of emotions in the presence of certain people are also some symptoms of this disorder. The patient may go to extreme in order to protect himself from the opposing danger and this also self-limits the patients. The don’t want to interact with other people and wants to be socially inactive.

The patients suffering from the mentioned disorders usually have biased and influential approaches towards reality. They often exhibit more hostile and paranoid beliefs towards the reality around them. They may see other people social behaviors as threatening towards them. Patient suffering from such activities may show symptoms of Relinquishing social activities, isolating one’s self, feeling of powerlessness and depression. The other recommended disorder is Paranoia. It includes sentiments of abuse and a misrepresented feeling of pretentiousness. Suspicion happens in numerous mental issues and is uncommon as a segregated maladjustment. following the daydreams include stand out territory a man with distrustfulness can as a rule work and work in regular life in any case their lives might be restricted and disengaged. there are distinctive sorts of paranoia including conjugal paranoia erotomania hypochondriacal paranoia and different types of paranoid disorders such as paranoid personality and paranoid schizophrenia. Treatment of paranoia is generally through conduct treatment which is gone for lessening affectability to feedback and enhancing social aptitudes. it can be hard to regard a man with paranoia as they might be bad tempered sincerely protected unfriendly and unwilling; along these lines’ advancement is moderate. treatment endeavors to break the cycle of suspicion and disengagement by aiding so as to utilize unwinding and tension administration and the individual to change certain practices.

Treatment Recommendation

If the phobia is not severe then self help is the best way towards treatment. Yoga and other relaxation techniques such as breathing exercises and visualization techniques help people to recover from it. However, in the case of Jacob the symptoms showed that his conditions are very severe. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the main that help people to focus on change in their thinking processes and address phobia related activities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"faiIW5B5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Omoluabi, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Omoluabi, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":213,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/7TE9SIMP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/7TE9SIMP"],"itemData":{"id":213,"type":"article-journal","title":"Psychological foundation of xenophobia","container-title":"IFE Psychologia: An international Journal","page":"53-71","volume":"16","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Omoluabi","given":"Peter F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Omoluabi, 2008). In this process the change in mentality occurs gradually and the patients are exposed to their environment gradually. If a person suffers from extreme case of Paranoia the treatment should include focusing on lip listening to your inner voice and balancing this with what others say, those you trust and who are objective ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KRHKMjks","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cludius, Schr\\uc0\\u246{}der, & Moritz, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Cludius, Schröder, & Moritz, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":214,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/QV4WBF65"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/QV4WBF65"],"itemData":{"id":214,"type":"article-journal","title":"Expectancy effects in self-help depression treatment: first evidence that the rationale given for an online study impacts the outcome","container-title":"Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy","page":"195-208","volume":"46","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Cludius","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Schröder","given":"Johanna"},{"family":"Moritz","given":"Steffen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cludius, Schröder, & Moritz, 2018). The main objective of a good therapist is to teach others the ways through which he can motivate himself and come out of theta condition. A therapist should teach the gestalt method for dream analysis something that helps in evaluating thought process. A therapist should suggest to at least talk to people you can trust and who are objective about your problems. People who can accept that you are experiencing paranoia and that it does not make you an inferior person.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Association, A. P. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. BMC Med, 17, 133–137.

Cludius, B., Schröder, J., & Moritz, S. (2018). Expectancy effects in self-help depression treatment: First evidence that the rationale given for an online study impacts the outcome. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 46(2), 195–208.

Omoluabi, P. F. (2008). Psychological foundation of xenophobia. IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 16(2), 53–71.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

CASE STUDY

Case Study: OCPD

Name of Writer

Affiliations

Mr. Boyle is a 55 years old high school principal who came for assessment after he faced serious behavioral issues. He stated that he was always a very distrustful person but now his curiosity has increased a lot. He has a habit of thinking that people are jealous of him because of what he has achieved through his hard work and struggle. He believes that since he is from a poor background, he deserves this position more than anyone else. He stated that he overreacts to things a lot more than he should because he fears that there are envious people working against him. The members of the board believe that he is driving everyone crazy and he is very structured and strict. His children and wife also believe that Mr. Boyle is strict and runs the house like a military drill. Mr. Boyle started drinking wine and would have the intention of drinking only one, but often the count went up to two or three. According to his wife, he has also become more irritable and argumentative.

Diagnostic Impressions

The patient is suffering from Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, depression and disruptive mood disorder. A patient suffering from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder usually gives careful and extra attention to perfectionism and detail. He wants control over the environment in which he lives and works. This type of personality disorder can reduce one’s efficiency, openness to any new experience and can weaken interpersonal relationships. Greed and extra attention to work are also one of the major traits in such people. The person suffering from such a personality disorder feels that more time and effort are required to achieve certain goals and complete a task. He wants to keep control over the surroundings and hates anything that is beyond his control or is unpredictable. Many individuals who suffer from OCD feel an overstated sense of responsibility; most of the time they overestimate the threat they are facing, usually want everything to be perfect, and cannot endure any ambiguous situation.

There are two main criteria for evaluating obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Criterion A focuses on the presence of obsession and compulsion while criterion B associates time with it. These obsessions are not pleasurable and usually cause distress and anxiety. Individuals showing these symptoms usually suppress it with other emotions and thoughts of anger and assertiveness which can further lead to anxiety and depression. Most patients suffering from OCD have both the symptoms of compulsion and obsession. Any treatment for OCD aims to reduce obsession and the compulsion or fear of doing something with an obligation. Compulsion is not something that individuals perform out of pleasure and relief but some individuals feel light-hearted and free from any stress when they compel themselves to do something. The criteria B of OCD helps in recognizing the type of thoughts that are occurring for example whether they are occasional intuitive thoughts or a part of the repeated behaviors that a person has ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dX76Rt2X","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Association, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Association, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":172,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/TI92PARA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/TI92PARA"],"itemData":{"id":172,"type":"article-journal","title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","container-title":"BMC Med","page":"133-137","volume":"17","author":[{"family":"Association","given":"American Psychiatric"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Association, 2013). The frequency at which these actions occur is important in determining the nature of the disorder. Some people might have a slight disorder where a person might spend 1-3 hours a day spending on obsessive or compulsive thoughts while others may find it a part of their personality.

While the criteria to judge depressive disorder is to observe repeated temper surges and moments, they may also show physical aggression towards other people in their surroundings which may be out of proportion for many normal people. These temper outbursts and situations are not time-dependent or inconsistent. If extreme anger occurs more than two to three times a week, it is regarded as depressive outbursts.

Treatment Recommendations

Treatment of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder includes self-help, therapy related to behaviors, psychotherapy, etc. There is a certain and specific medication that can be prescribed as well. The main task of a psychotherapist in the case of treating a patient is to change the behavioral thinking of the patient. A therapist should work on changing the behavior of the person from obsession to normal cognitive thinking. An important form of behavioral therapy is cognitive analysis therapy. Only medication cannot help in this type of disorder and a patient must go through a certain behavioral therapy. The treatment of a person gets even more complicated if there is an unwillingness to go through behavioral therapy and the patient does not accept the fact that he or she is suffering from any OCPD ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t09640gm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pinto et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Pinto et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":174,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/9F4YKNXU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/9F4YKNXU"],"itemData":{"id":174,"type":"article-journal","title":"Perfectionism in obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders: What should treating clinicians know?","container-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders","page":"102-108","volume":"12","author":[{"family":"Pinto","given":"Anthony"},{"family":"Dargani","given":"Navin"},{"family":"Wheaton","given":"Michael G."},{"family":"Cervoni","given":"Cynthia"},{"family":"Rees","given":"Clare S."},{"family":"Egan","given":"Sarah J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pinto et al., 2017). The case of OCPD is even more severe because the compulsion and obsession doesn't let the individual accept the fact that he needs a change of behavior. Certain medications can prove helpful if a person goes through therapy e.g. SSRI or serotonin reuptake inhibitors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wggeVOFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pinto, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Pinto, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":173,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/GXYRIWQU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/GXYRIWQU"],"itemData":{"id":173,"type":"chapter","title":"Treatment of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder","container-title":"Clinical handbook of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders","publisher":"Springer","page":"415-429","author":[{"family":"Pinto","given":"Anthony"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pinto, 2016). It helps a person to become less rigid. People suffering from OCPD are in more need of behavioral therapy than any other patient suffering from major depression. Primary care and forgiveness therapy for their day to day interactive persons are also needed. There are no proper defined and established methods that can help patients in recovering from OCPD. A lot of research and work is required for better treatment and recovery process of the patients.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Association, A. P. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. BMC Med, 17, 133–137.

Pinto, A. (2016). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. In Clinical Handbook of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (pp. 415–429). Springer.

Pinto, A., Dargani, N., Wheaton, M. G., Cervoni, C., Rees, C. S., & Egan, S. J. (2017). Perfectionism in obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders: What should treating clinicians know? Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 12, 102–108.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Case Study

Case Study

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Case Study

A 42-year-old man, Wan DeRer with a positive medical history of severe alcohol dependency was admitted to the healthcare facility to seek help form healthcare providers. He was diagnosed with severe alcohol dependency and socially he was homeless. The case was observed with all of his physical and medical assessment was performed. The history of the client has suggested that he was punished brutally in his childhood. Also, he has suffered violence and aggressive behaviors in society in his childhood. He was observed with strong and positive signs of responsibility for work as he was working at higher wages as compared to his peers. He was severely engaged in alcohol use that occasionally found by the police departments in a drunk state. The patient was seeking help as he was aware of his condition and wanted to get proper treatment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WCQ6Q2Rm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":320,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"itemData":{"id":320,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews","issue":"4","title":"Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence","author":[{"family":"Agabio","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Trogu","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Pani","given":"Pier Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Agabio et al., 2018). Though the dependency of alcohol has not enabled him to complete his treatment he always preferred to get rehabilitation or inpatient residential programs.

He was gifted with his professional skills of getting a job easily and also, he was skilled professional though has been found combating his alcohol dependency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VUSlPQ5A","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"itemData":{"id":316,"type":"webpage","title":"Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs","URL":"https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780926544406/cfi/486!/4/2@100:0.00","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.). He has been observed with substance dependency for long, therefore, he needed an essential and effective treatment for his recovery.

Reason for Assessment

Wan DeRer was assessed as troublesome for the healthcare staff and has been observed with severe alcohol dependency. The case was presented with interesting signs of "first he was agreed to initiate detoxification, residential program” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5VChf7U3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":320,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"itemData":{"id":320,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews","issue":"4","title":"Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence","author":[{"family":"Agabio","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Trogu","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Pani","given":"Pier Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Agabio et al., 2018). Later, “he denied with a lame excuse for what it would not work for him”.

Sources of Information

The interviews were conducted from police departments, his working owners and relatives of his nearby areas. The interviews were presented with a chronic relapsing client who challenges the compassion of program staff. The information related to his medical history and family history was provided by the patient himself. Also, the healthcare facility emergency departments have provided essential information regarding the condition of Wan DeRer. He also visited a healthcare facility most often and informed the healthcare providers about his status and family background. He was positive in connection to the program irrespective of his relapses, he continues to come back to the healthcare providers for help and care. Medical record was maintained at the healthcare facilities to gather the data of the patient. The patient has provided his medical records, diagnostic reports and family history ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VWqaixXv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":320,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"itemData":{"id":320,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews","issue":"4","title":"Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence","author":[{"family":"Agabio","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Trogu","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Pani","given":"Pier Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Agabio et al., 2018). The patient has also informed the healthcare providers about his working routine and agencies during his visits.

Biopsychosocial History

Patient visiting for help was diagnosed with severe alcohol dependency. The patient, Wan DeRer was a highly paid welder. His biological background has suggested that he has been severely punished in his childhood. The psychological history of the patient was not normal. He has a habit of drinking behaviors because of which he has to leave the workplace ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). Because of his alcohol dependency, he was observed as a responsible worker. The psychological condition of the patient has suggested that he was not able to control his drinking behavior ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). He was punished and neglected in his childhood and both of his parents have passed long ago.

Biological, Psychological and Social History. The biological history of the patient was a severe alcohol dependency. The condition of the patient has suggested that he was not supported in his childhood as both of his parents have passed in his childhood ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). The client was neglected and punished in his childhood and because of which he has developed a habit of drinking. Studies have shown that alcohol dependency is a phenomenon that develops because of continuous drinking. Additionally, it has been suggested by the psychologists that continuous and regular use of alcohol cause addiction in individuals. Persons involve in drinking usually start drinking to get rid of their stress and depression ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9Kf6IeAH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":320,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"itemData":{"id":320,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews","issue":"4","title":"Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence","author":[{"family":"Agabio","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Trogu","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Pani","given":"Pier Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Agabio et al., 2018). They start drinking for pleasure and relaxation, however, with time it becomes a part of their life. This ultimately results in more and more consumption of alcohol. The human brain develops a dependency on alcohol with time.

The psychological condition of the patient was not normal as he has developed alcohol dependency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). He has been diagnosed with severe alcohol dependency which depicts that he would not able to overcome this habit of drinking ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GOOGWIrh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":320,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"itemData":{"id":320,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews","issue":"4","title":"Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence","author":[{"family":"Agabio","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Trogu","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Pani","given":"Pier Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Agabio et al., 2018). Therefore, he was seeking help in the residential program. Psychologically, he was also observed that counseling helped him several times though, because of dependency he was not able to stop using alcohol.

Socially he was an active person. He has been working as a welder and has a good sense of responsibility. However, he was neglected in his childhood and because of which he has developed some negative and socially impaired behaviors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). This is the reason he was found by the police occasionally. He was living alone and as a homeless person ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"23ydu89j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":320,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"itemData":{"id":320,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews","issue":"4","title":"Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence","author":[{"family":"Agabio","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Trogu","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Pani","given":"Pier Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Agabio et al., 2018). He was involved in over drinking in his workplaces because of which he has no good repute at his workplaces. As a counselor, I have observed that positive social energy was lacking in this case as his parents have died in his childhood and he was punished and neglected. After this loss, the patients usually develop and adapt to the socially impaired behaviors from society. No significant peers or family relationship has been observed in this case.

Developmental. Childhood development is mainly dependent on social interactions and family contribution, according to Piaget’s theory of development, early life years are very important in the development of children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). The individual has not met all of his developmental milestones. He has been involved in punishment in his childhood which has created a negative influence on his development. His parents have died in his childhood and therefore, the client was left alone and neglected by society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BeC7Ytzd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"itemData":{"id":316,"type":"webpage","title":"Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs","URL":"https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780926544406/cfi/486!/4/2@100:0.00","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.). The client may have suffered bullying or ridicule in his childhood through history has not been provided in this regard ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iYrIXq0A","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(St\\uc0\\u229{}lheim et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Stålheim et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":319,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/4U84X48S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/4U84X48S"],"itemData":{"id":319,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly","issue":"3","page":"387-398","title":"Psychotic Experiences, Childhood Trauma, and Alcohol-Related Self-Efficacy in a Nonpsychiatric Sample of Individuals in Alcohol Dependence Treatment: A Pilot Study","volume":"36","author":[{"family":"Stålheim","given":"Jonas"},{"family":"Berglund","given":"Kristina"},{"family":"Berggren","given":"Ulf"},{"family":"Balldin","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Fahlke","given":"Claudia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stålheim et al., 2018). The client has been neglected in his childhood and because of which he may have developed anxiety and depression and to get rid of feelings of pain, he has been now developed severe alcohol dependency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017).

Family. It has been observed that family plays an important role in the development of behaviors and stability in a person’s life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kufRRfmG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":320,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"itemData":{"id":320,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews","issue":"4","title":"Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence","author":[{"family":"Agabio","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Trogu","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Pani","given":"Pier Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Agabio et al., 2018). The loss of parents has caused stress for the patient in his childhood. Additionally, he was neglected and punished and due to which perhaps he has developed a trauma or during youth. The client has no significant and strong family background for his support ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). Loss of parents and no support from any family members has affected his development and growth in childhood and youth. If he was supported by any family member, he would have developed a good sense of responsibility and socially acceptable behaviors.

Current Status

The client has been assessed and diagnosed with severe alcohol dependency. The case was observed with all of his physical and clinical assessment was performed. The history of the patient has suggested that he was a victim of child abuse in his childhood. Similarly, he has suffered violence and violent behaviors in his childhood ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). The patient was observed with strong and positive signs of concern of work as he was working at a high salary as compared to his peers. He was severely engaged in alcohol use that occasionally found by the police departments in a drunk state ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). The patient was seeking help as he was aware of his condition and wanted to get proper treatment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"etjRPDYX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":320,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"itemData":{"id":320,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews","issue":"4","title":"Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence","author":[{"family":"Agabio","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Trogu","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Pani","given":"Pier Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Agabio et al., 2018). Though the dependency of alcohol has not enabled him to complete his treatment he always preferred to get rehabilitation or inpatient residential programs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ruMrdRnY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":320,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"itemData":{"id":320,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews","issue":"4","title":"Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence","author":[{"family":"Agabio","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Trogu","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Pani","given":"Pier Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Agabio et al., 2018). Wan DeRer needs a prompt treatment plan for the control of alcohol dependency. Although, the dependency of alcohol has not permitted him to complete his treatment he always preferred to get rehabilitation or inpatient residential programs.

Indicators of Abuse and Dependency

Clinical signs such as diagnostic tests of tissues and organs can help in the diagnosis of alcohol dependence. However, Wan DeRer's behaviors such as the careless attitude of deinking and excessive drinking at workplaces suggested that he has been involved in alcohol dependence. Also, various indicators of the conditions such as the psychological assessment of the patient and his positive medical history of alcohol dependency have suggested this state. Most of his organs have been not functioning appropriately, the signs of dependency and addiction has suggested that brain and neuronal functioning is severely damaged ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). The signs of repercussions and influences have suggested that the patient has been involved in severe dependency. Attitude and behavior of the patients such as police have found his occasionally drunk, his habit of excessive drinking at workplaces ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rDAdvVrE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"itemData":{"id":316,"type":"webpage","title":"Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs","URL":"https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780926544406/cfi/486!/4/2@100:0.00","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.). All of these elements have suggested his alcohol overuse and dependency.

Attitude and Behavior

Unstable and excessive alcohol drinking behavior. His inconsiderate attitude at workplaces and no clear idea about his interactions and relationships with people have suggested that he has a careless attitude.

Social Functioning

Impaired and no positive association with friends and peers. There is little doubt whether Wan DeRer has been connecting with anyone or not. There was no clear direction for a counselor to understand whether he has any relationship at the current state of not. Also, he has been involved in excessive drinking therefore, he has no good social interaction and functioning.

Occupational Functioning

Wan DeRer was not an unprofessional and unskilled person. He was good at finding jobs. He was unable to work properly because of his drinking attitude.

Financial Aspects

It may be suggested that he has no financial issues as Wan DeRer was easily able to get a job because of his Union hall. However, no clear picture has been suggested whether he has any financial issues at present or not.

Familial Relationships

He has an abusive family history coupled with a neglected attitude of family. Neglectful attitude represents that caregivers have less eye contact and were not responsive ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MGIujuLI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Beraha et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Beraha et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":321,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/PSLIT3NQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/PSLIT3NQ"],"itemData":{"id":321,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology","issue":"12","page":"1950-1959","title":"Efficacy and safety of high-dose baclofen for the treatment of alcohol dependence: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind controlled trial","volume":"26","author":[{"family":"Beraha","given":"Esther M."},{"family":"Salemink","given":"Elske"},{"family":"Goudriaan","given":"Anna E."},{"family":"Bakker","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"Jong","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"Smits","given":"Natasha"},{"family":"Zwart","given":"Jan Willem"},{"family":"Geest","given":"Dick","non-dropping-particle":"van"},{"family":"Bodewits","given":"Pieter"},{"family":"Schiphof","given":"Tom"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Beraha et al., 2016). They have not taken complete responsibility for his childhood ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iVGcPNJn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"itemData":{"id":316,"type":"webpage","title":"Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs","URL":"https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780926544406/cfi/486!/4/2@100:0.00","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.). This suggests that Wan DeRer was not able to develop a strong and significant relationship with his parents and family. Ignorant and neglected behaviors of family have promoted him to adapt to the socially impaired behaviors.

Legal

Though he was not found involved in any legal discrepancy, Wan DeRer has faced many complications because of his alcohol dependency.

Health

Alcohol dependency has causes many health issues and concerns. Wan Derer has lost the capacity to absorb his nutrients and food ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). His digestive tract has not been responding to food appropriately. It is also suggested that with time, alcohol dependency would lead him to liver disease or cirrhosis.

Spiritual

There is an indication that Wan Derer has a good spiritual life. He might need a little support from society to completely develop his spiritual life. He first has to encounter with his habit of alcohol dependency to get back to the right track. The lack of spiritual life may have influenced him to think that he has the only option of alcohol to escape from his depression and stress.

Case Study 2

Diagnostic Impression

The clinical and physical assessment of the patient has suggested that he is being involved in alcohol use from long ago. Also, Wan Derer has confirmed with his statements and behaviors that he has alcohol dependency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). The client has been observed with a positive medical history of alcohol dependency. It may also be confirmed from his medical tests such as tests related to livers, kidneys, and stomach ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"u5llaOpz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Agabio et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":320,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/BPHC7UNH"],"itemData":{"id":320,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews","issue":"4","title":"Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence","author":[{"family":"Agabio","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Trogu","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Pani","given":"Pier Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Agabio et al., 2018). Medical science has suggested that patients with alcohol dependence may develop cirrhosis and liver disease with time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fFrUphhD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"itemData":{"id":316,"type":"webpage","title":"Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs","URL":"https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780926544406/cfi/486!/4/2@100:0.00","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.). Also, Wan Derer has been found issues with his stomach, digestive track so it is just a matter of time that he may develop liver or lung disease. However, with time, he may have developed other related diseases that can be diagnosed with prescribed tests recommended by the physicians.

Treatment Plan

Studies have suggested that cognitive behavioral therapy assisted with medication can help the patients to learn socially acceptable behaviors. Wan DeRer would be given therapy for his behavioral change. Problem-solving attitude would be developed with time by asserting him an attitude of acceptance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). Based on his attitudes, he would be guided with positive feedback for his expressing behaviors and to share his stresses. Involving him in social interaction would help him to understand the needs of society and to develop spiritual connections with people.

Encouragement, support, and individual coping therapies would be provided. Psychologists have suggested that socially impaired behaviors can be effectively treated with medication-assisted with cognitive development. Problem-solving behaviors would be encouraged in the provide therapies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). Coping skills and lifestyle change attitude would be practiced at a healthcare facility to help him to understand his state and adapt to the socially active behaviors to escape from his depression.

The caregiver attitude of healthcare providers and enabling behaviors of staff will help him to engage in coping attitude ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AOKyRtsc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"itemData":{"id":316,"type":"webpage","title":"Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs","URL":"https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780926544406/cfi/486!/4/2@100:0.00","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.). Alternate coping therapies would be provided to him. Examination after every therapy would be assessed to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment program. Self-assessment and self-help associations would be developed for him. A safe and clean environment and also the availability of nurses or patients to give him company during his treatment would be suggested.

Medication would be suggested as Disulfiram which would help him to maintain abstinence from alcohol. Acamprosate would be recommended to decline the alcoholism by dropping receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Methadone would be suggested to handle the cravings or to lower the effect of cravings. Medication-assisted therapies will enable Wan DeRer to cope with his cravings and maintain a balanced and stable life. The behavioral therapies will preferably enable him to get stability and a problem-solving attitude.

Aftercare Recommendations

It has been observed that patients seeking treatment for alcohol dependency or drug abuse may develop the symptoms after engaging themselves in the same society. Therefore, aftercare recommendation is very important for Wan DeRer. Such as engagement in a healthy activity and involvement in social work where he would be able to interact with people is essentially recommended. The ability to redevelop alcohol use would be suspected in such cases, therefore, he should be monitored regularly through follow-ups. His interaction with a good company is essentially important in this case ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"adTXtEzc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"itemData":{"id":316,"type":"webpage","title":"Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs","URL":"https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780926544406/cfi/486!/4/2@100:0.00","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.). Maintenance of proper diet and regular exercises would be suggested to enable him to cope with his stress and anxiety, regular and recommended use of prescription for the specific period is also important.

A person seeking help from alcohol dependency needs additional support and care from the healthcare facilities and staff therefore, providing them a suitable care environment is important. Rehabilitation services need to be provided with quality care ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pu61MNFL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/ZBCFPYU2"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"European addiction research","issue":"5","page":"219-230","title":"Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence?","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Aubin","given":"Henri-Jean"},{"family":"Witkiewitz","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2017). Psychologists have suggested that these clients need additional attention and care from the healthcare providers to gain energy and strength to cope with their stress and behaviors. Alcohol use should be discouraged at schools, colleges, and universities so that individuals should not be able to access it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vvdF1vyO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"itemData":{"id":316,"type":"webpage","title":"Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs","URL":"https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780926544406/cfi/486!/4/2@100:0.00","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.). Family contribution and interactions with peers are essentially important in maintaining a good environment for patients with alcohol dependency.

Many patients seeking help from alcohol dependency have successfully recovered from their state by the services of healthcare providers with medication and behavioral therapies. According to the studies, it has been suggested that medication-assisted with cognitive behavioral therapy are important in addressing the persons suffering from alcohol dependency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sM9aQDGR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SY2RGHWQ"],"itemData":{"id":316,"type":"webpage","title":"Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs","URL":"https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780926544406/cfi/486!/4/2@100:0.00","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, n.d.). Therefore, Wan DeRer can effectively decline his socially impaired behaviors and he would be able to overcome his cravings and dependency of alcohol after getting complete treatment of medication suggested and recommended behavioral therapies. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is essential in addressing attitudes and behaviors of people particularly socially impaired actions. Therefore, physicians and psychologists have suggested that medication-assisted behavioral therapies can effectively treat patients with drug abuse or alcohol dependency.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Agabio, R., Trogu, E., & Pani, P. P. (2018). Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4.

Beraha, E. M., Salemink, E., Goudriaan, A. E., Bakker, A., de Jong, D., Smits, N., Zwart, J. W., van Geest, D., Bodewits, P., & Schiphof, T. (2016). Efficacy and safety of high-dose baclofen for the treatment of alcohol dependence: A multicentre, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(12), 1950–1959.

Chegg: Uppers, Downers, All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs. (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2020, from https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780926544406/cfi/486!/4/2@100:0.00

Mann, K., Aubin, H.-J., & Witkiewitz, K. (2017). Reduced drinking in alcohol dependence treatment, what is the evidence? European Addiction Research, 23(5), 219–230.

Stålheim, J., Berglund, K., Berggren, U., Balldin, J., & Fahlke, C. (2018). Psychotic Experiences, Childhood Trauma, and Alcohol-Related Self-Efficacy in a Nonpsychiatric Sample of Individuals in Alcohol Dependence Treatment: A Pilot Study. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 36(3), 387–398.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

Case Study

Case Study

[Author]

[Institution]

Author Note

Case Study

Introduction

Child psychology is one of the most significant branches of psychology. It focuses on the growth and development of a child right from the early stages of his life till they enter the age of adolescence. In the present age, psychology realize that children are completely unique. Their mind works in a different manner than the minds of an adult. Hence they require their very onset of theories to govern them and make sense of the choices that they make in life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wCblVA9g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Soto & Tackett, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Soto & Tackett, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":380,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/54C6TBIW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/54C6TBIW"],"itemData":{"id":380,"type":"article-journal","title":"Personality traits in childhood and adolescence: Structure, development, and outcomes","container-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","page":"358-362","volume":"24","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Soto","given":"Christopher J."},{"family":"Tackett","given":"Jennifer L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Soto & Tackett, 2015). Thus, a psychologist’s approach and their opinion are entirely customized on the basis of the client being studied. Child psychologists, given the sensitive nature of their subject, take into account every experience that the child has and compare it to his psychology, his cognitive ability, the development of his gross motor skills and what not to ensure that a justified assessment of the child in question can be carried out ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4we0lojx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jirout & Newcombe, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Jirout & Newcombe, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":381,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/AJVVIJQR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/AJVVIJQR"],"itemData":{"id":381,"type":"article-journal","title":"Building blocks for developing spatial skills: Evidence from a large, representative US sample","container-title":"Psychological science","page":"302-310","volume":"26","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Jirout","given":"Jamie J."},{"family":"Newcombe","given":"Nora S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jirout & Newcombe, 2015).

Case Study

For the purpose of this paper, the child being observed is a 5-year-old boy. He is an inquisitive little boy and his family hails primarily from Nigeria in West Africa. The family identified themselves as Yoruba Christians and moved to the country a few years prior to the birth of the subject. They expect their child to comply with their culture’s rules and values and should be respectful, polite, smart and obedient towards adults at all time.

Therefore, when the child first met the observer, he was shown to be a timid and shy boy. While he wasn’t hesitant to meet the stranger, it seems that he was curious and would to get to know her a bit more. According to Erik Erickson’s theory ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sGjwavqr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Erickson & Thiessen, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Erickson & Thiessen, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":383,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/VNE3DCP3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/VNE3DCP3"],"itemData":{"id":383,"type":"article-journal","title":"Statistical learning of language: Theory, validity, and predictions of a statistical learning account of language acquisition","container-title":"Developmental Review","page":"66-108","volume":"37","author":[{"family":"Erickson","given":"Lucy C."},{"family":"Thiessen","given":"Erik D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Erickson & Thiessen, 2015), the child is in a psychosocial stage of development i.e. initiative vs. guilt. It means that the little boy showed eagerness with wanting to meet new people. However, he was also anxious, especially about how he was going to be received. He is shown to be a fussy boy who is playing with his games when the observer arrives. He is able to form full sentences, which shows the boy’s symbolic thinking and great cognition and motor skills in line with his age. By the time the second interaction between the observer and the child, the child remembers the observer and is much more open to receiving her. He plays with her and even shares his toys with her. By the third time the observer and the subject are put together in a room, the boy enthusiastically greets the observer and rushes to tell her all about her day. He even obeys her when she reprimands him on his behavior. Analysis of the interaction showed Lawrence Kohlberg’s Pre-conventional stage ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bgKpZLnn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kohlberg, 1985)","plainCitation":"(Kohlberg, 1985)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":384,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/9G4E685T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/9G4E685T"],"itemData":{"id":384,"type":"article-journal","title":"Kohlberg’s stages of moral development","container-title":"WC Crain, Theories of development","page":"118-136","author":[{"family":"Kohlberg","given":"Lawrence"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1985"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kohlberg, 1985), according to which the child was completely aware of the idea of punishment and would like to keep himself from being punished. The observer also calls the child by his first name during this visit, so that the child feels familiar to her and that he will be willing to cooperate as he does.

During the fourth meeting of the pair, the child shows high levels of familiarity with the observer and informs her that it is his birthday and asks her for a present for his birthday. The child is shown to be more comfortable and trusting of the observer, given how frequently she visits him. While going through a picture book, the child is rightly able to identify almost all the animals, which shows his fine cognition and motor skills. He has a little brother, with whom he is seen to mimic the observer’s actions and what she did with the book with him. This child is in the pre-operational stage of Piaget’s theory ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cjPknkHR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Piaget, 1976)","plainCitation":"(Piaget, 1976)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":385,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/6BEW53RX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/6BEW53RX"],"itemData":{"id":385,"type":"chapter","title":"Piaget’s theory","container-title":"Piaget and his school","publisher":"Springer","page":"11-23","author":[{"family":"Piaget","given":"Jean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1976"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Piaget, 1976). During the last assessment the child is shown to be rather attached to his iPad and seen to even offers an insincere apology to his parents for hurting his little brother just so he could have his toy back. However, as soon as he has it in his possession, he pushes his brother on the floor, showing that he got what he wanted. These assessments were able to prove the fact that the child is developing in a normal manner psychological and is at the level of his peers in terms of his gross motor and cognitive skills.

There are a number of internal factors that influence a child’s growth, such as their personal characteristics, along with genetics. However, a child’s development involves a whole lot more than what arises from within an individual. The various factors that have a role to play in this regard, such as the relationships children have with their peers and other adults i.e. the social context, the culture the child is being exposed to as well as the socioeconomic conditions the child is being raised in. All three of these contexts constantly interact with one another and hence shape the opportunities the child is exposed to in future. Furthermore, it enriches the social associations with other people and at the same time give them a moral direction through cultural ties. This keeps imbalance at bay and allow them to grow into their own unique person with one of a kind characteristics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"F8mxE9qd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Piaget, 1976)","plainCitation":"(Piaget, 1976)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":385,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/6BEW53RX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/6BEW53RX"],"itemData":{"id":385,"type":"chapter","title":"Piaget’s theory","container-title":"Piaget and his school","publisher":"Springer","page":"11-23","author":[{"family":"Piaget","given":"Jean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1976"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Piaget, 1976).

Conclusion

Understanding children is a huge undertaking. Not only is the field of psychology wide and deep but placing as child and his development in a certain sphere is nearly impossible. This is because of the given the number of factors that control their lives, as well as the influence these factors possess. A combination of these interactions defines the personalities of these children, labelling it as normal or otherwise. Thus, a solid understand of how children develop overtime, how they think and how his behaviour correlates with child personality development theories is ideal to possess a deeper understanding of their development and help them be the very best versions of themselves in the future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ab6eisgh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jirout & Newcombe, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Jirout & Newcombe, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":381,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/AJVVIJQR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/AJVVIJQR"],"itemData":{"id":381,"type":"article-journal","title":"Building blocks for developing spatial skills: Evidence from a large, representative US sample","container-title":"Psychological science","page":"302-310","volume":"26","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Jirout","given":"Jamie J."},{"family":"Newcombe","given":"Nora S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jirout & Newcombe, 2015).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Erickson, L. C., & Thiessen, E. D. (2015). Statistical learning of language: Theory, validity, and predictions of a statistical learning account of language acquisition. Developmental Review, 37, 66–108.

Jirout, J. J., & Newcombe, N. S. (2015). Building blocks for developing spatial skills: Evidence from a large, representative US sample. Psychological Science, 26(3), 302–310.

Kohlberg, L. (1985). Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. WC Crain, Theories of Development, 118–136.

Piaget, J. (1976). Piaget’s theory. In Piaget and his school (pp. 11–23). Springer.

Soto, C. J., & Tackett, J. L. (2015). Personality traits in childhood and adolescence: Structure, development, and outcomes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(5), 358–362.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Case Study

Case study—Methamphetamine and anorexia nervosa

Name

Institution

Summary

This assignment is aimed at elaborating various advantages and disadvantages associated with the treatment of methamphetamine and anorexia nervosa based on the assumed case study. Moreover, potential client will be referred to the suitable treatment sites for mitigating her symptoms. In the end, conclusion section will attempt to wrap whole textual activity into single paragraph, deducing meaningful inferences from it.

Main body

Description of the client

Client is 31 years old unemployed female; Tina. She is homosexual; married to Sam who is a nurse and pays the rent of their house (which originally belongs to Sam’s parents that are reluctant to accept their marriage due to their strict religious customs). She was referred to out-patient treatment after breaking curfew and violating probation. She and Sam are addicted to methamphetamine but she is trying to stay far from drugs now. Her other concerns are anorexia nervosa which require deliberate intervention.

Site that I would recommend

I would recommend Tina the Hazelden Betty Ford Center, that is one of the most well organized and successful non-profit addiction recovery organization in the United States. This is because this center has many branches from east cost to west, aimed at providing addiction treatment and enhancing patients’ quality of life. This center utilizes evidence-based addiction treatments combining hypnosis and some components of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), following a conventional and effective 12 step program and other specifically formalized programs based on occupation and mental disorders. In order to ensure best success rates, this center offers residential treatment for at least 90 days. Overall recovery rate of this organization is quite compelling; 80%. This center is having a complete multidisciplinary team of mental and physical health professionals with low counselor-to-patient ratio and small group sizes (HBFC, 2017).

Potential barriers to treatment at their site

The above mentioned treatment center suggests patients to stay there for 90 days for ensuring their fast and successful recovery. This practice might hinder her relationship with her wife because in in-patient care, she will have to follow a strict daily schedule rangings from diet to meeting people. Secondly, Tina is currently unemployed; she lacks fiscal remittance to pay for the stay because it charges $1050 per day (HBFC, 2017) which is quite expensive and less affordable for the ones who are unemployed

Potential advantages to treatment at their site

As far as advantages of this organization are concerned, it is the best suited treatment site for her because of the wide range of staff encapsulating psychologists, general practitioners, psychiatrists, dieticians, pharmacologists and addiction counselors; ready to offer their excellent services. She will acquire treatment regarding her addiction and anorexia symptoms. In the in-patient stays, she would get extensive treatment; her daily routine would be monitored strictly and would be made conductive to have favorable treatment outcomes. Specifically designed individual and group counseling, relapse prevention workshops, life-skills and addiction education lectures help the client move forwards to the recovery track. Moreover, medicine-assisted treatment is also incorporated into prescription drug addiction and dually diagnosed individuals (HBFC, 2017).

Identification of sites where I could refer her

I would refer Tina to following sites based on the problem symptoms:

The Caron foundation was established by Richard Caron who initially used his house for treating drug addicts. It is an internationally recognized foundation now. Eventually, he purchased a hotel on the farm in Pennsylvania that he used for housing and treating patients; the most well-known treatment center now-a-days. This foundation consumes the most detailed and profound approach to addiction and mental health maintenance. It works with the top universities for enhancing the efficacy of further treatment methodologies. It utilizes its 12 step recovery program based on the psychological therapies (CF, 2016).

Ocean Beach Recovery is another rehab, aimed at providing the utmost individualized healthcare and treatment services to drug addicts and mentally compromised individuals. This center is focused on the Gestalts views; considering individuals as a whole and providing evidence-based treatment for spirit, mind and body. Specialized therapy options and a variety of programs are offered by this organization including intensive in-patient and out-patient treatment, yoga-therapy and gender-based treatment. It is a certified institution for diagnosing and treating co-morbid disorders as well as behavioral addiction. This center accepts healthcare plans and insurance from most of the institutions (OBR, 2016).

The Benchmark Recovery Center or the Mark Houston Recovery Center offers a 12-step traditional treatment program along with 30-90 days residential stay for executing intensive treatment. Life skill and fitness programs are additional elements that are intended at enhancing the quality of client’s overall life. This center is based on the rationale that each human being is different from others and he has differing needs and desires which must be addressed using individualized treatment. Thus, it avoids generalized or size-fits-all treatment approach. Its current success rate in 74% and has separate facilities for women and men. The maximum capacity of this home is 58 (BRC, 2016).

Conclusion

This assignment was aimed at elaborating various advantages and disadvantages associated with the treatment of methamphetamine and anorexia nervosa based on the assumed case study. It was revealed that client was diagnosed with substance use disorder (Methamphetamine) with severe eating problems (Anorexia Nervosa symptoms). The Hazelden Betty Ford Center was suggested for her treatment because this center has all the essential features required for effective treatment with the recovery rate of 80% however, this center was found to be highly expensive approximately $1050 for per day stay. Other identified treatment centers included The Benchmark Recovery Center, Ocean Beach Recovery and The Caron foundation.

References

Our Proven Recovery Approach (2016). BRC Recovery. Retrieved from https://www.brcrecovery.com/

Proven addiction treatment (2017). the Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/

The Experience (2016). Caron Pennsylvania Addiction Treatment Center. Retrieved from https://www.caron.org/locations/caron-pennsylvania

Who we are? (2016). Ocean Breeze Recovery. Retrieved from https://oceanbreezerecovery.org/

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Case Study 2

Case Study 2

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Case Study 2

Autism is a neurobehavioral condition consisting of difficulty in communicating and interacting with others. As each person is different likewise, the symptoms of the people having autism is also different. Autism depends upon various factors that include environmental factors or maybe genetics. Due to the complexities in symptoms and levels of autism, it is accompanied by some other medical issues like sleep disorder or seizures, etc.

Children having autism face numerous difficulties in expressing themselves as they do not understand what other people feel or think. They are often sensitive towards different senses like touch, smell and, sound. This makes it hard for them to get an education. Although many schools offer special care and treatments for the children having autism, yet it is again a huge decision for parents to make what is good for their child. In this paper, I will discuss two main approaches that are “Applied Behavioral Analysis” and “treatment and education of autistic and related communication-handicapped children” to see which one is more effective.

“ABA” that is “applied behavioral analysis” is a therapy that provides us with insight into the behavior of an individual that how a person behaves during different circumstances. It is a flexible treatment that can be provided in school, home and, etc. This also helps people to cope up with their disability by focusing on their strengths. The instructor sets a goal for every meeting and helps the patient to achieve that. These include communication skills, music skills and, many more. The other approach that is also very effective is” treatment and education of autistic and related communication-handicapped children” (TEACCH). This approach is used for almost more than a decade. This is more of a structured approach that includes tasks utilizing visual information, physical tasks depending upon the environment and, etc. I personally believe that (TEACCH) approach is more effective as it covers the needs of people with different level of autism. Although the ABA approach helps in building confidence by studying the behavior of an individual yet TEACCH approach helps them to cope up with their disability providing them with different mediums to understand like visual information, etc.

.

References

Virués-Ortega, J., Arnold-Saritepe, A., Hird, C., & Phillips, K. (2017). The TEACCH program for people with autism: Elements, outcomes, and comparison with competing models. In Handbook of treatments for autism spectrum disorder (pp. 427-436). Springer, Cham.

Will, E., & Hepburn, S. (2015). Applied behavior analysis for children with neurogenetic disorders. In International review of research in developmental disabilities (Vol. 49, pp. 229-259). Academic Press.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Case Study 3

Case Study 3: Reflection Questions

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Case Study 3: Reflection Questions

What are some of the characteristic of autism that Donald exhibited when he was a young child and as a grown-up man?

According to “Donald T; First child diagnosed with autism", there are three types of characteristics that were exhibited by Donald both when he was a child and as a grown-up man which include Communication, Social interaction and behavioral. It is evident from the case study that Donald was occasionally involved in unusual behavior which could majorly be attributed to environmental changes and responses. Donald had a problem when it came to the establishment and maintenance of relationships; he often failed to express and understand his needs as well as the needs of others. Lastly, Donald had an issue with communication which varied from one form to another (Hardman, Drew & Egan, 2017). Donald had an issue of interpreting non-verbal communications as well as facial expressions and that’s why it was easy for him to feel happy when left alone.

How can misdiagnosis affect individuals with autism?

Autism, as explained in the case study of Donald, mostly requires psychological support and treatment and thus when misdiagnosis happens, the patient may be treated for a different ailment from autism. Building self-esteem is one of the ways of responding to autism and thus when misdiagnosis happens, it indicates that the patient will lack the opportunity of becoming confident when dealing with life occurrences.

What type of adult outcomes are possible for those diagnosed with autism?

As experienced in the case of Donald, autism effects are felt even when an individual is an adult. For instance, when Donald was an adult, he still was unable to establish and maintain relationships and that’s why he ended up living alone and doing his things without involving any person. Another outcome of autism is the genetic inheritance of the condition. Donald despite showing portraying recovery, the children also became victims of the condition. Therefore, autism effects are felt both in the short term and in the long term.

References

Hardman, M. L., Drew, C. J., & Egan, M. W. (2017). Human Exceptionality: School, community, and family. Nelson Education. 277

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Case Study 4

Case Study 4

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Case Study 4

Question 1: Is Calvin gifted, creative, and talented? Provide a rationale for your answer?

Answer: Calvin is showing the attributes of a gifted child. The way he is attracting the attention of his father by pointing towards the notches and demanding the VCR is the proof of his giftedness. As Webb mentions in his book Guiding the Gifted Child, that gifted children’s become the source of attraction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"l054Bfh7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Webb, 1982)","plainCitation":"(Webb, 1982)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":157,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/845EPEF6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/845EPEF6"],"itemData":{"id":157,"type":"book","title":"Guiding the gifted child: A practical source for parents and teachers.","publisher":"ERIC","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Guiding the gifted child","author":[{"family":"Webb","given":"James T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Webb, 1982). Calvin is also demanding a personal space from his father when he mentions “I never get to do what I want”. The gifted children are often more inclined toward their inner self and they consider this their right to be anti-social. This personal time helps them in polishing their abilities. For them, everything which makes them calm comes first. Calvin is also pictured as demanding from his father to allow him to chew tobacco.

Question 2: If Calvin’s dad asked you how to handle Calvin’s “giftedness”, what recommendations would you make? Give a rationale for your answer?

Answer: I will suggest Calvin's dad be more open towards Calvin. The reason for being clear with Calvin is not to indulge him in interpretations. Such children as suggested by Webb, often tend to interpret things which they are not able to understand at first instance. If anyone is open toward them, it will help in understanding things more easily. Once they understand the purpose behind any phenomena, such children’s start to develop their own understandings about them. Being clear with such children help in saving their time. I will also suggest his father not to be psychologically interpretive with Calvin. For example, if one start to interpret their ideas, this can offend such children.

Question 3: If Calvin’s dad was enrolled in your parenting class and ask for your counsel as the group leader. What would you recommend?

Answer: As a group leader, I will suggest to his father some ideas about the upbringing of Calvin. As a group leader, I will also suggest to his father how to be confident about the abilities of Calvin. Since such children are creative and need some space for coming up with new ideas, therefore being the group leader, I will invite his father in some excursion exercises. I will design the exercises that will be aimed at "how to create an environment inside the home that offers a creative atmosphere for children”. Such tendencies of the children often remain hidden, as the environment in home is not conducive for creativity.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Webb, J. T. (1982). Guiding the gifted child: A practical source for parents and teachers. ERIC.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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