Discussion Board 2

Discussion Board

Prompt 1

The popular theories mentioned in the previous theories -namely Goleman, Gardner, Stemberg, CHC, etc. all try to categorize the different "expression" of intelligence.The common problem to all is that when delving enough, you could differentiate and discover new and new categories of ways in which humans could use/express intelligence. A really never-ending categorization process, given the complexity of our brain as brilliantly stated by Mr. Reiss ground for their "no response at all."

In the end, this categorization process could give us an infinite number of intelligence or responses, or -paradoxically- conduct us to the Zero infinity Rule problem. That solves nothing because we humans need to categorize things in a finite, de-finite, and a manageable number of cases to comprehend the world. Categories, theories, and systems are nothing but abstractions, but we need it to help us understand reality.What if we use another approach?

The Myer-Briggs-Jungian Theory of Psychological Typology can be taken as a point of start. Jungian Theory and their current developments (MBTI, Socionics, Keirsey, etc) are intended to -successfully- categorize the seemingly infinite human personalities in a number of finite well defined groups. It is observed that each one of the 16 personality Types has a well recognizable and relatively stable mix of different intelligences, "packed" into it.

From the study of Jungian Typology becomes evident that, irrespective of further personal education and development, each Type natively excels in some types of intelligence, and that each Type have an inborn "average availability" of other kind of intelligences, and that they must fight all their life with the "shortage" of other kinds of these previously categorized intelligences.

All of these are relatively easy to recognize -when delved into the Theory- for each one of the 16 Types. For example, it is widely accepted that the Feeling types shows higher "emotional" intelligence than the Thinking types, or that ESTP type always show high levels of kinesthetic intelligence whereas INFP show high level of linguistic intelligence, INTP seems to have the highest "logical" intelligence, and ENTP types show consistently high levels of a very differentiated type of "relational/holistic" intelligence that doesn't fit with precision in any of the popular proposed models.

The advantages of use, extend, mix, consider or incorporate the 16 Types Myers-Brigg-Jungian Personality Theory to Intelligence Theory corpus are:

There is a finite, fixed, comprehensible and manageable number of categories. 

These categories are well differentiated and highly detailed.

The Theory behind is already developed, detailed and coherent enough.

It relies on a relatively short number of source factors (the cognitive functions and the inborn preferences on each Type)

Given the nature of the theory it will comprehend all the possible human intelligence varieties.

The 16 types are well known, there are a lot of detailed available data, both quantitative and qualitative data.

It seems to exist clear correlations between psychological type and some kind of the most popular already categorized "intelligences". 

It gives room to accommodate all sorts of "specific" intelligences, as a result/expression of the particular Type mix of a relatively short numbers of factors.

As Psychology Typing has been developing and grew as a practical tool for human understanding and development, there are clear benefits to lay bridges between the two fields because -outside academic world- what matters to people is not what my inborn intelligence is but what could I expect to do with it and how could I improve what I have (or lack of). All of these areas where Jungian Theory has already a practical edge over Intelligence Theory.

In short: I propose the use of 16 Types as a kind of "fractal", limited "equations", with a relatively short number of factors, to derive any number of categorizable, well defined, and "human groupable" intelligences.

Prompt 2

Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply practical knowledge on things and daily routine tasks in the real world. It is the way children learn about themselves and the world; for children trying new things is exploration and discovery; they are budding scientists and continue to learn new and interesting things, if they are allowed to.

Children see what things are capable of Being Accomplished

They see what happens when two things interact. They ask, "Will it do it again? And again? Will it always be the same?" "Will it be the same if I change something?" "How is this like that?" When they're young they may not experiment to understand why there are differences but they observe and grow an intuitive feel for what changes will cause what effects.Children see what their bodies are capable of doing.

It's different from yesterday so they need to keep testing. They are driven to keep asking, "Can I do this yet or should I wait?”

Children get to know who they are from play.

They begin to know what they like and don't like. They like red better than blue. They like Batman better than Superman. They used to not like this but now they do.As they get older they can ask, "What would the world be like if things were different?"

What would it be like to live with dinosaurs? What if dinosaurs were still alive? What if people were cats? What if I had a house and family to take care of? What if I were Batman? While the specific questions children explore aren't useful as adults, asking and playing with wild ideas is important. "What if?" is the foundation of creativity and invention. (I believe the term is divergent thinking. Coming up with ideas that aren't constrained by how things have been done.) It bridges the gap between what is and what could be.Playful Activities is necessary for learning

Children seem hardwired to find joy in exploring what the world and they are capable of. Animals whose survival depends on understanding what their environment is capable of need to play with their world to learn. Animals whose actions are preprogrammed need only follow their instinct. (Preprogrammed animals tend to have a lot of babies since most are not expected to survive!) Preprogrammed responses are much faster! But they're less flexible. Humans are supremely flexible in terms of what environments they can thrive in. So, playing in order to discover how our environment works, how we can affect it, is extremely important for human development. Being handed the right answers isn't the same as discovery. In fact, as our environment become more complex, play is even more important for understanding the world than instructions.

Prompt 3

Every individual passes through various stages of development while growing up. Every person has various phases in life where they develop physically as well as mentally. This psychological growth holds much meaning in the life of the individual and leave a deep impact that the individual carries with them during the rest of their life. There are multiple theories in psychology in which scientists and scholars have tried to explain the various phenomenon of psychological development. One of the most meaningful theories among them all is the theory pof development by Erik Erickson.

Erik Erikson, along with Joan Erikson, presented a theory of psychological development which depicts various stages through which an individual should pass while growing up. As verbalized by Erik Erikson, Identity versus Role Confusion is the fifth of eight phases of psychosocial improvement that happen between the ages of 12 and 19. During this stage teenagers need to build up a feeling of self and individual personality. Achievement prompts a capacity to remain consistent with oneself, while disappointment prompts job perplexity and a powerless feeling of self.

Erik Erikson clarifies eight phases through which an individual should go from earliest stages of life to late adulthood. In each stage the individual faces, and ideally aces, new difficulties. Each stage expands on the effective consummation of prior stages. The difficulties of stages not effectively finished might be required to return as issues later on.

Individuals are aware of themselves and conscious of their identity and purpose in the society, during maturity gets Identity crisis and confusion of their roles in society. Then they try to resolve their ego identity loss to figure out their true selves of what is their purpose and meaning of their lives. The individual pulls himself away from everything and goes into the quest of finding self. Justification is required for our proper roles and motives and all things start appearing meaningless. People not committed strongly leads to confusion regarding purpose and decision making. And during the crisis they hold all their decisions until they figure out what’s their true self. Those who face identity crisis often indulge in risk taking behavior .Not everyone goes through identity crisis. The desire to make proper decisions and then failing repeatedly in the process makes and individual disappointed. He or she may feel gloomy and may regret these decisions at any later stage of life.

Discussion Board Forum 2

Discussion Board Forum 2

Alex

Liberty University

Content

Hawkin’s and Clinton’s book, The new Christian counselor: A fresh biblical and transformational approach, tries to present a novel method for assimilating Christianity to the counseling setting ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"anrtkhmh9s","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawkins & Clinton, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Hawkins & Clinton, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":356,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZWVF2XFZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZWVF2XFZ"],"itemData":{"id":356,"type":"book","title":"The New Christian Counselor: A Fresh Biblical and Transformational Approach","publisher":"Harvest House Publishers","number-of-pages":"364","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Seasoned counselors and professors Ron Hawkins and Tim Clinton offer a comprehensive guide that empowers Christian counselors by clarifying their task: to help people take possession of their souls...through the power of the Spirit; under the authority of the Word; in a supportive community of accountability...that they may be like Christ. The authors address head-on today's enticing new imitations of true peace and tantalizing opportunities for people in pain to anesthetize themselves. But they also highlight the foundation of hope: God loves, he empowers, and he refuses to abandon his passion for connection with his children. Case studies illustrate how to help people take possession of the thinking self, the feeling self, the decision-making self, the physical self, and the relational self. This comprehensive plan for effective intervention is perfect for lay counselors, students, and professionals looking for ways to integrate their faith and practice.","ISBN":"978-0-7369-4355-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: rOOICgAAQBAJ","shortTitle":"The New Christian Counselor","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Hawkins","given":"Ron"},{"family":"Clinton","given":"Tim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",10,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawkins & Clinton, 2015). Throughout the sections, numerous ideas that are imperative for the Christian therapists were discussed. However, some ideas apprehended my consideration more than others. Describing Christian counseling, Christian Recommending Models that are still castoff to this day, Attachment theory, Larry Crabb's seven stage process, and Multitasking were prompting the ideas singnificantly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a268ko545kg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawkins & Clinton, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Hawkins & Clinton, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":356,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZWVF2XFZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZWVF2XFZ"],"itemData":{"id":356,"type":"book","title":"The New Christian Counselor: A Fresh Biblical and Transformational Approach","publisher":"Harvest House Publishers","number-of-pages":"364","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Seasoned counselors and professors Ron Hawkins and Tim Clinton offer a comprehensive guide that empowers Christian counselors by clarifying their task: to help people take possession of their souls...through the power of the Spirit; under the authority of the Word; in a supportive community of accountability...that they may be like Christ. The authors address head-on today's enticing new imitations of true peace and tantalizing opportunities for people in pain to anesthetize themselves. But they also highlight the foundation of hope: God loves, he empowers, and he refuses to abandon his passion for connection with his children. Case studies illustrate how to help people take possession of the thinking self, the feeling self, the decision-making self, the physical self, and the relational self. This comprehensive plan for effective intervention is perfect for lay counselors, students, and professionals looking for ways to integrate their faith and practice.","ISBN":"978-0-7369-4355-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: rOOICgAAQBAJ","shortTitle":"The New Christian Counselor","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Hawkins","given":"Ron"},{"family":"Clinton","given":"Tim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",10,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawkins & Clinton, 2015). The Christian Counselling Models such as Larry Crabb's model can effectively help therapists in multitasking and counselor-client communication. To successfully address the challenges of multi-tasking in Christian counseling, therapists should adapt the Crabb's model that helps in teaching, reforming, recognizing "Spirit-controlled feelings", behavior and thinking. Professionalism in spirituality and counseling is excellently described in the book.

Multiple roles such as engineers, observers and participants were explained in the book. McMinn's assessment map provides readers a guide to understanding the self-awareness methods, healing relationships and developing lasting relationships. METAMORPH provides that no one is beyond improvement and that counseling is essentially a redeeming process. It relies upon the statement of spiritual creation custom that long-term change and particularly revolution happen through a variation of the core self.

Replies Content

Hawkins and Clinton (2015) align with the lectures in the past few weeks regarding the integration of Christian Counselling, multitasking and assessment of the client, which with their approaches, presents a general view that the class has discussed in the previous weeks. While the authors explain how God is life and therefore, a part of our daily lives, they explain the relevance of their topics and more significantly how it pertains to client and counselor ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1uj5gs5sse","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawkins & Clinton, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Hawkins & Clinton, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":356,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZWVF2XFZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZWVF2XFZ"],"itemData":{"id":356,"type":"book","title":"The New Christian Counselor: A Fresh Biblical and Transformational Approach","publisher":"Harvest House Publishers","number-of-pages":"364","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Seasoned counselors and professors Ron Hawkins and Tim Clinton offer a comprehensive guide that empowers Christian counselors by clarifying their task: to help people take possession of their souls...through the power of the Spirit; under the authority of the Word; in a supportive community of accountability...that they may be like Christ. The authors address head-on today's enticing new imitations of true peace and tantalizing opportunities for people in pain to anesthetize themselves. But they also highlight the foundation of hope: God loves, he empowers, and he refuses to abandon his passion for connection with his children. Case studies illustrate how to help people take possession of the thinking self, the feeling self, the decision-making self, the physical self, and the relational self. This comprehensive plan for effective intervention is perfect for lay counselors, students, and professionals looking for ways to integrate their faith and practice.","ISBN":"978-0-7369-4355-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: rOOICgAAQBAJ","shortTitle":"The New Christian Counselor","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Hawkins","given":"Ron"},{"family":"Clinton","given":"Tim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",10,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawkins & Clinton, 2015). The book identifies themes, which when broken down to core, reveal the cause of spiritual perception in one's life. In recommending clients, therapists require to focus on assessment, counselor-client relationships and self-awareness. Also, therapists must stay up-to-date with developments in novel research, exercise and quality services. I think the sense of right and wrong, and training was dictated effectively and can help a counselor improve his skills. Hawkins's and Clinton's book offers readers a guide to the foundation of therapy and its methods of multitasking, action, adaptation, self-awareness and Christ-like character.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hawkins, R., & Clinton, T. (2015). The New Christian Counselor: A Fresh Biblical and Transformational Approach. Harvest House Publishers.

James, Richard K. and Gilliland, Burl E. (2003). Theories and Strategies in Counseling

And Psychotherapy. Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.

Jones, Stanton, L. and Butman, Richard E. (1991). A Comprehensive Christian Appraisal: Modern Psychotherapies. Downer’s Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.

Discussion Board Thread

Discussion board thread

[Name]

[Institution]

Discussion board thread

The top three concepts that part of the “Psychological and Christian life Seminar” are:

Cognitive dissonance (Nevid, 2018, p.455)

Reciprocity (Nevid, 2018, p. 461)

Conformity (Nevid, 2018, p. 475)

They are the most important concepts to living

Cognitive dissonance:

Cognitive dissonance maintains the consistency between behavior and attitude of an individual. Connotative dissonance theory says that behavior and attitude lead towards emotional discomfort. This uncomfortable stage makes people change their behavior and makes attitude more compatible. People can change their attitude or beliefs to lessen down cognitive dissonance. Majority of the people change their behavior to minimize cognitive dissonance like quitting smoking. The most common way adopted by people to minimize their cognitive dissonance is that by explaining away the inconsistency. This topic is important for living because it will give peace of mind if the inconsistencies are removed by ignoring them or improving your belief system (Nevid, 2017).

Reciprocity:

Reciprocity is the tendency of human being to like back those people who like them.Human response in a kind way to people who compliment them but some behavior of people let them believe that they are complimenting to get something from us (Nevid, 2018). Thus, this concept helps people to identify who is good for them and who is not.

Conformity:

It is the notion of conforming behaviors based on social trends and norms (Nevid, 2018). Violation of these standards will invite social disapproval thus this concept is also useful for living in a society.

The consistency or inconsistency of these concepts with regard to biblical worldview:

Bible talks about the revelation of Jesus and the interaction of this belief system with that of scientific understanding creates cognitive dissonance (Melvin, 2010). Thus, religious concepts should be fully explained in order to minimize cognitive dissonance. Christians are more prone to the scientific viewpoint in the modern world and thus the youth are asking for a logical explanation of the Biblical viewpoint of religion (Melvin, 2010).

However, the Bible supports the concept of reciprocity and says that do not deceive God and a man will reap that what he sows” (Oden, 2013).

Bible says that do not love the world too much and if anyone loved the world too much then there will be no love for the Father in him (“Bible Gateway passage,” n.d.). This viewpoint says that do not mold yourself for the world but focus on your belief system to get to the almighty. Thus, the modern world Christian is focusing more on full filling their material needs than the recommendations of the Bible.

References

Melvin, J. R. (2010). Cognitive Dissonance and Its Effects on Religious Beliefs.

Oden, T. C. (2013). Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians. Routledge.

Bible Gateway passage: 1 John 2:15-17 - English Standard Version. (n.d.). Retrieved August 9, 2019, from Bible Gateway website: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+John+2%3A15-17&version=ESV

Nevid, J. S. (2018). Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications (5 edition). Australia ; Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Discussion Ch 9

Discussion Chapter 9

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Discussion Chapter 9

Response 1

The genus cannabis refers to a plant that has three main species. These species are Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica and Cannabis ruderalis (Fergusson & Boden, 2006). These plants comprise of numerous biologically active chemicals known as cannabinoids. Several biological activities of cannabinoids are interceded by their direct contact with two receptors that are closely related. These two receptors are CB 1 and CB 2. Both of these receptors are represented with the class of Gi/o-coupled metabotropic receptors. They are scattered across the central nervous system. CB 1 receptors are localized in neurons while CB 2 receptors are expressed to a much greater extent in microglia which is present in the immune system. After the discovery of cannabinoid receptors facilitates in the search of endogenous substances that interact with the receptors. These endogenous substances are also known as endogenous cannabinoids. Several studies show that endocannabinoids play a vital role in controlling synaptic transmission and neuronal firing rate. Typically, in CBS the CB 1 receptors are expressed on glutamatergic and gabaergic interneurons. Its activations cause inhibition of synaptic transmission. Furthermore, this mechanism is responsible for other clinical effects such as the enhanced activity of glycine receptors and 5-HT receptors (Cilio & Devinsky, 2014). 

Response 2

Medical marijuana is whole-plant marijuana that is utilized for several medical purposes. Cannabinoids are the substances that exist in medical cannabis that act on cells present in the body. THC and CBD are the two cannabinoids that specifically are used for medical purposes. Although the FDA has approved the use of a plant-based formulation of CBD that is epidiolex to treat seizures yet it only helps in treating patients that a history of Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (Maa & Figi, 2014). CBD and THC both have potential side effects. Some of the side effects associated with the use of CBD are decreased appetite, sleepiness, and fatigue. However, it has been observed that CBD also interacts with several seizure medicines. Thus monitoring of CBD is highly recommended. 

References

Cilio, M. R., Thiele, E. A., & Devinsky, O. (2014). The case for assessing cannabidiol in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 55(6), 787-790.

Fergusson, D. M., Poulton, R., Smith, P. F., & Boden, J. M. (2006). Cannabis and psychosis. Bmj, 332(7534), 172-175.

Maa, E., & Figi, P. (2014). The case for medical marijuana in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 55(6), 783-786.

Discussion Of Exeptional Children, Week 4

CASE STUDY OF TOBY: A SUGGESTIVE ANALYSIS

Student’s name

Institution’s name

CASE STUDY OF TOBY: A SUGGESTIVE ANALYSIS

By analyzing the behavior and underlying attitude of Toby with his fellows, teachers, and parents, it is evident that Toby is suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Evidently, almost all children have limited control over their emotions, and they can easily feel anger, hurt, and devastation. However, the situation of controlling negative emotions is severe in kids having ADHD, and in due course, they usually become physically insistent as well. Experts assert that kids with ADHD have an increased tendency toward difficulty in emotion management. (Kelly, 2018) Toby is encountering same trouble, he is actually an ADHD kid, and therefore. his behavior in the classroom, outside, and in the home is disturbing, abnormal, and considerably furious. Toby is just 10 years old, and therefore, it is a perfect time to consider early intervention strategies. For this purpose, the role of teacher, parents, and medication is significant.

In Toby's case, it is necessary to consult experts for getting an effective and safe medication's prescription, along with other suggestions. Moreover, as a teacher one should devise some specific schedules and guidelines to tackle Toby, and should provide parents with a road map to do the same at home. In this context, teachers should develop some behavior strategies for the classroom, based on professional advocacy and its harmonization with Toby and his family's preferences. Both teacher and parents are required to pay positive attention to Toby and try to calm him down before his anger exceeds its limits. Make an effort to use fewer and effective words for instructions, and it is better if graphical help is utilized for this purpose. And it is recommended to use a reward system for every good work Toby does, it will encourage him to attain more praise and more incentives through the depiction of acceptable behavior.

Reference

Kelly, K. (2018). ADHD and Aggression: What You Need to Know. https://www.understood.org/en/learning-attention-issues/child-learning-disabilities/add-adhd/adhd-and-aggression-what-you-need-to-know

Discussion Post

Discussion

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory is not only perfect, but it has applications in many disciplines. It is one of the best explanations that exist about how different social groups influence a person's life (Bronfenbrenner, 1992). Bronfenbrenner is the creator of this theory, remarked that the lifestyle of children changed depending on the environment in which they grew up. This theory is a reflection of my childhood (Bronfenbrenner, & Morris, 1998). How environment influences my personality in the childhood. The five systems are closely interconnected to my childhood. Family is one the most important source in developing my personality. Thus, the influence of one of these systems on the development of a child depends on its relations with others.

In my childhood, I observed that I was a friendly, attentive child causes positive and calm reactions from parents. I believe that family as a medium is a very dynamic education. The situation in the family influences how the school, yard and kindergarten will affect my childhood. My school performance also depends on my family’s environment. My family always motivated to make new friends and have interaction with them. My parents used to take interest in my friends and their family.

I believe the best style is the permissive style. My parents always support me in my decisions. They are very open and broad minded. Permissive style is peculiar to parents who do not recognize traditional conceptions of education and pursue the free development of children, which accentuate the child's choice; on the freedom, on the impulsiveness of the child, they punish little, being afraid that in this way they do not restrict the childish freedom (Alizadeh, Talib, Abdullah, & Mansor, 2011). Some believe it has many disadvantages such as it is considered too early that the child is mature to be independent (Bednar, & Fisher, 2003). The result is, most often, individualism and selfishness; this happens very often in case of illness or death of the parents.

References

Alizadeh, S., Talib, M. B. A., Abdullah, R., & Mansor, M. (2011). Relationship between parenting style and children’s behavior problems. Asian Social Science, 7(12), 195-200.

Bednar, D. E., & Fisher, T. D. (2003). Peer referencing in adolescent decision making as a function of perceived parenting style. Adolescence, 38(152), 607-622.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). Ecological systems theory. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (1998). The ecology of developmental processes.

Discussion Post

Title page

Discussion post

Ethnography is a detailed qualitative study and include many advantages such as in-depth study of cultures and people. One of the common advantages of ethnography include interacting with the participants in real-life settings. Qualitative study is differs such as it offer many advantages such as it provides great deal of information that improves the reliability of the data. This kind of study includes data that is based on personal experience and observations. It is possible to identify all sources before making a final decision. Ethnography is more reliable because it involves systematic ordering and organization of the data. Qualitative study is messy and include unorganized information CITATION Ann08 \l 1033 (Suryani, 2008). Ethnographic study is specifically used when the researcher wants to study a particular culture or group. There are also some disadvantages of the ethnographic study such as summarizing the larger data is more difficult. The results are based on the observations of the observer that might impact the reliability of the study. Only a well-experienced researcher can conduct this study. The data may also results in false assumptions and behavior patterns.

Ethnographic fallacy refers to the limitations of the research survey. It states that the methodologies are based in assumptions that can be fallible or wrong. Inferences are made about the people and society while the forces determines the aspects of the society. Scientists should be wary of the fallacies because the data can have limitations that can affect the reliability of the study CITATION Mic131 \l 1033 (Burawoy, 2013). Researchers must be aware of the pros and cons of ethnographic fallacy for conducting a credible survey. This is important for understanding that data is based on observations that can be fallible. The themes from the data reveals that observations on disease and death are based on the perceptions of the respondents.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Burawoy, M. (2013). Ethnographic fallacies: reflections on labour studies in the era of market fundamentalism. Work, employment and society, 27 (3), 526–536.

Suryani, A. (2008). Comparing Case Study and Ethnography as Qualitative Research Approaches. ILMU KOMUNIKASI, 5 (1).

Discussion Post

Discussion Post

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussion Post

Part 1

Language plays a critical role in human development as it enables a person to communicate appropriately. There are critical periods for language development which include linguistics, vision, imprinting, auditory processing, memory, and vestibular system (Ruben, 1997). These periods are critically linked with ones cognitive ability to perform regular tasks. The case study of Genie, the isolated and neglected girl till the age of 13, is the best example for language development and cognitive disability (Curtiss et al. 1974). Moreover, another prominent example of language development can be taken from deaf children who have their hearing restored by cochlear implants. Both cases studies have one thing in common, and that is children who were left isolated and were later treated by child psychologists who helped them learn language linguistics and other cognitive abilities. These relevant research findings have helped many children with language disabilities. These have been highlighted as the most prominent child development cases in history.

Part 2

The learning theory of language development states that people adapt language through interacting with one another, as well as through castigation and plunders. Children adjust to cognitive skills through reinforcement by the adults around them. However, while comparing the nativist theory of language development, it is important to differentiate that it deals with more biological factors (Karmiloff-Smith, 2018). Humans have an innate ability to develop language as this theory is defended by a Language-Acquisition Device (LAD) developed by a theorist. It is a part of an organ in our brain which enables us to learn and develop cognitive and language skills to communicate effectively. How we build language can be best captured through the perspective of hearing and observing. It allows us to grasp the basic rules of “learning by observation” as the central concept (Cook, 2016). One theory relies much emphasize on the biological side while the other does not consider it enough.

References

Cook, V. (2016). Second language learning and language teaching. Routledge.

Curtiss, S., Fromkin, V., Krashen, S., Rigler, D., & Rigler, M. (1974). The linguistic development of Genie. Language, 528-554.

Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2018). Development itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders. In Thinking Developmentally from Constructivism to Neuroconstructivism(pp. 97-117). Routledge.

Ruben, R. J. (1997). A time frame of critical/sensitive periods of language development. Acta oto-laryngologica, 117(2), 202-205.

Discussion Post

ADHA / BIPOLAR

Submitted by

Submitted to

Assignment

Date

Part A- ADHD

ADHD is one of the manifestations of minimal brain dysfunction (MMD), that is, very mild brain deficiency, which is manifested in a deficiency of certain structures and impaired maturation of higher levels of brain activity. MMD is categorized as functional impairment, reversible and normalized as the brain grows and matures. MMD is not a medical diagnosis in the direct sense of the word; rather, it is only a statement of the fact of the presence of lung disorders in the brain, the cause and essence of which have yet to be clarified in order to begin treatment. Children with reactive type MMD are also called otherwise hyperactive. (El Malhany, Gulisano, Rizzo & Curatolo, 2015).

The basis of ADHD is a violation of the cortex and subcortical structures and is characterized by a triad of signs: hyperactivity, attention deficit, impulsivity.

Hyperactivity, or excessive motor disinhibition, is a manifestation of fatigue. Fatigue in a child does not go as it does in an adult who controls this state and rests on time, but in overexcitement (chaotic subcortical arousal), his weak control.

Lack of active attention - the inability to keep attention to something for a certain period of time. This voluntary attention is organized by the frontal lobes. It requires motivation, an understanding of the need to concentrate, that is, sufficient maturity of the individual.

Impulsiveness - the inability to slow down their immediate impulses. Such children often act without thinking, do not know how to obey the rules, to wait. They often change mood

Treatment

Currently, there are several approaches to the treatment of ADHD (El Malhany, Gulisano, Rizzo & Curatolo, 2015). The first approach common abroad is cortical stimulants (nootropics), substances that improve brain function, metabolism, energy, and increase the tone of the cortex. Also appointed drugs consisting of amino acids that improve the metabolism of the brain.

The second approach is neuropsychological. When using various exercises, we return to the previous stages of ontogenesis and re-build those functions that were formed archaically wrong and already entrenched. To do this, they need, like any other ineffective pathological skill, purposefully uncover, disarm, destroy and create a new skill that is more appropriate for effective work. And this is carried out on all three floors of mental activity. This is a labor-intensive work of many months. The baby has 9 months. And neuropsychological correction is calculated for this period. And then the brain begins to work more efficiently, with less energy cost. Old archaic connections, relations between the hemispheres are normalized. Energy, management, active attention is plotted.

Part 2-Bipolar disorder

Bipolar affective disorder (BAR, manic-depressive psychosis) is a mental disorder characterized by a change in manic and depressive states, mixed states, alternation of euphoria and depression. Mood swings in patients with bipolar disorder are more serious than those we face every day. In between, most people can lead a normal life, but when the symptoms worsen, without professional help it becomes almost impossible. Many genes can influence the occurrence of bipolar disorder; external factors include a long-term stressful condition or cruel treatment of an individual in childhood. Bipolar disorder is divided into two types: bipolar disorder of the first type is characterized by at least one case of mania, the second type - at least one case of hypomania, and also a depressive state. (Grande, Berk, Birmaher, & Vieta, 2016).

Treatment

Psychotherapy, mood stabilizers and antipsychotics are usually prescribed for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Mood lithium salts and anticonvulsants are among the mood stabilizers. Inpatient treatment is often necessary (not always with the consent of the patient), since patients can pose a threat both to themselves and to those around them. (Grande, Berk, Birmaher, & Vieta, 2016).

Severe behavioral problems can be solved with short-term use of benzodiazepines or antipsychotics. At the time of mania, it is recommended to stop taking antidepressants. When using antidepressants at the time of depression, it is recommended to combine them with mood stabilizers.

References

El Malhany, N., Gulisano, M., Rizzo, R., & Curatolo, P. (2015). Tourette syndrome and

comorbid ADHD: causes and consequences. European journal of pediatrics, 174(3), 279-288.

Grande, I., Berk, M., Birmaher, B., & Vieta, E. (2016). Bipolar disorder. The Lancet,

387(10027), 1561-1572.

Discussion Post



Discussion Post

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussion Post

Personality, nature or nurture, has always been an extended debate of the society. Nature is the influence of the genetic factors inherited by the combination of the heritable characters from the parents. Nurture is the influence of external factors such as the experiences that are faced and learned throughout the whole life of an individual CITATION Rob90 \l 1033 (Plomin, 1990). A questionnaire was conducted on three generations from a total of 78 respondents showed that Nurture is bound to be more influencing than nature, there’s an interaction of nature and nurture, emphasizing on nature can be proven very dangerous as compared to the nurture CITATION Lev13 \l 1033 (Levitt, 2013). I think that personality is determined by the mixture of nature (heritable factors and characters) and nurture (experiences that are learned throughout life) CITATION Chr12 \l 1033 (Kandler, 2012) CITATION Sce09 \l 1033 (Torgerson, 2009).

There are complications that can arise in terms of personality due to gender

differences. A meta-analysis on the gender differences in personality showed that males were

found to have higher self-esteem and a higher amount of assertiveness. Females were known

to be higher in trust, anxiety, extraversion and specially nurturance, which showed that females

could be more nurtured than nature CITATION Ala94 \l 1033 (Feingold, 1994). Another study reported that women were

higher in Agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to feelings and warmth, whereas men were

more higher in sharing open ideas and assertiveness CITATION Pau01 \l 1033 (Paul T. Costa Jr., 2001).

Sigmund Freud developed a psychoanalysis theory of personality development which

showed that the formation of personality is done under the conflicts of the three fundamental structures of the human mind. These three fundamental structures are Id, Ego, and Superego (Instincts. Reality and Morality). These three fundamental structures were then conceptualized as the essentials of the human personality CITATION Sig94 \l 1033 (Freud, 1894). This theory is irrelevant in terms of psychoanalysis today. However, the irrelevance can be seen as if most of the peoples affected by his theory were neurotic.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Feingold, A. (1994). Gender Differences in Personality: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 429-456.

Freud, S. (1894). The neuro-psychoses of defence.

Kandler, C. (2012). Nature and nurture in personality development: The case of neuroticism and extraversion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 290-296.

Levitt, M. (2013). Levitt, Mairi. "Perceptions of nature, nurture, and behaviour" Life Sciences, Society and Policy. Life Sciences, Society and Policy.

Paul T. Costa Jr., A. T. (2001). Gender Differences in Personality Traits Across Cultures: Robust and Surprising Findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psydwlog~ , 322-331.

Plomin, R. (1990). Nature and nurture: An introduction to human behavioral genetics. Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.

Torgerson, S. (2009). The nature (and nurture) of personality disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 624-632.

.

Discussion Post

Discussion

Method checklist

The difficult component of method to write is the description about “apparatus” because it is all about the explanation of instruments used. In the present study, self-administered questionnaires for depression, drug use, sleep quality, sexual abuse and nutritional habits of the participants suffering from narcolepsy were defined. We need to write the reliability details of all the items along with their scoring details (Cook et. al., 1976).

The easiest component of method section is to write about the “participants” because we only have to explain their demographics (age, gender, education, qualification and special conditions) and their method of selection (random, purposive sampling and so on).

Understanding of the statistical results and learning the writing conventions appropriately are some steps that I would undertake to improve these sections.

Result checklist

The difficult component of result section is to read the tabular data after running statistical analysis and extracting the desired components from it. For example, how to check the p values to analyze either results are significant or not and they should be written on the research paper or not.

The easiest component of result section is to make tables, graphs and figures because this is an interesting job. Tables, figures and graphs break the boredom spell that we aversively acquire during jotting the introduction, literature review and methodology section down after deliberate painstaking efforts.

Difference between grant proposal and research article

In the grant proposal everything revolves around an effective persuasive proposal that ensures the attainment of required remittance from corresponding authorities; its method and result sections are named as implementation and evaluation plan respectively (Smith, 2008). On the other hand, the audience of research article is either common people or professionals with the basic objective of awareness and understanding. Both of these sections are less detailed in the grant proposal and highly detailed in the later one.

References

Smith, E. (2008). Using secondary data in educational and social research. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Cook, S. Sellitz, C., Wrightsman, L. et. al. (1976). Research methods in social relations. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Discussion Post

Discussion

Institutional Affiliation

Student Name

Instructor

Course

Date

Discussion

“How reliable is your memory”

The main point of the speaker is that it is very possible to change the memory of a person, especially when something being said is supported with a lot of details and also said in a more confidence manner. The speaker gives an example of having the military wrongly identifying the interrogator simply because they were provided with information which sounded more real to them. This means that it is very possible to change what people have in mind, through the way we say what we want them to understand.

The speaker made use of ethos in her speech by making it clear she had studied memory psychology, and specifically in things people can remember. Her research and experiments on different group of people helps in enabling the audience see the credibility in her information. The idea of also giving familiar examples like father chrismal also helps the audience to relate some of the things they believe in, and to what extent the belief they have created tend to affect the future generation.

The speaker builds pathos in her speech by sharing stories which evokes sympathy among the audience. She talks about Steve Titus whose life completely changed when he got arrested after receiving false accusation on a rape case. This made him lose his job, his family and he was also psychologically tortured. He later on died due to a heart attack related disease. The description on the effects of negative impacts which arise from having the thoughts of people changed was one method the speaker used in making the audience understand the concept better.

One of the things I leaned from the talk is that it is very possible to change the mind of the person, depending on the emphasis placed on the shared information. Another thing is that what we believe in highly determines how we act in response to certain events. If I was to ask the speaker a question in relation to the shared information, my question would be what should be done in helping people distinguish what is true or false.

Discussion Post 1

Discussion

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Discussion

Psychology and Sociology are the two most important fields of behavioral sciences. The goal of all the scientists, psychologists and sociologists is to better understand the world around them. Psychology is the scientific study of human mind and behavior, while sociology is the study of development and structure of human society. Psychologist and other social scientists propose explanations of human behavior regularly. Everyday judgments are made by the people about their intentions and motivations that are subjective in nature while the scientific method of research assists social scientists in studying human behavior in an objective way. The systematic scientific research allows the researchers and humans to divest themselves of their predetermined ideas and fallacies and develop an objective understanding of the world around them.

A number of methods are adopted by social scientists such as experiments, surveys and field researches. The scientific method of research is based on the fact that there is evidence to support a claim and the scientific knowledge is based on objective and tangible evidence. The scientific method is a process that helps in advancing scientific knowledge in the fields of psychology and sociology. In addition, it establishes parameters that make sure that the results of the study are accurate and objective. In the field of psychology, researchers not merely describe behaviors and the underlying reasons of occurrence of such behaviors but also conduct research that assists in predicting and even altering human behaviors (“Psychology as a Science | Simply Psychology,” n.d.). Scientific research’s dependency on falsifiability results in more confidence over the information produced by the information that it infers.

Sociologists make use of the scientific method to not only collect but interpret and analyze data by applying scientific objectivity and logic (Little et al., 2012). In this way, their research work is independent of their personal and social beliefs. This method of research has been adopted by sociologists and psychologist to maintain consistency, objectivity, and focus. Owing to its systematic approach, this method of research has been beneficial in shaping behavioral studies.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Little, W., Vyain, S., Scaramuzzo, G., Cody-Rydzewski, S., Griffiths, H., Strayer, E., & Keirns, N. (2012). Introduction to Sociology-1st Canadian edition. BC Open Textbook Project.

Psychology as a Science | Simply Psychology. (n.d.). Retrieved June 26, 2019, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/science-psychology.html

Discussion Post 3.2



Discussion Post 3.2

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussion Post 3.2

You might have noticed that some people are more smarter than the others, this is because

of the presence of a higher Intelligence quotient. Intelligence quotient is the score derived from

several tests to assess the presence of higher human intelligence and intellect. After reading the

bell curve, it is still solemnly possible to think that the IQ is highly influenced by the genetics. Because in adults, it has been reported that IQ has been herited from 57% to 73% CITATION Bou03 \l 1033 (Bouchard, 2003). A recent study estimated as high as 80% and 86% CITATION Plo15 \l 1033 (Plomin, 2015). However, some studies which used the approach of Genome-Wide Association Studies have underlined in their conclusions, that there are not any genes which show a difference in the intelligence. CITATION Ste12 \l 1033 (RJ, 2012)

Following are many ways which can maximize the level of IQ in a person

Play Chess

Perform Sprints

Play the Brain Dual N Back Game

Buy the Carolyn Skitt Book, Boost your IQ, and make sure to play all Games.

References:

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bouchard, T. J. (2003). Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences. Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences, 4-45.

Plomin, R. a. (2015). Genetics and intelligence differences: five special findings." . Molecular psychiatry , 98-108.

RJ, S. (2012). Intelligence. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 19-27.

Discussion Post 7.1

Discussion Post 7.1

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussion Post 7.1

A discussion section can be described as writing the manuscript to explain different study outcomes of any research paper or article that has already been investigated. The purpose of the discussion is to help improve the study outcomes by utilizing the ideas of other people and incorporating them in the assignment or paper (Şanlı & Tefik, 2013). To write an appropriate discussion section some steps are necessary to follow. They are listed below:

Summary: Briefly explain the study outcomes and methods used in deducing the results.

Analysis: Analyze different aspects of the problem discussed as well as the methods used.

Suggestion: Every research opens doors for additional research ideas. In this section suggestions regarding the improvement of the paper should be given.

Limitations: Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the study outcomes.

Recommendation: Suggest changes or ideas that are required to improve the discussion done

Conclusion: Briefly summarize the discussion and analysis of the study outcomes.

A research paper “Difficulties of children with ADHD symptoms in solving mathematical problems when information must be updated” can be taken as an example of the discussion board. The author in the paper summarized the whole research paper about the mathematical learning disabilities in the children having ADHD. Many people are still unaware of this issue. The research paper aims to examine children with ADHD to determine the symptoms of mathematical problem-solving difficulties in them. Further to verify the results the information was updated to see the children's problem-solving ability. The author then analyzes different situations that affect children with ADHD such as expressive writing problems, learning lessons, etc. The author further discussed different methods that were used in the study such as cognitive processes that include the construction of a mathematical model. To fully understand the problem the data was analyzed and a report of the data was made that include children’s choice of arithmetic operations, the number of questions attempted, correct answered questions. Further, the author discussed the results that children having ADHD could solve the simple question but when the information is updated or complex they are unable to solve. In the end, the author gave recommendations that schools should arrange different therapy sessions for the children where they can be examined by the psychiatrist so that any child having ADHD can be diagnosed and treated early. The author also provides the limitations and future research idea of the study that is children with specific age group was involved in the study however the study can further be done by using more children of different groups. The author concluded the paper by briefly explaining the study discussed and explaining that despite limitations the proposed method can help provide an insight into the mathematical problem-solving issue in children having ADHD (Anna & Passolunghi, 2016).

References

Anna, M., Lovero, F., Cornoldi, C., & Passolunghi, M. C. (2016). Difficulties of children with ADHD symptoms in solving mathematical problems when information must be updated.

Şanlı, Ö., Erdem, S., & Tefik, T. (2013). How to write a discussion section?. Turkish journal of urology, 39(Suppl 1), 20.

Discussion Post Unit 5

Title page

Discussion post

The experimental studies are those in which the researcher manipulates the factors of the subjects. The subjects are exposed to the risk factors for determining how they might influence subjects. It allows the investigator to determine who is exposed and who is unexposed. One control group is compared with the other group for measuring differences. In quasi-experimental research that is different from a true experimental research. In this research researcher manipulates the independent variable and there is no random assignment of conditions to the participants. The directionality problem is eliminated from such experiments and before measuring the dependent variable, independent variable is manipulated. Effectiveness of treatment is examined in quasi-experimental studies. The control group in pre-experimental studies contain single or multiple groups. In this experiment a single case is compared with other cases the differences between groups are identified CITATION Cha181 \l 1033 (Raymond, Tawa, Tonini, & Gomaa, 2018).

Within-subject designs are different from between-subject designs. In between-subject designs treatments are offered to different groups that are under study. Two groups are formed in which subjects are divided randomly. The subjects in one group may differ from the subjects in the other group. The independent variable is also a conditional variable. The subjects in one condition are compared with subjects in other condition. Within-subject designs involve repeated measures designs. The subjects are testes repeatedly for determining the impacts of conditions or factors CITATION Gar12 \l 1033 (Charness, Gneezy, & Kuhn, 2012).

Single blind studies are those in which the researcher uses the clinical settings and the participants are unaware if they are under the placebo conditions or receiving the real treatment. However the experimenter has knowledge of the conditions. In double blind studies both the participants and the experimenters are unaware of the placebo or real treatment conditions.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Charness, G., Gneezy, U., & Kuhn, M. A. (2012). Experimental methods: Between-subject and within-subject design. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 81.

Raymond, C., Tawa, J., Tonini, G., & Gomaa, S. (2018). Using Experimental Research to Test Instructional Effectiveness: A Case Study. Journal of Political Science Education, 14 (2).

Discussion Question 3/9 405



Discussion Question 3/9 405

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Discussion Question 3/9 405

Interview video selected for this assignment is based on a job interview, named "Job Interview Good Example copy”.

Link of the interview video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVAMb6Kui6A

From (0 to 0:19), interviewer maintained silence when the interviewee was introducing himself. Tone and body language of the interviewer woman was positive encouraging.

At (0:21) she asked him "why you moved"? Here she used the reflection technique and asked this question, based on the introduction of the guy.

At (0:27) she said: "This is very noble and admirable of him". This is an example of the reflection technique, here she considers the information he gave to comment on his answer ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1yBYNdni","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Yeo, 1993)","plainCitation":"(Yeo, 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":66,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/AUUCUGB5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/AUUCUGB5"],"itemData":{"id":66,"type":"book","title":"Counselling: A Problem-solving Approach","publisher":"Armour Publishing Pte Ltd","number-of-pages":"212","source":"Google Books","ISBN":"978-981-00-4424-4","note":"Google-Books-ID: x5K1f0rxFx4C","shortTitle":"Counselling","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Yeo","given":"Anthony"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Yeo, 1993).

At (0:29) Interviewer kept nodding her in silence as showed that she is listening to him carefully.

At (1:17) interviewer used technique of paraphrasing and reflection by saying "You said you have interest in the outdoor activity, so this is great company for you to work at" ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ePA3N6At","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Counseling and Interview Techniques | Career Trend,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Counseling and Interview Techniques | Career Trend,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":62,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/66SZ9HTY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/66SZ9HTY"],"itemData":{"id":62,"type":"webpage","title":"Counseling and Interview Techniques | Career Trend","URL":"https://careertrend.com/list-6741505-counseling-interview-techniques.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Counseling and Interview Techniques | Career Trend,” n.d.).

At (3:27) interviewer asked a question by interpreting the answers given by the potential employer by "Given that you are making a change in career, especially with master's degree, if a position becomes available in this area in your field, how will you respond to that?"

At (8:17) interviewer uses the interviewees answers regarding his previous school job that involved a lot of action, and summarizes the job's functional reality by telling that "There are aspects of your job that are going to be a little less active than you being in teaching position where you were on your feet more, one on one face to face with individuals.

At (10: 13), when interviewer uses the technique of summarizing the information and before asking further questions, by saying “we are going to move on to cognitive behavioral questions that are not based on your past experiences, so these are out of box questions”.

Analysis and Conclusion:

In all the interview we can see that all the interview techniques are fully utilized in the interview. That helped in creating a clear and positive impact on the interviewee, which enabled him to answer each question with confidence, in ease. In whole video techniques of summary, interpretation, silence, reflection and interpretation were used at the right moment in an appropriate manner. The most effective technique was silence, as it gave interviewee to explain his answers to his fullest potential ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"V94ERgDb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mellish, Morris, & Do, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Mellish, Morris, & Do, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":61,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/59JAAGQR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/59JAAGQR"],"itemData":{"id":61,"type":"article-journal","title":"Interviewing Skills","page":"16","source":"Zotero","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Mellish","given":"Leigh"},{"family":"Morris","given":"Suzanne"},{"family":"Do","given":"Mark"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mellish, Morris, & Do, n.d.).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Counseling and Interview Techniques | Career Trend. (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2019, from https://careertrend.com/list-6741505-counseling-interview-techniques.html

Mellish, L., Morris, S., & Do, M. (n.d.). Interviewing Skills, 16.

Yeo, A. (1993). Counselling: A Problem-solving Approach. Armour Publishing Pte Ltd.

Discussion Question: Culture Shock

Discussion Question: Culture Shock

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussion Question: Culture Shock

Culture Shock is a term used to describe the anxiety produced ,when a person moves to an entirely new environment, and this brings me back to think about my own life as an Immigrant. Its been more than 22 years here in the USA, I have observed experiences of different people from a different culture with whom I have lived in this country.

If we go back to the past, we will understand that, although the migration process always exists, its conditions, contrary to what is logical, is more difficult. There are many restrictive policies that many countries have been adapting to violate the human right to come and go, which in return makes it even more difficult for the migrant who tries to move away from his former home CITATION Peg90 \l 1033 (Mclntosh, 1990).

By migrating to another country, everyone will somehow experiences cultural shock. However, it is necessary to differentiate the shock of someone who migrates as a tourist or the sock of migrant who seeks better working conditions or survival in right conditions.

There is a first picture of what that country will be like, and it is built from what we hear or talk about. Most of the time, however, that place is far more distinct than had been imagined.

It is this first experience that is responsible for the emergence of several new feelings that the migrants experience over time: fear, joy, anger, sadness, pain, etc., that will become more intense depending on the experience. Although, in case of some people this shock may be more intense than the remaining,but it can not be avoided as it is the part of the normal process of adaptation.

When we migrate, we leave not only our country behind, but also our family, and friends, and all those structures that guided our lives. we have a language that allowed us to communicate with others, we know how the mode of transportation worked, we know our city, we know the social norms or laws of our native land.

On arrival at the other place, everthing change, we do not understand the language, we do not know the laws, we do not know how to do something according to the norms of new country, and we do not know how to get around the city, that was until then natural, like taking a bus.

To the extent that the differences are very significant, the cultural shock will also be more intense and will only be gradually overcome as we can adapt the culture and norms of new country. An adaptation that occurs in stages but with the passage of days, months or years we feel more at home. Some scholars of migration identify five stages of this process of manifestation of cultural shock ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IOHum3pL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Checa Olmos, Arjona Garrido, & Checa Olmos, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Checa Olmos, Arjona Garrido, & Checa Olmos, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":195,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/X9WPVL8B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/X9WPVL8B"],"itemData":{"id":195,"type":"article-journal","title":"El extrañamiento cultural en espacios migratorios: La juventud andaluza ante el reto de la multiculturalidad","container-title":"Migraciones internacionales","page":"111-140","volume":"4","issue":"1","source":"SciELO","ISSN":"1665-8906","shortTitle":"El extrañamiento cultural en espacios migratorios","author":[{"family":"Checa Olmos","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Arjona Garrido","given":"Ángeles"},{"family":"Checa Olmos","given":"Juan Carlos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Checa Olmos, Arjona Garrido, & Checa Olmos, 2007).

At first (honeymoon) it may be that the migrant feels joy and excitement by being in a new country. Everything seems very beautiful, he makes new friends, try to know the place, but when some difficulties appear, this enthusiasm ceases to be so strong.

In a second moment (Rejection) you may experience anger, sadness, or regret at realizing that things are not as easy as you imagined. It is not so simple to find work, you need to regularize your immigration situation - and it takes time. The skills or the profession acquired in your country, does not have the same value in new country, then probably you have to work in another area or field.

Add to that, the need to learn the new language, otherwise it leads to the lack of your friends and family. It is the issue that can make you very stressful, at that point your thought that why have you left you country can make you sadder.

In a third moment (Acceptance) the overcoming of the crisis of the previous phase allows the maturation and the strength to face a new stage. You has already learned about the new culture, can communicate in the new language, understands how things such as public transport and other services work.

It is the period in which you will be able to identify your limitations and possibilities from the experience of migration.

In the final phase, this adaptation or integration of fact and things that once seemed very complicated will now be more straightforward to understand and perform. More is the understanding, nothing will seem as challenging as at was at initial stage. The possibility of access to work, education, health, housing, etc. also contribute to the adaptation of the new culture.

Of course, there is still a fifth stage that can be experienced by the migrant who decides to return to his or her country of origin.

After having gone through the other phases, and especially out of the rejection phase, it is possible that the returning migrant will experience what is known as reverse culture shock.

He may need to readjust himself, reminiscing about his culture and are likely to feel sadness, insecurity, and disorientation. There may still be some conflicts with the migrant who starts to assume the behaviors, learned from the other culture.

Anger, sadness, guilt, despair, loneliness, insomnia, difficulty concentrating or making decisions or also physical problems like constant headaches, back pain, digestive problems or hormonal problems are the result of the continual stress of having to deal with such challenges as the migratory experience.

To combat them it is essential that the migrant should know that it is possible to get help by institutions and support groups

Whatever the cause, it is always important to remember that everything in life is transient, nothing is forever, and the tendency is always to improve CITATION Ste93 \l 1033 (Castles, Haas, & Miller, 1993).

Cultural shock does not necessarily have to be what it is, but rather a path of open doors to learning, where we can divide and multiply, learn and accept cultural differences, try to walk together through evolution in one direction .... peace!

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Checa Olmos, F., Arjona Garrido, Á., & Checa Olmos, J. C. (2007). El extrañamiento cultural en espacios migratorios: La juventud andaluza ante el reto de la multiculturalidad. Migraciones Internacionales, 4(1), 111–140.

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Castles, S., Haas, H. d., & Miller, M. J. (1993). The age of Migration. London: PALGRAVE MACMILLIAN.

Mclntosh, P. (1990). Independent School. White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible , 3.

Discussion Reply

Discussion Reply

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussion Reply

Discussion Response 1

The post has rightly identified that excessive use of certain stimulants and drugs hike the amount of dopamine being stimulated. However, not all drugs account for increased levels of dopamine.

There are some drugs that make the amount of dopamine to plunge (Volkow, Fowler & Wang, 1999). Additionally, the associations of pleasure for certain activities take place in the VTA-NAc pathway. But, excessive use of drugs tends to damage this pathway (Volkow, Fowler & Wang, 1999).

As a result of this irreparable damage, the brain becomes less responsive to normal.

Discussion Response 2

Certainly, the excessive use of drugs makes the D2 dopamine availability rare. Brains of cocaine addicts have fewer numbers of D2 receptors than the brain of a healthy individual (Volkow, Fowler & Wang, 1999).

The effects of this phenomenon disclosed that due to the excessive use of cocaine, the brains of the cocaine addicts had less availability of dopamine.

Although the study was conducted on monkeys, it is yet to ascertain what makes the availability of these D2 receptors to reduce.

Discussion Response 3

There are numerous reasons for the cannabis to still appear on the schedule I. First, there is no proven medical advantage. Second, there is a high risk that the individuals using it for the so-called medical use may start to abuse it (Bostwick, Reisfield & DuPont, 2013).

Though the stance of the Federal Drug Regulatory Authority has been unflinching, they are willing to allow controlled cultivation to establish the link behind cannabis and medication.

However, despite their promises to grant licenses for controlled cultivation, the FDA is yet to grant any license.

Discussion Response 4

It was on the direction of the then-President, Richard Nixon, that the government scaled a full-blown war against drugs to emancipate the American society from it (Bostwick, Reisfield & DuPont, 2013).

This war saw the creation of a drug schedule that placed marijuana on it. If marijuana has proven medical benefit, then it must be removed from the schedule I.

References

Bostwick, J. M., Reisfield, G. M., & DuPont, R. L. (2013). Medicinal use of marijuana. N Engl J Med, 368(9), 866-8.

Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G. J. (1999). Imaging studies on the role of dopamine in cocaine reinforcement and addiction in humans. Journal of psychopharmacology, 13(4), 337-345.

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1. The article presents the use of opioids agonists and antagonists in this article. Opioids are drugs that work by binding to the opiate receptors in the brain and cause analgesia. To counteract the effects of opioids, antagonists are used. Opioids are produced from the same source from which some other pain-relieving drugs are obtained. Where opioid agonists activate receptors, antagonists block them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HMHHjbEb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schuckit, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Schuckit, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":27,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/GN74CZCB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/GN74CZCB"],"itemData":{"id":27,"type":"article-journal","title":"Treatment of opioid-use disorders","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","page":"357-368","volume":"375","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Schuckit","given":"Marc A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schuckit, 2016). Naltrexone and naloxone are examples of opioid antagonists. The excessive use of antagonists is also harmful same as the excessive use of opioid agonists. It can result in the destabilization of the related parts of the nervous system. Mixed agonist-antagonist opioids also affect the body adversely. Using antagonists to reduce the effects of opioids has been effective but it could not work in all cases.

2. This article describes the problems associated with therapies that involve opiate drugs. New strategies used to address this problem involve some other drugs that are given along opiate drugs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sXW35t6Z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Han et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Han et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":28,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/LLJETLD3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/LLJETLD3"],"itemData":{"id":28,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorders in US adults: 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health","container-title":"Annals of internal medicine","page":"293-301","volume":"167","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Han","given":"Beth"},{"family":"Compton","given":"Wilson M."},{"family":"Blanco","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Crane","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jinhee"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Christopher M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Han et al., 2017). This combination produces reduced physiological activity and a lower level of analgesia. Methadone was found to reduce the use of heroin and, therefore, it can substitute the latter. It reduces the demand for heroin in the addicted. Since it can prove dangerous to use it without care, only licensed clinics should issue this medicine. Buprenorphine and Naloxone are effective in respiratory problems associated with opioid excessive uses.

3. The article describes Fentanyl that is a synthetic opioid. It is used for pain relief in cancer patients ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"k3C0dMt4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rosow, Moss, Philbin, & Savarese, 1982)","plainCitation":"(Rosow, Moss, Philbin, & Savarese, 1982)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":29,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/QQUG4FYG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/QQUG4FYG"],"itemData":{"id":29,"type":"article-journal","title":"Histamine release during morphine and fentanyl anesthesia.","container-title":"Anesthesiology","page":"93-96","volume":"56","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Rosow","given":"Carl E."},{"family":"Moss","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Philbin","given":"Daniel M."},{"family":"Savarese","given":"John J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rosow, Moss, Philbin, & Savarese, 1982). It is considered to be many times more powerful than heroin and morphine. Therefore, it is also very economical to use in medication. Its analogs include acetyl fentanyl, furanyl fentanyl, and carfentanyl. It is misused in societies for its heroin-like effect. Illegally made fentanyl has caused severe cases, even deaths, as reported in many places in the country.

4. The article narrates the use of opiates in dental pain treatment. It is prescribed to use for a maximum of seven days. However, the American Dental Association has suggested preventing its use in dental care, as there are many chances that a large number of people can get addicted to the opiate. The author has also experienced the removal of ‘molar' and has to bear the pain for not taking the opiate.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Han, B., Compton, W. M., Blanco, C., Crane, E., Lee, J., & Jones, C. M. (2017). Prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorders in US adults: 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Annals of Internal Medicine, 167(5), 293–301.

Rosow, C. E., Moss, J., Philbin, D. M., & Savarese, J. J. (1982). Histamine release during morphine and fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 56(2), 93–96.

Schuckit, M. A. (2016). Treatment of opioid-use disorders. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(4), 357–368.