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Part A
Answer 1.
Development has almost always been considered synonymous with economic growth. Economic development is output and productivity growth and is measured by GDP. However, in the developing countries, that is, in developing countries, development is different arguments such as life expectancy, literacy or infant mortality. these reasoning is called human development and has its own indicators (for example, the UNDP Human Development Index). That seems to be the case two different interpretations: economic and human. “A human development approach to development requires the integration of policies taking into consideration both economic and noneconomic factors”( Beneria, Berik and Floro17).
“Some aspects, even though recognizing that these are important for the elimination of poverty and the attainment of acceptable living standards for all countries and social groups. human development encompasses both the notion of human capabilities, such as health and knowledge, and the use of these capabilities in people’s lives”( Beneria, Berik and Floro 18).
Traditional the way has been to see the connection or the relationship between these. So development is equal to economic growth and economic growth automatically improve social and human prerequisites for development. However, as numerous examples show, this is not always the case happen. Economic development and related mechanisms have also impoverished people even further. Identifying true developments is difficult. At the same time, development is social a description of the process and a positive evaluation of that process. According to Beneria, Berik and Floro this is where the concept of development is problematic: it is at the same time descriptive, that is descriptive and normative, ie value-laden. The concept of development is desirable goal, but at the same time describes the way to reach the goal. This is making progress unambiguous definition is challenging.
Part B
Answer 1.
There are many problems discussed from the discourse of development including debt, poverty, economic crisis, unemployment , lack of knowledge, gender gap, gender discrimination, gap between theory and practice etc. Benería, Lourdes, Günseli Berik, and Maria illustrated in a widening gap between the rich and poor. In many ways, the debt crisis has become the problem that does not go away, at least for many countries and not just for the poorest.
“Another problem is poverty, economic insecurity, and growing inequalities that feed the social pressures that have become a lasting problem for many areas”( Benería, Günseli , and Maria 6). On the other hand, many poverty researchers point out that besides absolute poverty. Poverty is often relative and, in the case of poor countries, highly interdimensional. References to people's basic needs or minimum income are not just enough for poverty.
The report also clearly acknowledges the problem of “an unequal world,” referring to disparities between rich and poor countries as well as between social groups separated by “rigid sociopolitical hierarchies which constitute powerful social barriers explicitly aimed at preserving the status quo of the better off” (p. 123). Another reason that often directs state action is based on economic growth support. Economic growth is based on the view that poor countries benefit most a free market, which requires governments to allow goods and movement of services; and the unrestricted right of businesses to invest across border.
The problem is well known: gender is considered a “special subject” quite apart from the more general and central conference topics( Benería, Berik, and Maria 9). Our text book identify one of the key problems of present-day mainstream economics as the disconnect between theory and reality and the contrast between the discipline’s increasingly obsessive focus on technical “precision” and “rigor” and its inability to respond to society’s needs— or at least to the needs of a large proportion of the population. These are among the most prominent problems in the teaching and practice of economics. Likewise, domestic violence against women has been linked to problems of poverty and unemployment among men.
Work cited
Benería, Lourdes, Günseli Berik, and Maria Floro. Gender, development and globalization:
Economics as if all people mattered. Routledge, 2015.
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