What Effect Does The Socioeconomic Status And Multicultural Diversity Of Households Have On Children And Adolescents Becoming Obese?

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What effect does the socioeconomic status and multicultural diversity of households have on children and adolescents becoming obese?

INTRODUCTION

Obesity in children and adolescence teens is a concern for physicians (Hernandez and Pressler), (Demment et al.).

Children obesity is associated with many factors including overeating, family culture, social status, economic condition, etc (Ogden et al.).

Effects of socioeconomic status and multicultural diversity on obesity have been proven by established research (Emmett and Jones).

Obesity can cause other serious harms to health such as type 2 diabetes (Porter et al.).

Improving quality of life, social status of family, economic condition, and dietary control can reduce health risks and obesity (Hernandez and Pressler).

BODY

Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence

Childhood and adolescence obesity is prevalent in most parts of the world (Hasson et al.).

Besides over-eating, there are many reasons behind childhood and adolescence obesity (Rogers et al.).

The reasons behind childhood and adolescence obesity may be social, economic, cultural, and/or ethnic

Evidence supports the effects of socioeconomic and multicultural diversity on childhood or adolescence obesity (Emmett and Jones).

Obesity is prone to risks many other diseases (Hernandez and Pressler).

Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Childhood and Adolescence Obesity

Social and economic factors have an influence on obesity in childhood and adolescence (Porter et al.).

Evidence has found that there is a correlation between childhood or adolescence obesity and the socio-economic factors behind its dilemma (Demment et al.).

The research indicates that poverty has negative effects on health (Ogden et al.).

Children and adolescent teens who have suffered long periods of poverty are more likely to acquire health problems (Pan et al.).

Obesity is associated with poverty experienced in childhood and adolescent period repeatedly (Hasson et al.).

Minorities and low-income families have a greater tendency that their children and adolescence youngsters continue to gain weight (Hernandez and Pressler).

Children and adolescence teens who have accumulated obesity have more chances to acquire diabetes in adulthood (Ogden et al.).

Changes in social status and income of the family have adverse effects on children and adolescence teens the most (Demment et al.).

Interventions based on community and designed in a way that changes the environment and income status of families have been reported to reduce the negative factors linked with poverty ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AoCJz7NQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hernandez and Pressler)","plainCitation":"(Hernandez and Pressler)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":69,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/989B95IQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/989B95IQ"],"itemData":{"id":69,"type":"article-journal","title":"Accumulation of childhood poverty on young adult overweight or obese status: race/ethnicity and gender disparities","container-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","page":"478-484","volume":"68","issue":"5","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","abstract":"Background Childhood poverty is positively correlated with overweight status during childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Repeated exposure of childhood poverty could contribute to race/ethnicity and gender disparities in young adult overweight/obese (OV/OB) weight status.\nMethods Young adults born between 1980 and 1990 who participated in the Young Adult file of the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth were examined (N=3901). The accumulation of childhood poverty is captured via poverty exposure from each survey year from the prenatal year through age 18 years. Body mass index was calculated and categorised into the reference criteria for adults outlined by the Center for Disease Control. Logistic regression models were stratified by race/ethnicity and included a term interacting poverty and gender, along with a number of covariates, including various longitudinal socioeconomic status measures and indicators for the intergenerational transmission of economic disadvantage and body weight.\nResults Reoccurring exposure to childhood poverty was positively related to OV/OB for white, black and Hispanic young adult women and inversely related for white young adult men. A direct relationship between the accumulation of childhood poverty and OV/OB was not found for black and Hispanic young adult men.\nConclusions Helping families move out of poverty may improve the long-term health status of white, black and Hispanic female children as young adults. Community area interventions designed to change impoverished community environments and assist low-income families reduce family level correlates of poverty may help to reduce the weight disparities observed in young adulthood.","DOI":"10.1136/jech-2013-203062","ISSN":"0143-005X, 1470-2738","title-short":"Accumulation of childhood poverty on young adult overweight or obese status","journalAbbreviation":"J Epidemiol Community Health","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Hernandez","given":"Daphne C"},{"family":"Pressler","given":"Emily"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hernandez and Pressler)

Reduced poverty helps in reducing weight in young adolescents (Bhadoria et al.).

A holistic approach that takes into consideration income status and social status will prove more beneficial in treating obesity in children and adolescent teens ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"K0rLRhd7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Demment et al.)","plainCitation":"(Demment et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":71,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/9XPJCZI7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/9XPJCZI7"],"itemData":{"id":71,"type":"article-journal","title":"Changes in family income status and the development of overweight and obesity from 2 to 15 years: a longitudinal study","container-title":"BMC Public Health","page":"417","volume":"14","issue":"1","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","abstract":"Background: An emerging body of research suggests the trajectory of a family’s income affects children’s health and development more profoundly than the often-measured income at a single time point. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between changes in family income status, early-life risk factors, and body mass index (BMI) z-score trajectory from age 2 to 15 years.\nMethods: This longitudinal study employed a birth cohort (n = 595) located in a rural region of New York State. Data were collected through an audit of medical records and mailed questionnaires. Family low-income and BMI z-score trajectories were identified using latent-class modeling techniques that group children based on similar trends across time. We examined five early-life risk factors in relation to income and BMI z-score trajectories: maternal overweight/obesity, maternal gestational weight gain, maternal smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding duration, and early-life weight gain trajectory. We used multinomial logistic regression models to estimate the odds of being in a BMI z-score trajectory group based on income trajectory and early-life risk factors.\nResults: Children who remain low-income throughout childhood were more likely to maintain overweight (AOR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.03, 5.42) and children who moved into low-income during childhood were more likely to be obese (AOR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.12, 5.93) compared to children who were never low-income. Maternal overweight/obesity was significantly associated with a child become obese (AOR = 8.31, 95% CI = 3.80, 18.20), become overweight (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.34, 4.22), and stay overweight (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.02, 3.14). Excessive gestational weight gain was associated with increased likelihood of a child becoming overweight trajectory (AOR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.01, 4.00).\nConclusions: Our findings further supports the growing evidence that there are several preventable early-life risk factors that could be targeted for intervention. This study provides new evidence that remaining in low-income and moving into low-income increases risk for adolescent overweight and obesity.","DOI":"10.1186/1471-2458-14-417","ISSN":"1471-2458","title-short":"Changes in family income status and the development of overweight and obesity from 2 to 15 years","journalAbbreviation":"BMC Public Health","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Demment","given":"Margaret M"},{"family":"Haas","given":"Jere D"},{"family":"Olson","given":"Christine M"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Demment et al.)

People who have lower resources for their household will have more chances of acquiring obesity rates ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hJm2mqJz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rogers et al.)","plainCitation":"(Rogers et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":73,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/FTF9ERCL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/FTF9ERCL"],"itemData":{"id":73,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Relationship between Childhood Obesity, Low Socioeconomic Status, and Race/Ethnicity: Lessons from Massachusetts","container-title":"Childhood Obesity","page":"691-695","volume":"11","issue":"6","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","abstract":"Background: Previous studies have shown race/ethnicity, particularly African American and/or Hispanic status, to be a predictor of overweight/obese status in children. However, these studies have failed to adjust for low socioeconomic status (SES). This study assessed whether race/ethnicity remained an independent predictor of childhood obesity when accounting for variations in SES (lowincome) among communities in Massachusetts.\nMethods: This study was based on 2009 summarized data from 68 Massachusetts school districts with 111,799 students in grades 1, 4, 7, and 10. We studied the relationship between the rate of overweight/obese students (mean = 0.32; range = 0.10–0.46), the rate of African American and Hispanic students (mean = 0.17; range = 0.00–0.90), and the rate of low-income students (mean = 0.27; range = 0.02–0.87) in two and three dimensions. The main effect of the race/ethnicity rate, the low-income rate, and their interaction on the overweight and obese rate was investigated by multiple regression modeling.\nResults: Low-income was highly associated with overweight/obese status ( p < 0.0001), whereas the effect of race/ethnicity ( p = 0.27) and its interaction ( p = 0.23) with low-income were not statistically significant. For every 1% increase in low-income, there was a 1.17% increase in overweight/obese status. This pattern was observed across all African American and Hispanic rates in the communities studied.\nConclusions: Overweight/obese status was highly prevalent among Massachusetts students, varying from 10% to 46% across communities. Although there were higher rates of overweight/obese status among African American and Hispanic students, the relationship disappeared when controlling for family income. Our findings suggest low SES plays a more significant role in the nation’s childhood obesity epidemic than race/ethnicity.","DOI":"10.1089/chi.2015.0029","ISSN":"2153-2168, 2153-2176","title-short":"The Relationship between Childhood Obesity, Low Socioeconomic Status, and Race/Ethnicity","journalAbbreviation":"Childhood Obesity","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Rogers","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Eagle","given":"Taylor F."},{"family":"Sheetz","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Woodward","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Leibowitz","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Song","given":"MinKyoung"},{"family":"Sylvester","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Corriveau","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Kline-Rogers","given":"Eva"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Qingmei"},{"family":"Jackson","given":"Elizabeth A."},{"family":"Eagle","given":"Kim A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rogers et al.)

Effects of Multicultural Diversity on Childhood and Adolescence Obesity

Evidence proves that multicultural diversity has effects on childhood and adolescence and people are affected in this particular period with obesity (Ogden et al.).

Childhood obesity affects to a great extent the physical health of children as well as their emotional state, social wellbeing, and self-respect (Bhadoria et al.).

Childhood obesity is associated with poor living standards experienced by them (Porter et al.).

Cultural diversity has diversified effects on children and adolescents (Rogers et al.).

Certain maternal factors contribute to weight gain in children, and these factors have a strong impact due to the family culture (Pan et al.).

Low-income African-American people’s children tend to accumulate obesity due to the cultural values in their houses, which tend to make them use non-nutritious foods (Xu and Xue).

Mothers in low-income families usually do not identify diet qualities due to lack of awareness and education

Several other factors like genetic code influence weight gain and slow lifestyle, and genetic inheritance is typical and particular with each family (Bhadoria et al.).

Household social position has effects on the health of children and adolescent teens; the white people’s children do not gain weight and are not vulnerable to type 2 diabetes (Xu and Xue).

CONCLUSION

The multicultural household contexts have varied effects on obesity in children and adolescent teens (Pan et al.).

The socioeconomic status has a direct correlation with obesity and other health risks (Emmett and Jones).

Unawareness of the nutritional diet can lead to certain cultural values that cause obesity

Obesity can be reduced by using a holistic approach of treatment that includes consideration of social, economic, cultural, household, and genetic information of the subject (child or adolescent teen)

Works Cited

Bhadoria, AjeetSingh, et al. “Childhood Obesity: Causes and Consequences.” Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, vol. 4, no. 2, 2015, p. 187. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.4103/2249-4863.154628.

Demment, Margaret M., et al. “Changes in Family Income Status and the Development of Overweight and Obesity from 2 to 15 Years: A Longitudinal Study.” BMC Public Health, vol. 14, no. 1, Dec. 2014, p. 417. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-14-417.

Emmett, Pauline M., and Louise R. Jones. "Diet and Growth in Infancy: Relationship to Socioeconomic Background and Health and Development in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children." Nutrition Reviews, vol. 72, no. 8, Aug. 2014, pp. 483–506. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1111/nure.12122.

Hasson, Rebecca E., et al. “Sociocultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Overweight/Obese African-American and Latino-American Children and Adolescents.” Journal of Obesity, vol. 2013, 2013, pp. 1–9. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1155/2013/512914.

Hernandez, Daphne C., and Emily Pressler. “Accumulation of Childhood Poverty on Young Adult Overweight or Obese Status: Race/Ethnicity and Gender Disparities.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 68, no. 5, May 2014, pp. 478–84. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1136/jech-2013-203062.

Ogden, Cynthia L., et al. “Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016.” JAMA, vol. 319, no. 23, June 2018, p. 2410. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1001/jama.2018.5158.

Pan, L., et al. “Incidence of Obesity Among Young US Children Living in Low-Income Families, 2008-2011.” PEDIATRICS, vol. 132, no. 6, Dec. 2013, pp. 1006–13. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1542/peds.2013-2145.

Porter, Lauren, et al. “Maternal Perceptions Related to Eating and Obesity Risk Among Low-Income African American Preschoolers.” Maternal and Child Health Journal, vol. 20, no. 12, Dec. 2016, pp. 2565–72. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1007/s10995-016-2082-1.

Rogers, Robert, et al. “The Relationship between Childhood Obesity, Low Socioeconomic Status, and Race/Ethnicity: Lessons from Massachusetts.” Childhood Obesity, vol. 11, no. 6, Dec. 2015, pp. 691–95. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1089/chi.2015.0029.

Xu, Shumei, and Ying Xue. “Pediatric Obesity: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment.” Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, vol. 11, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 15–20. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.3892/etm.2015.2853.

What Has The U.S. Supreme Court Ruled On Warrantless Searches Of Offenders Under Parole Or Probation Supervision?

U.S. Supreme Court Rule on Warrantless Searches of Offenders

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U.S. Supreme Court Rule on Warrantless Searches of Offenders

According to the fourth amendment of the constitution of the United States of America, the warrantless searches of the citizens are not allowed, because it is the invasion of their privacy. The amendment also states that the concerned authorities cannot search the house, property and papers of the people without warrants and in case of having the warrant, it should clearly state the reason for suspicion. On the other hand, the probable cause can invalidate the situation, in the way that it would grant the right of search and seizure to the authorities. The probable cause can be proof of involvement of the individual in any criminal or suspicious activity.

On the other hand, in the case of the offenders under parole or probation supervision, they are proved to be guilty or suspicious, due to which they lose some of their basic rights, granted to them by the constitution of the United States of America. So, the United States Supreme Court has ruled in favor of warrantless searches of offenders under parole or probation supervision. According to the authorities, the offenders under parole or probation supervision do not have the right of warranted search because of their previous code of conduct. The authorities have the right to conduct a warrantless search and seizure because the offenders under parole can get rid of the proof or mitigate the situation if the concerned authorities take their time of getting the warrants. So they can act on the scene and utilize their right of warrantless search and seizure in order to keep the peace and order of the society (Turner, Hemmens, & Matz, 2016).

Warrantless search and seizure of any individual is prohibited according to the fourth amendment of the constitution of the United States of America. However, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on warrantless searches of offenders under parole or probation supervision. The reason behind it is the previous record of the offenders, which culminates some of their basic rights, in order to protect the peace and order of the society, by taking immediate action.

Reference

Turner, J. R., Hemmens, C., & Matz, A. K. (2016). Is it reasonable? A legal review of warrantless searches of probationers and parolees. Criminal justice policy review, 27(7), 684-701.

What Impact Did Industrialisation Have On People In Victorian Britain?

Title page

Industrialization

Social changes are associated with the industrial revolution apparent in population increase and mass urbanization. Revolution attracted a large population from rural areas to urban regions. It was the first time when a huge population moved to urban areas in search of employment and with the aim of improving standards of living. During this era, a class of industrialists were acquiring most of the wealth and investing in a business. The working class had to survival on minimum wages, which reflected a clear class gap between the rich and the poor. They were confined to low-level jobs such as labor. Although they provided numerous benefits to the farm owners including high productivity and profits but they continued to live in segregation.

The richness of aristocracy remained the dominant aspects of Victoria Britain after the industrial revolution. The wealth of aristocracy was based on lands and many new businessmen emerged to increase their wealth. During the reign of Queen Victoria, the populace was primarily rural. However, the explosion of industrial revolution encouraged the migration of people from rural to urban lands. This accelerated movement caused a shortage of housing and people had to live in slumps or crowded houses. The poor were living the inner city while the rich were settled in the core city. The rich class enjoyed numerous benefits because the availability of excessive labor allowed them to increase productivity CITATION Chr173 \l 1033 (Baker, 2017).

Industrialization is linked to dramatic changes in aspects of Victorian life. Growth in commercial entertainment can be seen as a visible impact of industrialization. This era is also linked with the change in popular culture as lives were regulated by the different cycle of seasons. Day rituals included harvesting by until the end of the growing season. More textile industries opened that encouraged women, men and children to join the workforce. Everyone was inclined to earn for improving living standards. This period is linked with the creation of a third class, the middle-class. The society was divided into different strata according to wealth and status CITATION Chr173 \l 1033 (Baker, 2017).

Historians the concept of industrialization and development and dependence on industrial technologies of other countries. Britain developed a strong connection between manufacturing and development. Government's intervention in the manufacturing sector depicts the need for an effective control mechanism, and her theory demonstrates the principle of reciprocity. The concept of reciprocity depicts the dependence of the industry's performance on government's support CITATION Jam14 \l 1033 (Cypher, 2014). the state stressed on the connection between qualified professionals and firm controls that lead to massive developments. The tactics that lead to high imports include elevation of equity stakes.

Negative trends were promoted by the industrial revolution because for the first time labor was working between 6 am to 9 pm. They were working extra hours but only managed to earn meagre wages CITATION Chr173 \l 1033 (Baker, 2017). The industrial revolution did not change the status of the poor. Minority groups found work only in agrarian communities. Revolution impacted blacks negatively. With the increase in competition, the environment became more hostile for the working class. Attacks towards minority population also increased. Many firms hired black workers as cheap labor. There was a clear line was drawn between the dominant and inferior class. Rich British earned supernormal profits and attained the advantage of cheap labor. While on the other hand blacks struggled for basic necessities. Segregation was apparent in every aspect of Victorian life such as schooling and work. The kids of working-class lacked access to education that affected their futures. The chapter also highlights gender inequality.

Women in Britain experienced gender discrimination in work. They had fewer opportunities for growth compared to males. Similarly, they were paid low salaries and remained at middle-positions. Males on the other hand enjoyed wider benefits and pay scale. Although it was the first time that women were hired by factories but they faced gender inequality that was apparent in pay gaps.

Victorian Britain identified the importance of technological interventions and needs to construct institutions that lead to high productivity. Components of development include an effective control mechanism, low- interest loan, performance-based support that links to employment, investment and technological diffusion. The strategy of the state reflects the significance of administrative guidance that results from the central control mechanism and formulation of policy guidelines. The concept of integrationists relates to countries like Mexico that approached other countries for technological integration. This resulted in development theory also highlight the connections between nationalist altering systems and knowledge-based skills. Development banking depends on the ability of the nation to overcome failures of the state through the adoption of effective control mechanisms. The inductive theory is another contribution that discusses industrial expansion and growth. The concept of elite development economists and economic entropy reflects the influences over international trade. Reciprocity illustrates the dependence of development on profitability yields from alternative opportunities. The important contributions involve her arguments on concepts of the skewed income distribution, agro- mineral exports, and concentration of raw materials. History reveals that development of country's economy depends on the economic policy that that state formulates CITATION Jam14 \l 1033 (Cypher, 2014).

Historians portray associate industrial revolution with a modern society that lacked morality and values. This was the period of the industrial revolution that changed the human approach and living patterns of Victorian British. People cared more about wealth and status than relationships and values. The materialistic world resulted in self- destruction and societal damages. The period after revolution played a significant role in disillusioning people and focusing on individualism. People lacked consciousness to think about their wrong attitudes and immoral acts. Sociologists use modernism to relate it with destruction and lack of purposeful life CITATION Sch141 \l 1033 (Schlicke, 2014). Modernism changed the concept of living for the people and focused more on changing their status. In Victoria, the society didn't care about social norms. The society became more materialistic that is apparent in the fact that children were forced to work in factories. The brutal treatment of factory supervisor was to raise productivity. People also forgot their family values in the race of making money. Prior to the revolution, women stayed home to taking care of their children CITATION Pat111 \l 1033 (Hudson, 2011). After the revolution, the majority of the working-class women joined the workforce for making money. This deteriorated the family system and cultural traditions.

History indicates that the demand for new goods fueled the industry that offered secured earning to the Victorian people. People with specialized skills such as engineering and technology managed to raise their level of incomes. These people attained the status of middle-class. Population explosion posed a significant challenge of managing resources and land for the people CITATION Pat111 \l 1033 (Hudson, 2011). The Victorian boom of the nineteenth century provided markets for selling talents to the people. The period also promoted free trade that allowed the economy to progress.

The analysis of the history of the industrial revolution depicts that the era contributed to the expansion of businesses. But it also promoted negative trends such as the increased division between the rich and the poor class. This gave birth to the laissez-faire capitalism that suppressed the poor. The poor working conditions, low wages and greed for more profits are negative impacts of the industrial revolution. The society lost its traditional values as the women entered factories.

References

Baker, C. (2017). The Industrial Revolution in Victorian England. Retrieved 12 01, 2019, from https://www.hartfordstage.org/stagenotes/acc15/industrial-revolution

Cypher, J. M. (2014). The Process of Economic Development, Edition 4. Routledge.

Hudson, P. (2011). The Workshop of the World. Retrieved 12 01, 2019, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml

Schlicke, P. (2014). Popular culture and the impact of industrialisation. Retrieved 12 01, 2019, from https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/popular-culture-and-the-impact-of-industrialisation

What Is A Play?

What is a Play? Gian Mallqui

Essay

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What is a play?

A play is a form of literature that is written by a playwright which consists of dialogues or singing between the characters. It is intended for theatrical purposes. Curtain Call is the final ending that occurs at the end of the performance when actors return to the stage to be recognized by audience for their performance.  

Einstein on the Beach is a lengthy four-act opera composed by Philip Glass. Curtain call is the chance for the audience to appreciate the actors on the stage. The actors also in return say thank you to their audience. The audience praises the actors because they appear in theatre to perform by forgetting their real lives and identity in the world.   

The curtain call is an awkward moment for many actors, who pretend for hours that the audience is not there and then they need to come forward to acknowledge their presence at the end of the performance.  

A famous Irish dramatist and critic referred to the curtain as a small space between the actor’s character or appearance on the stage and their lives in the world as a real people.   

The curtain call is not merely an acknowledgment between performers and the audience; it is part of the live experience too. It is not just a point where audience and actors can see each other but they may recognize one another as well. Generally, audience appreciate taking a look at the artist behind the character. So, some actors prefer to stay in their roles even after the play ends. Moreover, some actors prefer going to stage in their character but after they reach the center of the stage, they shed their character and transforms into themselves as they are in real life. 

In Aristotelian terms, we can call it a reversal of the actor and audience relationship. Both of them have been liberated from the state of art and they can express themselves in front of each other. (States, 1981). The curtain calls directly encourages the audience to appreciate the performance of the artists. Curtain calls are important and cannot be missed as mere fashion.  

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

States, B. O. (1981 ). Phenomenlogy of the Curtain Call . Jstor, 5.

What Is Hinduism Essay

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Argumentative Essay: What is Hinduism?

Introduction

A cultural and historical outlook combined with linguistic analysis of Hinduism’s key concepts, and a comparative examination with other mainstream religions indicate that it is a synthesis of shared concepts, mystical rituals, and cultural traditions of the Indian subcontinent that is variable and decentralized in nature, that aims to deepen an Individual’s understanding of truth and reality in order to enrich their lifestyle.

Through the course of this paper, the main essence of Hinduism will be discussed by first identifying key philosophies and practices that characterize the various beliefs associated with Hinduism. The formation and roots of the religion will be traced back and a constant contrast with mainstream Abrahamic religions will be presented. The Karma and Prushna concepts will be subsequently explored as one of the characteristic factors alongside the shared idea of a Supreme Deity among nearly all variants, to guide the construction of a definition

Discussion

An attempt to define Hinduism initially requires tracing the roots of its emergence. The term Hindu is believed to have originated from the river complex of the northwest, Sindhu, which now exists in modern-day Pakistan. The actual word Hindu, however, does not go back before the 15th and the 16th century, and so far no founding figure has so far known to exist. This leads many researchers to believe that the origination of the term Hindu is political, cultural and geographical. Moreover, the origins of the Hindu religion sharply contrasts the emergence of mainstream Abrahamic religions such as Christianity and Islam. Both religions have a codified book with very particular guidelines that their believers must follow. For instance, the word Christian itself means a devotee of Christ, and thus, if a Christian does not believe in Jesus Christ, he/she cannot be called a follower of Christianity (Lloyd-Moffett). These are the certain basics that all the followers of the religions have to believe to become of the faith. Yet, that is not the case with Hinduism.

The density and variation within Hindu beliefs make it difficult for Scholars to describe the religion, since an individual with even the slightest different notion may unknowingly fall into one out of the numerous sects within it. There are no official, specific, or fundamental views to Hinduism, in fact, there are hardly any which are carried by the Hindus. The Indian religion is known by the name of ‘Dharma’, which roughly translates to a way of life (Lloyd-Moffett). One of the most interesting facts of Hinduism is that there are various sects within the religion, and all those groups of people have conflicting beliefs, and yet consider themselves Hindus. It is therefore more of a traditional lifestyle than a formalized religion, and hence, it rarely discusses the ordeal with non-believers. There are little perceived boundaries between a Hindu and a non-Hindu, unless the other Individual explicitly self-identifies as a non-Hindu member of another religion. These non-existing boundaries further complicate the construction of a definition of the Hindu religion since the definition itself would not try to distinguish a believer from a non-believer (Lloyd-Moffett). The definition will sharply contrast that of Islam wherein any rejecter of God and strict monotheism is considered a non-believer. In the absence of a clear boundary, the definition will therefore have to be more inclusive.

A further consideration in the construction of a definition of Hinduism would be the fact that it does not see itself to be a religion. This is evident from the fact that there is no word within Hindu texts or scriptures that can be said to be equivalent to religion. This fact and a lack of formalized beliefs indicate that it is at the very most, Hinduism can be defined as a way of life or a lifestyle. In fact, there is no religion that has a comparable word to Dharna. Another distinctive characteristic of the Hindu religion is Karma, which can help shed light on what it entails. This feature explains the birth and death cycle, and helps create an incentive for social morality on the basis that what goes around comes around. Further, Hinduism believes that an individual should look inside of themselves through the help of meditation. The idea is to look into the soul and understand it. Thus any form of cultural or mystical ritual is acceptable as long as it helps an individual look inside to discover the truth. This lies in sharp contrast to mainstream Abrahamic religions that preach that an individual should look outside to guide or correct themselves (Lloyd-Moffett). For Muslims, it is the Quran and the life of Prophet Muhammad PBUH that they take as muse to correct themselves and strengthen their faith. A similar case is with Christianity, the believers follow the Bible and Jesus Christ for corrections and guidance if they feel lost.

Despite a lack of formalized codes, beliefs, and boundaries, there are still certain aims that a follower of Hinduism would aspire to achieve. One of the main defining factors of Hinduism is the fact that they believe there are two “Purushas” in the world, one being “Kshara Purusha” and the second being “Akshara.” Akshara is defined as something that does not change and Kshara means to change continually. In accordance with Hinduism, the objective of all living beings is to turn into “Akshara Purusha.” It explains why they believe that there is no point of trying to convert anyone to their dharma as the energies of all living beings are naturally spent in releasing the soul and turn into an “atman.” Additionally, it also explains the motive for following the Hindu way of life, as becoming an ‘atman’ means discovering the truth or the reality of the world, which in turn would guide an individual to live a fulfilling and enriched lifestyle. On the contrary, the subcultures that are present in other religions are on the basis of beliefs. There are also around nine ways in Hinduism through which worship can be done, they are known as “Nava Vidha Bhakti” (Lloyd-Moffett). While other religions might restrict different worshipping methods, Hinduism gives its followers the freedom to worship the way they want.

A lack of formalized beliefs, rituals, and tenets does not indicate a complete absence of shared belief. In accordance with the Hindu Vedic religion, there is the presence of only one Supreme Deity or God. The Supreme God exists on two diverse levels of reality. The names that have been given by the Vedas are “Parabrahma,” “Paramatma,” and “Brahman.” The Hindus believe in worshipping this Supreme God on both impersonal and personal levels. The true reality and original nature of God from the absolute point of view Brahman is mostly mentioned impersonally by the Vedas. On the other hand, “Puranas” like to mention “Trimurti” which is basically three manifestations of Brahman. The Tri in Trimutri indicates three. Further, there are a total of three denominations in Hinduism which are “Lord Vishnu,” he is considered the Supreme Brahman. Then there is “Shaivism”; the Hindus who follow Shiva believe that he is the Supreme Brahman (Lloyd-Moffett). Further, “Shaktism”; the individuals who follow Shaktism worship the goddess Mother Shakti. Mother Shakti is not just the Supreme Brahman but also “Prakriti” which means illusive energy. Lastly, there is “Smartism”; the Samrtisms treat all the divinities as similar. Thus, nearly all variations within Hinduism share some form of belief in the Supreme Deity but beliefs about whom can vary and even contradict, and that is not seen as a problem in the religion.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Hinduism, with all the diversity, is still one of the Major Religions in the world, however, trying to define Hinduism is much more difficult than delineating other religions. A thorough cultural and historical exploration of the origins of various beliefs, practices, and ideas associated with Hinduism along with a linguistic analysis of these notions can guide us towards developing a comprehensive definition of Hinduism. In doing so, a comparative examination indicate that it almost always contrasts with mainstream Abrahamic religions and thus needs to be defined differently. Hence, Hinduism can be explained as a synthesis of shared concepts, and mystical and cultural rituals and traditions of the Indian subcontinent that are variable and decentralized in nature, which aims to deepen its followers’ understanding of truth and reality, which can enrich their lives.

Work Cited

Lloyd-Moffett, Stephen Robinson. Asceticism and the common life: Basil of Caesarea, Vedic India, and the social formation of religion. University of California, Santa Barbara, 2005.

What Is Media Literacy And Why Is It Important?

What is Media Literacy and why is it important?

Sara

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

What is media literacy and why is it important?

The world has adopted certain mechanisms to regulate things that are happening all around us. For example, there are laws to govern state behaviors, civic rules for living in a certain society and prevention measures in order to reduce health risks etc. In view of these regulatory mechanisms, it is right to argue that the world inhibits a sense, relevant to each phenomenon. Since the present age is communication driven, and there are norms pertaining to communication devices as well, which the society uses most often. One such communication instrument is the media, which has taken over the world in a short span of time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jf7NZs0j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baran, McDonald, and Engberg 2004)","plainCitation":"(Baran, McDonald, and Engberg 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":410,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/9RMXENMX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/9RMXENMX"],"itemData":{"id":410,"type":"book","ISBN":"0-07-121428-3","publisher":"McGraw-Hill","title":"Introduction to mass communication: Media literacy and culture","author":[{"family":"Baran","given":"Stanley J."},{"family":"McDonald","given":"Ewen"},{"family":"Engberg","given":"Juliana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baran, McDonald, and Engberg 2004).

The media literacy concept appeared with the wide use of media. It is about analyzing the news content, evaluating the news quality, and searching for its accurate source. It also includes creating one’s own news or story, that includes aspects related to contemporary events taking place around this sphere of interaction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xUO98En2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baran, McDonald, and Engberg 2004)","plainCitation":"(Baran, McDonald, and Engberg 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":410,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/9RMXENMX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/9RMXENMX"],"itemData":{"id":410,"type":"book","ISBN":"0-07-121428-3","publisher":"McGraw-Hill","title":"Introduction to mass communication: Media literacy and culture","author":[{"family":"Baran","given":"Stanley J."},{"family":"McDonald","given":"Ewen"},{"family":"Engberg","given":"Juliana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baran, McDonald, and Engberg 2004). The media literacy is important to create an understanding of how media works and how a news story emerges. Media related information analysis and dissemination techniques are also a crucial aspect of media literacy. A media literate person has, therefore, the requisite skills to inquire about the news source or to express his or her personality.

In view of such importance of media literacy, it is right to put perspectives in the right manner. As being a widely regulated phenomenon of the present world, it still requires to integrate critical approaches ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CSHJZvoh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Potter 2018)","plainCitation":"(Potter 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":409,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/LGRZ9LV4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/LGRZ9LV4"],"itemData":{"id":409,"type":"book","ISBN":"1-5063-6629-5","publisher":"Sage Publications","title":"Media literacy","author":[{"family":"Potter","given":"W. James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Potter 2018). The literature about media literacy includes debate relevant to news acquisition and its analysis, which is the reason the general public throughout the world believes in fake news and propaganda techniques. Unless, a critical approach to view news and make analysis remains missing, the media regulatory authorities will be considered a tool for disseminating fake news and creating chaos.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Baran, Stanley J., Ewen McDonald, and Juliana Engberg. 2004. Introduction to Mass Communication: Media Literacy and Culture. McGraw-Hill.

Potter, W. James. 2018. Media Literacy. Sage Publications.

What Is My Optimal Environment?

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Creation of Optimal Environment

Introduction

One of the things that has to be kept in mind when one talks about the way learning process is carried out is that how the optimal environment is needed to be created. The same thing can be said in the context of the organization where effort is needed to be made to make sure that such environment is created that allows different stakeholders to work in the manner that they are using their different strengths to use and are creating an environment that is allowing them to make sure that they are carrying out the learning process in an appropriate manner. Keeping this aspect in mind, the optimal environment for every person is bound to be different. For me, there are certain aspects and prerequisites that are needed when it comes to making sure that the optimal learning environment is created at the work place. In this paper, I would be discussing how my optimal learning environment works out and what are some of the thing that are needed at my end at the individual level to make sure that the optimal learning environment is created.

Creation of the “Safe learning” Environment

One of the key things that is needed to be kept in mind when the learning environment is needed to be developed is to make sure that the right environment is needed to be created for the whole situation. What it means is that the effort must be made to make sure that the positive relationships as well as the kind and caring attitude is needed to be cultivated among the members in the organization so that such environment is created. At the same time, the other thing that the people need to do is to make sure that they need to be showing required level of self-awareness when it comes to making sure that how the expression of the healthy attitude and mind is needed to be showed. The idea at the broader level is to make sure that expression of the reasoned thoughts and ideas are needed to be cultivated at all the levels to make sure that the right sort of environment is created at the workplace. Without making sure that the safe learning environment is not created, it cannot be made sure that the right optimal environment is created. This is specifically a problem for me as I need to be aware of the reasons and thoughts of the people who are involved at the broader decision making at the given point of time to make sure that I am able to ensure that the expression of the thoughts is needed to be carried out in the appropriate manner at the given point of time for the right decision making. The other thing that really triggers me and allow me to be more productive is that the environment should be such that should allow different stakeholders to make sure that they are focusing on the risk-taking efforts. When the risk taking is being done at the level of the individual it allows them to make sure that they are more creative in their thought process. At the same time, the other thing that becomes more important in the whole process is that safe level of interaction is needed to be carried out among all the stakeholders that are involved at the decision making in the organization. So, all these aspects are needed to be kept in mind when the creation of the optimal learning environment is needed to be created at the workplace. Research and common sense both remind us — as we think through answers to questions like those posed above — that anyone’s competence grows best in an environment of physical and emotional safety and support. Make it visibly evident that this is your workplace. Change your mindset from “my organization” to “our organization”, to give your workers a sense of ownership. Create jobs with titles related to the real world, this will increase their relevance and foster responsibility. Institute morning meetings to empower workers. Workers feel respected when people understand and value their opinions and apply that understanding to decisions for their learning.

Cultural Representation and Diversity

For any workgroup to work together, even though it is important that the core competencies of the people that are involved in the decision making are needed to be appropriate, another important thing is that how they are going to be making sure that the different stakeholders that are part of the organization are going to be involved in the decision making at the appropriate point of time. The idea that gets me going is that the people with whom I am working are such that are representing all the demographics of all the people who are involved in the decision making at the given point of time. The other thing that becomes all the more important when such decision making is needed to be done is that how the representation would be done at the broader level at the given point of time. Not only that, the effort is needed to be made to make sure that the people are working in the level that are allowing them to make sure that they are able to use their creative skills to the fore in an appropriate manner and when that environment is created, it goes a long way to make sure that the right frame of mind and set of skills are developed among people at the given point of time. Specially for me, my work experience has been such that when someone is working with the people who belong to different backgrounds and set of skills, it allows better decision making at the organization at the given point of time and it improves how all the decision making is needed to be done at the level of the workplace at the particular point of time. So, all these elements are needed to be kept in mind in terms of how broader decision making is being done. All these elements are important for me when the optimal working environment is created at the workplace.

Management and Handling of the People

When someone is the part of the organization, it is important for them to have a sense of understanding regarding what are their individuals’ strengths and weaknesses at the particular point of time. It is very important for the management to make sure that they develop insight about what are some of the individual strengths and weaknesses of the people at that point of time and how they are being handled at the given point of time. The idea at the broader level must be to make sure that the management should be understanding the thought process of people at the given point of time and work on the appropriate course of action. The management must make sure that the culture of belonging and appreciation has to be developed in the organization. People should be given free rein in terms of how they are going to be expressing themselves and how all these things tend to work out at the appropriate point of time. The other thing that becomes all the important in terms of the narrative building is to make sure that how all the stakeholders who are supposed to be involved in the decision making should be such that they are making the right sort of decisions at the given point of time. Specially for me, even though I enjoy inclusiveness, there are certain individual traits that I tend to bring at the workplace and I would like any organization for whom I am working to make sure that they are utilizing those traits in a more appropriate manner at the given point of time. With these things, I would like to believe that the optimal working environment is going to be created specially in my case. They are characterized by kind, caring, and respectful adult, adult-student, and peer relationships that cultivate a sense of belonging and foster, social, and emotional skills. Optimal Learning Environments reflect a belief that all workers can achieve high standards. Within an Optimal Learning Environment, the diverse needs of each worker are addressed with an ever-present attention to equity and continuous professional, social, and emotional growth.

Conclusion

In the hindsight, it can be said that how the broader perspective can be developed at the given point of time and what are some of the strengths and weaknesses of the different stakeholders who are involved in the decision-making process. Not only that, the other major idea is that how the organization should be making sure that even though it is quite hard for them to go out of their way to ensure that they go out of their way to change the working methodology, the ideal thing is that the organization should allow the employees certain degree of freedom when it comes to the way they work. For that to happen, one thing that I would believe can be done is that the more result-oriented approach can be developed at the workplace in terms of how things are being done.

Works Cited

Chandrasekar, K. "Workplace environment and its impact on organisational performance in public sector organisations." International journal of enterprise computing and business systems 1.1 (2011): 1-19.

Ellinger, Andrea D. "Contextual factors influencing informal learning in a workplace setting: The case of “reinventing itself company”." Human resource development quarterly 16.3 (2005): 389-415.

Fernet, Claude, et al. "Committed, inspiring, and healthy teachers: How do school environment and motivational factors facilitate optimal functioning at career start?." Teaching and Teacher Education 59 (2016): 481-491.

Jackson, Nancy. "Writing-up people at work: investigations of workplace literacy." Literacy and Numeracy Studies 10.1-2 (2000): 5.

Kerssen-Griep, Jeff, April R. Trees, and Jon A. Hess. "Attentive facework during instructional feedback: Key to perceiving mentorship and an optimal learning environment." Communication Education 57.3 (2008): 312-332.

Nafukho, Fredrick M., Carroll M. Graham, and Helen Machuma A. Muyia. "Harnessing and optimal utilization of human capital in virtual workplace environments." Advances in developing human resources 12.6 (2010): 648-664.

What Is My Purpose

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

What is My Purpose

God has created the universe and living things for some purpose. Not a single thing in this world is present without reason. God made the earth, hell, and heaven and then made human to live in this world. God wants us to grow and to be fruitful. This is the physical world where human complete life cycle starting from birth, development, agedness, sickness, and death. During this life span human get the chance to spread peace, love, humanity, happiness with the people around and can take care of animals and plants to get the blessing of God. Human seeks for God happiness and blessings so afterlife would be better. In other words, the deeds human do in this physical world result in heaven or hell. “And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and everything that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good,” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gcRYO9NN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Bible_King_James_Version.Pdf})","plainCitation":"(Bible_King_James_Version.Pdf)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1070,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/FHD3UJDW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/FHD3UJDW"],"itemData":{"id":1070,"type":"article","title":"Bible_King_James_Version.pdf","URL":"http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Bible_King_James_Version.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bible_King_James_Version.Pdf).

I often think what is the purpose of my existence? Why God send me to this world? The answer I got from nature and the way of life God told me to follow. I have my family. I love each member of my family and try to take cares of my neighbor, classmate and every person whom I communicate. God sent me to spread love and peace on the earth. I visit the church where the father teaches us to be peaceful and loving with each other. My purpose of life is to pass the exam in which God has put me. He will test my patience, energy, power by putting me in different circumstances where I have to handle the situation with the help of instructions and orders that God has given to me. This world is not only for human, plants, and animals have an equal right to live in. It is also my purpose to make this earth a better place for other living things.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bible_King_James_Version.Pdf. http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Bible_King_James_Version.pdf. Accessed 7 Sept. 2019.

What Is Planet? Is Pluto A Planet?

What is Planet? Is Pluto a Planet?

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

.

What is a planet? Offer a definition of what a planet really is?

A planet is a body that orbits around the sun. It is a massive body that has enough gravity that makes it round. It also clears its neighborhood of little things that orbit around its own self. In really sense, it could be seen that a planet is a heavy body that used to orbit a star, massive enough with a gravity that it could make itself revolve in a spherical shape and big enough so that it could clear things of smaller size that would come near to its orbit, around the sun.

Why did scientists decide Pluto was not a planet? What is the basis for this decision?

Scientist questioned the existence of Pluto as a planet when they discovered many similar small things in the Kuiper belt. It could be seen that in 2006, Pluto’s status of being a planet was taken aback by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). There were two main points that demoted Pluto from the status of the planet, firstly the discovery of the Kuiper Belt where many things were discovered that were having almost the same mass as Pluto (Inman,et,al,2006). Secondly, it was proved that Pluto does not fulfill all the requirements that would make it a proper planet i.e. it could not move other small things from the orbit, in which it revolves.

If Pluto is not a planet, then what is it?

Primarily Pluto was given the status of the planet but with the discovery of many small objects, it was demoted and was excluded from the list of planets. It was reclassified as a dwarf planet. It is not the planet; it is smaller than other planets that orbit around the sun. Pluto was separated from the true eight planets.

Is Pluto now a plate again? What are your thoughts on the recent change in this global perspective on classifying Pluto?

There has been a continuous debate over the topic that whether Pluto is being given the status of the planet again, but Pluto is not being given the status of planet ever again and was never a planet according to many astronauts. I would say that Pluto, was given the status of planet since 1930 till 2006 and then one day, International Astronomical Union (IAU) claimed that Pluto is not a planet as it lacks the requirements that would allow it, to hold the status of a planet (Soter,et,al,2007). I would say, this step of removing Pluto must be appreciated as it is a logical and justified decision because not all the things that are equal to the size of Pluto can be placed in the category of planet. Also, Pluto is unable to make a clearance around it so, according to my observation; it’s a right decision to declare Pluto, a dwarf planet.

References:

Soter, S. (2007). What is the planet?. Scientific American, 296(1), 34-41.

Inman, M. (2006). Pluto not a planet, astronomers rule. National Geographic News.

What Is Risk Assessment, And Should It Be Used In The Criminal Justice System

Risk Assessment in Criminal Justice System

Author’s Name

Instituitional Affiliation(s)

Author Note

Risk Assessment in Criminal Justice System

Introduction

According to the criminal justice system, a risk assessment is an attempt to determine the probability of an offender to engage in any offense within a defined follow-up period. It is important to understand that a risk assessment is a vital component of the criminal justice system to reduce recidivism. Currently, the rate of recidivism in the United States is gradually increasing due to the lack of a proper framework. With the integration of the risk assessment process, the prevailing risk of recidivism can be minimized up to a significant level. Predicting the likelihood of an offender to commit a crime in the future will determine the societal risk level of that offender. Researchers have found that risk assessment is advantageous for the criminal justice system, but it also has some limitations as well. These limitations can jeopardize the effectiveness of risk assessment in the criminal justice system. It is necessary to determine the role of risk assessment in the criminal justice system.

Risk Assessment in Criminal Justice System

Undoubtedly, it is highly difficult to identify what’s going on in the mind of an offender. Implementation of risk assessment is usually completed with the help of a psychologist in criminal justice. Psychologists use various methods in order to determine the societal risk level of an offender to engage in recidivism. Especially, the concept of risk assessment can be used for offenders who are in their probation period. Rehabilitation is a method of preparing an individual to integrate into society (Simourd, 2008). However, it would not be possible to determine the probability of an individual to engage in the same crime again unless a thorough risk assessment is not done. It is evident that human behavior is not predictable due to complex nature. For assessing that behavior, the concept of risk assessment was introduced in the criminal justice system. A critical examination of the risk assessment indicates that it can accurately predict such behavior before time (Simourd, 2008). For instance, the criminal justice system is ready to release a person into society, but it is not aware of how will it behave in society. The criminal justice system is not willing to risk the lives of every individual in the community just for the sake of one person. Therefore, a psychologist properly conducts a risk assessment to evaluate the personality of an offender to determine whether he/she is ready to assimilate in society or not. It is necessary to consider that the criminal justice system can incorporate risk assessment in various fields. These fields include during the sentence, while monitoring, during the decision making process of releasing an offender, and during rehabilitation decision. A critical analysis of risk assessment in the United Stated indicates its effectiveness. Various areas of the criminal justice system are enhancing their performance by using risk assessment. According to a research study, 44 out of 53 cases used risk assessment tool for the decision-making process (Desmarais, Johnson, & Singh, 2016). Using risk assessment tools is increasing the overall credibility of a decision in the criminal justice system.

A number of different risk assessment tools and approaches are being used by psychiatrists in the criminal justice system to predict an offender’s behavior. One of the most important risk assessment methods in clinical risk assessment. In this approach, the prediction about the risk level of an offender usually relies on the expertise of a professional psychiatrist. It is an unstructured approach as it focuses on the personality and mental illness of an individual. To predict the future of an offender’s behavior, it is highly necessary to determine his/her mental illness. The evaluation and consideration of a person’s aspect are highly valuable to consider his/her level of risk for others. Experts such as psychologists and psychiatrists observe and assess an offender to gather information. With the help of that information, these experts interpret data and pass their judgment about his future behavior (Desmarais, Johnson, & Singh, 2016). The level of offenders’ risk can be easily assessed by analyzing these personal aspects of an individual. In addition to this, there is another prominent approach known as the actuarial approach. In this approach, psychiatrists use a number of empirical-based predication methods to predict the likelihood of an offender to engage in recidivism. In this particular approach, the criminal justice system uses statistical algorithms to assess an offender’s risk level. The risk of an offender to commit another offense is usually distributed in various categories. It helps the criminal justice system to demonstrate the possibility of re-offense (Desmarais, Johnson, & Singh, 2016). These algorithms will evaluate the foreseen behavior of an offender with the help of various characteristics such as age, criminal history, background, and personality.

A number of methods are used in the criminal justice system to determine the behavior of offenders. One of the most important models among these includes the linear model. The linear model uses a flow diagram to determine the level of risk of an offender. The flow diagram assists professionals in evaluating the personality of a criminal. After taking information from an offender and his/her record, a team of experts will use that flow diagram to determine the most appropriate action for making a decision about the future of that offender. It is noteworthy to consider that the risk assessment model not only assesses the behavior of an offender, but it also evaluates the complexity of violence. It is not only effective to assess the features such as personality and behavior of an offender, but it also evaluates the social environments an individual interacts with.

Pros and/or cons of risk assessment

Regardless of the multiple uses of risk assessment in the criminal justice system, it is highly necessary to determine its advantage. To access the efficiency and effectiveness of risk assessment, one must need to evaluate its accuracy. A number of methods as discussed above are evaluated by various authors and they concluded that risk assessment methods effectively predict whether an offender will involve in recidivism or not. The clinical approach in this context is highly effective as it evaluates the personality, behavior, and mentality of an offender (Simourd, 2008). On these factors, it almost accurately indicates the probability of an offender to repeat his/her criminal activities. Using the clinical approach can further determine the social and psychological characteristics of an individual. Furthermore, with the help of risk assessment tools, criminal justice can easily separate low-risk offenders from high-risk offenders (Kim, Joo, & McCarty, 2008). By doing so, it can be decided who will stay incarcerated and who is ready for probation. If an individual is identified as a high-risk offender, then the criminal justice system can place him/her in rehabilitative programs. However, the criminal justice system cannot properly rely on risk assessment methods. Observing and analyzing the characteristics of an offender are completely related to the judgment made by experts. It is even possible that experts make bias decisions on the basis of an offenders’ color, race, or background (Kim, Joo, & McCarty, 2008). Up till now, the research has not completely proved that risk assessment is an effective and reliable method of reducing recidivism. Accuracy of risk assessment measures used in the CJS

According to a number of research studies, risk assessment methods that are used in the criminal justice system are not always effective. A number of such cases indicate that offenders were engaged in offensive activities even after characterized as low-risk offenders. Different researchers used the clinical approach method to assess the risk of recidivism in an offender. The majority of these studies failed to foresee the danger of an offender. The accuracy of the clinical approach is unreliable as per conducted experiments. However, it does somehow help to predict which individual is in need of rehabilitative activities. On the other hand, the use of the actuarial approach is highly effective as compared to the clinical approach. According to research, 10 out of 15 offenders’ risk level was successfully perceived with the help of the actuarial approach (Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2009). The prediction of an offender’s behavior can be easily done through a flow diagram. The algorithm used in that flow diagram is far more reliable in comparison to the clinical approach. The actuarial approach completely relies on the facts of risk factors in assessing the probability of recidivism. The moderate to high-level reliability in terms of prediction makes it an effective approach to apply in the criminal justice system. Furthermore, there is always a risk of discrimination in the judicial process when it is made only by the expertise of an individual. Fortunately, the actuarial approach uses statistical data rather than focusing solely on the characteristics of an individual. The opportunity of biasness is usually limited by the statistical data (Sjöstedt & Långström, 2002). These properties of the actuarial approach assess offenders’ risk level makes it a more reliable and valuable method. Moreover, the accuracy of the actuarial approach is highly trustworthy in the criminal justice system as it contains statistics that are inherently easier to predict (Sjöstedt & Långström, 2002). However, one cannot predict the likelihood of a re-offense only with the help of theoretical data. But one must need to understand the fact that the reliability of a prediction is extremely low if the crime is uncommon. According to a researcher, criminal justice should need to shift its clinical approach to an actuarial approach due to its accuracy (Kim, Joo, & McCarty, 2008). Reliance on facts and statistical data is far better and precise as compared to experts’ experience and opinion.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, the rate of recidivism is increasing due to the lack of any proper risk assessment system. The criminal justice system should need to prefer risk assessment tools in various areas including sentencing, releasing, probation, or incarceration process. It plays a vital role in making judgments and decisions about the likelihood of an offender to commit any crime again. A critical examination of risk assessment tools indicates that both actuarial and clinical approach is highly effective to predict the probability of an offender’s criminal behavior. These techniques are effective to determine whether a criminal should place in incarceration or he/she should be considered for probation. Both methods have their own pros and cons, but the actuarial approach is more accurate as compared to the clinical approach to predicting risk level. Criminal justice should need to emphasize on actuarial approach as it uses statistical data and facts to foresee the offender’s risk level. In addition to this, it will also be beneficial for the criminal justice system to use both approaches for each individual to eliminate the risk of false prediction. Undoubtedly, the nature of a person cannot be easily predicted by these methods, but it will allow criminal justice to make somehow accurate predictions about their future nature.

References

Desmarais, S. L., Johnson, K. L., & Singh, J. P. (2016). Performance of recidivism risk assessment instruments in US correctional settings. Psychological Services, 13(3), 206.

Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. E. (2009). The accuracy of recidivism risk assessments for sexual offenders: a meta-analysis of 118 prediction studies. Psychological assessment, 21(1), 1.

Kim, D. Y., Joo, H. J., & McCarty, W. P. (2008). Risk assessment and classification of day reporting center clients: An actuarial approach. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(6), 792-812.

Simourd, D. J. (2004). Use of dynamic risk/need assessment instruments among long-term incarcerated offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31(3), 306-323.

Sjöstedt, G., & Långström, N. (2002). Assessment of risk for criminal recidivism among rapists: A comparison of four different measures. Psychology, Crime and Law, 8(1), 25-40.

What Is Theatre?

What is Theatre?

Gian Mallqui

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

What is Theatre?

Collaborative Experience

The meaning of theatre portrays that this is the piece of art that is being performed in front of the audience and that it is a live experience. Theatre is performed by many artists who work together to convey a message to the audience and entertain them. When all of the audience gathers in a hall that means they are ready to experience the theatre performed by the audience. Theatre creates a new type of relationship between the artisan and the audiences.

Theatre is the place that needs an audience, and a content that has to be performed. However, the main contribution is done by the director and the producer who present the ideas in front of the audience. The director is the one who mainly deals with the artists or the performers and also with the choreographers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TCFeWBil","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kov\\uc0\\u225{}cs, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Kovács, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":635,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/URXULBUB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/URXULBUB"],"itemData":{"id":635,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica","issue":"3","page":"391-409","title":"Applied drama and theatre–Drama techniques in teaching English for specific purposes","volume":"6","author":[{"family":"Kovács","given":"Gabriella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kovács, 2014). Moreover, he also deals with the musical directors who contribute by preparing his team for the performances according to the provided themes. A director prepares everyone for their performances during the theatre. Furthermore, theatre is important for the processing of the acts, therefore, a producer contributes to this.

The audience does another contribution to the theatre by experiencing the acts. They are the main consideration of the theater, while acts are also performed for their entertainment, and to convey messages. These audiences are marketed with the help of different marketing strategies and by creating different public relations. The experience of theatre begins when the audience sits on their seats and starts watching the theatre acts and performances. This creates a relationship and source of experiences between the audience and the performers who may be musicians, jokers, actors, or dancers.

Theatre is considered to be more than a production house but a collaborative contribution of all of them. This requires a physical presence and a relationship with each other emotionally and mentally. Theatre can be considered as a collective collaboration of all of the participants.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Kovács, G. (2014). Applied drama and theatre–Drama techniques in teaching English for specific purposes. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, 6(3), 391–409.

What Is Theory?

What is Theory?

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

What is a Theory?

Scientific research is an integral part of various discoveries and inventions. This very research gives birth to many theories that are then tested again and again in repetitive experimentation and are proven to be authentic and valid 1. It is wholly dependent on the context. If you are talking about Standard English usage, a theory is synonymous with a guess, a conjecture or a hypothesis. In this sense, a theory does not have to be supported by any evidence whatsoever.

When talking about a scientific theory, on the other hand, it is actually defined as “a coherent group of tested general propositions, commonly regarded as correct, that can be used as principles of explanation and prediction for a class of phenomena.” Note the keyword “tested” as well as the fact that theories can be used to explain and predict things 2.

Unfortunately, a lot of people fail to make the distinction and claim that well-tested theories such as the Theory of Evolution by Natural Section can be safely dismissed as mere guesswork since they are “just” theories. Again, though, a scientific theory is one that has been tested and has been shown to be able to both explain and predict observed phenomena.

Some authorities, like the National Center for Science Education, insist that it must actually have successfully explained a large body of observations, but it seems to me that's a wild overreaction to creationists insisting that it never means more than an unsubstantiated hypothesis. Actual usage runs the gamut from hypotheses to rock-solid ideas. A successful theory explains a large body of observation but a failed theory like phlogiston doesn't suddenly stop being a theory. 

If there's anything that ought to be disqualifying, it's hopeless vagueness, so that it doesn't logically entail anything in particular, or gratuitous unfalsifiability, so that it's so armed with all-purpose excuses that the predictions it seems to make are all deniable after the facts are in. But even then it wouldn't be odd to speak of an unfalsifiable theory.

End Notes

Fletcher, D. and Sarkar, M., 2013. Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European psychologist, 18(1), p.12.

Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European journal of psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338.

What Kind Of Graphic Designer Am I?

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

What kind of graphic designer am I?

If I have to describe graphic designing in three words, I will use the word “expression,” “personal” and “depth” for it. For me, graphic designing is a name of passion that helps me lose my emotions into the work of art. It’s a medium that I use to express my creative and emotional side of personality. Every line that I draw has a background and emotions associated to it.

I am a generalist graphic designer, who is open-minded and willing to try new things. My belief is based on not closing my art into a box of genre, and my work illustrates this clearly as it is very experimental and bold. Graphic designing is about adding clarity in the concepts that are represented through art, which is unique for every artist.

My aesthetic is modern, classy and playful. My work is usually bright and colorful, but I also have experimented with classy deep colors to intensify the subjects that I have drawn. I am all about colors, and I hate to discriminate between them. This concept is depicted in all my designs and I have used extremely contrasting pallets of colors for portraying different types of work. Human portraits are really important for me, as they represent emotions, style, and expressions all at once. My portraits are inspired by aspects of feminine nature through a body, face and eyes, merged with abstract lines that add more depth in my work.

My work speaks three words “cohesive,” “bold” and “versatile.” I like to merge tints with shades and layering them with other accent colors to add coherence and subtleness in my work. This is the reason that my work despite of being bold is always subtle and blended which makes it look polished and appealing to the eyes. It’s always striking but not too loud.

What Motivates Us To Work?

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What Motivates Us to Work

Name of the writer

Name of the institution

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc9961286 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc9961286 h 3

HYPERLINK l _Toc9961287 Discussion and Analysis PAGEREF _Toc9961287 h 3

HYPERLINK l _Toc9961288 Karl Marx and Max Webber Views PAGEREF _Toc9961288 h 3

HYPERLINK l _Toc9961289 Normative Socials PAGEREF _Toc9961289 h 4

HYPERLINK l _Toc9961290 Systemic theory PAGEREF _Toc9961290 h 4

HYPERLINK l _Toc9961291 Pre-modern, Modern and Late modern PAGEREF _Toc9961291 h 5

HYPERLINK l _Toc9961292 Protestant Ethics and Capitalism Spirit PAGEREF _Toc9961292 h 5

HYPERLINK l _Toc9961293 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc9961293 h 6

HYPERLINK l _Toc9961294 References PAGEREF _Toc9961294 h 7

What Motivates Us to Work

Introduction

Mostly when it is asked to the people that what is the main thing that motivates them to work, most of their answers would be that salary or pay is a vital determinant of their source of motivation. Although, without any doubt, money is human behaviour significant driver they are not particularly the good motivators. So basically the answer to this question is that work motivation can be defined in terms of the achievement principle, which means that the allocation and distribution of the resources that are in accordance with the norms that define our performances and work ethics. To get into the details of this sort of question, we have to go into the timeline of sociology. But we all know that the norms and values are not that simple as they are variables with respect to time.

Discussion and Analysis

Karl Marx and Max Webber Views

According to Karl Marx, work is basically the main force that acts behind the capitalist work societys development. He believes that the means through which judgment is made on the value of ones work in capitalism is according to the labour price set in the market. Thus it enables the owners to get the productions and profits from the surplus values created by the labour. According to the beliefs of Marx, labour is valued in accordance with the value of its use, which means that payment of the labourer should be set based on the production value of the labourer item. In other words, labourers would do the work not only because they have to work but because they love to do work.

Normative Socials

Weber, on the other hand, believes that other forces are there which comes into play such as moral forces at work which can be said to be normative. He said that when we move to make the profit, it is not only for the sake of profit only but it contains with it a sense of morality. Profit is seen as the right reward that one gets for its work devotion. Normative here means that certain values and norms persist that underpin and motivates our behaviour for work. His views about the capitalistic mindset are that it is not only about the systematic process of material acquisition, but it is a mindset of an ethical working environment.

Systemic theory

The systemic theory explains the behaviour of the human being as the influences that are developed due to the intersection of the interrelation of multiple systems. This theory recognizes that systems that are involved inherently must be accounted for when an attempt is made to assist and understand an individual. According to it, all systems correspond to the interrelated parts constituting a whole order and influences could be made if each subsystem is affecting the whole other parts.

System theory involves the analyzing of the society that how it adapts to the environment it is living in through the structural adjustment, with vital implications for social order understanding. It is revealed by the system theory that the social evolution complexity and stresses the steering society limited possibility. On the contrary, because of the vast complexity of the societies, it is asserted by the social scientists that this vast complexity appreciates the large adaptive possibility range for the social system. It provides a method that is powerful in the description of the system of homeostatic environments, in which the regulation process occurs in the feedback-controlled mechanism.

Pre-modern, Modern and Late modern

Pre-modern societies were formed by essentially and rudimentary labour division, such as the degree of economic is unparalleled specialized that is intrinsic to capitalist industrialism. The division in the labour is increased by the move accompanied by work roles learning informally via monitoring adult work and gaining practical experience, to getting specialists skills and knowledge. While in the modern societies infers the industrial society and although the modernization process initiated with industrialization. The spatial home and work separation, initiated with the specialist work sites creation following the inanimate energy sources introduction. Workers in modern societies are hired in making a profit its priority and recruitment of workers are based on productiveness potential rather than parentage. According to few schools of thoughts, modernity ends in the 20th-century end and postmodernity replaces it. Postmodernity is the reaction that naturally occurs in consequence of mass broadcasting in mass production conditioned society. It is emission from Fordism.

Protestant Ethics and Capitalism Spirit

The main Webers work phase begins when he writes the pair of essays that were collected under the name of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in which he gave the explanation of capitalism spirit initiation with the moralistic approach of work and rationality aspect of life determination.

In these essays, Weber argues that ideas and Puritan ethics are the driving force behind capitalist development. The capitalism spirit does not infer any sense of metaphysical system but rather it illustrates the set of values, the hard work and progress spirit. The religious devotion, on the other hand, mostly stresses on worldly affairs rejection which includes the possession and pursuit of wealth. According to Weber, capitalism is not merely the greed philosophy, but a moral language laden statement. To emphasize on Protestantism work ethics which is related to the Catholics, he observes the common issue that encompasses industrialists when hiring precapitalist laborers Agricultural entrepreneurs would try to encourage harvesting time spent by giving the higher pays, with their expectations that working extra time would be seen by the labourers as more productive for themselves and so they would try to engage it longer. However, in the societies pre-capitalism, this idea would result in less time spending on harvesting. Labourers presume that same amount can be earned by spending less time at work and getting more leisure time. Weber notes that if societies have more Protestants, then those societies have a more advanced capitalist economy. He said that Protestantism had certain branches that back worldly activities for gaining economic advantages, seeing them as engulfed with spiritual and moral significance.

Conclusion

Is it beneficial, at that point, for bosses to guarantee that their representatives make the most of their work and think that it is important Self-ruling inspiration is related with both higher quality and amount of execution, while the arrangement of an impetus by the difference just affects execution amount. Not exclusively is controlled inspiration related to lower execution, however, it likewise connected with lower prosperity, authoritative duty and employment fulfilment, while concentrating on the independent inspiration will result in higher

quality execution.

References

Coppieters, B. and Sakwa, R. eds., 2003.Contextualizing secession normative studies in comparative perspective. Oxford University Press on Demand.

Ellemers, N., De Gilder, D. and Haslam, S.A., 2004. Motivating individuals and groups at work A social identity perspective on leadership and group performance.Academy of Management review,29(3), pp.459-478.

Hake, B.J., 1999. Lifelong learning in late modernity The challenges to society, organizations, and individuals.Adult education quarterly,49(2), pp.79-90.

Hughes, J.A., Sharrock, W. and Martin, P.J., 2003.Understanding Classical Sociology Marx, Weber, Durkheim. Sage.

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What Triggers Nyasha’s Eating Disorder; What Does It Symbolize?

[Writer’s Name]

[Instructor’s Name]

[Subject]

[Date]

What Triggers Nyasha’s Eating? What does it Symbolize

Background about the novel

Tsitsi Dangarembga authored a novel Nervous condition. She is a Zimbabwean writer. It is considered by the BBC to be on the list of 100 books that have changed the world in 2018. In 1989 it won the prize for Commonwealth Writer. The novel revolves around and focuses on the post-colonial era of the 1960s. It revolves around the protagonist Tambu. Two main themes of this novel are related to the concept of gender and colonialism. The Rhodesian culture has its female subjugate to male domination. Gender inequality is the main driving force behind many arcs of the novel

The second main theme is colonialism that how a fixation to colonial culture and mindset drives the character motivations in the novel.

Natasha

Nayasha is the first cousin of Tambu (novels protagonist) and daughter of Babamukuru. She has a desire to live an independent life which often delves her into the trouble. She refused to be subjugating of her father's desire. She has spent some of her time back in England that has shown her different lifestyle. She has the trouble of getting back to her own cultural lifestyle of Rhodesia. She developed an eating disorder.

Eating Disorder

An eating disorder is sometimes misinterpreted as a choice of lifestyle. It is an actual serious and dangerous illness which is inhabited in people because of their behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. When a preoccupation related to body weight, food and shape occurs, it could relate to the eating disorder. Some common types of an eating disorder include binge-eating, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa disorder.

Anorexia Nervosa

People having this type of disorder may consider themselves underweight even when they are considered to be dangerously overweight. Such people weigh themselves frequently, exercise in excess, and restrict the food intake. These people may force themselves or may use a laxative in order to lose weight. It is a mental disorder with the highest rate of mortality as compared to other mental disorders.

Bulimia Nervosa

People with such conditions have most often recurrent episodes of eating food in large amount and they may feel a lack of control over their food consumption. For compensation, these people tend to vomit forcefully, fast, do excessive exercise, etc.

Binge-eating disorder

These people have lost control over their eating habit. These people do not overcompensate as seen in bulimia nervosa and as a result mostly seen as overweight and obese.

Causes

The effect of eating disorder has on all genders, ages, racial backgrounds, and bodyweights. This disorder is seen mostly in teenagers or adults but can be developed in childhood and later life. It has an effect on both the genders but mainly its rates are higher among women.

Eating disorder according to researchers is caused due to psychological, behavioral, genetics, biological and social factors. People with an eating disorder have other mental disorders like depression or problems related to the use of a substance.

Most likely, Anorexia Nervosa is the disorder type that is involved in Nyasha’s eating disorder. Most of the symptoms of this type of disorder match with the Nyasha personality and mode of living. It has been noted by researchers that Anorexia nervosa is seen among 80-85% of young women with age ranging from 12-25 years. This happens mostly in the middle and high socio-economic families women. It has been noted that this type of disorder is seen among children with having abused. These types of children's have shame feeling, low self-esteem and have negative thought process towards their body and towards people of the opposite sex.

The social-psychological aspect of this behavior is due to the fact that it is demanded as a reaction for an adolescent need of finding more independence and their sexual and social activities. It has been noticed that such children have a troubled relationship with their parents and it is a coping mechanism in drawing their attention.

Most likely this case emerges from the Nyasha as a coping mechanism against her father’s demands and abuse.

The passage from the Novel

As far as passages from the novel are concerned, it is seen that development and clues can be gathered of her eating disorder throughout the text in the novel. The text narrates

"You will eat that food. Your mother and I are not killing ourselves working just for you to waste your time playing with boys and then come back and turn up your nose at what we offer. Sit and eat that food. I am telling you. Eat it!" Babamukuru, Pg. 192

This passage is a threat posed by Nyasha father when she refused to eat when coming late to dinner. In its response, Nyasha goes to the bathroom and forcefully vomits. It is her eating disorder beginning. She uses the coping mechanism of controlling her food consumption in an attempt to take control of herself as her father does not let her to. This basically triggers her eating disorder.

Actually, this whole novel tells the impact of colonialism on the inhabitant affected by the colonial era. Being originally from Rhodesia, Nyasha’s family especially her father Babamukuru is the head of his tribe. He is most successful in his life and being a burden to support his community makes him more of a control freak. In this act of control, the desires to control Nyasha and subjugate her is not well received by Nyasha. She is a student in England and adopted the lifestyle there tends to resist her father's controlling nature. Being two culturally and socially different countries, inhabitants affected by colonial mindset are more inclined towards the colonial country.

Another cause of her eating disorder is because of her more culturally inclined towards the society of England where women tend to become slimmer to be accepted by society. Being the resident of Rhodesia culturally women are inclined to become overweight to appear more attractive to the masses. This is because Rhodesia was a poor country with food shortage issue and the one overweight seems to belong from high social family.

Symbolization of Nyasha Eating Disorder

This idea is best shown by Nhamo who did not remember his native language after he gets admission in a British mission school and was ashamed of his culture when he returns home. When Nyasha rejects food that was provided by her father and when ordered to eat, she vomits up all the food which shows her rejection of physical and symbolical power patriarchy of her father which destruct her spirit. The only way Nyasha gets her independence was through using her studies and food control.

An interesting thing to consider is that Nyasha’s Anorexia nervosa when Rhodesia is taken into context is that this eating disorder is very rare when colored women are taken into consideration. Primarily Anorexia nervosa is woman's disease of American and European descent, as in both these cultures, women appearance is based on her slimness. According to Nyasha’s cousin, round hips and being heavier is considered as more delightful because they represent them from well off family. As the Rhodesia culture was dependent on the amount of food there which is in scarce and abundance of food is required to gain weight in the environment of continuous physical labor. Nyasha in opposite to her cousins belongs to the wealthy family branch where food supply is in abundance. She was subjected to English foods, fashion and their way of life. When she returned from England to her home, she was subjected to Shona society which is a male-dominated society. She is in a confused mindset being a subject of both these cultures, always struggle to devise her own way. She is a woman of hybrid nature with hybrid land inhabitant and both these values make her life difficult to navigate and satisfy others expectation.

It would be right to say that English culture has put the "nervous condition" in her.

Although she was attracted by the image and new form of her identity, her eating disorder is an illustration of her rejection of gender discrimination in Africa. Her father uses the view of Tambu and contrasts it with her views which is more inclined toward traditional African female body perspective using ‘fat' and ‘healthy' words interchangeably. Excess eating is an indication of high-status socio position which indicates that enough food is provided by her father or husband. Nyasha, on the other hand, is in rejection of this male-dominated structure flourishing in Africa. However, her rejection against this patriarchal structure is not allowing her to engender westernization. In sense, African representation is mirrored by her body and its famine association is not fully inhibit western woman role. Nyasha disorder of eating not only is subjected to the gender context specification but also portrays the patriarchal society implication depicted in the Novel.

Therefore due to the influence of patriarchy and difference in modes, mandates of female loss fundamentally either as the individual identity of gender or race. Nyasha resistance in this context to her father's mixed African colonial belief and views on different sexes are the reason that she strips herself of idealized feminist.

Conclusion

It has been observed in the novel and clearly depicted that whenever there is a clash between two cultures, one with more freedom and power dominates the other culture. It also shows how colonialism affects the ideology and try to variant its inhabitant with its culture. Nyasha’s disorder of eating symbolizes the colonization effect that has taken place inside her. This happens when the powerful culture took control of the other culture slowly. Control by Babamukuru threatens Nyasha’s individualism. At novels end, her mother claims that her daughter condition is due to the exposure of “Englishness” which suggests that African culture is threatened by the English colonialism which eats it away and threatens to wipe out its existence. She is in a confused mindset being a subject of both these cultures, always struggle to devise her own way. She is a woman of hybrid nature with hybrid land inhabitant and both these values make her life difficult to navigate and satisfy others expectation. It would be right to say that English culture has put the "nervous condition" in her.

An interesting thing to consider is that Nyasha’s Anorexia nervosa when Rhodesia is taken into context is that this eating disorder is very rare when colored women are taken into consideration. Primarily Anorexia nervosa is woman's disease of American and European descent, as in both these cultures, women appearance is based on her slimness. However, her rejection against this patriarchal structure is not allowing her to engender westernization. In sense, African representation is mirrored by her body and its famine association is not fully inhibit western woman role. Nyasha disorder of eating not only is subjected to the gender context specification but also portrays the patriarchal society implication depicted in the Novel. Another cause of her eating disorder is because of her more culturally inclined towards the society of England where women tend to become slimmer to be accepted by society. Being the resident of Rhodesia culturally women are inclined to become overweight to appear more attractive to the masses. This is because Rhodesia was a poor country with food shortage issue and the one overweight seems to belong from high social family.

Work Cited

Holland, Kathryn. "The Troubled Masculinities in Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions." African Masculinities. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005. 121-136.

Wonderlich-Tierney, Anna L., and Jillon S. Vander Wal. "The effects of social support and coping on the relationship between social anxiety and eating disorders." Eating behaviors 11.2 (2010): 85-91.

Wright, Derek. "'" More than Just a Plateful of Food": Regurgitating Colonialism in Tsitsi Dangarembga's" Nervous Conditions"'." Commonwealth (Dijon) 17.2 (1995): 8.

What Was Lincoln's View And Solution Regarding Slavery?

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

What was Lincoln’s view and solution regarding slavery?

Abraham Lincoln is one of the famous presidents in the United States history, not just for having slave’s independence, also for the means he encountered the political environment that was lived throughout his period by the Civil Conflict or secession and accomplished to keep the unification among the nation until the war ended. Although the effects were not immediate and the practice continued for some years, it is one of his most important legacies.

The Civil War lasted until 1864, although the Confederate States had already lost territories and in April 1865 Richmond, Virginia was taken by The Union and with this the armed conflict was ended and a reunification was achieved. As president he always sought to promote the republican party as a national organization and led a policy of 'American system', which touched on three important points: protectionist customs policy (by raising prices limited the entry of foreign product), investment in infrastructure and a bank inflationary.

Douglas debates was related to abolition of slavery. He assisted to made the nation as one afterward the Civil War, attained the freedom of the slaves, by determination for the industries that achieved to profit the inner products and that attained developments in the substructure of the whole nation, getting them gradually to the transformation of the dissimilar financial areas, and leaving behindhand the agricultural times.

His first inauguration address was also based on the slavery abolitaion. His face is carved on Mount Rushmore, the Lincoln Memorial is visited in Washington by thousands of people, as well as his grave, his house and the museum dedicated to his memory. It is worth noticing that the unique determination of the conflict was not the elimination of slavery, however the renovation of the union of all countries. But in the end of the war, Lincoln realizes that devoid of the abolition of slavery this is unbearable. And this should be done not slowly, but by radical approaches.

Preparation for the elimination of slavery was carried out nearly the complete 1862 year and on December 30, the President signed the “Proclamation on the Emancipation of Slaves”, according to which the Africans living in the territories in a state of insurrection “now and forever” are free. After that, more than 180 thousand freed slaves entered the forces of the North (Zarefsky).

The Gettysburg Address, the most famous speech of Abraham Lincoln, was delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers National Cemetery in the city of Gettysburg, on November 19, 1863, four and a half months after the Battle of Gettysburg during the War American civil .The XIII amendment of the Constitution was adopted on January 31, 1865, almost 60 years after the previous one. But finally it came into force on December 18, 1865, after it was ratified by all states.

Election of Lincoln as a member of Congress was not only a major step in his political career, but was a forerunner of many events that had an impact on the fate of the United States. At this time, the war was waged with Mexico, resisting the invasion of the Americans in Texas, which she considered her possession. In his first speech at the congress that drew attention to him, Lincoln protested against this war. Both he and his party had good reasons for that, because the accession of Texas was made under pressure from the slave-owning party, which saw in this country a new stronghold for the spread of slavery (Cain, 503).

Thanks to the power of argumentation and the sincerity of his protest, Lincoln managed to strike hard at the slave party. And only because of the most decisive course of action, he, along with his party, managed to achieve a compromise on which slavery was allowed only in a certain part of Texas. Fighting slaveholders was not limited to Texas alone. They were so strong and so persistently pursued their goal that their representatives in Congress demanded the extension of the right to trade in Negroes and in the territories of the West, now included as new states in the Union, but where the system of slavery was not yet legalized. Lincoln resisted such demands with all his might, and the slave owners could only partially achieve their goal.

Works Cited

Cain, Marvin R. "Lincoln's Views on Slavery and the Negro: A Suggestion." The Historian 26.4 (1964): 502-520.

Zarefsky, David. "Consistency and change in Lincoln's rhetoric about equality." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 1.1 (1998): 21-44.

What You Believe

What you Believe

Name (First M_Last)

Institution Name

My beliefs about interpersonal communication

Belonging to different cultures may be a barrier to effective communication

If one is a good listener, that is good but communicate with the other person too. Stares make the whole conversation awkward.

Females are more effective in communication than men. They are good expressers and communicators.

If there is any conflict, instead of angry debates and shouting, it can be completely resolved through calm communication.

If there are nobody gestures involved in the communication, it misleads the other person to think that one is not listening and he/she takes it as a cold response. A person needs to make eye contact, nod or make gestures that make other person believe that his/her listener is actually interested in communication.

The listener should be , and he/she should disregard prejudice, narrow-mindedness and biases else communication will take an awkward turn.

Using mobile phones while communicating gives another person a clear signal that his/her listener is not interested in making conversation at all. Stop using your phone while having a conversation

Understand the perspective of another person while having a conversation. For instance, if the person is against something, there may be a chance he/she has experienced something bad about it.

My beliefs about my ability to communicate effectively.

I understand that being a human I can be wrong at anything too. I embrace what is right while having a conversation instead of being stubborn about it.

I try to look “alive” while I am communicating. I use my body language and facial expressions to comfort another person that I am actually listening to him/her.

I cannot share my emotions well in conversations, but I still try to do the best I can.

I don’t like raising my voice even if I am right in an argument. I try to convey my view of point calmly.

Before I speak, I put myself in other person’s shoes first. I try to think what and why another person is into and according to that person’s perspective, then I clear my point.

I find myself alert and focused while communicating with girls and transgender. I always try to be careful that I do not say something that might hurt their feelings.

I try to avoid being judgmental and listen to other people well.

I often find myself in trouble while I am communicating with persons that belong from different religions and cultures. I get so confused that I’ll say something that will not make sense at all and may offend the other person.

How do these beliefs influence my communication with others?

I always stay confused while I am communicating. Although I don't mean to, I think and care about it so much that something impropriate and hurtful will come out of my mouth, and it will offend the person that is in front of me. But with the time, my troubles in having communication are getting better and better. I spent so much time learning the psychology of women and transgender, their behavior and responses. Moreover, I also learn a lot about different cultures and religions to educate myself. So that I’ll become more effective in communication. I try not to raise my voice, give positive signals and listen to others with attention, this has helped me a lot, and many of my friends and classmates share their problems with me because they think I am a good listener and I give them fair and genuine advice.

At first, I use to purposelessly pass judgments about others; I was not careful from the very start. I use to offend so many people on a daily basis, unless one day I experienced it myself. I then came to know who much worse it feels like when you get offended. From that day onwards, I decided I'll change myself, and I'll take care of the things that come out of my mouth. I thought that because I believe that words can do both; they can mend as well as they can break someone's heart and emotions. Now, I try to stay positive in my conversation, no matter how harsh the person in front of me gets. I try to give an answer with education, not by raising the voice.

Moreover, I remain careful not to make insinuating remarks to people who hold different political views than me. I am careful about speech that is considered politically incorrect so as to not sound disrespectful to any community or a minority group. In fact, I try to steer away any conversation that is moving towards such a scenario by changing the topic or the way I am engaging with the topic. Usually when I am responding to criticism, I remember the fact that the criticism is not directed at me, but rather to a viewpoint that I hold which the other person disagrees with. Therefore I am not easily offended by differing views, and vice versa, try not to offend others in a manner that seems derogatory.

What’s Your Preference?early Childhood And Elementary

What’s your preference?

What’s your preference?

Why does this level of education appeal to you?

Teaching is the most respected profession throughout the world. Being a teacher I get the opportunity to impart self-belief in students. Self-belief than help impart confidence which leads their entire career. Early childhood and elementary level of teaching gives opportunity to work over new minds as students of this age have sharp minds. Students of these ages give attention to each word and the style of teaching. They repeat and practice lessons which benefits them in academics, as practice is an essential tool to comprehend difficult concepts. The early childhood and elementary level students are easy to work on, compared to toddlers. Teachers experience less tough time when it comes to imparting new skills in these students. This level appeals to me since students at this age bring their instructors to a comfortable level, by keenly focusing on things. Their attention leaves minimal efforts for teachers to work over.

What personal qualities do you possess that will help you be successful in this level of service?

I have the experience of teaching at toddlers’ level. I accept the fact that both level of teachings require employing different level of skills. Since I had been part of teaching for quite a long, therefore, I think I have the requisite experience and have built communication style requisite to excel in this field. I have observed that since joining this field, I have become more passionate toward listening. As students take time to convey their ideas, therefore eagerness may sometime spoil a teacher- student relation. After joining teaching, my personal values have become friendlier, I listen to students with patience and provide them a comfortable environment to speak out. The last quality which I believe help me a lot with interacting students is my strong work ethics. I have made them a part of my experience in a large time, and I believe I can make my students impart such habits in them by introducing them with the concept of values and responsibility. These responsibilities and character building has been referred in the six pillars of character ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3fl3stuI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The Six Pillars of Character,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The Six Pillars of Character,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":409,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/E2ECEFRN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/E2ECEFRN"],"itemData":{"id":409,"type":"webpage","title":"The Six Pillars of Character","URL":"https://charactercounts.org/program-overview/six-pillars/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Six Pillars of Character,” n.d.).

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY The Six Pillars of Character. (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2019, from https://charactercounts.org/program-overview/six-pillars/

Whatever

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Engineering Design

Design engineers are the smartest people on the people because these are the people who organize their ideas and refine potential solutions to engineering challenges. For instance, in modern air combat stealth aircraft are considered the most sophisticated aircraft in BVR (Beyond Visual Range) and WVR (Within Visual Range) combat. However, save the radars, structural material, and aircraft’s cross-sectional area speed of the aircraft is the most important factor. So, Americans developed the world’s deadliest aircraft that is F-22 Raptor, the only aircraft that can cruise at the speed of Mach 1.5 without using its afterburners. No other aircraft can achieve such a high speed of Mach 1.5 but with afterburners. The scenario explained identified one problem that compelled American aerospace engineers to build such a lethal machine. That one problem is ‘speed of Mach 1.5 without afterburners. For developing such a sophisticated aircraft American aerospace engineers embarked upon the project and analyzed all the issues that surrounded the engine design of F-22 Raptor. American engineers considered all the aspects of this challenging project such as; project need, its social implications, economic implications, and all the requirements and constraints concerning the project (Pahl, Gerhard, and Beitz). Not only did American engineers consider the technical aspect but also took help from non-technical contextual factors. Such non-technical contextual factors aided the engineers to come up with successful, appropriate, and useful design solutions.

F-22 Raptor would never have become a reality had the American engineers failed to identify the need for the project. The only need, in this case, was air superiority and aerospace engineers described the context this project in such a way that compelled authorities to allow them to design such machine. In addition, the major constraint in any design project is budgeting and identifying requirements and constraints of the project (Pahl, Gerhard, and Beitz). If in case, they had not calculated identified and calculated the aforementioned three parameters correctly they could never have built such a machine.

Works Cited

Pahl, Gerhard, and Wolfgang Beitz. Engineering design: a systematic approach. SpringerScience & Business Media, 2013.

Whatever You Want

Title

Name

Institution

Cultural resonance and Fifty Shades of Grey

In the social world of media, cultures and social movements, the most unjust metaphor appears to be the resonance phenomenon. Why is it ubiquitous? The most prominent reason is its nature of utilization—for the description of how cultures work, how and why some messages, discourses and objects are more appealing and acceptable for the individuals residing at the same place, at the same time with the same outlooks, orientations and preferences, why some of them surpass others with respect to their legitimization and felicitousness in the society. These objects, ideas or overviews, purely harmonizing with the cultural norms, provide sound basis to the development of media contents. Hence, it can be concluded that cognitive patterns of individuals and media discourse is aversively reshaped when resonance takes place with cultural phenomena. A bulk of literature is evident that the most primordial rationale behind individuals joining protests and processions is the efforts of movement-organizations that inspire people deploying and harmonizing their cultural objects with broader social contexts and problems.

Despite this appealing power of resonance, it is still considered as a metaphor, its metamorphosis into theory is still inconclusive. Schudson (1989) propounded the notion that institutions, cultural apparatus and collective memory of the individuals are strong determinants of how cultural phenomenon resonates with the audience. On the other hand, Snow (2008) describes resonance as a “moment” during which world views of cultures align with the discourses—providing it with the more interactional meaning. Hence, it is now quite justified to say that resonance phenomenon is having an exceptional tendency for circular reasoning—a cultural object is resonated therefore it “works” or “the cultural object works therefore it resonates.”

Up till now, researchers has seen cultural resonance through the lens of “congruence”, which led them to skip the its interactional nature within the audience and between audience and cultural objects—the crucial aspects for understanding resonance moment specifically when some “novel” interactions take place e.g., situation encountered by the actor is entirely unfamiliar and actively deviating from their preexisting cultural schemas. Benford (1997) assumed that the nature of cultural objects is purely dynamic in nature hence, in the framing literature, he calls their static tendency as a danger.

The “fit” between cultural objects and audience is a procedural activity which is prone to shift over time. Hence, it is unjustified to claim that cultural objects themselves are resonant in nature rather resonance itself is a process comprising a fit among audience, cultural objects, situations and persons. Emergent ideas suggest that “new objects” resonate when there is an even slight fit between the individual’s social condition and recognizable cultural themes. This definition is precise but not complete; propounding the notion that only familiar things are resonant, which is impotent to create a fine-line between resonance and simple congruence. Hence, resonance is much more than just a familiarity; an excellent example of resonance is the book “fifty shades of grey” which will help to clarify the resonance phenomenon. It is a series of sensual novels by British Novelist E. L. James, for now, it is a trilogy encapsulating Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed published in June 11, 2011. This series profoundly discerns a simmering closeness between a young business man—a sexual sadist—and college graduate—his life partner and victim at the same time.

By now, who can deny the fact that Fifty Shades of Grey books shed a major constructive influence on the publishing agencies and their revenue? Certainly no one can! The overall industry revenues have exceptionally been boosted resulted by the surprising velocity of purchases of these erotic triplets. The chronicle behind its impact is not only the content of the book but the “meaning” that audience deduced from the content—fascinating and appealing in its own way.

Although with the technological advancements, it was widely acknowledged that books have now been replaced by the internet and social media technology, but the latest ground breaking inclination of readers towards Fifty Shades of Grey has induced a profound change in the publishing industry drastically. It enkindled their cultural vehemence to the extent that it led people to enjoy a common adventure within shorter time span similar to what they get from television and movies.

The most remarkable thing about this book series is the profoundness of appeal for women because it is based on the intimacy and erotic fantasies which are particularly unacceptable in cultures. Initially, this book attained a massive readership from the married men in their thirties. With the passing time, teenage group became more interested in reading its content. Reportedly, nearly 25 million copies of this book are being sold in United States at $15.95 for paper back and $9.99 for e-book. On the other hand, the most famous suspense series of Stieg Larsson took approximately 4 years to reach 20 million purchases in all formats. According to the Wall Street Journal, Fifty Shades of Grey is the top selling series in all the formats.

Linking Fifty Shades of Grey to the cultural resonance, it can be concluded that society is made up of individuals; their cognitive and behavioral diversity directly affects cultural norms. A subgroup of society tends to acquire certain unique experiences (Book); rest of the individuals acquire it through “Social Learning Model of Albert Bandura” hence, cultural orientations are altered; resonance takes place. Hence, familiarity is not the essential component for resonance; unique experiences are also potent enough to bring about resonance; as Fifty Shades of Grey did!