Discussion Reply

Discussion Reply

[Author Name]

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Discussion Reply

Response 1

This discussion post provides a sufficient amount of information regarding why people abuse cocaine and alcohol. Coca ethylene is the ethyl ester of benzoylecgonine which is similar to cocaine. It is formed when cocaine and alcohol coexist in the liver. This increases the effect of cocaine that will, in turn, increase the dependency of an individual for alcohol and cocaine use. As mentioned in the post, I also agree that many people try to use cocaine to quit alcohol use, yet the metabolic reactions are so strong that they become more addicted.

Response 2

This discussion helps in understandings the reasons why people are so addicted to using cocaine with alcohol. The coexistence of both alcohol and cocaine can elevate the blood levels causing feelings of impulsiveness that may further hinder the withdrawal process. Also, alcohol withdrawal is considered to be the most intense withdrawal so using cocaine with alcohol will make it more difficult. Additionally, the compound formed when cocaine and alcohol combine can increase the risk of having cardiovascular diseases.

Response 3

The information provided is a source of great knowledge about how cocaine and a high dose of it in the blood affects the nervous system. Cocaine, declared as one of the strongest stimulant drugs, is used for recreational purposes, despite being illicit. I completely agree that Cocaine and Amphetamines, both drugs increase dopamine resulting in high blood pressure and heart rate. Neurons also get damaged resulting in psychosis. Research must be done on the right use of these drugs addressing the question you have put in the post.

Response 4

This post highlighted the most commonly abused stimulant in America. Injecting stimulants in the body may increase energy for some time yet it can also result in high blood pressure and heart rate. I completely agree with the post that people use medicines that are prescribed to patients with ADHD as a drug of abuse. This can cause severe consequences such as psychosis. Regular use of these stimulants floods the brain with dopamine that tricks the brain into assuming that this is a normal range making a person more dependent upon drugs.

Discussion Reponse

Discussion Response

Discussion Response

Brooke Use of Antipsychotics

Antipsychotics, also called neuroleptics, are some of the major tranquilizers that are used to control and cure psychosis. The disorders that can be treated by antipsychotics are bipolar disorder, dementia, depression autism and autism spectrum disorder, borderline personality disorder, OCD, PTSD and Parkinson’s disease. Both depressions (unipolar and bipolar) can be managed by medications that include mood stabilizing and antipsychotic medications. Autism disorder cannot be treated by these drugs but they can control some of its symptoms like aggression and irritability. It is very clear that disorders that have symptoms of psychosis and aspects of depression can be treated effectively by antipsychotics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"63mongWe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":80,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/NXPVTRRT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/NXPVTRRT"],"itemData":{"id":80,"type":"article-journal","title":"The development of antipsychotic drugs","container-title":"Brain and Neuroscience Advances","page":"2398212818817498","volume":"2","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Antipsychotic drugs revolutionised psychiatric practice and provided a range of tools for exploring brain function in health and disease. Their development and introduction were largely empirical but based on long and honourable scientific credentials and remarkable powers of clinical observation. The class shares a common core action of attenuating central dopamine transmission, which underlies the major limitation to their use – high liability to disrupt extrapyramidal function – and also the most durable hypothesis of the basis of psychotic disorders, especially schizophrenia. However, the Dopamine Hypothesis, which has driven drug development for almost half a century, has become a straight-jacket, stifling innovation, resulting in a class of compounds that are largely derivative. Recent efforts only cemented this tendency as no clinical evidence supports the notion that newer compounds, modelled on clozapine, share that drug’s unique neurological tolerability and can be considered ‘atypical’. Patients and doctors alike must await a more profound understanding of central dopamine homeostasis and novel methods of maintaining it before they can again experience the intoxicating promise antipsychotics once held.","DOI":"10.1177/2398212818817498","ISSN":"2398-2128","journalAbbreviation":"Brain and Neuroscience Advances","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Cunningham Owens","given":"David"},{"family":"Johnstone","given":"Eve C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018). The interesting part of the discussion is how these help depressions and how they have low compatibility for dopamine receptor.

Anthony Use of Antipsychotics

The treatment of Parkinsonism and schizoaffective disorders has been discussed in this topic. Antipsychotics help in the treatment of the abstract disorders such as depression, bipolar disorders and anxiety and they also fix physical problems such as hiccups and nausea. Parkinsonism is a movement disorder that has psychological symptoms too. The psychotic symptoms arise because the brain starts to produce too much dopamine and these antipsychotics are used to control their production and activate other brain chemicals of the patients to stabilize their moods. Based on their activity, they are divided into conventional and 2nd generation antipsychotics (SGA). SGAs help in reducing involuntary movements specifically.

Letitia Lowered Optimism

Antipsychotic drugs, developed in the fifties have reduced over time because of their severe side effects, FDA warnings and costs. It should be kept in mind that these drugs are used to treat severe psychiatric conditions like psychosis, which is a condition that takes a person away from reality and out him/her in hallucinations, paranoia and delusion. In some cases, they cause Parkinson in patients as a side effect. Therefore, a new class of drugs was introduced called atypical antipsychotics, with less side effects, like extrapyramidal which is high in antipsychotic drugs. Clozaril, a drug used in schizophrenic treatment has serious side effects such as Agranulocytosis, which is a dangerous decrease in white blood cells. This discussion ends with the note that FDA has issued warning regarding the over use of these drugs that have now increased risk of death.

Brooke Lowered Optimism

In the fourth topic, the impact of these drugs on clinical improvement has been discussed. There is no rapid clinical improvement as the researchers had hoped, therefore SGAs are diminishing overtime. As compared to the SGAs, FGAs are more expensive and are responsible for producing a variety of side effects such as metabolic syndrome which results in the weight gain of the patient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7BhYz5Ue","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(James, 2010)","plainCitation":"(James, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":82,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/H22HXYPL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/H22HXYPL"],"itemData":{"id":82,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prescribing antipsychotics for children and adolescents","container-title":"Advances in Psychiatric Treatment","page":"63-75","volume":"16","issue":"1","source":"Cambridge Core","abstract":"The prescription of antipsychotic medication in children and adolescents (<18 years of age) has increased immensely for a wide range of disorders including psychoses, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, pervasive developmental disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder. This has led to some concerns particularly as the evidence base in some areas is not strong, and antipsychotic medication – both first generation (FGA) and second generation (SGA) – is associated with considerable side-effects. Evidence from an increasing number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) points to therapeutic efficacy with moderate to large effect sizes. However, some RCTs have a small number of participants, are of short duration, and many are industry funded. The use of antipsychotics alongside psychosocial interventions can be recommended in certain disorders, provided there is continued, careful monitoring. It is important to note, however, that for many conditions the use of antipsychotics is not licensed in the UK.","DOI":"10.1192/apt.bp.108.005652","ISSN":"1355-5146, 1472-1481","language":"en","author":[{"family":"James","given":"Anthony C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (James, 2010). It was first believed that these antipsychotics help in the treatment of different disorders but now they have their own problems. They produce so many side effects that it is hard to use them in the first place. The discussion ends with a hope that some of the medications used in the treatment of schizophrenia prove to be effective.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cunningham Owens, D., & Johnstone, E. C. (2018). The development of antipsychotic drugs. Brain and Neuroscience Advances, 2, 2398212818817498. https://doi.org/10.1177/2398212818817498

James, A. C. (2010). Prescribing antipsychotics for children and adolescents. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 16(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.108.005652

Discussion W13

Discussion W13

[Author’s Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Discussion W13

Response 1

Cannabis is the second most widely used intoxicant in adolescence. Regular use of cannabis is often linked to drug dependency in which a person feels symptoms of withdrawal when not taking the drug. People who use cannabis experience mood swings, sleep difficulties, etc. (Hall & Solowij, 1998).

The adolescent children or teenagers who are involved in marijuana or cannabis consumption frequently indicate disadvantages as it alters not only the microstructural and microstructural growth of the brain but also the neurocognitive brain functioning. Furthermore, the extreme use of cannabis can cause changes in brain functioning particularly in the hypothalamus and gray matter of the brain.

When studies were performed to identify the changes in gray matter, gray matter volume was significantly reduced in individuals taking regular cannabis. Experimental studies have shown that there were significant clusters displaying a poorer gray matter volume in inconsistent cannabis consumers matched with individuals taking cannabis infrequently (Iversen, 2003). Changes in the gray matter were not only observed in temporal pole of the brain but also in the medial temporal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus and left insula.

Response 2

Parkinson’s disease is a well-known nervous system disorder that affects movement. The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease start gradually. Additionally, an individual may experience stiffness or slowing of movements along with tremors.

Cannabinoids are a system of cellular networks that interact with the receptors of the body that are responsible for regulating mood and memory functions. Several naturally occurring cannabinoids are there that facilitate in regulating a cellular network of patients that suffer from various memory disorders such as Alzheimer’s and dementia. Typically, physicians recommend cannabinoids in certain conditions to treat symptoms of neurochemical functions that are related to anxiety, mood, pain and learning. Additionally, drugs like rasagiline and selegiline can aid in slowing the progression of a disease. Furthermore, the drug levodopa can facilitate a person suffering from Parkinson as it replaces the missing dopamine in the brain (Connolly & Lang, 2014).

The targets I have mentioned were similar to those mentioned in the book. However, in the book, I also found that drugs like benztropine can also help in reducing tremors and the activity of neurotransmitter acetylcholine

References

Connolly, B. S., & Lang, A. E. (2014). Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. Jama, 311(16), 1670-1683.

Hall, W., & Solowij, N. (1998). Adverse effects of cannabis. The lancet, 352(9140), 1611-1616.

Iversen, L. (2003). Cannabis and the brain. Brain, 126(6), 1252-1270.

Discussion W9

Psychology

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Comparison and Contrast

Antipsychotic medicines are strengths in the management of schizophrenia and a variety of similar psychotic illnesses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WqbkNaOy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Advokat, Comaty, & Julien, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Advokat, Comaty, & Julien, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":142,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V9CDATAC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V9CDATAC"],"itemData":{"id":142,"type":"book","title":"Julien's Primer of Drug Action","publisher":"Macmillan Higher Education","ISBN":"1-4641-9886-1","author":[{"family":"Advokat","given":"Claire D."},{"family":"Comaty","given":"Joseph E."},{"family":"Julien","given":"Robert M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Advokat, Comaty, & Julien, 2014). Current researches, including meta-analyses of antipsychotic effectiveness and acceptability, have been studied with a positive result. Antipsychotic drugs are the chief drugs used in schizophrenic patients, along with various similar psychotic diseases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ynXmVAMK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Advokat et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Advokat et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":142,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V9CDATAC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V9CDATAC"],"itemData":{"id":142,"type":"book","title":"Julien's Primer of Drug Action","publisher":"Macmillan Higher Education","ISBN":"1-4641-9886-1","author":[{"family":"Advokat","given":"Claire D."},{"family":"Comaty","given":"Joseph E."},{"family":"Julien","given":"Robert M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Advokat et al., 2014). The symptoms of hallucination declined the ability of understanding, and abnormal behavior is similar in all types of mental health disorders. The heterogeneity has been found to antipsychotics in almost all kinds of mental health disorders with the same reaction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kJO0l1Qm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lally & MacCabe, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Lally & MacCabe, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":144,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/E3MNFTRM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/E3MNFTRM"],"itemData":{"id":144,"type":"article-journal","title":"Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review","container-title":"British medical bulletin","page":"169-179","volume":"114","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Lally","given":"John"},{"family":"MacCabe","given":"James H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lally & MacCabe, 2015). Researchers were unable to forecast reaction, which forces them to a trial-and-error approach with management using psychotic drugs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"54S1KYBb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lally & MacCabe, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Lally & MacCabe, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":144,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/E3MNFTRM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/E3MNFTRM"],"itemData":{"id":144,"type":"article-journal","title":"Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review","container-title":"British medical bulletin","page":"169-179","volume":"114","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Lally","given":"John"},{"family":"MacCabe","given":"James H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lally & MacCabe, 2015). Clozapine is the solitary operative medicine for management-resistant patients with schizophrenia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6xmyXd9n","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":145,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/586WI2KW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/586WI2KW"],"itemData":{"id":145,"type":"article-journal","title":"The development of antipsychotic drugs","container-title":"Brain and Neuroscience Advances","page":"2398212818817498","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"Cunningham Owens","given":"David"},{"family":"Johnstone","given":"Eve C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018). There are noteworthy similar side effects connected with antipsychotic consumption in all types of mental health disorders. However, there is a significant decline in the drastic extrapyramidal effects of psychotic drugs. With this decline, the use of second-hand generation of psychotic drugs has led to the burden of side effects. This increases the probabilities of cardiometabolic dysfunction. Other than schizophrenic disorder, physicians have recommended further studies to find out the first line antipsychotic drug best suitable for the patients suffering from related disorders.

Atypical Antipsychotics

This is an era of depraved science and poorer prescriptions when it comes to psychotic drugs. Researchers have recognized significant hypotheses: that the ideal quantity of conventional antipsychotics has been lesser than formerly assumed. Also, it is assumed that this quantity may provide physicians with better efficacy and effectiveness to those of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Each antipsychotic medicine varies in terms of side effects ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ybp8CeaN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lally & MacCabe, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Lally & MacCabe, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":144,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/E3MNFTRM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/E3MNFTRM"],"itemData":{"id":144,"type":"article-journal","title":"Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review","container-title":"British medical bulletin","page":"169-179","volume":"114","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Lally","given":"John"},{"family":"MacCabe","given":"James H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lally & MacCabe, 2015). Patients should be informed regarding each medicine and its side effects ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sJpTxhIa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Advokat et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Advokat et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":142,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V9CDATAC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V9CDATAC"],"itemData":{"id":142,"type":"book","title":"Julien's Primer of Drug Action","publisher":"Macmillan Higher Education","ISBN":"1-4641-9886-1","author":[{"family":"Advokat","given":"Claire D."},{"family":"Comaty","given":"Joseph E."},{"family":"Julien","given":"Robert M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Advokat et al., 2014). They also should know that physicians would decide the one having the best results. In cases of patients have no idea and have no understandings than physicians should move towards the prescription of atypical psychotic drugs. This is the reason that had led to the use of atypical psychotic drugs that have been less prescribed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"89gHSY0d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":145,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/586WI2KW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/586WI2KW"],"itemData":{"id":145,"type":"article-journal","title":"The development of antipsychotic drugs","container-title":"Brain and Neuroscience Advances","page":"2398212818817498","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"Cunningham Owens","given":"David"},{"family":"Johnstone","given":"Eve C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cunningham Owens & Johnstone, 2018). Physicians are rethinking in prescribing these drugs, considering it traumatic and trembling. Since no clinical evidence has been supported yet. Patients, along with physicians, have experienced mixed results so far ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"97IkSqbH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Advokat et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Advokat et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":142,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V9CDATAC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/V9CDATAC"],"itemData":{"id":142,"type":"book","title":"Julien's Primer of Drug Action","publisher":"Macmillan Higher Education","ISBN":"1-4641-9886-1","author":[{"family":"Advokat","given":"Claire D."},{"family":"Comaty","given":"Joseph E."},{"family":"Julien","given":"Robert M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Advokat et al., 2014). They and are in wait for novel strategies of maintaining mental health disorders before undergoing the inebriating potential of antipsychotics once apprehended.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Advokat, C. D., Comaty, J. E., & Julien, R. M. (2014). Julien’s Primer of Drug Action. Macmillan Higher Education.

Cunningham Owens, D., & Johnstone, E. C. (2018). The development of antipsychotic drugs. Brain and Neuroscience Advances, 2, 2398212818817498.

Lally, J., & MacCabe, J. H. (2015). Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: A review. British Medical Bulletin, 114(1), 169–179.

Discussion Week 13

Discussion Week 13

[Author’s Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Discussion Week 13

Response 1

Benzodiazepines work by increasing the inhibitory neurotransmission by interacting with gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. Benzodiazepine also improves inhibition through cellular hyperpolarization by coupling between GABA receptors and chloride ions channel (Costa & Suria, 1975). GABA receptors arbitrate clinical effect. The role of Alpha-1 receptors is to modulate not only amnesia but sedation and anterograde. On the other hand, Alpha-2 receptors are responsible for modulating muscle relaxation while also modulating anxiolysis (Campo‐Soria & Weiss, 2006). The effect on the central nervous system depends upon the drug’s affinity for a particular receptor subtype and the level of binding. The effects of benzodiazepines can be altered by Flumazenil that acts as an adversary on the receptors.

Barbiturates are a well-known class of sedative-hypnotic drugs. The drugs belonging to this class are generally used in general anesthesia. In the context of benzodiazepines, when it is mixed with alcohol, it can be fatal. Additionally, combining opioids and benzodiazepines can be fatal as both drugs are reactive, and their overdose may cause severe consequences.

Response 2

Despite several benefits of benzodiazepines, its withdrawal is extremely dangerous. People quitting this drug without taper may face several side effects, such as the increased risk of experiencing delirium and hallucination. It is recommended to not quit the drug at once but to reduce the dosage gradually as quitting the drug at once may result in seizures, panic attacks, and insomnia. (Ashton, 2005).

Benzodiazepines may also result in increasing dopamine present in the nucleus cucumbers. Addictive drugs like benzodiazepines cause long-lasting effects in the reward system. Addiction is basically the migration of specific AMPA receptors to the surface of dopamine-producing neurons. So changes in the level of dopamine result in neural excitation. While comparing answers with the textbook, I think that they are much similar to what is explained in the textbook. One thing that was mentioned in the textbook was the release of GABA influences dopamine neurons activities (Ashton, 2005). So my answer that alteration in dopamine level may result in neural excitation was similar to what was mentioned in the textbook.

References

Ashton, H. (2005). The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence. Current opinion in Psychiatry, 18(3), 249-255.

Campo‐Soria, C., Chang, Y., & Weiss, D. S. (2006). Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines on GABAA receptors. British journal of pharmacology, 148(7), 984-990.

Costa, E., Guidotti, A., Mao, C. C., & Suria, A. (1975). New concepts on the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines. Life sciences.

Discussion Week 14

Discussion Week 14

[Author’s Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Discussion Week 14

Response 1

The documentary facilitates a lot in understanding manic depression and bipolar disorder. In our society, there is a stigma that is associated with mental disorders. However, Stephen shared his experience with other people so that people suffering from mental illness can also come out of their shell and spread awareness about mental illness. The documentary also highlighted various causes of bipolar disorders such as genetic factors and biological traits such as hormonal problems and brain-chemical imbalances. Another factor that was highlighted in the video was that many people are left undiagnosed with the mental illness they have due to a lack of awareness due to which they had to face severe consequences. The documentary also helped a lot in understanding the sufferings that people go through when they are suffering from manic depression and bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the documentary will aid many people to look for the symptoms of mental illnesses in themselves and others as well so that the illness can be diagnosed timely.

Response 2

Lithium is also known as the first drug of choice while treating bipolar disorder. It also facilitates in reducing self-harm tendency of people and suicidal risks (Denicoff & Post, 1997). Although many people respond positively after using the medication yet some people do not respond to lithium effectively. If an individual is not responding to lithium then antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine and valproic acid can aid in reducing manic depression. However, it has been observed that if an individual is having mixed manic episodes then carbamazepine is the most suitable treatment (Goodwin & Revicki, 2003). Additionally, Tegretol can also be used to treat bipolar disorder. However, if none of these medicines are working then the combinations of the above-mentioned medicines can be used to treat bipolar disorder (Greil & Rudolf, 1997). Furthermore, it is recommended that an individual suffering from bipolar disorder must also seek various therapies such as CBT so that their illness can be treated effectively.

References

Denicoff, K. D., Smith-Jackson, E. E., Disney, E. R., Ali, S. O., Leverich, G. S., & Post, R. M. (1997). Comparative prophylactic efficacy of lithium, carbamazepine, and the combination in bipolar disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 58(11), 470-478.

Goodwin, F. K., Fireman, B., Simon, G. E., Hunkeler, E. M., Lee, J., & Revicki, D. (2003). Suicide risk in bipolar disorder during treatment with lithium and divalproex. Jama, 290(11), 1467-1473.

Greil, W., Ludwig-Mayerhofer, W., Erazo, N., Schöchlin, C., Schmidt, S., Engel, R. R., ... & Rudolf, G. A. E. (1997). Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders–a randomized study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 43(2), 151-161.

Discussion Week 4

Discussion Week

Name

Institution

Discussion

The validity, an indispensable feature of any research. This particular feature incorporates almost everything concerning testing procedures and research at large. This particular feature actually delineates how legitimate the research is, and applicable to both methodology and design of the research. For instance, if the data collected, is legitimate and valid then it simply implies that the claim put forward by the researcher following the conduction of tests are legitimate and solid. Everything contains a source and so does the validity. The source of validity is either content, criterion or construct validity. Following paragraphs would delineate the comparison between the sources of validity.

Criterion validity spins around the association between tests. Precisely it exhibits correlational nature. It further specifies the extent to which scores yielded by tests correlate with decisions, give amply information regarding the decisions or predict or project the decision. As far as construct validity is concerned, it is established following the confirmation of projected theory or hypothesis by the correlation between other variables and our test (Drummond & Jones, 2006).

Content validity measures the extent to which the elements of the evaluation tool are pertinent to the hypothesis for a specific evaluation. Content validity is more or less similar to the original definition of the validity save a slight difference. The difference outlines the focus of content validity on elements of the hypothesis and their illustration in the test. There lies an assumption under the content validity i.e. the breakdown of hypothesis into pieces or elements can yield into the illustrative samples of such pieces or elements. Criterion validity is similar to the content validity if there is a correspondence the tests. Owing to such correspondence, the tests will be correlated or compared in the domain of content validity. In the case of the criterion variable, comparison of the test is carried out with the variable of criterion. In this scenario, both criterion and content validity anticipate a strong relationship between the variables.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Drummond, R. J., & Jones, K. D. (2006). Assessment procedures for counselors and helping professionals. Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall.

Discussion Week 6

Discussion Week 6

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussion Week 6

Intelligence can be defined in different ways. Some say that intelligence is the ability of one to argue logically. Some would say it is the capacity of an individual to understand and grasp different concepts. Some connect it to reasoning and planning of an individual in different situations. Generally, intelligence is described as the ability of an individual to perceive any piece of information and apply that knowledge in an adaptative environment in order to thrive in today’s unforgiving world. In my opinion, to relate intelligence to only humans is not the right thing to say. Animals are intelligent as well. Machines are growing more and more intelligent day by day and the term is known as artificial intelligence.

Of all the theories put forward to explain intelligence, two theories have intrigued me a great deal. First, the Triarchic theory recognizes intelligence as a mixture of three different components rather than a single attribute (Sternberg, 1988). Analytical skills, creativity, and practical skills are the different components that combine together to form intelligence (Sternberg, 1988). While some researchers disagree with the Triarchic theory, I have found it acceptable because in this theory take into account the practical and creative skills. Second, Two-Factor theory categorizes intelligence abilities on the basis of two factors (Sternberg, 1980). These factors are called G-factor, known as a general ability, and S-factor, known as specific factors (Sternberg, 1980). G-factor is universally innate ability, constant and used in every task of life (Sternberg, 1980). S-factor is learned and acquired over time (Sternberg, 1980). Individuals outperform each other in S-factor (Sternberg, 1980).

Every now and then you meet people that stuns your intellectual abilities. A year back, as I was getting back home from college, I came across a man holding a placard with slogans regarding climate change. I stopped and inquired his opinion on the issue. The knowledgeful insight that the man had to offer on the issue just blew me away. He logically explained the causes and adverse effects of climate change on our lives and on planet earth. Lastly, he put forward a comprehensive plan to tackle this increasingly worrying problem.

References

Sternberg, R. J. (1988). The triarchic mind: A new theory of human intelligence (Vol. 19891). New York: Viking.

Sternberg, R. J. (1980). Factor theories of intelligence are all right almost. Educational Researcher, 9(8), 6-18.

Discussion Week 8

Final Film Critique

Martin Gutierrez

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Opioid Epidemic Article Summary

The opioid epidemic is severely damaging the United States. Dr. Joel Smithers was sentenced in U.S. District Court in Abingdon. He prescribed more than 5000,000 doses of opioids. It was said that “This physician perpetuated, on a massive scale, the vicious cycle of addiction and despair ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HfIV66uF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Virginia Doctor Who Prescribed More than 500,000 Doses of Opioids Sentenced to 40 Years in Prison})","plainCitation":"(Virginia Doctor Who Prescribed More than 500,000 Doses of Opioids Sentenced to 40 Years in Prison)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":55,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/ACCGGF3Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/ACCGGF3Q"],"itemData":{"id":55,"type":"webpage","title":"Virginia doctor who prescribed more than 500,000 doses of opioids sentenced to 40 years in prison","abstract":"Prosecutors said Dr. Joel Smithers ran a medical practice in Virginia like an interstate drug distribution ring","URL":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dr-joel-smithers-martinsville-virginia-doctor-prescribed-500000-doses-opioids-sentenced-40-years-prison/","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Virginia Doctor Who Prescribed More than 500,000 Doses of Opioids Sentenced to 40 Years in Prison)." New findings to combat the opioid epidemic were announced by Trump administration in September. They are giving almost $1.8 billion to the Department of Health and Human Services so that they can help communities fight the crisis.

As the world is growing fast, the number of the opioid epidemic is also increasing. The article highlights the seriousness of the situation going on in the country. To take care of people and save them from dying is the duty of every doctor. It is sad to know that doctors are illegally prescribing such harmful drugs which caused a huge number of deaths in the country. The government is taking good steps to reduce the opioid epidemic. They are giving $1.8 billion to the Department of Health and Human Services which is a good step to fight the crisis for the betterment of the country.

Opioid Antagonists and Agonists

Opioid is an exogenous drug that binds to opiate receptor, produces analgesia, and is blocked by opiate antagonist. Opioid is naturally taken from poppy plant which is used to make drugs like, Morphine, Codeine etc. Opioid antagonists block one or more of the opioid receptors in the central or peripheral nervous system. They are naltrexone and naloxone. These are used to reduce the effect of opioid in the body. While opioid agonists like, heroin, morphine, opium and others are the drugs which stimulate receptors in the body.

Opioid antagonists are used to block the receptors of opioid but these treatments are poor for opioid dependence. Excessive use of opioid agonists is harmful but the excessive use of antagonists as its treatment is harmful too. Its intermittent use can cause destabilization of central and peripheral nervous system. “An accelerated detoxification process does not translate into easier withdrawal management, as prolonged clinical discomfort and worsening of the withdrawal symptoms are reported ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"T72I3wF8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mannelli)","plainCitation":"(Mannelli)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":59,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/RSMEPN84"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/RSMEPN84"],"itemData":{"id":59,"type":"article-journal","title":"Agonist-antagonist combinations in opioid dependence: a translational approach","container-title":"Dipendenze patologiche","page":"17-24","volume":"5","issue":"1","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"The potential therapeutic benefits of co-administering opiate agonist and antagonist agents remain largely to be investigated. This paper focuses on the mechanisms of very low doses of naltrexone that help modulate the effects of methadone withdrawal and review pharmacological properties of the buprenorphine/naltrexone combination that support its clinical investigation. The bench-to-bedside development of the very low dose naltrexone treatment can serve as a translational paradigm to investigate and treat drug addiction. Further research on putative mechanisms elicited by the use of opioid agonist-antagonist combinations may lead to effective pharmacological alternatives to the gold standard methadone treatment, also useful for the management of the abuse of non opioid drugs and alcohol.","ISSN":"1970-1101","note":"PMID: 22448305\nPMCID: PMC3311161","title-short":"Agonist-antagonist combinations in opioid dependence","journalAbbreviation":"Dipend Patologiche","author":[{"family":"Mannelli","given":"P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mannelli).” Major pharmacological effects of opiates are sedation and anxiolysis, nausea and vomiting. Apart from antagonist and agonists, there are mixed agonist-antagonist opioids that have dangerous effects on human body. These include: “Pentazocine (Talwin), Butorphanol (Stadol), Nalbuphine (Nubain), Dezocine (Dalgan) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Vnmyy5ha","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Yuzu: Julien\\uc0\\u8217{}s Primer of Drug Action})","plainCitation":"(Yuzu: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":57,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/F75XVE94"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/F75XVE94"],"itemData":{"id":57,"type":"webpage","title":"Yuzu: Julien's Primer of Drug Action","URL":"https://reader.yuzu.com/#/books/9781319200541/cfi/6/24!/4/2/10/10/10@0:63.4","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Yuzu: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action).” Opiates decreases brain stem respiratory center’s sensitivity to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. It is said that the antagonist approach has treated the addiction and limited the intake of some of the drugs but it did not work for most opioid addicts, especially because of poor medication adherence.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Mannelli, P. “Agonist-Antagonist Combinations in Opioid Dependence: A Translational Approach.” Dipendenze Patologiche, vol. 5, no. 1, 2010, pp. 17–24.

Virginia Doctor Who Prescribed More than 500,000 Doses of Opioids Sentenced to 40 Years in Prison. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dr-joel-smithers-martinsville-virginia-doctor-prescribed-500000-doses-opioids-sentenced-40-years-prison/. Accessed 9 Oct. 2019.

Yuzu: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action. https://reader.yuzu.com/#/books/9781319200541/cfi/6/24!/4/2/10/10/10@0:63.4. Accessed 9 Oct. 2019.

Discussion Week12

Discussion Week 12

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Discussion Week 12

Response 1

One in every 5 children and adolescents suffer from severe depression. This asks for an immediate understanding of physiological it's symptoms and subsequent treatments. Each year 6.5 per cent of America's population suffers from depression among which only one-third seek out to the treatment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x2hNznLd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Yuzu: Julien\\uc0\\u8217{}s Primer of Drug Action,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Yuzu: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":64,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/74XRUZMT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/74XRUZMT"],"itemData":{"id":64,"type":"webpage","title":"Yuzu: Julien's Primer of Drug Action","URL":"https://reader.yuzu.com/#/books/9781319200541/cfi/6/22!/4/2/2/2@0:0","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Yuzu: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action,” n.d.). Use of Antidepressants is particularly considered as a major treatment for depression which contributes to the reduction of its clinical symptoms. It was conducted that on average, more than 5,200 children and adolescents take antidepressants during a period of 8 weeks.

Antidepressants are only considered as effective if they are combined with the psychotherapy. They may be prescribed by the doctor in case of severe symptoms because they effectively minimize a patient's suicidal thoughts as suicide is identified as the most significant outcome of depression along with self-harm. However, the doctor may be hesitant to provide antidepressant to some age groups because they may have adverse effects such as weight gain, severe headaches, insomnia and some cases it may result in gastrointestinal symptoms. Studies have shown that in some cases, they can contribute to the development of suicidal thoughts. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NJxVIxuL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Teen Depression,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Teen Depression,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":67,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/57YYV93S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/57YYV93S"],"itemData":{"id":67,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Teen Depression: The Pros and Cons of Medication","container-title":"Psycom.net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1986","abstract":"If your teenager is struggling with depression, you might be wondering about medications. Antidepressant medications, while generally safe, can have unpleasant side effects.","URL":"https://www.psycom.net/depression.central.teens.medication.html","title-short":"Teen Depression","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Teen Depression,” n.d.).

Response 2

STAR*D study suggests that antidepressant treatment may not be as effective as it is thought to be. The study devised the effectiveness of treatment based on 4 levels. In each level different antidepressant was given to the Patients. It was concluded that only half the people reached remission after two levels. After 4 levels, 70% of the patients were identified to reach remission. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OQBhjp0X","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}NIMH\\uc0\\u8239{}\\uc0\\u187{} Questions and Answers about the NIMH Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Study\\uc0\\u8212{}All Medication Levels,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“NIMH » Questions and Answers about the NIMH Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Study—All Medication Levels,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":69,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/HCBCA2VM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/HCBCA2VM"],"itemData":{"id":69,"type":"webpage","title":"NIMH » Questions and Answers about the NIMH Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Study — All Medication Levels","URL":"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/stard/allmedicationlevels.shtml","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“NIMH » Questions and Answers about the NIMH Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Study—All Medication Levels,” n.d.).

Initially, I would recommend a combination of low doses of “Fluoxetine” and psychotherapy. The patient's symptoms would be monitored during the period of six to eight weeks. If the patient becomes symptom-free after this period, he or she would be prescribed to continue this treatment for 12 months under observation.

However, if a patient doesn't respond to the treatment, the doses of fluoxetine would be increased to 30-40 mg based upon the patient's tolerance. If the patient's symptoms still don't seem to improve, they may be switched to “tranylcypromine” which is thought be most effective for patients not recovering from other antidepressants.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY NIMH » Questions and Answers about the NIMH Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Study—All Medication Levels. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2019, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/stard/allmedicationlevels.shtml

Teen Depression: The Pros and Cons of Medication. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2019, from Psycom.net—Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1986 website: https://www.psycom.net/depression.central.teens.medication.html

Yuzu: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2019, from https://reader.yuzu.com/#/books/9781319200541/cfi/6/22!/4/2/2/2@0:0

Discussion Week2

Discussion week 2

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Discussion week 2

Q1

The two measurement tools that have been chosen for this assignment are as follows.

Thermometer

A thermometer’s main purpose is to measure the rise and fall in temperature of the human body. This is achieved by giving a numerical value that ranges from 35 to 45 centigrade or 90 to 110 Fahrenheit. A thermometer is an interval scale. Being an interval scale means that the thermometer possesses both magnitude and equal interval but no absolute zero. It does not have an absolute zero because at no point in time temperature does not exist. The thermometer is both an interval and a ratio scale type. This is because its values have a meaningful difference between each unit. The data that is yielded from a thermometer can be used to determine if the body being tested is not overexerting itself. This can be detrimental for the entity involved (Stimson, 1949).

Stopwatch:

Stopwatch measures the time taken to travel for an individual from point A to point B. A stopwatch tells the time taken for the distance traveled in numeric form. A stopwatch has magnitude, equal intervals and absolute zero. This is because values attained have an inherent order while having the same differences between numbers. It also gives a representation of no movement. Just like the thermometer, the stopwatch is also an interval and ratio type of scale. This is because its values have meaningful differences between them and the doubling of measurements is also meaningful. The data yielded from a stopwatch can help determine how much time is taken to perform a certain activity. So it can help in increasing the efficiency of any given entity (Ohira & Sakazaki, 1994).

Q2

Answer:

The type of data which is required from psychological tests determine what type of scale measurement these tests belong to. These can be categorized into quantitative and qualitative. For qualitative results by categorizing individuals nominal level is used. For quantitative variables, scales such as ordinal level of measurement, interval level of measurement and ratio level of measurement can be used.

References

Ohira, T., & Sakazaki, N. (1994). U.S. Patent No. 5,297,110. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Stimson, H. F. (1949). The international temperature scale of 1948. J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (US), 42, 209-217.

Discussion7

Discussion 7

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussion 7

The transition from the seat of a junior employee to the position of a boss or a manager is a beautiful feeling, especially when you are the one who has been selected out of all your team. Imagine that you have got the promotions you had been dreaming of for years, and not only you, but your whole team also wanted this promotion. But it was you who fulfilled the criteria and the top management selected you. Undoubtedly it will be a very happy and proud moment for you, but at the same time, you will be in a very difficult position as well. I will explain it as my personal example.

First of all, the colleagues or the workers who were my friends yesterday will feel envious of me today, watching me getting promoted and going to a better position for which all of them had been dreaming of. There would be lot of jealousy and even resentment, and even some of them may refuse to comply with my orders but this all can all be settled down by following some simple steps. The first and foremost step that will be taken by me is to strengthen the communication between me and my team (Harley-McClaskey, 2015). Although I have been promoted to a higher position they are still my team and I have to get the goals and objectives fulfilled through them. For this purpose, a strong and smooth level of communication is very necessary.

My second step will be to set up some clear boundaries and expectations. I will clearly convey to my team that what is expected from them and how these objectives will be achieved. In addition to this, I will ensure that whenever and wherever they need my support, I will always be there but the expectations need to be met and no relaxation in terms of objectives or targets will be given.

References

Harley-McClaskey, D. (2015). Developing human service leaders. Sage Publications.

Discussion8

Discussion 8

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussion 8

Leadership is not an easy task, a leader has to be really skillful and possessing great problem-solving skills so that he can handle a team or group of followers. Leadership is an art of controlling and managing the followers and directing them in order to achieve a mutually agreed goal or objective. Leadership garners much more importance in the case of an organization, whether big or small, as it involves management of teams and people in the achievement of departmental and organizational goals.

Not every manager is a leader and vice versa. A manager is a person to whom people report and it is not essential that people report to every leader. It is the job of a leader to ensure that his followers are on the right track and the team is achieving the goals successfully. In order to ensure this success and direction, a leader has to take many actions so that the team remains motivated and follows the directions carefully. These practices include a number of tasks and actions that also include meetings at regular intervals. These meetings are intended to track the current progress regarding the goals and discussing and planning further goals.

It is the core responsibility of a leader or a manager to look over the whole meeting process and ensure that the meeting is conducted in a successful manner. In order to do so, heir she needs to adopt some behavioral patterns. The first and foremost pattern that a leader should adopt is open communication (Harley-McClaskey, 2015). A leader should always keep the doors of communication open and welcome suggestions and opinions from his or her team. The second and one of the most important patterns or habits is trust. The leader should make the employee or the follower feel valued aven if the suggestion provided bu them is impractical and not very clear.

References

Harley-McClaskey, D. (2015). Developing human service leaders. Sage Publications.

Discussion9

Discussion# 9

[Author’s name]

[Institute’s name]

Discussion# 9

           The development of an appropriate mission statement is recognized as one of the first initiatives by the organization to achieve business objectives effectively and efficiently. The consideration of the mission statement is a necessary approach to successfully illustrate the organization’s culture to all employees (Harley-McClaskey, 2015). A suitable mission statement is also defined as the representation of business, products, services, employees, and potential customers. The higher management of corporate organizations needs to shape their mission statement with time to ensure the successful execution of the entire procedure. 

The successful development and application of a mission statement are closely linked with the practical approach of buy-in in business. Active consideration of the buy-in domain in case of a mission statement makes it possible for all the employees to understand their roles and job tasks successfully. This form of assistance helps them to confidently embrace the organization's targets mentioned in the form of the company's mission statement. The adoption of a buy-in perspective in case of a mission statement is a vital step to align workers' performance and focus on business operations. This form of consideration on a prior basis is essential for business organizations to attain better forms of employees' engagement to meet business targets.

The goal of workers’ retention can also be successfully achieved through the consideration of the buy-in spectrum in the form of the mission statement. The specific feature of buy-in is characterized as the improved acceptance and commitment by the workers to attain the required form of course of action for the company. The agreement and acceptance by employees as important stakeholders are mandatory conditions to guarantees the improved performance level. Without the buy-in approach for employees, it is immensely difficult for the management to achieve desired corporate outcomes in the desired manner. 

Mission Statement of “Southwest Airlines”

“The mission of Southwest Airlines is a dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit.” 

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Harley-McClaskey, D. (2015). Developing Human Service Leaders. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1x2CwAAQBAJ

Discussions



Discussions

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussions

1.Week 2/ chapter 3: What is the role of economic systems, such as capitalism, in perpetuating inequality?

The economic system plays a vital role in the financial situation of people in any society as it dictates their source of income and the way their revenue is generated. The inequality or equality of wealth depends upon the economic system of a community and the nature of the person following that society. Capitalism is the most common one of the most widely spread financial system, and this type of economic system affects the lives of many people. Capitalism divides society into classes based on their wealth, and it always benefits the rich people by making them more wealthier through the constant flow of wealth (Carter, 2014). The wealth in capitalist system is generated through the working class, and they are not paid them per the amount that they produce. This constant generation of wealth from one type to another make a unidirectional flow of wealth. Due to the unidirectional flow of wealth, the upper class and inequality between the classes are created.

2. week 2/ Chapter 4 work values assessment Complete the values assessment found in the files section or pasted below. Then post a reflection in the discussion board. What were your results? How do you feel/what do you think about using values in career counseling?

1.Enjoyment: I want a high level of personal satisfaction.

2. Family/own life: A balance between personal and work is important.

3.Job stability: I want a reasonable assurance of long term employment.

4.Independence: I work best on my own by doing things my own way.

5.Creativity: Creating new ideas, objects, or programs is important.

6.Social service:It is important that my work benefits society.

7.Entrepreneurship: I want to develop my own projects and ideas.

8.Ethics & values: My work must match my personal values and beliefs.

Based on the value assessment I have concluded that leisure is essential for me, after the relaxation come creativity and social services. These characteristics will help me strive for a comfortable life because I want to benefit society and make my personal life better. During career consoling, it will help me to emphasize more on the wellbeing of the community and the private life of my clients and students. I will be able to focus on the ethical and personal values of my clients positively.

3. week 3 chapter 5: complete the attached assessment to determine your Holland Code. How congruent is your code with your chosen career environment? How might you use this with future clients?

According to the Holland Code, I come under the category of the Artistic people as most of the option that I selected were belonging to the digit 3. My chosen career is phycology, and I hope to become a career consoler in the future. During my profession, I will have to console people from a different cultural and educational background because it is the nature of my career environment. Being an artistically minded person will help me in consoling the artistic people more effectively as the understanding will be more profound. My Holland code will help to guide the artistic people correctly, but it will not be as effective as the investigative people though it will help me to be more creative in determining the personality of a person.

4.Week 3/ chapter 6: Myers-Briggs REQUIRED Ch 6 Myers-Briggs Activity Discussion Complete at least one of the Myers-Brigg activity found in files or attached here. Then answer the following question here on the discussion board. You do NOT have to submit the entire assignment, just answer the discussion question related to the activity. How well do the characteristics, the jobs, and the job tasks that you have listed describe your personality and job preference? Explain. And describe your impression of this method of characterizing personality and work style preference.

Part One

Improving skills you have, Use personal insight to be creative,

Part Two

Being sympathetic, responding to the feelings of others, being sympathetic

Part Three

Stick to one project, be open to changing your mind about a new decision

Part Four

Like to work alone for long periods, Prefer to work alone than with people

The characteristics of job that I have listed in this section describe my personality and the type of employment that I will prefer. It has helped me in strengthening the fact that I am an artistic person in general. I knew that I am a creative person and the job suitable for me are the one in which I work alone. This method had made me realize that even when I prefer to work alone, there are instances in which I will try to work in a group. It gives the people Idea regarding their personality and their preferable career.

References

Carter, B. (2014). Capitalism, Class Conflict and the New Middle Class (RLE Social Theory). Routledge.

Disorder

Eating Disorder

Eating disorder is a severe condition where one overdoes themselves into eating resulting in affecting their health, their mental state and not being active in their everyday life. Individuals possessing eating disorders tend to growm into being obsessed with food and their weight. Some important and most common types on eating disorders are: binge-eating disorder, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. CITATION May19 \l 1033 (Staff, 2019)

Researchers have found that people with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are obsessed about being the perfect ones and making everything in their life perfect. They feel bad about how they really are and criticize about themselves every day. They, for the most part, "feel fat" and consider themselves to be overweight, at times even regardless of hazardous semi-starvation (or lack of healthy sustenance). In the initial stage of these disorders, the patient usually goes in denial and keep telling themselves and everyone that they are fine CITATION Ran17 \l 1033 (Parekh, 2017). The only difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is that in bulimia nervosa, one can compensate for the over-eating with forced vomiting, extreme and needless exercise and extreme use of weight loss pills. In Binger-eating, you consistently eat a lot of food (gorge) and feel an absence of authority over your eating. You may eat rapidly or eat more nourishment than planned, notwithstanding when you're not eager, and you may keep eating even long after you're awkwardly full. After consuming a lot of food, they start feeling guilty and ashamed they action and how much they have eaten over the past few hours. However, this guilt does not bring any change in their behavior. They keep on binge-eating but because of the embarrassment they feel, they continue their binge eating routine alone. This behavior mostly happens once a week.

Eating Disorders are obscure disorders that are caused by many factors. The cause to these disorders can be biological (hormone issues, iron and nutritional deficiencies), psychological (low self-esteem, depression) or environmental (any external activity like family issues, career issues, Tastefully arranged games, where strong focus is set on keeping up a fit body for improved execution) disruption but the cause is always unknown. A dietary problem can be hard to oversee or overwhelmed independent from anyone else. Dietary issues can essentially assume control over your life. In case you're encountering any of these issues, or in the event that you figure you may have a dietary issue, look for therapeutic assistance. Females are more probable than males to have anorexia or bulimia. Despite the fact that dietary problems can happen over an expansive age go, they regularly create in the youngsters and mid-20s. In the United States, 20 million ladies and 10 million men experience the ill effects of a clinically noteworthy dietary issue sooner or later in their life, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, pigging out confusion or (EDNOS is currently perceived as OSFED, other determined nourishing or dietary issue, per the DSM-5).

However, convincing a person to get back to their normal weight or for a period of time ending the binge-eating routine does not help with the mental issues that have raised during the abnormal eating routine. Psychotherapy helps people with dietary issues to comprehend the considerations, feelings and practices that trigger these scatters. Moreover, a few drugs have likewise demonstrated to be compelling in the treatment procedure. Beside the restorative difficulties related with dietary problems, they convey a fundamentally raised death rate. In one investigationpeople with anorexia nervosa had a six-overlay increase in mortality stood out from the comprehensive network. Clarifications behind death join starvation, substance abuse and suicide. Basically, the makers found an extended pace of death from 'ordinary' causes, for instance, danger. A consequent report found that the raised mortality perils for bulimia nervosa and dietary issue not by and large demonstrated (by and by saw as OSFED, other decided continuing or dietary issue) resembled those for anorexia nervosa. CITATION Eat \l 1033 (Eating Disorders, n.d.)

It is very important that eating disorders must be treated. In one of the studies, it has been found that 13% of the adults with this particular disorder do not go through treatment. Treatment plans are utilized in keeping an eye on the various stresses a man or woman may look in the recovery of their prosperity and flourishing and are regularly modified to address individual issues. Treatment for an ED is typically included in any event one of the going with and tended to with therapeutic experts, nutritionists, and consultants for complete thought:

Medical Treatment: You must get all the medical help you can to save yourselves from this disorder..

Nutrition: Involves weight restoration and stabilization, guidance for normal devouring and the integration of meal plan.

Therapy: Different kinds of psychotherapy, for instance, individual, family, or social affair, can be helpful in watching out for the essential explanations behind dietary issues. Treatment is a noteworthy piece of treatment since it deals with an individual in recovery the opportunity to address and retouch from terrible life events and adapt increasingly valuable adjusting aptitudes and systems for conveying sentiments, bestowing and keeping up strong associations.

One of my cousins, a few years back, was bullied in school because of her over weight. The children in her school will taunt her and would call her “Miss Bobble”. Eating was one of her favorite things to do but because of the children in her school and the mean trick they would play on her, she got depression and became aggressive. Little did we know that she had bulimia nervosa. She would sit normally in the dining room for dinner with her parents but as soon as she was done with dinner, she would rush to the washroom and vomit out all of her dinner. This continued for further two weeks when she, one day, got caught doing this by her little sister. She was immediately treated for this disorder as she became so weak that we could see her bones and also, she was not functioning well. This incident was caused due to depression caused by her over weight and the bully she received from her school mates.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Eating Disorders. (n.d.). Retrieved from Mental Health America: https://www.mhanational.org/conditions/eating-disorders

Parekh, R. (2017). Eating Disorders. Retrieved from American Psychiatric Association: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/eating-disorders/what-are-eating-disorders

Staff, M. C. (2019). Eating disorders. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic : https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eating-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20353603

Disscusion

The bodily procedure where the sensory organs in our body, like listening, seeing, touching and tasting, react to outer upgrades is called Sensation. CITATION Sen19 \l 1033 (Sensation and Perception | Introduction to Psychology) Each tangible framework contains extraordinary tactile receptors, which are intended to identify explicit ecological upgrades. When identified, tactile receptors convert natural boost vitality into electrochemical neural motivations. The mind at that point deciphers those neural messages, which enable the cerebrum to experience and settle on choices about the earth.. After our mind gets the electrical sign, we comprehend this incitement and start to welcome the perplexing scene around us. This mental procedure, comprehending the upgrades, is called Perception. This is the procedure where you differentiate a gas leak at your home or listen to a tune that will trigger the memory of you with your friends listening to the very sasme tune.

How do we process information:

Sensation happens:

a) Tangible organs ingest vitality from a physical improvement in nature.

b) Tangible receptors convert this vitality into neural driving forces and send them to the cerebrum.

Perception pursues:

The cerebrum sorts out the data and makes an interpretation of it into something important.

Bottom-up processing means to handle sensory data as it is coming in. At the end of the day, in the event that I streak a picture on the screen, your eyes identify the highlights, your cerebrum pieces it together, and you see an image of a falcon. What you see depends just on the sensory data coming in. Then again, how we translate those sensations is affected by our accessible learning, our encounters, and our musings. This is called top-down preparing. CITATION Sto15 \l 1033 (Stokes, Matthen and Biggs) Assume you get a significant letter; however, a couple of drops of water have spread piece of the content. A couple of letters in various words are presently just smeared. However, you're as yet ready to peruse the letter completely utilizing top-down preparing. You utilize the setting of the words and sentences wherein the smircesh show up and your insight into perusing to appreciate the significance of the letter's meaning.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Sensation and Perception | Introduction to Psychology. 2019. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-psychology/chapter/outcome-sensation-and-perception/. 10 October 2019.

Stokes, Dustin, Mohan Matthen and Stephen Biggs. Perception and its modalities. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Disscusion Board

Psychology Discussion Board

[Name of Writer]

[Name of Institution]

1. The developmental milestones that Lila reaches are very easy to be observed since the essence of this film is in intimacy and detail. Lila starts as an eight-year old and grows from being content with her friends to being jealous of girls who are desired more than her. Lila learns about the line that divides gender. She also undergoes changes in her body which result in sexual frustration which is another major milestone. However, I feel like the central point of all these milestones as well as any themes to the movie is the way Lila’s relationship with the people around her change and evolve. I therefore agree with answer. Lila did pretty well in terms of understanding and navigating through the changing landscapes of her relationships primarily with her friends. I also appreciate that the credit is given to Lila’s parents for making her childhood fulfilling. A complete childhood can have an alarmingly significant role in successful morphing into adolescence.

2. The whole world today is at the edge of our fingertips. Endless information and the entire world population is one click away. Social media and internet profiles are the prime of our interactions with other people. Businesses, friendships and relationships are all increasingly sustainable because of internet and social media. It has become an alternative for experiences in the physical world. I therefore agree with the point that looking for love online is simply the easier alternative that today’s youngsters mostly opt for. It does not come without its flaws but making it into an evil that is eroding our society is silly. I also especially acknowledge the point that the highlighted flaws of online dating in the response are merely limited to the superficiality that is not new in the dating business at all.

Does Media Have A Negative Effect?

Does Media Have A Negative Effect?

Name

Affiliation

Date

Does Media Have A Negative Effect?

The influence of the media on the life of the general public has given rise to a number of issues, due to which the researchers have claimed that media has negative impacts on the thinking, as well as attitude of the general public. This not only includes young children, teenage population, but young adults as well. This paper will discuss the literature review of three research articles which depict different ways and forms in which the media has left a negative effect on the general public.

Dale L. Cusumano and J. Kevin Thompson conducted a research study in 2001 which was entitled “Media influence and body image in 8–11‐year‐old boys and girls: A preliminary report on the multidimensional media influence scale.” The research study was published in the journal named “International Journal of Eating Disorders” and talked about the influence of the media regarding body image on the children as young as eight to eleven years old. The purpose of the research study was to develop the ‘Multidimensional Media Influence Scale’ in order to assess the components of media influence which were impacting the body image of the young children. The previous research highlighted that pressure, awareness, comparison, internationalization and importance are major components which define the media influence on the body image of the young children. The researchers selected a population of two hundred and ninety-five students for conducting the research study and asked for the permission of the parents of the selected population. Some of the participants of the research study backed off due to a number of reasons and the most important out of them was the lack of permission from the parents, as well as the non-availability of the students due to their absence or class schedule on the day research, was conducted. The participants were selected through random sampling and one hundred eighty-two participates finally took part in the research study, out of which seventy-five students were boys and one hundred and seven students were girls. The average age of the participants of the research study was ten years and three months and they belonged to different ethnicities which included African American, white American, and some other racial groups, as well (Cusumano, & Thompson, 2001).

The researchers utilized the “Eating Disorder Inventory” to check the “Body Image Dissatisfaction” among the research participants. Moreover “Multidimensional Media Influence Scale" was also utilized to assess the body image perception of the students. The researchers provided the questionnaires to the students which asked their demographic information, media exposure and other questions about body image perception. The results of the research study highlighted that girls had higher levels of body dissatisfaction, which was highlighted due to the regression and variance analysis. On the other hand, the body image dissatisfaction rate among the boys was quite low as compared to the girls. The article highlighted that the young girls between the age of eight to eleven years, were greatly influenced by the media perception of body image, however, young boys of the same age groups were not affected by the media perception ta the same level. The article has highlighted that the media influences even the young children in a negative manner and shapes their thinking and attitude in the wrong manner, accordingly (Cusumano, & Thompson, 2001).

Nelson, Leickly, Yang, Pereira, and Simoni jointly conducted a research study in 2014, which was entitled “The influence of sexually explicit online media on sex: do men who have sex with men believe they "do what they see"? The article was published in a journal named "AIDS care.” It is evident from the title of the article that it studied the sex perception and practices of the men having sex with men, commonly called MSM, and analyzed the impact of the available media that is pornography on the choice and perception of the participants. The researchers were of the view that over the course of the past two decades, the MSM have engaged in viewing the sexually content quite significantly, which also portrays unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). Such content motivates the viewers to practice the same, ultimately increasing the risk of HIV transmission, in addition to increasing the risk of other sexually transmitted diseases (Nelson et al., 2014). The researchers shared the concern that viewing the sexually explicit concern has significantly impacted the practices of the MSM, specifically contributing to the practice of UAI which has a greater risk of transmitting HIV. The online content does not focus on sharing the risks of such practices and the only focus is on emphasizing the satisfaction of the MSM.

In order to assess the thinking and perception of the specific group of the society, the researcher conducted an in-depth qualitative research study, in which the participants were interviewed. The research participants consisted of sixteen MSM, who belonged to the Seattle area. The participants did not only talk about their own practice and thinking about the matter but also shared the perception about other MSM. Sharing their opinion about the online sexually explicit media, the MSM shared the opinion that it played an important role in their education, provided them the opportunity of becoming comfortable with their sexuality and provided them the opportunity of setting expectations about their sexual behavior. The participants also highlighted that they were not influenced by the UAI practices, as it was risky. The participants also shared their opinion about the message being conveyed by the UAI practices is the online sexually explicit content, which included the point that UAI is not unusual. Moreover, it is acceptable and their future partner may depict interest in such an activity. The researchers highlighted the point that online media content, which is sexually explicit in nature, impacts the MSM in a negative manner by preaching and supporting the activity of UAI, while the MSM believe that it is providing them education (Nelson et al., 2014).

One of the most important aspects of the negative effect of media on the general public is that it has contributed to the increase in the suicide rate, by providing the motivation to the people to commit suicide through its reporting or depiction. Patricia Ortiz and Eindra Khin Khin authored a research article about the issue which was published in the year 2018. The article was entitled "Traditional and new media's influence on suicidal behavior and contagion" and was published in the journal named "Behavioral sciences & the law." The researchers have mentioned in their article that the fictional, as well as non-fictional media, has played an important role in promoting the suicide contagion. Although the media is much more effective and functional as compared to the previous times, however, the history of suicide contagion dates back to the latter half of the eighteenth century, when a novel by the author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was published. The novel ‘The Sorrows of Young Werther,' described the tale of a young boy who committed suicide, due to the failure of his love affair. It was the very first example of suicide contagion which was researched, as the suicide rate had increased significantly during that time period. The suicides were inspired and influenced by the novel because of the fact that the book was recovered from most of the people who committed or attempted suicide. The suicide contagion was also named as ‘the Werther effect’ being inspired by the effect of the novel on the suicidal thinking and behavior of the general public (Ortiz, & Khin Khin, 2018).

Ortiz, & Khin Khin (2018) have explored a number of other facts in their research article. The researchers have mentioned that the reporting of suicide through the news medium has the most important contagion impact on the readers which motivate them to commit suicide. They have presented the example of suicide reporting on the first page of the newspaper, which significantly increased the suicide rate among the general public. One of the most important point explored by the researchers in their article is their article is that the rate of suicide specifically among the male population of the society increased significantly after the suicide of Marilyn Monroe in the year 1962, which depicts the influence of the media celebrities on the thinking and attitude of the general public. Highlighting the most recent scenario, the researchers have presented the example of the season "13 Reasons why," which explored the scenario leading the suicide of an individual, the research highlights the significant increase in the suicide rate among the young adults following the release of the series. The researchers have shared the point that the news media, as well as the social media sites, blogs and other media sources need to be very careful in reporting such issues, as the reporting has the tendency of influencing the population to commit suicide, which is one of the most important examples of the negative effect of the media on the general public (Ortiz, & Khin Khin, 2018).

The research articles have highlighted the fact that different mediums and sources of media impact the perception and practices of the general public in a negative manner. The body image perception advocated by the media impacts the perception of young children and motivate them to act accordingly. The sexually explicit content raises the risk of motivating MSM to take part in UAI and the suicidal reports motivate the general public to commit suicide. The media does have a negative impact on the thinking and behavior of the general public which needs to be controlled.

References

Cusumano, D. L., & Thompson, J. K. (2001). Media influence and body image in 8–11‐year‐old boys and girls: A preliminary report on the multidimensional media influence scale. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29(1), 37-44.

Nelson, K. M., Leickly, E., Yang, J. P., Pereira, A., & Simoni, J. M. (2014). The influence of sexually explicit online media on sex: do men who have sex with men believe they “do what they see”?. AIDS Care, 26(7), 931-934.

Ortiz, P., & Khin Khin, E. (2018). Traditional and new media's influence on suicidal behavior and contagion. Behavioral sciences & the law, 36(2), 245-256.

Does PARENTAL INCARCELATION AffectT CHILDREN SOCIAL DEVELOMENT?

Does Parental Incarceration Affect Children Social Development

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Abstract

In the United States, the number of prisoners has accelerated significantly. It is an explicit illustration of the enhanced crime rate in the society which calls for added protection and supervision of children to save them. In this study, I shall deliberate the adverse impacts of parental incarceration on the children by conducting research on a sample of children taken from various schools and colleges. 1000 Children will be the part of the study which will answer several critical questions based on a questionnaire. Psychologists and sociologist will assist in constructing the questions and likewise will assess the results of the children to reach a concentrated conclusion. The hypothesis is established based on the literature review that the children will be suffering from a grave emotional and social condition caused by the absence of guidance and supervision of the parents.

Literature Review

A research study published by Davis and Shlafer critically assessed the intricate relationship between the incarceration of parents and the development of the children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8Ai3Qsyh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Davis & Shlafer, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Davis & Shlafer, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":310,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/EQTYBGP5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/EQTYBGP5"],"itemData":{"id":310,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mental health of adolescents with currently and formerly incarcerated parents","container-title":"Journal of adolescence","page":"120-134","volume":"54","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Reliable information about children of incarcerated people is difficult to obtain, and major gaps exist in our understanding of their well-being. This study aims to determine whether adolescents with incarcerated parents report higher levels of mental health problems than those without an incarcerated parent, and whether the relationship between parental incarceration and adolescent mental health is moderated by parent-child relationships. Using a statewide survey from one US state, we compared adolescents with a currently incarcerated parent to those with a formerly incarcerated parent and those with no history of parental incarceration on self-reported indicators of mental health, and examined whether strong parent-child relationships were protective against mental health concerns. Results indicate that adolescents with incarcerated parents are at elevated risk for mental health problems, and strong parent-child relationships partially buffer children from risk. Findings underscore the need for more investment in effective early interventions for adolescents in highly adverse contexts.","DOI":"10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.10.006","ISSN":"0140-1971","note":"PMID: 28011442\nPMCID: PMC5549675","journalAbbreviation":"J Adolesc","author":[{"family":"Davis","given":"Laurel"},{"family":"Shlafer","given":"Rebecca J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Davis & Shlafer, 2017). The availability of credible information was scarce in the study which causes the researchers to face several challenges to compile a comprehensive set of data and information to advance their studies. A statewide survey was conducted across the United States of America (USA) to compare among the children with parental incarceration in the past and the present and the children with no history of parental incarceration. The results reflected the children with incarcerated parents were at an increased risk of suffering from certain mental health complications and impediments. The data sources were collected from the sample comprising school children in Minnesota. A sum of 122, 180 were the participants of the study which were surveyed after three years based on the information provided. Several logistic regression models were utilized to assess the mental health indicators. The results concluded the children with incarcerated parents were immensely prone to mental illness with the children of formerly incarcerated parents facing a lesser threat.

Another research study published by Wakefield and Wilderman deliberate the significance of parental incarceration for the development of the children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tS0Utl4v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wakefield, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Wakefield, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":314,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/TKXEZBK3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/TKXEZBK3"],"itemData":{"id":314,"type":"article-journal","title":"How Parental Incarceration Harms Children and What to Do About It","page":"6","source":"Zotero","abstract":"While parental incarceration was once an event that only a tiny fraction of American children experienced, it is now a common event for American children—especially African American children. In this policy brief, we document the mostly negative consequences of parental incarceration on children, focusing especially on the consequences of paternal incarceration for children, and describe policies that not only would diminish rates of incarceration but also would help children who have already been affected by parental incarceration. We seek to demonstrate that parental incarceration is common, unequally distributed, and largely detrimental to child well-being, although the harmful effects of parental incarceration are more settled for paternal incarceration than for maternal incarceration.","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Wakefield","given":"Sara"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wakefield, n.d.). It has become a pervasive menace in the United States of America (USA), especially for ethnicities as African American children. The research methodology comprised a descriptive study of the previous literature including studies and policy reviews to stipulate a new policy. Approximately 500,000 people were incarcerated in 1995 and the number ballooned to 2.3 million in 2007. The menace of parental incarceration manifests detrimental consequences for the family and children as socio-economic challenges, unemployment, mental health complications and substance use. The children of such parents are likely to exhibit aggressive traits and live a life with instability. Another aspect is worth mentioning that the researchers did not find a conclusive difference between the children of prisoners charged for drug, non-violent or violent crimes. Besides, children struggle to attain satisfactory grades in schools, have poor social development and are often embarrassed and bullied. After presenting a comprehensive outlook on the framework of parental incarceration by using statistics, the researchers concluded that the menace has become pervasive in the United States. The marginalized groups as the African Americans suffer grave ramifications in comparison to other groups. It is essential to promulgate policies which offer assistance to vulnerable groups and decrease the imprisonment.

An experimental study stipulated by Keva M. Miler highlights one of the prominent perils of parental incarceration in the United States ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pdleoid1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Miller, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Miller, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":315,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/DFYACYE9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/DFYACYE9"],"itemData":{"id":315,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children: An Emerging Need for Effective Interventions","container-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal","page":"472-486","volume":"23","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"The increasing number of children with incarcerated parents constitutes perhaps one of the largest at-risk populations in the United States. Short- and long-term effects of parental incarceration are difficult to quantify; however, the current literature indicates that this population is negatively responding to major shifts in family structure, and is vulnerable to economic stress and adverse interpersonal issues. Service providers are seeking appropriate intervention strategies to address the resultant issues of parental incarceration. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of research on effective practice methods. This paper reviews the literature on the potential implications parental incarceration has on children, and discusses service providers’ concerted efforts to allay the consequences. Recommendations for appropriate data collection and identification of relevant gender, developmental, and cultural interventions are provided.","DOI":"10.1007/s10560-006-0065-6","title-short":"The Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children","journalAbbreviation":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal","author":[{"family":"Miller","given":"Keva"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",8,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Miller, 2006). A thorough review of the literature was conducted to examine the issues. The widespread economic afflictions, crucial shifts in family structure and interpersonal issues were common in the families and children. The imperative intervention techniques are being explored by the service providers to confront the issue. However, there exists a paucity of research o intervention techniques and thus it is necessary to recommend interventions. Several studie4s have demonstrated the adverse impacts of parental incarceration on the children as the exposure to poverty, crime-infested neighborhood, violence and family substance abuse. It is a challenging task to quantify both short and long term impacts. Moreover, economic afflictions can desecrate the moral of families if they survive the psychological and social torture. Some families prefer not to reveal the truth of parental incarceration to the children to protect them from severe embarrassment and inferiority or guilt issues. The onus lies on the service providers to be equipped with key tools to deploy effective and appropriate strategies to reduce the impact of parental incarceration on children.

I shall advance to establish the hypothesis that children with parental incarceration will suffer from detrimental consequences in several dimensions of social life in comparison to normal children. The hypothesis is established based on the literature review and an in-depth analysis of the issue which makes it flexible to predict the outcomes of the study.

Method

I shall conduct an online survey which will comprise a questionnaire pertinent to the issues related to the parental incarceration. The questionnaire will offer a comprehensive set of issues to determine the psychological, social and emotional impacts of the incarceration of parents on children. The targeted subjects of the study were the children under 18. The children above 18 were excluded from the study as they had already achieved a mature state of mind in comparison to the below age children. These children will be assessed by consulting several high-schools and colleges to discuss the purpose, causes and implications of the study with them. The questionnaire will be then established by the collaboration of seasoned experts of sociology and psychology to cover the dimensions of social and emotional impact on the children. It is essential to mention that the schools and colleges will be the primary stakeholders as the subjects will be based in those institutes and the administration will be responsible to make sure the children take part in the survey. Approximately 300, children will advance to give their views based on the questionnaire.

It is essential to mention the specific schools and colleges which will be targeted to make the study credible and discrete. For instance, African American children will be the epicenter of the study as they are at the increased risk of being suffering from issues caused by parental incarceration. Thus, the dependent measure in the study will be the emotional, social and economic trauma faced by the children of the incarcerated parents. It is worthy to highlight the role of a psychologist to formulate the questions in the survey because it will require psychological answering and the assessment of the results. Afterward, the children will advance to answer the questionnaire comprising 50 questions which can be answered as yes or no. On the very first page, the respondent will be asked whether or not the parent is incarcerated or were previously imprisoned. If the respondent chooses yes, then he will be taken to the next pages. This will ensure none of the children answer the questions whose parents are not imprisoned.

In addition, the questions will be diverse in the end. They will ask the extent of the issue to be selected as none, low, normal and extreme. If the children are suffering from extreme emotional trauma, he may advance to select the option of extreme. Likewise, the answers of the children will be assessed in the end which will be generated on the basis of the answers given. A psychologist may find it challenging to evaluate the tremendous amount of extensive questionnaire and thus the number of psychologists can be enhanced on the basis of the need.

Results

The results of the questionnaire will be assessed by the psychologists and then the impact of the parental incarceration will be measured from the evaluated results. It is likely that the children with parental incarceration will be suffering from social embarrassment, lack of economic prosperity, emotional trauma and a potential sense of loneliness. In addition, they are also likely to be involved in severe crimes because of the stigma associated with the society of being a son or daughter of a criminal and prisoner. Thus, the results will offer a comprehensive set of answers and implications to underpin the widespread and adverse implications of the peril of parental incarceration on the children.

Discussion

The study will model the children studying in high schools and colleges to evaluate the impact of parental incarceration. The comprehensive provision of a questionnaire to them will be the most appropriate and rational method of conducting the study as it will neither be complex nor cause difficulties for me. However, it is essential to shedding light on the previous studies and the loopholes which urged me to conduct the research. First, there exists a paucity of researches targeting the children studying in schools and colleges. Most of the studies have evaluated the literature reviews or assessed the children from random samples. The study is therefore crucial to add to the existing literature. Moreover, another aspect worth highlighting is the need to discuss the menace of the detrimental impacts of parental incarceration in the United States of America (USA).

In the United States, the number of prisoners has accelerated significantly. It is an explicit illustration of the enhanced crime rate in a society which calls for added protection and supervision of children to save them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AQ8lCdQM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Parents\\uc0\\u8217{} Imprisonment Linked to Children\\uc0\\u8217{}s Health, Behavioral Problems \\uc0\\u8211{} Population Reference Bureau,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Parents’ Imprisonment Linked to Children’s Health, Behavioral Problems – Population Reference Bureau,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":308,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/KBL6F5TI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/KBL6F5TI"],"itemData":{"id":308,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Parents’ Imprisonment Linked to Children’s Health, Behavioral Problems – Population Reference Bureau","URL":"https://www.prb.org/incarcerated-parents-and-childrens-health/","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Parents’ Imprisonment Linked to Children’s Health, Behavioral Problems – Population Reference Bureau,” n.d.). The study also highlighted the children were exposed to crimes in the absence of seasoned guidance of parents. The study I conducted was an evaluation of the intensity of the matter but it did not include any preventive measures. The need of the hour is to establish an intervention mechanism to address the needs of such children and remove the issues of social development and prosperity faced by them. Furthermore, the psychologist and sociologist played an instrumental role throughout the study to construct the questions and then evaluate them on the basis of the answers selected by children.

I shall discuss the manifestations of the study with future research and policy intervention. Irrefutably, it is the most significant part of the study as it will advance to confront the challenge and assist the needy and deprived children to excel emotionally, socially and economically ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WzA8eByV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Casey, Shlafer, & Masten, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Casey, Shlafer, & Masten, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/ANEPICRX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/ANEPICRX"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"article-journal","title":"Parental Incarceration as a Risk Factor for Children in Homeless Families","container-title":"Family relations","page":"490-504","volume":"64","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"The current study aimed to describe the prevalence of children of incarcerated parents (COIP) in a sample of homeless/highly mobile children, examine the relationship between parental incarceration and other risk factors, and investigate the effect of parental incarceration on child academic and mental health outcomes. The authors compared COIP (n = 45) to children whose parents were never incarcerated (n = 93) within a sample of 138, 4- to 7-year-old ethnically diverse children residing in emergency homeless shelters. Children's caregivers provided information about children's history of parental incarceration and other family experiences. Children's teachers reported academic and mental health outcomes in the subsequent school year. Compared to children with no history of parental incarceration, COIP experienced more negative life events. Regression models revealed that a history of parental incarceration was a significant predictor of teacher-reported internalizing problems. These results have implications for the identification and treatment of the highest risk homeless/highly mobile children.","DOI":"10.1111/fare.12155","ISSN":"0197-6664","note":"PMID: 26478648\nPMCID: PMC4606874","journalAbbreviation":"Fam Relat","author":[{"family":"Casey","given":"Erin C."},{"family":"Shlafer","given":"Rebecca J."},{"family":"Masten","given":"Ann S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",10,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Casey, Shlafer, & Masten, 2015). In the future, the researchers ought to visit the schools and colleges to conduct sessions with the children in the presence of psychologists. It will offer them a comprehensive outlook of the issue and the error factors will be minimized. For instance, the presence of the psychologist will make sure the children are assessed critically and are motivated to share the challenges without reluctance or embarrassment. It will present own challenges as it will require a significant amount of time resources and efforts to visit several schools and colleges to conduct interviews with the individual children. Likewise, the onus relies on the stakeholders and the policymakers to construct a mechanism to aid the children with parental incarceration to fight the social and economic deprivation in true letter and spirits.

However, there also existed several limitations to the study. First, direct contact with the children suffering from parental incarceration was not established. It raises other issues of truthfulness and credibility to undermine the research study. Besides, the research study lacked exposure to a wide range of institutions to accomplish comprehensive results. The exposure would have been immense and productive if it had concentrated on at least 3000 children whereas the study concentrated on 1000 children. However, the study still advances to manifest keen insights on the impact of parental incarceration on the social development of the children and thus is a potential research study.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Casey, E. C., Shlafer, R. J., & Masten, A. S. (2015). Parental Incarceration as a Risk Factor for Children in Homeless Families. Family Relations, 64(4), 490–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12155

Davis, L., & Shlafer, R. J. (2017). The mental health of adolescents with currently and formerly incarcerated parents. Journal of Adolescence, 54, 120–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.10.006

Miller, K. (2006). The Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children: An Emerging Need for Effective Interventions. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 23, 472–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-006-0065-6

Parents’ Imprisonment Linked to Children’s Health, Behavioral Problems – Population Reference Bureau. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2019, from https://www.prb.org/incarcerated-parents-and-childrens-health/

Wakefield, S. (n.d.). How Parental Incarceration Harms Children and What to Do About It. 6.