Week One

Research methods

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Introduction

In nursing practice research an essential factor in healthcare provision. It is important to understand questions formulation and identification. This paper, therefore, investigates the types of research questions in different health and nursing practice. It analyzes different case studies to identify the type of research question and it can be applied in nursing practice. It is applied to identify whether the research questions are related to PICOT, the question for practice change project, and background question.

Scenario one

The question is “In children under the age of 10 diagnosed with asthma, was Tylenol or ibuprofen used to treat fever in the first three years of life?”This question can be regarded as a background question of the study. According to Livingstone (2019), the background question is mostly concern about the root question and the problems. It focuses on normal human physiology and pathophysiology, which are linked to the medical condition. And most background questions can be well answered by textbooks. The question is regarded as background question because it illustrates the medical condition of children under the age of 10 years, who are diagnosed by asthma, and whether Tylenol and ibuprofen were used to treat fever children suffering from asthma CITATION Chu19 \l 1033 (Livingstone, 2019). This question can be best answered by textbook since the questions touch on the diseases a mode of treatment of symptoms of that particular disease. It is, therefore, important to state that the question is background question.

Scenario two

The question is “In patients with type 2 diabetes attending XYZ clinic, how does having both the patient and the significant other complete the PhQ-9 about the patient’s mood compared to having only the patient complete the tool predict a score indicating depression?” The question is a question for practice change project because of its evidence to indicate that PhQ9 affects the mood of type 2 diabetes. The question for practice change project is an evidence-based practice question, which is used to solve a problem in order to delivery healthcare provision. It is being to evaluate a process and the effect of a healthcare problem such as diabetes. In this scenario, the impact of type 2 diabetes attending XYZ is tested whether it can result in depression. The research question, in this case, is answered through the quantitative research method where a test is done and analysis of the impact is done as well to establish its correlations. The question is also used to establish a change in clinical practice, which is being investigated in the second scenario CITATION McA18 \l 1033 (McAllen, Stephens, Swanson-Biearman, Kerr, & Whiteman, 2018). It also focuses on introducing change and therefore, the question is practice change project because it is trying to establish the change in the way Type 2 diabetes is addressed.

Scenario three

The question "In males between the ages of 15 and 35 do testicular self-exams compared to no exams affect early detection of testicular cancers within one year,” is a PICOT question. PICOT means population, intervention, comparison, outcome and time. The population which the question is trying to address is male aged between 15 and 35 years. It also compares whether the self-exams of testicular and the effect of early detection of testicular cancer. It means that investigating the intervention methods of testicular cancer. It went further to compare early detection and self-examination as some of the techniques for preventing testicular cancer. It also discusses the risk associated with testicular cancer among male in society and illustrates some outcome CITATION Riv12 \p 34 \l 1033 (Riva, Keshena, & Stephen, 2012, p. 34). Therefore, the question is regarded as a PICOT question since it investigates healthcare concern within a given population and derives measures, which should be adopted to address the problem.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Livingstone, C. (2019). PICO Questions: A Tutorial: Types of Questions.

https://uwyo.libguides.com/c.php?g=97822&p=631989 , 2-15.

McAllen, E. R., Stephens, K., Swanson-Biearman, B., Kerr, K., & Whiteman, K. (2018). Moving Shift Report

to the Bedside: An Evidence-Based Quality Improvement Project. the online Journal of Issuing Nursing, 2-14.

Riva, J. J., Keshena, M., & Stephen, J. (2012). What is your research question? An introduction to the

PICOT format for clinicians. the Journal of Canadian Chiropractic Association, 12-34.

Week Seven Discussion Board

Week seven discussion Board

Author name

Affiliations

This week the reading is about, how to develop the main idea of the Bible passage in order to communicate God’s word to others. For this one is required to develop the expositional outline. This is an outline that is developed for the text itself. For example, “I say then: walk in the spirit, and you shall not fulfill the lust of the flesh” (Galatians 5: 16) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bTfQR29m","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gutierrez, Hulshof, & Cartwright, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gutierrez, Hulshof, & Cartwright, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2685,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GIDXYHYG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GIDXYHYG"],"itemData":{"id":2685,"type":"book","title":"Everyday Bible Study","publisher":"Lifeway Church Resources","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=cRVYDQEACAAJ","ISBN":"978-1-4336-5064-2","author":[{"family":"Gutierrez","given":"B."},{"family":"Hulshof","given":"C."},{"family":"Cartwright","given":"P. J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gutierrez, Hulshof, & Cartwright, 2016). Here the outline will consist of observations related to the desires of the flesh.

After the successful establishment of the outline, one can move towards the introduction, which is aimed to arouse the interest. Then conclusions are required to draw which are the personal opinions and assist the listeners in making different decisions. Thus, the main idea is the effective communication of God’s message. The other is the observation which is the most important phase during Bible study ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a8sPaHty","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gutierrez et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gutierrez et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2685,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GIDXYHYG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GIDXYHYG"],"itemData":{"id":2685,"type":"book","title":"Everyday Bible Study","publisher":"Lifeway Church Resources","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=cRVYDQEACAAJ","ISBN":"978-1-4336-5064-2","author":[{"family":"Gutierrez","given":"B."},{"family":"Hulshof","given":"C."},{"family":"Cartwright","given":"P. J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gutierrez et al., 2016). Careful observation tells you what is said, and how it is said. Thirdly, one must be able to interpret the meaning in Bible passages.

This week readings have taught about how to make observations while reading a Bible passage. The first step in observation is choosing an interesting topic. Second is the creation of all related words. Step 3 gathers the list of all Bible passages that have these words. Then all references are read to make different observations. After the thorough study of all references then observations are organized ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Vzl7cGtQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gutierrez et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gutierrez et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2685,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GIDXYHYG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GIDXYHYG"],"itemData":{"id":2685,"type":"book","title":"Everyday Bible Study","publisher":"Lifeway Church Resources","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=cRVYDQEACAAJ","ISBN":"978-1-4336-5064-2","author":[{"family":"Gutierrez","given":"B."},{"family":"Hulshof","given":"C."},{"family":"Cartwright","given":"P. J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gutierrez et al., 2016). The other thing that I learned from this week readings is how to create a book of Bible study. For this one must select a book and read repeatedly. Then record the thoughts and general impressions to discover the background information. This will generate an outline of the book and assist in interpreting the theme of the book.

One way of applying what learned in these readings is the change that will come in my life. I will be more obedient to God as well as will grow in Jesus Christ. For example, when I have acknowledged character then I can apply it to my life. I can become such a person who is desired by the Bible.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Gutierrez, B., Hulshof, C., & Cartwright, P. J. (2016). Everyday Bible Study. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=cRVYDQEACAAJ

Week Three Discussion Board Thread Instructions: Word Splash:

Week Three Discussion Board Thread

Author name

Affiliations

 Different chapters of “Everyday Bible Study” help in understanding the meaning and message of the Bible. Chapter 11 is about developing a Bible study toolbox ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7SC6I1QW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gutierrez, Hulshof, & Cartwright, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gutierrez, Hulshof, & Cartwright, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2559,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/CLJTF3X4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/CLJTF3X4"],"itemData":{"id":2559,"type":"book","title":"Everyday Bible Study","publisher":"Lifeway Church Resources","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=cRVYDQEACAAJ","ISBN":"978-1-4336-5064-2","author":[{"family":"Gutierrez","given":"B."},{"family":"Hulshof","given":"C."},{"family":"Cartwright","given":"P. J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gutierrez, Hulshof, & Cartwright, 2016). A simple toolbox to study the Bible consists of the faithful translation of Scripture, two or three different scripture translations takes notes as you read, consult other translations, Bible Atlas, a notebook Bible in addition to one-volume commentary. Thus, as a Bible student, this toolbox will assist in understanding the Scriptures. Further, “Everyday Bible Study”, teaches how to reply to the Holy Spirit ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ughBmfJl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gutierrez et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gutierrez et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2559,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/CLJTF3X4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/CLJTF3X4"],"itemData":{"id":2559,"type":"book","title":"Everyday Bible Study","publisher":"Lifeway Church Resources","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=cRVYDQEACAAJ","ISBN":"978-1-4336-5064-2","author":[{"family":"Gutierrez","given":"B."},{"family":"Hulshof","given":"C."},{"family":"Cartwright","given":"P. J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gutierrez et al., 2016). A student can also learn the use of multiple translations of the Bible to grow in his faith. The key skill for this purpose can be observation. Christians lack the observation in Bible study as they do not have a close acquaintance with the Bible. However, observations can be improved through translation analysis that helps in identifying the significant information in a passage. Commentaries also have a noteworthy value as these encourage daily devotional understanding of the Bible. Moreover, Bible study should be started with prayer and inviting the Holy Spirit. One should confess and repent on any known sin as sins deter our understanding of God’s message. Call to Holy Spirit will illuminate Bible message in our heart and mind. A student must understand the three roles that the Holy Spirit should play concerning the Bible. Inspiration helps in understanding the God message. Illumination allows believers to grip God’s message. In addition, sanctification, convert believers and they repent of their sins so they can be forgiven. There are two important practical applications related to the illuminating ministry of the Holy Spirit. First, as believers, we must acknowledge that it is the Holy Spirit who teaches us his Word ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Xk0JchWs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gutierrez et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gutierrez et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2559,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/CLJTF3X4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/CLJTF3X4"],"itemData":{"id":2559,"type":"book","title":"Everyday Bible Study","publisher":"Lifeway Church Resources","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=cRVYDQEACAAJ","ISBN":"978-1-4336-5064-2","author":[{"family":"Gutierrez","given":"B."},{"family":"Hulshof","given":"C."},{"family":"Cartwright","given":"P. J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gutierrez et al., 2016). We should not approach the Bible arrogantly, as if the act of spiritual understanding comes through self-effort.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Gutierrez, B., Hulshof, C., & Cartwright, P. J. (2016). Everyday Bible Study. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=cRVYDQEACAAJ

Week Two Assignment

Week 2 Assignment

Week 2 Assignment

Senator Henry Lodge was among the protagonists about immigration restrictions. The reason for his being so adverse to immigration was the changes that swept through America in the late 19th century. He noticed that considering the increasing charm of America, people from Europe are sweeping in, thus making the standard of American living more diluted. His primary concern was related to unskilled labor, which he believed undermines the industrial growth requirements. Other than unskilled labor, another source of concern for Lodge, was uneducated people. He believed that less education would pave the way for social conflict, thus can make America the land with fewer opportunities and more violence. Some scholars also believe that Lodge’s ideas were influenced by his conceptions about race. In an article authored by him in 1981, he expressed openly what he thought about racism. The following words of Lodge are enough to grab his conceptual understanding of race and classes. He wrote, “The immigration for us is a matter of race and blood” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lMPhCvGp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Waldron 2012)","plainCitation":"(Waldron 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":27,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/XL5V87LD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/XL5V87LD"],"itemData":{"id":27,"type":"book","publisher":"Harvard University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The harm in hate speech","author":[{"family":"Waldron","given":"Jeremy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Waldron 2012).

Senator Lodge’s speech in Senate in May 1884, reveled many ideations of him about immigration. Although one is not able to grab out rightly why Lodge had been so opposed to immigration, some of his ideas are enough to see things in the manner; he wanted to convey. For example, while referring to the external world he remarked “It is found, in the first place, that illiteracy test will bear most heavily upon the Italians, Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Greeks, and Asiatic, and very lightly, or not at all, upon English-speaking emigrants, or Germans, Scandinavians, and French” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2Qvf5Xja","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lodge 1884)","plainCitation":"(Lodge 1884)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":23,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/CP48CN38"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/CP48CN38"],"itemData":{"id":23,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Speeches and Addresses","page":"245–66","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The Restriction of Immigration: Speech In the Senate, March 16, 1896","title-short":"The Restriction of Immigration","volume":"1909","author":[{"family":"Lodge","given":"Henry Cabot"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1884"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lodge 1884). These words help in understanding his concepts about illiteracy. He believed that illiteracy in these countries is negatively impacting America since many people from these countries are immigrating to this land. He had been too harsh about the illiterate people from those times. Being an engaged citizen, I believe that American values have never been in opposition to opportunities not provided to people for one reason or another. These illiterate people, in the end, proved their worth by being part of American culture today, upon which we take pride.

In the same speech, he goes on to mention that “the wounds of unobstructed immigration to American remunerations and American standards of life is bad enough, but the danger which this immigration threatens to the quality of our citizenship is far worse” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1HS2AkAZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lodge 1884)","plainCitation":"(Lodge 1884)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":23,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/CP48CN38"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/CP48CN38"],"itemData":{"id":23,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Speeches and Addresses","page":"245–66","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The Restriction of Immigration: Speech In the Senate, March 16, 1896","title-short":"The Restriction of Immigration","volume":"1909","author":[{"family":"Lodge","given":"Henry Cabot"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1884"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lodge 1884). These words of him are nothing but a sewer critique over the standard of life of the outer world. Adler believes that people other than America helped in achieving the American dream ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LtXb5FKh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Adler 1997)","plainCitation":"(Adler 1997)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":24,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/M62KJD5A"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/M62KJD5A"],"itemData":{"id":24,"type":"book","publisher":"Simon and Schuster","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Six great ideas","author":[{"family":"Adler","given":"Mortimer J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Adler 1997). Truly, the America we are in living in today is good, and we won't tolerate any alteration to our way of life. But, Senator Lodge's words are not but a sewer manifestation of disrespect toward other cultures. We have seen the recompenses of unrestricted immigration from those times. The American values today are built over what these sub-standard people brought with them. We have seen not just the scholars or researchers, but our politicians laud the contributions these immigrants have offered.

In one more occasion, Senator Lodge has critically viewed the role and patriotism displayed by these people for America. He thought that the War of Independence is a manifestation of the bravery and true spirit of those who opened eyes in the land of our ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UUMwJnql","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Waldron 2012)","plainCitation":"(Waldron 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":27,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/XL5V87LD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/XL5V87LD"],"itemData":{"id":27,"type":"book","publisher":"Harvard University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title":"The harm in hate speech","author":[{"family":"Waldron","given":"Jeremy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Waldron 2012). The experience of almost of all of us, reveals that no- one except the ones naturally disables won't take the responsibility of defending our borders. This spirit is not new; we have researches and comments of the forefathers' which shows that America is a land comprising different races which today are together, by all means, to participate in developing this beautiful land of ours.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Adler, Mortimer J. 1997. Six Great Ideas. Simon and Schuster.

Lodge, Henry Cabot. 1884. “The Restriction of Immigration: Speech In the Senate, March 16, 1896.” Speeches and Addresses 1909: 245–66.

Waldron, Jeremy. 2012. The Harm in Hate Speech. Harvard University Press.

Week4 Project

Title page

HSA119

Part 1

12.1 Patient day care sheet

12.2 Practice analysis report

12.3 Provider report

12.4 Patient account ledger

12.5 Patient list

12.6 Aging report

Part 2

Competencies

The competencies required for entry level employment in healthcare/ HIS include direct encounter with the patients, ability of setting initial setup, managing daily activities and focusing on healthcare. The professionals at entry level must be capable of administrating procedures, communications, laws and ethics.

Roles

The professionals involved in the healthcare settings include physicians, clinicians and primary care providers. The medical officer needs to perform various roles include overlooking provision of care and supervise the functions performed by the staff. They are also responsible for assessing and diagnosing the needs of the patients. The medical officer ensures the proper standards of care are adopted that leads to high-quality care. They take the role of administrators and keeps check on the activities. They are responsible for handling diverse range of activities.

SOAP format

SOAP is a common method of documentation adopted in the healthcare settings. Subject: includes history of the patient and medical records such as disease that he suffered in the past. Objective: include clinical examination, results of radiology and extraoral conditions such as swelling or redness. Assessment: include information such as if the patient is asthmatic or not, his smoking history and medications. Plan: it includes steps taken for treating the patients such as use of medications and doses.

Medical coding

Medical coding is used for documenting the details of the patient such as patient’s diagnosis and medical history. Different code sets used are CPT for Current procedural terminology, HCPCS for Healthcare common procedure coding system, ICD-9 CM for International classification of disease Ninth revision, clinical modification.

Exercise

Health plan

Different health plans include third party payers, preferred provider organizations, Health maintenance organizations, point of service plans, indemnity plans.

Insurance program

The four major government sponsored insurance plans include Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE and CHAMPVA. Medicare is an insurance program that was developed according to the Social Security Act. Individual care is offered to the citizens who have ages of 65 years or older. These people must have paid FICA taxes if they want to avail the plan. The plan also provides free medical service to the disabled who are below 18 years. Medicaid is a hospital insurance in which state pays for the hospital expenses, medication etc. The plan works for the citizens who are having ages of 65 years or more. However they must pay premiums for the coverage. TRICARE is another plan offered by the state that offer free service to the citizens who are enrolled for it. This is an extra and alternative care plan for the civilians. It is more expensive and provides enhanced care. CHAMPVA is a health insurance for the veterans. It offers healthcare facilities to the veterans who are disabled or dependent on others. The lifetime health coverage is offered to the veterans according to this plan.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY Sanderson, S. M. (2012). Practice management and EHR: A total patient encounter for Medisoft. McGraw Hill.

Weekly Assignments

Macbeth

Task 1

Initial response

In the play, Duncan has the highest power because he enjoys the status of the king. The analysis of the game reveals that strength varies among people of society depending on their wealth and status. Duncan’s situation is visible in the way he maintains influence over the people. Although Macbeth murders him later, he continued to rule until he is alive. His orders are never declined because people are bound to obey the king. On becoming king, Macbeth earns the same power and status. This reflects the link between wealth and status. His high rank allows him to abuse the power of highness. He killed many people, but no one stood against him CITATION Wil19 \l 1033 (Shakespeare, 2019). No one stopped him from killing innocents including women and children. His soldiers could not refuse his orders because they lack power.

The play portrays the low status of the three witches. They lack power due to their low ranks and are bound to obey the king. People of the small state are devoid of personal will. This is discernible in the scene when Macbeth orders them to explain the prophecy. The witches irrespective of their supernatural power cannot influence the king. They are entrapped in a situation where they have to follow orders from higher authority.

Many characters in the play change their status between low and high. However, Macbeth is the only character who also appears as a dominant and authoritative figure. He is the one who challenges the power of Duncan and murders him. The power of Lady Macbeth also transforms into the play. She enjoys a high rank due to her marriage with the king. She began to lose her control when she turns to be a lunatic. The status of Duncan is changed when he is killed.

Replies

I agree with the post of Riane T Abaya because he provides a clear view on the status, power and ranks acquired by the characters in Macbeth. The post explains that some aspects enjoy a stagnant position while others change throughout the play. I agree with her viewpoint that Duncan holds significant power and remains the most prominent character in the game. His power convinced people to follow his rules and stay loyal to him. I agree that his ability has obstacle him from seeing the challenges. He is so obsessed with his position that he ignores the risks that caused his demise later. I agree that lower status is visible in the characters of two chamberlains who are serving as guards. They lack power and have to follow the orders of the king. They are also murdered by Macbeth depicting their low ranks in society. They are of less importance.

I agree with the post of Dina M Coughlan. In her discussion, she identifies the characters rightly who enjoy high and low powers. I agree with the viewpoint that people top in wealth and status are considered as more powerful. Duncan is the most influential figure in the play that is due to his money and kingship. I also agree that the chamberlains represent the characters that are low in status and rank. The differences between Macbeth and the chamberlains can be considered for identifying the role of the state. The chamberlains follow orders because they lack power or authority. Compared to them Duncan holds the superior strength and give orders. He is well aware of his position. The people who are low in ranks cannot decline to follow the king's rules. The prominent characters like Banquo and Macbeth move between more moderate and high status.

Reference

Shakespeare, W. (2019). Macbeth. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Task 2

Initial post

Desmond in his book "Eviction Poverty and Profit in the American City" provides a critique of the evictions faced by the citizens. The author managed to write the book incoherent manner. Each chapter provides an in-depth view of the factors that contribute to the evictions of Americans. I think Desmond has conducted a thorough research for analyzing the topic of housing and eviction. The central idea of the book draws a clear line between the landlords and tenants by giving a situational assessment. The author used monetary value for explaining two sides of eviction. He mentions, “When a tenant didn’t pay $500, her landlord lost $500” CITATION Mat162 \l 1033 (Desmond, 2016). The facts mentioned by Desmond depicts that he has undergone significant research. The author has illustrated the social settings such as the middle-class and upper-class households who take advantage of the situations.

Desmond makes a convincing debate by highlighting the exploitation of tenants. The landlords take advantage of rising rental prices. This puts pressure on the poor who lose their paying power. The author has emphasized in Milwaukee due to high eviction rates. Desmond mentions, “Milwaukee (15.54 per day) (+1.91 over US average)” CITATION Mat162 \l 1033 (Desmond, 2016). This indicates that he has collected facts for assessing the rate of evictions in different states. The reason for choosing Milwaukee is due to rising deportations. The findings of the author also suggest that the prices are different in different cities. The circumstances and state policies also influence such trends.

The narrative voice of Arleen presents the real picture of eviction. She has to work full time for paying rent of $137 per month. The price is high, and she faces difficulty in managing her needs. She walked to the private rental houses when her name didn't appear in the subsidized list. Most of the people living in rental homes are unable to meet their basic needs and rely on food stamps. But this is not important to the owners CITATION Bas00 \l 1033 (Roos, 2010). They are only concerned about charging rents and making money. Desmond explains the complications of “a formal eviction that involved sheriffs and movers could run around $600 when you included the court filing charge and process-server fee” CITATION Mat162 \l 1033 (Desmond, 2016). On one side landowners are making enormous profits and eviction patents have increased business for the movers. But on the other side, it has detrimental impacts on the poor who are at the losing end. Majority of the tenants have shifted many homes and apartments that affect their personal life. The actions of owners are faster than the Milwaukee PD.

I think there is a need for addressing the issue of evictions because it has adverse impacts on the lives of citizens. The practice of charging high prices is harmful to the tenants. Strong policy measures can define the rights of tenants and undermine opportunities for exploitation.

Response 1

I like the post of Riley S. Adams as he manages to provide an in-depth analysis of the book. The most convincing thing about the book is that Desmond led to building a link between qualitative research and quantitative factors. I agree with Odam's views that the book explains the methods of study and their usability effectively. The inclusion of example from page 59 highlights the difficulties faced by tenants. The practice of expelling tenants out of their apartments is widespread in the United States. This causes inconvenience and pain for the citizens. Landlords pressurize tenants to pay money on time and their inability to pay rents results in their eviction. The author mentions, “there is money to be made on lead,” to a room of landlords who more often lost money trying to abate it” (Desmond, 2016). The landlords often adopt selfish attitudes for gathering rents, but they neglect the financial position of the tenants.

I agree with Odam's that the impacts of eviction are worst for the poor. They have to change many places and many apartments that affect the quality of life. The author of the book has relied on home metrics for people of different statuses. I agree with the post that the author has managed to explain the issues of eviction faced by people of Milwaukee. People have to work full time just for paying their rents, but still, they lack security of housing. I think Odam's highlights the right facts by stating that the housing system does not support the poor or middle class. People in different states of America are facing similar issues while the prices of housing are hiking. This is quite unfair for the tenants that they are not given an extension for paying rents. Such practices also highlight that the owners are exploiting tenants. I agree with the concerns of Odam’s that the government must adopt effective policy measures for providing support to the poor who lack access to housing. Desmond has researched the topic well and covered all areas of the country that poses high challenges for the tenants.

Response 2

I like the post of Rebecca A. Bianchi because she has managed to offer a brief analysis of the contents explained by Desmond in the book. Desmond has undergone a great deal of research for presenting his views on eviction. The book is well written and performed narratively. I agree with the opinions of Rebecca on Arleen because she identifies the reason is her lower background. The poor in the country face the complexities in finding the right place to live. Poor are not treated appropriately that depicts the ineffective role of the state in managing resources. I agree that hundreds of poor are evicted every month in America due to their financial instability CITATION Mat162 \l 1033 (Desmond, 2016). Many of them demand an extension for paying their rents, but the owners are inclined to rent their homes to new tenants. Finding a new place at affordable rents is not easy due to housing inflation. I think Rebecca makes a right suggestion that there is a need for addressing the issue of housing in the United States and provide affordable housing to the poor.

I agree that evictions affect the personal lives of the tenants. Every aspect of their lives is influenced that include emotional, financial and social activities. It is not reasonable to throw them out of their places for not paying rents. There must be some support for such tenants. I agree that unemployment is one of the significant factors that contribute to eviction. The poor and middle-class are victims of removal in Boston due to the high unemployment rates. Lack of jobs and low wages also undermine their ability to pay rents. The solution requires a firm policy that compensates poor citizens by providing them with affordable housing. I agree that Desmond has researched on Milwaukee for identifying the issues of rental housing and high rents. The inclusion of statistics such as “Milwaukee (15.54 per day) (+1.91 over US average)” CITATION Mat162 \l 1033 (Desmond, 2016) adds more clarity to the argument. I agree that another important point mentioned by Desmond is off-season evictions. As eviction rates are consistently rising, there is a need for addressing the issue.

References

Desmond, M. (2016). Evicted Property and Profit in the American City. Crown Publisher.

Roos, D. (2010). How Gentrification Works. Retrieved 03 04, 2018, from https://money.howstuffworks.com/gentrification2.htm

Weekly Assignments

Macbeth

Task 1

Initial response

In the play, Duncan has the highest power because he enjoys the status of the king. The analysis of the play reveals that power varies among people of society depending on their wealth and status. Duncan’s status is visible in the way he maintains influence over the people. Although Macbeth murders him later he continued to rule until he is alive. His orders are never declined because people are bound to obey the king. On becoming king, Macbeth earns the same power and status. This reflects the link between wealth and status. His high rank allows him to abuse the power of highness. He killed many people but no one stood against him CITATION Wil19 \l 1033 (Shakespeare, 2019). No one stopped him from killing innocents including women and children. His soldiers could not refuse his orders because they lack power.

The play portrays the low status of the three witches. They lack power due to their low ranks and are bound to obey the king. People of low status are devoid of personal will. This is discernible in the scene when Macbeth orders them to explain the prophecy. The witches irrespective of their supernatural power cannot influence the king. They are entrapped in a situation where they have to follow orders from higher authority.

Many characters in the play change their status between low and high. However, Macbeth is the only character who also appears as a dominant and authoritative figure. He is the one who challenges the power of Duncan and murders him. The power of Lady Macbeth also transforms into the play. She enjoys a high rank due to her marriage with the king. She began to lose her power when she turns to be a lunatic. The status of Duncan is changed when he is killed.

Replies

I agree with the post of Riane T Abaya because he provides a clear view on the status, power and ranks acquired by the characters in Macbeth. The post explains that some characters enjoy a stagnant position while others change throughout the play. I agree with her viewpoint that Duncan holds significant power and remains the most prominent character in the play. His power convinced people to follow his rules and stay loyal to him. I agree that his power has obstacle him from seeing the challenges. He is so obsessed with his position that he ignores the risks that caused his demise later. I agree that lower status is visible in the characters of two chamberlains who are serving as guards. They lack power and have to follow the orders of the king. They are also murdered by Macbeth depicting their low ranks in society. they are of less importance.

I agree with the post of Dina M Coughlan. In her discussion, she identifies the characters rightly who enjoy high and low powers. I agree with the viewpoint that people high in wealth and status are considered as more powerful. Duncan is the most powerful figure in the play that is due to his money and kingship. I also agree that the chamberlains represent the characters that are low in status and rank. The differences between Macbeth and the chamberlains can be considered for identifying the role of status. The chamberlains follow orders because they lack power or authority. Compared to them Duncan holds the superior power and give orders. He is well aware of his position. The people who are low in ranks cannot decline to follow the king's rules. The prominent characters like Banquo and Macbeth move between lower and high status.

Reference

Shakespeare, W. (2019). Macbeth. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Task 2

Initial post

Desmond in his book "Eviction Poverty and Profit in the American City" provides a critique of the evictions faced by the citizens. The author managed to write the book in coherent manner. Each chapter provides an in-depth view of the factors that contribute to the evictions of Americans. I think Desmond has conducted thorough research for analyzing the topic of housing and eviction. The central idea of the book draws a clear line between the landlords and tenants by giving a situational assessment. The author used monetary value for explaining two sides of eviction. He mentions, “When a tenant didn’t pay $500, her landlord lost $500” CITATION Mat162 \l 1033 (Desmond, 2016). The facts mentioned by Desmond depicts that he has undergone significant research. the author has illustrated the social settings such as the middle-class and upper-class households who take advantage of the situations.

Desmond makes a convincing debate by highlighting the exploitation of tenants. The landlords take advantage of rising rental prices. This puts pressure on the poor who lose their paying power. The author has emphasized in Milwaukee due to high eviction rates. Desmond mentions, “Milwaukee (15.54 per day) (+1.91 over US average)” CITATION Mat162 \l 1033 (Desmond, 2016). This indicates that he has collected facts for assessing the rate of evictions in different states. The reason for choosing Milwaukee is due to rising evictions. The findings of the author also suggest that the rates are different in different cities. The circumstances and state policies also influence such trends.

The narrative voice of Arleen presents the real picture of eviction. She has to work full time for paying rent of $137 per month. The price is high and she faces difficulty in managing her needs. She walked to the private rental houses when her name didn’t appear in the subsidized list. Most of the people living in rental houses are unable to meet their basic needs and rely on food stamps. But this is not important to the owners CITATION Bas00 \l 1033 (Roos, 2010). They are only concerned about charging rents and making money. Desmond explains the complications of “a formal eviction that involved sheriffs and movers could run around $600 when you included the court filing charge and process-server fee” CITATION Mat162 \l 1033 (Desmond, 2016). On one side landowners are making enormous profits and eviction patents have increased business for the movers. But on the other side it has detrimental impacts on the poor who are at the losing end. Majority of the tenants have shifted many homes and apartments that affect their personal life. the actions of owners are faster than the Milwaukee PD.

I think there is a need for addressing the issue of evictions because it has adverse impacts on the lives of citizens. The practice of charging high prices is adverse to the tenants. Strong policy measures can define the rights of tenants and undermine opportunities for exploitation.

Response 1

I like the post of Riley S. Odams as he manages to provide an in-depth analysis of the book. The most convincing thing about the book is that Desmond managed to build a link between qualitative research and quantitative factors. I agree with Odam's views that the book explains the methods of research and their usability in an effective manner. The inclusion of example from page 59 highlights the difficulties faced by tenants. The practice of expelling tenants out of their apartments is very common in the United States. This causes inconvenience and difficulty for the citizens. Landlords pressurize tenants to pay money on time and their inability to pay rents results in their eviction. The author mentions, “there is money to be made on lead,” to a room of landlords who more often lost money trying to abate it” (Desmond, 2016). The landlords often adopt selfish attitudes for gathering rents but they neglect the financial position of the tenants.

I agree with Odam's that the impacts of eviction are worst for the poor. They have to change many places and many apartments that affect the quality of life. The author of the book has relied on home metrics for people of different statuses. I agree with the post that the author has managed to explain the issues of eviction faced by people of Milwaukee. People have to work full time just for paying their rents but still, they lack security of housing. I think Odam's highlights the right facts by stating that the housing system does not support the poor or middle class. People in different states of America are facing similar issues while the prices of housing are hiking. This is quite unfair for the tenants that they are not given an extension for paying rents. Such practices also highlight that the owners are exploiting tenants. I agree with the concerns of Odam’s that the government must adopt effective policy measures for providing support to the poor who lack access to housing. Desmond has researched the topic well and covered all areas of the country that poses high challenges for the tenants.

Response 2

I like the post of Rebecca A. Bianchi because she has managed to offer a brief analysis of the contents explained by Desmond in the book. Desmond has undergone a great deal of research for presenting his views on eviction. The book is well written and presented in a narrative manner. I agree with the views of Rebecca on Arleen because she identifies the reason is her lower background. The poor in the country face the complexities in finding the right place to live. Poor are not treated appropriately that depicts the ineffective role of the state in managing resources. I agree that hundreds of poor are evicted every month in America due to their financial instability CITATION Mat162 \l 1033 (Desmond, 2016). Many of them demand an extension for paying their rents but the owners are inclined to rent their homes to new tenants. Finding a new place at affordable rents is not easy due to housing inflation. I think Rebecca makes a right suggestion that there is a need for addressing the issue of housing in the United States and provide affordable housing to the poor.

I agree that evictions affect the personal lives of the tenants. Every aspect of their lives is influenced that include emotional, financial and social activities. It is not reasonable to throw them out of their places for not paying rents. There must be some sort of support for such tenants. I agree that unemployment is one of the major factors that contribute to eviction. The poor and middle-class are victims of eviction in Boston due to the high unemployment rates. Lack of jobs and low wages also undermine their ability to pay rents. The solution requires a strong policy that compensates poor citizens by providing them with affordable housing. I agree that Desmond has researched on Milwaukee for identifying the issues of rental housing and high rents. The inclusion of statistics such as “Milwaukee (15.54 per day) (+1.91 over US average)” CITATION Mat162 \l 1033 (Desmond, 2016) adds more clarity to the argument. I agree that another important point mentioned by Desmond is off-season evictions. As eviction rates are consistently rising there is a need for addressing the issue.

References

Desmond, M. (2016). Evicted Property and Profit in the American City. Crown Publisher.

Roos, D. (2010). How Gentrification Works. Retrieved 03 04, 2018, from https://money.howstuffworks.com/gentrification2.htm

Weekly Essay

Enes Osborne

Instructor Name

Art 101

29 October 2019

Essay: Federalism and Republicans

The chief principle of federalism is the decentralization of power. In the federal system, there are two administrations, one is dominant and central government and the other is state government. The central government controls all the state governments of the country. It holds some power but the state government has also got some important powers. As all the activities of the country are not controlled by the mere central government, it distributes power to state governments and contributes to decentralization ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bwztOPbi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Donovan)","plainCitation":"(Donovan)"},"citationItems":[{"id":278,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LWKUI5MV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LWKUI5MV"],"itemData":{"id":278,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Supreme Court's voter roll decision gives Republican-controlled states another tool to suppress minority voting","container-title":"USApp-American Politics and Policy Blog","author":[{"family":"Donovan","given":"Todd"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Donovan). Such types of government are practiced in many countries like USA, India, etc.

Federalism is a fundamental piece of the American governmental system. It has long been a significant issue between the federalists and anti-federalists. The context of federalism has been formed over the years by arguments among prominent statesmen, regulations, and Supreme Court resolutions. When the associations professed their freedom from Britain in 1776, they responded in contradiction of the British unitary system in which all dogmatic and commercial control was focused in London. A foremost foundation of resistance between the associations and the mother republic was the British endeavor to retrieve powers formerly granted to the foreign governments. Through the American Rebellion, the states responded to Britain’s unitary organization by making the Articles of Confederation that provided almost all controls to the states.

Anti-federalists were individuals who disparaged the endorsement of the U.S. Constitution in 1787-1788. They approved that the central government required more influence than it had under the Articles of Confederation, but they claimed that the individuals of the Constitution had gone too distant, and feared that the central government projected by the individuals would clue into a new kind of domination.

The battle that took form in the 1790s among the Federalists and Anti-federalist drilled a thoughtful influence on American history. The Federalist, controlled by Alexander Hamilton, symbolized the urban commercial benefits of the harbors; the Anti-federalists, directed by Thomas Jefferson, spoke for the countryside and southern securities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2cdoVTkM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baum and Devins)","plainCitation":"(Baum and Devins)"},"citationItems":[{"id":277,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/249B8J9S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/249B8J9S"],"itemData":{"id":277,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Federalist Society Majority","author":[{"family":"Baum","given":"Lawrence"},{"family":"Devins","given":"Neal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baum and Devins). The discussion among the two troubled the power of the fundamental government versus that of the federations, with the Federalists preferring the former and the Anti-federalists supporting federations’ privileges ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fjY31JAK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Donovan)","plainCitation":"(Donovan)"},"citationItems":[{"id":278,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LWKUI5MV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/LWKUI5MV"],"itemData":{"id":278,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Supreme Court's voter roll decision gives Republican-controlled states another tool to suppress minority voting","container-title":"USApp-American Politics and Policy Blog","author":[{"family":"Donovan","given":"Todd"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Donovan). Hamilton wanted a robust central government performing in the benefits of trade and business. He carried to public life an affection of effectiveness, command and organization. Few Americans consider that the federalists’ organization should be restrained, but the context of federalism is still an argument nowadays.

Federalism represents that the influence of government is not central but is mutual among a central administration and fundamental units of the republic ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HBJZ0wYq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baum and Devins)","plainCitation":"(Baum and Devins)"},"citationItems":[{"id":277,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/249B8J9S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/249B8J9S"],"itemData":{"id":277,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Federalist Society Majority","author":[{"family":"Baum","given":"Lawrence"},{"family":"Devins","given":"Neal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baum and Devins). In the United States, that is the Constitutional Federal Republic, the Constitution computes restricted powers to the fundamental government, and reserves all others to the discrete States, and the Societies.

The federalist system of administration has numerous recompenses, such as the defensive system from oppression, scattering influence, collective citizen contribution, and cumulative efficiency. Encouragement of laws, policies and conflict management. The system of Republicans has more disadvantages as compared to advantages. The most important differences from federalism include inequalities among different states. The slavery system and oppression are also included in the failures of this system (Simon). Federalism supports collective citizenship whereas it does not support states. When the people are hardworking and self-sufficient, the system should enable them to prosper and grow. The system of federalism does not support states and it imposes inequalities and disparities among states. The republicans support different states and its laws however, the federalism is more beneficial when the government and country are discussed. The system of federalism is more appropriate and supportive when it comes to government and the people support benefits provided at government level. This system is superior then the republicans and is more beneficial towards the success of the country as it involves parliament and cabinet system.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Baum, Lawrence, and Neal Devins. The Federalist Society Majority. 2018.

Donovan, Todd. “The Supreme Court’s Voter Roll Decision Gives Republican-Controlled States Another Tool to Suppress Minority Voting.” USApp-American Politics and Policy Blog, 2018.

Simon, Joshua. "Simon Bolívar's republican imperialism: Another ideology of American revolution." History of Political Thought 33.2 (2012): 280-304.

Weekly Essay

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Course

Professor

Date

Weekly Essay

The Mexican American war became a dispute between the United States and Mexico on the border. The war was in 1846 to 1848. It started because Texas a small nation in that period was not recognized by the Mexican government which had failed to honor the signed treaties that were signed by President Antonio Lopez after the Texas revolution. Ten years later after the Texas revolution, a newly elected president of the America decided to manipulate of the dispute between Mexico and Texas and saw an opportunity that would see the expansion of the American borders (Paul 2002). The war took its way when the Mexican forces attacked the United States forces. This made the Congress declare war against the Mexican territory. After the congress declaration, the United States Army occupied most of the towns in Mexico including the capital city. In the ocean, the navy blocked the pacific coast and pushed it further inside.

The main aim of the Mexican American war was to ensure that America gains almost all the territories to the southwest. The American activists never wanted the war since they saw it as a plan that wanted to expand the slave trade which had become common in the north. Their efforts went futile since they were swept by a tsunami of patriotic people of most of the American people who wanted to see the slave trade expanded widely (James 1986). The Mexican war virtually expanded the geographical coverage of the American territory with almost 100 which was double the size of initial America. Slave owners saw it a chance to make the expanded Mexican boarders to be a slave region whereas the anti-slave owners anticipated that the expanded Mexican territory should be free. The Mexican conflict took the Africans captivity issue away from its show since any measure that was being made to contain this issue of slavery at this point couldnt work anymore. Southerners had a plan that the widening of the Mexican boarders would be the means which could make the slave business become more profitable since at that time the business was the most profitable in the markets. The northerners, on the other hand, viewed the plans of the expansion of the American territory as a plan to develop a true regime of slavery that would be hard to get rid of in the future.

The northerners become quite certain that the southerners are held bent to move slavery to all parts of the country. This causes a political fight between the northerners and the southerners on what the acquired Mexican territory would be used for. Through 1847 and 1848 the thought of the extended boundaries was revisited and the answer to the thought placed the continent to its destiny. During the period of 1850, the continent came back from the brink when congress came up with the great compromise provision and made efforts to enact it into law. In exchange of permitting California to be added to the American continent as a free state that could have independent laws, the southerners were granted the opportunity to form slave regions of Utah and New Mexico. Though with the northers the inconsiderable article in the great compromise could be the fugitive slave law. It strictly stated that for any inhabitant both from the north or south could be caught by surprise and made to catch a purported run away. Who, in this case, is a slave trying to escape This provision would later make the kidnapping of free blacks legal. Which meant that a southerner who depended on slaves can try to track a free black in Free states and say that he or she belongs to him. And this also meant based on the provision in the great compromise that any white can be forced to help round up a purported fugitive and help in the capture of the slave. When the great compromise was finally sealed it leads to an increase in the number of slaves (Michael 2004). 2 decades of trying to eradicate slavery had brought up a million more slaves, the abolitionists from the north were completely horrified. The numerous curt cases to stop slavery, campaigns, rallies, matches, gatherings, agreements and fundraisers, mobs and beating. Every struggle made had been mysteriously rubbished by a few men in the capital Washington. And slavery took the center stage once more.

Work cited

Foos, Paul.A short, offhand, killing affair Soldiers and social conflict during the Mexican-America Unit of North Carolina Press, 2002.

Oakes, James. The Political Significance of Slave Resistance.History Workshop Journal. Vol. 22. No. 1. Oxford University Press, 1986.n War.

Holt, Michael Fitzgibbon.The fate of their country Politicians, slavery extension, and the coming of the Civil War. Macmillan, 2004.

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Weekly Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Weekly Essay

The world has seen many wars since its initiation. In the very beginning when there were no countries, humans used to live in the form of tribes and clans. These tribes used to share resources like water, food and living space. In that period, there used to be quarrels and fights for the sharing of these resources (Goodman). When the humans started growing in population, these tribes and clans transformed into countries and cities, and the nature of small fights and quarrels transformed into big wars. However, the reasons for the wars remained the same; the acquisition of maximum resources.

One of the countries that came into existence at the very early stages of civilization was Great Britain. Imagine a world in which India AND North America spoke French. This is the world that did not happen as a result of the Seven Years War. This war was not only a first world war before it was cool, but possibly one of those moments that changed the face of the entire world altogether. I never stop being amazed by the surprising lack of interest there can be for that war in the US, at least among the general public. This is not a footnote of American history.

This war is also given way, way too much attention when it comes about speaking of French and English wars in North America. This war was just the FOURTH one. There were three other wars previously:

The Nine Years War

The Spanish Succession War

The Austrian Succession War

and of course a couple of proxy wars, such as the English backing the Iroquois in the Franco-Iroquois Wars and the French backing the Abenaki in the Abenaki-English War.

New France survived all those wars before the Seven Years War. So sometimes historians are a little too hasty in my opinion to doom it just because of demographics. Basically, the English devoted an insane share of their resources just to be done with New France. The army and the fleet that attacked Louisbourg in 1758 and Québec in 1759 was insanely huge for anything that had ever happened in North America previously. The British really pushed themselves to the limit (Robbins).

And still, the French and indigenous allies did surprisingly well despite the lack of help from France.

The Battle of the Monongahela

The Battle of Fort Carillon

The Battle of Fort William Henry

Yet again they overcame impossible odds. In the Battle of Fort Carillon, Montcalm was outnumbered 5 to 1 (I also heard 3 to 1, I am not sure which is correct) ! Okay, you might say that English commander was an imbecile if you want (or was unlucky when the French managed to drown his cannons), but still, that was an amazing display of the good use of abattis.

Battle of Québec also could have turned out quite differently if you just change a few parameters. Had the sentinels spotted the English, had Wolfe failed his climbing of the cliff, had the citadel got the much-needed provisions, had the English have to stay for too long until winter would come, this would have repelled that invasion fleet just like what happened in 1690. People often don’t seem to stress that the general Winter also plays a role in our history, it’s not just Russia.

Obviously, the war sealed the fate of the peoples of the continent. The huge British expenditures forced the English Crown to stop its traditional “salutary neglect” of the English colonies, they were asked to pay their fair share for their own defense, the French population of New France became subjugated to new English rulers for the centuries to come until today, the conciliatory policies of the British Crown regarding the indigenous nations yet again angered the English colonists more, that would not wait to jump off the trans-Appalachian territories they unlocked, Louisiana became a Spanish colony, the Acadians were scattered all over the world. That would make of the US War of Independence a sort of Act Two of the Seven Years War, like the Franco-Spanish War was just the sequel of the Thirty Years War.

Works Cited

Goodman, Anthony. The wars of the Roses. Routledge, 2017.

Robbins, Keith. The eclipse of a great power: modern Britain 1870-1992. Routledge, 2014.

Weekly Synchronous Session Reflection

Somatic Death:

Somatic death is a medical condition, which is characterized by irreversible salient loss of personality. In this condition, the body becomes unconscious and unaware. Also, it remains unable to communicate with its environment (Shewmon, 2001). In this regard, it stops initiating voluntary activity or responding to stimuli. Moreover, cardiorespiratory function is no more intact, as is the reflex activity. Somatic death is distinguished from local death because in it, the whole body dies (Shewmon, 2001). The discontinuance of respiration and cardiac activity leads to death of all body cells due to lack of oxygen (Shewmon, 2001). However, a person undergoing somatic death might revive after six months of the occurrence if his vital organs have not been damaged. Somatic death is followed by a number of changes such as putrefaction, autolysis, algor mortis, liver mortis, and rigor mortis (Shewmon, 2001). These changes are of legal importance in estimating the time of death.

Abnormalities of Chromosome Structure:

Such abnormalities refer to pathological alterations of chromosome structure, which are detectible via microscopic examination of banded metaphase preparations. There are various types of abnormalities of chromosome structure. Deletions occur when a part of a chromosome is missing or deleted whereas duplications occur when a part of a chromosome is duplicated (Feuk, et al., 2006). For instance, Down syndrome occurs due to an extra copy of chromosome number 21, i.e., trisomy 21 (Feuk, et al., 2006). Pallister Killing syndrome occurs due to an extra chromosome number 12 (Feuk, et al., 2006). Children with this syndrome have a prominent forehead, coarse facial features, poor muscle tone, and intellectual disability. In a similar fashion, a newborn can have various birth defects, such as severe health and learning problems, due to trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 (Feuk, et al., 2006). Most of such babies die before their first birthday. Similarly, Turner syndrome occurs in girls due to missing one chromosome in the pair, i.e., they have 45 chromosomes instead of 46 (Feuk, et al., 2006).

References

Feuk, L., Carson, A. R., & Scherer, S. W. (2006). Structural variation in the human genome. Nature Reviews Genetics, 7(2), 85.

Shewmon, D. A. (2001, January). The brain and somatic integration: insights into the standard biological rationale for equating “brain death” with death. In The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine (Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 457-478). Oxford University Press.

Welcoming Children And Families: A Family Resource Guide

Welcoming Children and Families: A Family Resource Guide

[Guendi]

[Name of the Institution]

Welcoming Children and Families: A Family Resource Guide

Personal Introduction

I am Guendi from Herndon, Virginia (USA). I am a soul who loves to be in good company everywhere, and all the time. I believe that this world is full of happiness and joy for those who strive to find it everywhere. For this reason, I like be surrounded by good souls, and it is where my love for children comes in. I think and I strongly feel that children are the purest version of their selves and perhaps it is the reason that I like their company the most. This was my vocation, but now I have chosen to become an early childhood professional. Children are the most beautiful creation of the Almighty lord. So, to preserve and adequately develop this beautiful creation of lord, one must be duly in love with them. I am irrevocably in love with children, and I find this career as early childhood professional quite stimulating where I would get a chance to do what I love the most. Children have several developmental stages depending upon their age brackets. It is infants, toddlers and early childhood. What I think early childhood is the age when children have somehow developed the minimum level of their faculties, and they have begun to understand this world. They quickly adopt new patterns of life. This entire course of Child Development, and the diverse observation and experimentation has added to my professionalism. I have spent enough time in noticing and observing various children and really grasped all the important ingredients of this early child growth. I am quite fit for this responsibility now. Thus, I am really keen on training such early childhood pupils that are about ready to join the world as independent creatures.

Importance of Early Learning

The high-quality care is immensely important for the child’s overall growth and development. Children are the young souls and the need to be dealt affectionately and appropriately. High quality care has the potential to make or break a child’s future as a young adult. If any component of growth and development is missed out, then the child suffer throughout his life. It is also related to the socialization principle as championed by several sociologists. They opined that it is a process when a person becomes a good member of the society through several methods and strategies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1aEb2AUk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mooney & Edwards, 2001)","plainCitation":"(Mooney & Edwards, 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":151,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/SKD8EL8W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/SKD8EL8W"],"itemData":{"id":151,"type":"article-journal","title":"Experiential Learning in Sociology: Service Learning and Other Community-Based Initiatives","container-title":"Teaching Sociology","page":"181-94","volume":"29","issue":"2","source":"ERIC","abstract":"Focuses on the use of service learning and community-based learning (CBL) discussing six types of CBL in detail: (1) out-of-class activities; (2) volunteering; (3) service add-on; (4) internships; (5) service learning; and (6) service-learning advocacy. Addresses the benefits of service learning and other CBL initiatives. Includes references. (CMK)","ISSN":"0092-055X","title-short":"Experiential Learning in Sociology","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Mooney","given":"Linda A."},{"family":"Edwards","given":"Bob"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mooney & Edwards, 2001). So, to achieve the objective of socialization, there are several agencies involved to make a child more conforming and good member of the society. Education is the main agent of socialization after the institution of family. Consequently, when early children get admitted to learning institutes, they encounter the first most formal institution in their lives. They must be welcomed happily in this new formal structure of the world, so they continue to enjoy the learning process as well. Child development is the complex and intricate phenomenon and it has been systematic in its approach and its design.

There are some theories about child development as well. This was an attempt by the psychologists to understand the human development process ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZcMQNZvC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(May 09 & 2019, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(May 09 & 2019, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":141,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/FPENYG2E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/FPENYG2E"],"itemData":{"id":141,"type":"webpage","title":"Influential Theories About How Children Grow and Develop","container-title":"Verywell Mind","abstract":"Learn about some of the best-known theories explaining the factors that influence children's mental, emotional and social development.","URL":"https://www.verywellmind.com/child-development-theories-2795068","language":"en","author":[{"family":"May 09","given":"a board-certified physician | Updated"},{"literal":"2019"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (May 09 & 2019, n.d.). The various categories of psychologist are: cognitive psychologists, behavioral psychologists, developmental and others. Among the various important theories of child development are Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory and the Behavioral Child Development theory.

The piaget’s cognitive theory is related with the person’s thought processes. It is the process where person’s th interacts with the world ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9Dci6BuT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kamii & DeVries, 1980)","plainCitation":"(Kamii & DeVries, 1980)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":145,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/VEXAP33V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/VEXAP33V"],"itemData":{"id":145,"type":"book","title":"Group Games in Early Education: Implications of Piaget's Theory","publisher":"National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1834 Connecticut Avenue, N","source":"ERIC","abstract":"Based on Piaget's theory, this book discusses the educational value of group games for the young child's social and intellectual development, suggesting ways to select or modify both new and familiar games to make them more appropriate for children's learning. Part 1 of the book provides a theoretical introduction to what is meant by good group games and to why, according to Piaget's theory, these games have tremendous educational value. Part 2 gives concrete examples of games, details the teacher's actions in these games, and provides specific directions for playing many variations of eight basic types of games: aiming, races, chasing, hiding, guessing, cards, verbal commands, and board games. Part 3 begins with a chapter devoted to the issue of competition in group games, including discussion of educators' reasons for objecting to competition in group games, ways in which competitive games can contribute to children's development, and principles of teaching competitive group games. Following this, a discussion of some principles of teaching deriving from Piaget's theory and applying to all group games is presented. Part 3 concludes with pointers for each type of game presented in part 2. Finally, a review of the major pedagogical concepts of Piaget's theory is appended. (Author/MP)","ISBN":"978-0-912674-71-1","title-short":"Group Games in Early Education","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Kamii","given":"Constance"},{"family":"DeVries","given":"Rheta"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1980"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kamii & DeVries, 1980). He opined that children have different thought processes than the adults. He identifies several steps and stages in the child development. He mentioned sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational Stage, the formal operational stage. He listed ages along with these stages where each stage had its own characteristics. His Preoperational Stage, and the Concrete Operational Stage, was about the early development of a child. He states that in age 2-6 a child begins to use language in order to understand the world ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GaHyYqZK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Egan, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Egan, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":148,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/HKWLJMEZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/HKWLJMEZ"],"itemData":{"id":148,"type":"book","title":"Primary Understanding : Education in Early Childhood","publisher":"Routledge","source":"www.taylorfrancis.com","abstract":"Beginning with descriptions of the ways in which children make sense of their experience and the world, such as fantasy, stories and games, Egan constructs his","URL":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203813577","ISBN":"978-0-203-81357-7","note":"DOI: 10.4324/9780203813577","title-short":"Primary Understanding","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Egan","given":"Kieran"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",4,27]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Egan, 2012). Then, between 7-11 he develops the rational side to his personality and he becomes the practical person in his approach. Hence, this theory resonates that in early childhood children begin to understand the world and their cognitive side gets developed which is the same point of view as mine which is necessary to implement in classrooms.

Another theory is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory which focuses on the social processes around the children. Here, he illuminated the role of practical education for the development of child ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JJDGaylh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Vygotsky\\uc0\\u8217{}s Methodological Contribution to Sociocultural Theory - Holbrook Mahn, 1999,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Vygotsky’s Methodological Contribution to Sociocultural Theory - Holbrook Mahn, 1999,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":143,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/43UZVFGZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/43UZVFGZ"],"itemData":{"id":143,"type":"webpage","title":"Vygotsky's Methodological Contribution to Sociocultural Theory - Holbrook Mahn, 1999","URL":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/074193259902000607","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Vygotsky’s Methodological Contribution to Sociocultural Theory - Holbrook Mahn, 1999,” n.d.). Like Piagets, he also opines that children learn actively and through hands-on experiences. They need active engagements with different members whether parents, teachers or the peers continuously. In this way, culture plays an important role in the development of personalities. So, Vygotsky places heavy influence on it and I also believe that culture is duly important in early childhood developmental phase.

Cultures do have influence on typical and atypical development and it is the air which the people in the society continuously breath. Atypical can be modeled in a better way as they are the special children with special needs. For typical development, it is good to strive a harmonious balance between the culture and innovative strategies.

Environment

This is the model classroom for the early children. This shows the room which is airy and bright. It is quite colorful which shows the point that children learn better when they are surrounded with bright, vivid colors. Proper sitting place with peers is another added feature of this exemplary classroom. This works best for the young pupils as they are just beginning to understand the formal structures such as classrooms in this world. This colorful room will make the learning process more accurate and interactive. There has been an adequate display of the charts, symbols on the walls to make children adopt things quickly and easily.

This environment is good for the children. They can learn and play at the same time. this learning space allows them to use different kinds of playful activities in this classroom. They can take a walk, run or jump to perform their physical playing activities. This is equally well for the symbolic play activities where different shapes are put in front of them. Here, children can have different role-playing strategies as a part of their psychological play.

Play is so pivotal in classrooms. This is the place where instructors and pupil can engage in healthy discourse with one another. I believe, play is much important to the cognitive development of children. Different mind games and puzzles can serve the purpose in the classrooms. Their cognitive development gets better when they engage in a thinking process. It is this cognitive development which is the backbone of all other developments. Hence, I find these problem-solving techniques quite effective in classrooms where children exercise their thought process.

For children to be good individuals in their coming years, it is very important to grow their social and communication skills. It is widely believed that an individual develops his self in a group life. Thus, for the effective growth and development of the children, it is very important to pay attention to their group life. Children should be able to spend time with their peers and fellows, and they must be guided in leaning new languages. It will be so helpful in their later years of life as they would have no difficulty in communication with others.

For physical activities, some appropriate time must be fixed for their physical activities a as playing hide and seek, running or doing some exercise in classrooms or grounds. Also, for their social and emotional skills, children must begiven practical situations to ponder upon and then give response. This practice develops the moral intelligence in early age children. However, if a child behaves negatively, it is important to deal him with kindness and love, rather than strictness.

Families

Family plays a very important role in the development of children. It is the first place where a child opens his eyes. According to several social thinkers and sociologists, it is the first learning place of a child. An individual is socialized in his family first, so no one can deny its contribution in the life of children. In this way, the institution of family is much important even in classrooms because when a child sees his parents in this formal structure, he takes more interest in the learning process. He becomes pro-active in learning as he wants to make his loved ones see what he is capable of.

When I had discussions with families, I found that there are some families that are really supportive of their child all the time. They are very conscientious of their child, and pay great attention to his details. However, the other ones are not that much keen on noticing every activity of their child. This has a negative impact on the early growth and development of a child. So, to make families more responsive to their child, it is mandatory that they must be kept abreast of all their activities on daily basis. I usually write it on the daily journals and try to keep regular an amount of correspondence with parents.

I believe this regular correspondence with families and parents of children is very important for the early childhood development. It becomes a two-way communication process between two groups where they ultimately share the goal of healthy development for a child. If there is no communication between parents and instructors, it is ultimately the child who suffers. Thus, it is a great initiative and all stakeholders must put it into practice.

Resource Page

Name

Contact

Website

Christine M Cosgrave

Psychologist, Psy.D.

(571) 200-3498

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/internal-family-systems-ifs/va/herndon

Martha Fischer

 (703) 382-1535

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/internal-family-systems-ifs/va/herndon/313413?sid=5cf213fe8ef67&ref=4&tr=ResultsName

Russell (Russ) Carlton

(703) 594-4043

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/internal-family-systems-ifs/va/herndon/146379?sid=5cf213fe8ef67&ref=6&tr=ResultsName

Kate Tedeschi

(209) 600-4617

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/internal-family-systems-ifs/va/herndon/397347?sid=5cf213fe8ef67&ref=9&tr=ResultsName

Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Cour

703-246-3367 

https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/juveniledomesticrelations/family-counseling

And for some non-natives are:

Name

Contact

Website

NAMI

800-950-6264

https://www.nami.org/find-support/diverse-communities/african-americans

Ellis Psychological Services,LLC

(703) 596-1895

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/african-american/va/mclean/98236?sid=5cf2160fea510&ref=1&tr=ResultsName

Monica Robb

(703) 468-4496

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/african-american/va/fairfax/182875?sid=5cf216023be71&ref=6&tr=ResultsName

There are some resources that can help the families to understand their child better. It is a great step that offer much better prospects for the child. Moreover,it is important for parents to duly understand their children. For this purpose, the support of the external sources comes. Even internet offers several websites that offer good help to the struggling parents.

Firstly, it is this ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lcBWVnc4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Parents,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Parents,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":154,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/DECGIUCX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/DECGIUCX"],"itemData":{"id":154,"type":"webpage","title":"Parents","container-title":"Resources for Early Learning","abstract":"This site provides exciting, engaging media-rich learning opportunities for parents and educators of children ages 0–5. From detailed lesson plans to simple, everyday activities, you will find everything you need to help your children succeed.","URL":"http://resourcesforearlylearning.org/parents/","language":"en-us","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Parents,” n.d.) that is quite helpful in dealing with issue of parenting. Her parents can find help in diverse resources and focus on the effective well-being of their child. Another resource where they can find help is ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2UDWOPD6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Child Development Advice And Parenting Help For Parents,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Child Development Advice And Parenting Help For Parents,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":156,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/HENJYW7C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/HENJYW7C"],"itemData":{"id":156,"type":"webpage","title":"Child Development Advice And Parenting Help For Parents","URL":"https://childdevelopmentinfo.com/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Child Development Advice And Parenting Help For Parents,” n.d.) which is quite helpful in dealing with children of different age groups. It is a good source that can be used to understand a child growth and development. Furthermore, this ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"V6lbJeQk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Winners -- The Webby Awards,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Winners -- The Webby Awards,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":158,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/YHRY2XQV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/YHRY2XQV"],"itemData":{"id":158,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Winners -- The Webby Awards","URL":"https://www.webbyawards.com/winners/","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Winners -- The Webby Awards,” n.d.) is also helpful for those parents who are really struggling to understand the healthy development of their child and they want to do better in terms of being parents. Such websites resources are no doubt a great source of help for the parents in this complex age. Hence, these sources must be utilized enough to deal with different dynamics of early child development.

Conclusion

To summarize, as a child development professional it is good to understand the dynamics of early childhood first. Since I am a person who loves to be in the company of children, so I find it quite easy to connect with children. However, early child developmental phase is not that easy as it seems. Several theories have to be kept in mind to fully and effectively focus on the childhood development phase. Moreover, their classrooms need to be fully adequate for the different types of leaning and playing activities. For this purpose, parents and teachers can take help from various sources available either online of offline. Raising children is an art and it must be done systematically and affectionately.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Child Development Advice And Parenting Help For Parents. (n.d.). Retrieved June 1, 2019, from https://childdevelopmentinfo.com/

Egan, K. (2012). Primary Understanding : Education in Early Childhood. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203813577

Kamii, C., & DeVries, R. (1980). Group Games in Early Education: Implications of Piaget’s Theory. National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1834 Connecticut Avenue, N.

May 09, a board-certified physician | U., & 2019. (n.d.). Influential Theories About How Children Grow and Develop. Retrieved May 31, 2019, from Verywell Mind website: https://www.verywellmind.com/child-development-theories-2795068

Mooney, L. A., & Edwards, B. (2001). Experiential Learning in Sociology: Service Learning and Other Community-Based Initiatives. Teaching Sociology, 29(2), 181–194.

Parents. (n.d.). Retrieved June 1, 2019, from Resources for Early Learning website: http://resourcesforearlylearning.org/parents/

Vygotsky’s Methodological Contribution to Sociocultural Theory - Holbrook Mahn, 1999. (n.d.). Retrieved May 31, 2019, from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/074193259902000607

Winners -- The Webby Awards. (n.d.). Retrieved June 1, 2019, from https://www.webbyawards.com/winners/

West African Cinem

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

West African Cinema

Introduction

Critically examining the societal positioning of women is one major topic for the different genre of art. This specific concern is also explicitly present in the case of the cinema industry of different regions. There are numerous examples where film presenters and writers focused to depict the different aspects of the social role of women and their status in society. Women are established as the major stakeholder when it comes to consideration of the family relation. It is worthy to notice that the subject of women’s role and their position in society is also greatly appeared in the case of the cinema in West Africa. There are many movies that can be considered as examples to figure out the actual social status of women in the region of women. This form of exploration eventually helps to identify the potential challenges and opportunities for African women. This sort of understanding also assists to make inferences about their domain of family relationships and how it is greatly influenced by the overall role of women in African society. It is interesting to utilize the approach of African cinema to figure out the family relation and social status that actually prevails in the society of West Africa. It is important to select specific movies from the West Africa cinema to establish clear and deep analysis. Here, the particular focus is to analyze two West African movies, “Faat Kine” and “The Trouble Maker” to enhance the understanding about the aspects of family relations and the status of women in the societies of Senegal and Nigeria.

Discussion

Detailed exploration of both the films of “Faat Kine” and ‘The Trouble Maker” indicates that the role of women in the West African societies specifically in Senegal and Nigeria is different as compared to the role of men. This form of consideration assists to evaluate the impact of women’s position on family life in an extensive perspective. Both the considered movies are good examples to identify the traditional roles of women set in African society. This form of consideration is helpful to establish what the actual areas of improvement are when it comes to the significant position of African women in the society. It will be helpful to analyze both the movies by selecting specific ways that eventually linked with the understanding of family relations and the position of women in West African societies.

The movie of “Faat Kine” helps the audience to explore the different challenges and difficulties that linked within the perspective of African womanhood. It is crucial to indicate that this particular domain is also present in case of the other selected movie, “The Trouble Maker”. Both the movies focused to critically highlight the issues relevant to the phenomenon of womanhood in the African culture. The basic themes of both films help to determine the actual position of women in the African culture and how it is linked with the overall prospect of family development. The drama/comedy movie of Faat Kine based on the story of a single mother (Venus Seye) with two children and the influence of her ex-husbands in the entire perspective. The modern position of African society on the changing role of women is the basic point of examination in the movie. All the various themes of the Faat Kine linked with the main approach of identifying the aspect of change that prevails in the society of Senegal. Different events portrayed in the movie eventually challenged the perception of the audience that how the life of African people is changing in society. The changing domain of society ultimately reflects in the form of changing the position of women in African culture.

On the other hand, the selected movie, “The Trouble Maker’ is another significant example to establish how the society of Nigeria is changing with the passage of time. The factor of change ultimately impacts the role of African women in society and the overall perspective of family life. The authoritative approach of a woman is displayed in the movie as one of the prominent themes that help to compare the existing role of women in Nigeria from the traditional African society. The troubling contribution of a woman in the family and the overall society is the main idea of “The Trouble Maker” that helps audience to observe the role of women through the entirely different perspective from the traditional position of the society. The main woman character in the movie portrayed as the trouble maker and jealous woman. Her negative characteristics eventually affect her family relationships and the social connection with the other citizens of the village. She constantly showed authority through her different gestures and her behavior with the family members. Her actions are the clear example that how the role of women revolve in the Nigerian society that influences the family associations and marriages to a greater extent. Her particular attempt to forcefully push his husband is one of the examples of her influential role in the overall development of their family. She clearly delivered her point of view and utilize her authority to execute her plan of action over her family. It is clearly established that she never gets dictation from anyone that ultimately reflect in the form of her growing influence on different family matters.

Attaining new forms of independence is the major feature that presents in case of both the considered movies. The main characters of both movies are interested to get better approaches of authority in their lives. They are keen to explore the ways that enhance the approach of decision-making in their lives. Both the women characters in both movies show that they are enthusiastic to take control of their lives. This specific approach eventually impacts their relationship with the men and identify as different perspective compares to the traditional position of women in the West African societies. The portrayal of women in both films raised many questions about the perception of the conventional positioning of women in the areas of Senegal and Nigeria. The phenomenon of women’s struggle to meet their objective of independence is another significant way that helps to identify the actual social status of women in West African societies. The stories of both movies help to recognize that there is a number of challenges for those women who are inclined to play their social role differently. Their different approach in life also define their positioning in their family relationships and can witness in many different forms. It is established through both the movies that the connection of authoritative African women is different from the traditional social perspective defined for the women. The conventional approach of living for women is defined through the adoption of traditional norms and standards.

Breaking stereotyping is another significant feature that helps to make better inferences about the changing status of women in West African societies through the content of both the considered movies. It is established that both the women in “Faat Kine” and “The Trouble Maker” are motivated to play their role in the society against the traditional standards set for the women of the African society. Undoubtedly, the main women characters in both films are rebellious to the traditional standards of society. The hierarchy of power prevails in African society is powerfully challenged by both the main female characters in the considered movies. The decisions taken by these females encourage the audience to critically question the rigid ideologies that exist in the West African societies particularly in case of Senegal and Nigeria. It is observed that both the characters of women in both movies were keen to make their ways according to their approach and ideology to life. This specific consideration eventually caused them to reject the traditional principles set by society. Adoption of the new domains of living ultimately appeared in the form of their association with the other family members. Both the women were clear about their decisions and approach to life.

Faat Kine retraces the thrilling urban social life of a single mother who wanted to imprint her distinct mark in society. It is important to mention that the female character of Faat Kine wanted to show the power of women in the male-dominated society. Women were often considered as less in the society of Senegal and Nigeria. They were not given a specific position in society due to the dominance of men. However, the female character of Faat Kine expresses an empowered feminine archetype by demonstrating the success of the woman in the male-dominated society. It is noteworthy to mention that all major businesses were controlled by males in the society of Senegal. However, Venus Seye in Faat Kine managed a self-made business as she got tired by the ruthless behavior and dominance of males in the society. In the male-centric business world, she managed her own gas station which reveals her opposition towards male-dominated society. Both these films demonstrate the hardships and challenges that women had to face towards the status quo. It was hard for women to stand for themselves in the Senegal and Nigerian society due to discrimination and oppression. Women had to face various kind of discriminations in their life due to the male dominant community. It is notable to mention that Faat Kine illustrates the story about a woman who was trapped in the lowest strata of the informal economy. She did not have much opportunities or options for accumulation and capital gain, but she trusted herself. However, she managed herself to get success in that male-dominated society with her precise decision in various matters.

Handling of the feature of power and authority is another crucial way that can help to analyze the position of women in Senegal and Nigeria through the main female characters of both the considered movies, “Faat Kine” and “The Trouble Maker.” Detailed and critical observation of both the female characters in both films revealed that the phenomenon of authority and independence was differently presented by both the characters. The female character in “Faat Kine” recognized as the strong single parent who aimed to take difficult decisions for her children and for herself. She was strong enough to support herself and her children without the involvement of men in her life. The strong decisions of the main character help to identify the strong side of the woman that has the power to lead her life without the help of any male in the male dominating society. This specific factor is one critical approach to examine the changing face of the society of Senegal. It is worthy to notice that how the changing circumstances of life help women to question their presence in the traditional forms of West African societies. On the other hand, the female character in the movie, “The Trouble Maker” present her role as the problematic entity for the other concerned individuals. She utilized the features of arrogance and improper authority to impose her decisions on the lives of others.

The main female character in the movie, “The Trouble Maker” clearly portray the negative side of women as a gender. It is established that how the woman can play her role as the troubling individual against the prospect of progress. The lead female character in “The Trouble Maker” was not willing to listen to others’ opinion and always do according to her own perception. Undoubtedly, it is one negative perspective that eventually hinders the ways of development for the overall paradigm of Nigerian society. Her authority never comes up with any good for the other shareholders that adversely impact her connection with the family. Keen observation of different events in the film reveals that it was immensely hard for her family members to effectively convey their thoughts and specific concerns to her and successfully build the point of consensus. It is also observed that she always ready to quarrel with other villagers that negatively impact her interpersonal connection with others. Her dominating role was not greatly welcomed by her family and the villagers. This particular examination assists the audience to identify her negative impact on her family relations. Her authoritative behavior also clearly defined her social status in the society. It is established that the insignificant use of authority is not welcomed by the Nigerian society. Her stubbornness is one of the major reasons that restrict the options of development for the women in the society. Her actions eventually caused a great form of miscommunication when it comes to exploring different ways of better association in society.

Both the main female characters in both the movies of “Faat Kine” and “The Trouble Maker” are different from each other in utilizing the approach of authority in their lives. The comparison of both the main characters helps to assess that the perspective of social status was handled by both the women differently. The character of Faat Kine was the woman who agreed to do the job outside for the sake of herself and her children. She was keen to utilize the approach of independence to achieve her target of social development. Contrary to this, the lady in “The Trouble Maker” was willing to create troubles in others’ life just for her own sake. She was not willing to provide any form of comfort to even her family members and always willing to adopt the approach of stubbornness and arrogance. Different forms of response adopted by both the characters to avail the opportunity of authority and independence that reflect in the forms of their family associations and connection with society. Raising children alone in the society of Senegal is one significant example of women progression in this part of West Africa. On the other hand, the main female character in “The Trouble Maker” is the face of misuse of authority by the woman that negatively impact the overall social status of women in society.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, it is significant to indicate that both the movies of “Faat Kine” and “The Trouble Maker” are two good examples to identify the diverse and crucial roles of women in the West African societies. The medium of cinema is one successful platform to identify the impact of women’s authority in the society. The increasing domain of power utilized by women also influences their connection with their families. It is perceived that the perspective of authority can impact society in different forms that help to determine the overall paradigm of the development.

Works Cited

"Faat Kiné (2001) - Imdb." IMDb. N. p., 2019. Web. 14 June 2019. Retrieved from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0276951/

"The Trouble Maker (Patience Ozokwor) 1 - Nigerian Movies 2016 Latest Full Movies." YouTube. N. p., 2019. Web.

West African Cinema

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

West African Cinema

Week 3: Class 1 Gender and Society

Culture acts as a medium of interaction for society. It is the guideline that reflects the norms, beliefs and the values of the members that are living together in particular territory. It is the common practice in the globalized world to reflect their lifestyles and belief system through films. Same is the case with West African culture that is highlighted in the world through films and literary masterpieces. Several filmmakers of the Nollywood have attempted to reflect the cultural history of the west Africans, however, only some have been successful in this venture ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8oVF7ybn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Troublemaker})","plainCitation":"(The Troublemaker)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1212,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/STTFYMP6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/STTFYMP6"],"itemData":{"id":1212,"type":"motion_picture","title":"The Troublemaker","source":"www.imdb.com","abstract":"Directed by Theodore J. Flicker. With Tom Aldredge, Joan Darling, James Frawley, Theodore J. Flicker. A naive chicken farmer from New Jersey moves to Greenwich Village to open a coffee house. The obstacles he must overcome include the mob (who, in one of the movie's funniest scenes, surreptitiously follow him in a garbage truck) and corrupt officials--among them, an Irish fire chief, played by Godfrey Cambridge, black comic actor.","URL":"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058690/","note":"IMDb ID: tt0058690","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Troublemaker). To be more precise, it is the effort of Sembène Ousmane that is most remarkable in the Nollywood. He is the man behind the process of social change in West Africa. He is an artist who highlighted several pressing issues of the time in order to find a perfect solution for such complexities.

Sembène Ousmane and his films also contributed to the quest of women rights and privileges. Among his many productions, the notable is Trouble maker one and the trouble maker two. Both the films intended to raise awareness about gender issues and the right place of woman in society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sHA9zStR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Troublemaker})","plainCitation":"(The Troublemaker)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1212,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/STTFYMP6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/STTFYMP6"],"itemData":{"id":1212,"type":"motion_picture","title":"The Troublemaker","source":"www.imdb.com","abstract":"Directed by Theodore J. Flicker. With Tom Aldredge, Joan Darling, James Frawley, Theodore J. Flicker. A naive chicken farmer from New Jersey moves to Greenwich Village to open a coffee house. The obstacles he must overcome include the mob (who, in one of the movie's funniest scenes, surreptitiously follow him in a garbage truck) and corrupt officials--among them, an Irish fire chief, played by Godfrey Cambridge, black comic actor.","URL":"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058690/","note":"IMDb ID: tt0058690","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Troublemaker). The trouble maker one shows the negative emotions in family and its influence on lives. Furthermore, the trouble maker reflects the typical mindset of the African culture where female subjectivity is portrayed by men in society. Nevertheless, this is an attempt on the part of Senegal director to illustrate the impacts of colonial history on their African culture and associated tendencies in the women struggle ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9Ye3v4Th","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Niang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Niang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1214,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/N2YCPHK4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/N2YCPHK4"],"itemData":{"id":1214,"type":"article-journal","title":"Interview with Ousmane Sembene","container-title":"Research in African Literatures","page":"174–178","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Niang","given":"Sada"},{"family":"Gadjigo","given":"Samba"},{"family":"Sembène","given":"Ousmane"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Niang et al.).

Gender issues are common in every corner of the world. Women are termed as the weak section of the society. Hill mentions that similar things have been observed in African culture as well. Several movies and literary pieces are a testimony to the social malady where women are caught mercilessly and have to face the brunt of being women in the society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4HP4Qmh4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hill)","plainCitation":"(Hill)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1207,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/UJBBB8T7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/UJBBB8T7"],"itemData":{"id":1207,"type":"article-journal","title":"Class, race, and gender dimensions of child rearing in African American families","container-title":"Journal of Black Studies","page":"494–508","volume":"31","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Hill","given":"Shirley A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hill). The Nollywood and the film directors also illustrate this mindset through their films and productions. The director and producer Sembène Ousmane are doing the same thing with his artistic work. Undoubtedly, he is the most powerful person when it comes to Nigerian film-based industry Nollywood. He is the person who is vocal about the grievances that are met by women in society. Ousmane mentioned in one of his interviews that this film is an effort to focus and correct the ongoing state of affairs in western Africa ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Lows9u1I","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Niang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Niang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1214,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/N2YCPHK4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/N2YCPHK4"],"itemData":{"id":1214,"type":"article-journal","title":"Interview with Ousmane Sembene","container-title":"Research in African Literatures","page":"174–178","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Niang","given":"Sada"},{"family":"Gadjigo","given":"Samba"},{"family":"Sembène","given":"Ousmane"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Niang et al.).

To begin with, this widespread gender-bias is too obvious in West African culture. It has been witnessed that the negative side of women is shown to the viewers in order to perpetuate this concept of vulnerability. This wrong display of charaterstics of women and their potential is not something that is happening today. It is long and archaic prance of the world to subjugate women on the basis of their sexuality ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OVlZrtFz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Frank Ukadike)","plainCitation":"(Frank Ukadike)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"8UHrcBrR/2leW17Es","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/8VESTI7G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/8VESTI7G"],"itemData":{"id":278,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reclaiming Images of Women in Films from Africa and the Black Diaspora","container-title":"Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies","page":"102","volume":"15","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"Female subjectivity in Africa, as elsewhere, has often been defined by men rather than by women. Black women have fallen victim to a tendency to \"de-womanize black womanhood\" - to paraphrase Nigerian playwright 'Zulu Sofola.1 Consequently, films made by African women and men are attempting to rehumanize portrayals of women and to reassert their identities. Furthermore, African women filmmakers are facing the challenge of regaining for women the power of selfdefinition and self-representation. Toward the accomplishment of such goals, new social and political currents in Africa and the black diaspora involve new levels of critical awareness and new challenges to Western intellectual hierarchies. The hegemony of colonialist ideologies and Hollywood domination cannot be excluded from a historical investigation that seeks to provide a nuanced portrait of complex ethnic and cultural questions. For a long time questions of cultural difference have been neglected by the dominant cinema and by dominant media practices, thus discouraging the articulation of an accurate and wholesome black identity. Given the heritage of distorted images, some critics understandably regard the docile ancillary African woman seen in much international cinema today as a media creation.2 Partly for this reason, the calling into question of the \"native informant,\" in Gayatri Spivak's term, is the sine qua non of the black woman's film project. As Maureen Blackwood and Martina Attille have noted, black women \"must be the ones who define the areas of importance in [their] lives: work toward the breakdown of 'mainstream' conventions and popular assumptions perpetuated by existing forms of cinema and television.\"3 Because of the ways black subjectivity has been constantly abused in films, a new sensitivity","DOI":"10.2307/3346615","journalAbbreviation":"Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies","author":[{"family":"Frank Ukadike","given":"N"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Frank Ukadike). Besides, this shows that Africans have inherited the culture of their colonial masters where women were not treated equally. After gaining independence, the West African followed the same course and considered their half section of the population ineffective and worthless. Even this social and gender-based problem was promoted to project the viewpoint of men in society. This ongoing state of affair stressed everyone out and the Senegal director Sembène Ousmane tried to rectify the situation in the West African culture. Therefore, he took the course of his films to raise awareness in society. He projected the usual trends of the society where women are treated as unequal and inferior creatures.

The film trouble maker part one is one among the series of films that continued the struggle of women rights and their image in the society. Nigerian cinema is much typical like every other cinema where women are not given due importance in their characters and reward. This is reflected in the above-mentioned film as well where it is depicted that women are often jealous of one another. Even they try to inflict harm on one another whenever they get a chance. Rapfogel and Porton mention that such emotion of envy is what makes up the women ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cnvp4qSH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rapfogel and Porton)","plainCitation":"(Rapfogel and Porton)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1215,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/UDY7AF7F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/UDY7AF7F"],"itemData":{"id":1215,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Power of Female Solidarity: An Interview with Ousmane Sembene","container-title":"Cineaste","page":"20–25","volume":"30","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"The Power of Female Solidarity","author":[{"family":"Rapfogel","given":"Jared"},{"family":"Porton","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rapfogel and Porton). So, the trouble maker is reflecting the gender stereotypes where a woman tries to harm children in any way and wishes to hurt them out of her envy nature. The director Sembène Ousmane elaborates the concept of social stratification of males and females in his film and in great length. However, this is the wrong view in the projection of women as they are such envious beings. This is total subjectivity of the men in the society as they want to tarnish the image of women in society. In this purview, the approach of men in western Africa is not promising for their counterparts. They want to ruin their potential with their subjectivity as reflected in the article where the researchers mentioned the lop-sided view of the African men in the film industry or the outside. Henceforth, the power imbalance in the African society and the projection of this phenomenon in films is a characteristic feature of Nollywood where women are pictured as the feeble and the frail creatures of the society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"G8ZCbEKu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Smith)","plainCitation":"(Smith)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1208,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JTMQ6BMW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JTMQ6BMW"],"itemData":{"id":1208,"type":"article-journal","title":"Romance, parenthood, and gender in a modern African society.","container-title":"Ethnology","volume":"40","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Smith","given":"Daniel Jordan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Smith).

In addition, another film in the series Trouble Maker two is the continuation of the same stereotypical approach of the men in society. In this movie, the gender-based issues are different but reflect the same old colonial mentality of the past such as gender-divide. At the beginning of the movie, a naive chicken farmer from New Jersey moves to Greenwich Village to open a coffee house. He faces different obstacles and then the problem of both genders is highlighted in that cultural setting. However, the display of woman in this movie is not that negative as part one. In some images, it reflects the strength of a woman in several aspects of life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"e8ZD0Keq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Troublemaker})","plainCitation":"(The Troublemaker)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1212,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/STTFYMP6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/STTFYMP6"],"itemData":{"id":1212,"type":"motion_picture","title":"The Troublemaker","source":"www.imdb.com","abstract":"Directed by Theodore J. Flicker. With Tom Aldredge, Joan Darling, James Frawley, Theodore J. Flicker. A naive chicken farmer from New Jersey moves to Greenwich Village to open a coffee house. The obstacles he must overcome include the mob (who, in one of the movie's funniest scenes, surreptitiously follow him in a garbage truck) and corrupt officials--among them, an Irish fire chief, played by Godfrey Cambridge, black comic actor.","URL":"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058690/","note":"IMDb ID: tt0058690","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Troublemaker). The womanhood is not much praised in the African diaspora and they are the victim of the patriarchal system. In this movie, the sexual orientation is displayed as well. Therefore, gender stereotypes are quite widespread in African society and the African cinema which is the domain of men in society.

In a nutshell, it can be concluded from the above discussion that gender stereotypes and gender-biasness are quite common in African cinema and in the associated film industry Nollywood. The renowned film director, producer, and the author contributed Sembène Ousmane tried to illuminate this state of affair in the West African culture. His two movies the trouble maker and the trouble maker part two represented the same tragedy of women in Africa culture where they have been subjugated on the basis of their sexuality. The movie Trouble maker totally presents that woman are not sincere to their own kind which is a biased view. Similarly, the part Trouble maker two also shows women as incapacitated. Women are not as week and feeble as they have become due to this subjective nature of the men in society. The time is ripe to challenge these centuries-old traditions and beliefs about women. Women must be treated equally and the current power-imbalance between genders must be done away with. Perhaps, this is the way to change the fate of African people and their position in the world.

Week 3: Class 2 Symbolism

African people constitute diverse demography in their region. These people are important social actors in the region thye migrate too. Since the immigration trend from Africa is not new and they have lived in other regions for too long, therefore, they have been successful in making their place in literature, culture, and society of the host region. Symbolism is what these people have even perceived by the thoughtful minds of the host region. African history in America is one of the oldest traces of how they have been part of American society. Unfortunately, the African community was forced for being slaves and could not enjoy the social privileges there, therefore this trend remained prevalent throughout the other parts of the world too.

The culture disrespect the African have faced have a remained a hot topic. There is a wealth of literature available about this aspect too. Murphy has talked about this in his article as well. His article does not take into account the demographic qualities of African people from any specific region, rather he has talked about generally. He believes that the worst symbolic attributes of the society are attached to our community ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wTWX9slI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murphy)","plainCitation":"(Murphy)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1227,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/RAFP5K9J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/RAFP5K9J"],"itemData":{"id":1227,"type":"article-journal","title":"Africans filming Africa: Questioning theories of an authentic African cinema","container-title":"Journal of African Cultural Studies","page":"239–249","volume":"13","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Africans filming Africa","author":[{"family":"Murphy","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murphy). He based his arguments on the pretext that since the African people left their lands and were not interested in building their own society, therefore a wide space prevailed in our region. This space limited the development of our culture, values and other societal aspects. Resultantly there left no other attraction in the region known as Africa. These were the same reasons that the literature and culture remained underdeveloped also. There was not anything attractive among the African culture that could be read or talked about. This is what which gave birth to symbolism. This symbolism attached to the African community is worst in its kind. Every ill is attributed as symbolic to African people.

Other than literature there are many movies made in Nollywood which are the reflection of this same aspect. The movie return from Europe also suggests this very aspect ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mVWS5bmV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(movies)","plainCitation":"(movies)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1230,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2T3K4V4J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2T3K4V4J"],"itemData":{"id":1230,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Return From Europe 1 Nigerian Nollywood Movie | Nigerian Movies","abstract":"Thomas (Nkem Owoh) has spent so many years overseas that his community starts to fear if he is still alive. He finally returns with a huge impress...","URL":"https://nigerianmovies.co.uk/return-from-europe-1-nigerian-nollywood-movie/","language":"en-US","author":[{"literal":"movies"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (movies). The main character of this movie Thomas who traveled to Europe in his early ages has spent much of his life living there. He has experienced many changes in his personal life and felt changes in his coastal surroundings too. Although he was able to financially support his family back thee in Nigeria, during his last years in Europe he felt that he has attained nothing more than discomfort. He believes that despite his utmost efforts for making his life better, he remained jailed in imparting the true spirits of making life better in his people. This movie is the real depiction of such facts.

Similarly, there are many other aspects in this movie which relates to Murphy's article. Since he has challenged the established norms about Africa and its people, he has linked this to theories of African cinema too. He argues that African cinema is different from other established cinematic cultures around the world. In addition to many distressing features about the film industry, it is also worth noting that there is the absence of indigenous cinematic culture. He has based his presumption on many established facts. He argues that since the African people remained too negligent toward their own culture, therefore it affected the upbringing of their cinema also ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vWtKR3Fu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(movies)","plainCitation":"(movies)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1230,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2T3K4V4J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2T3K4V4J"],"itemData":{"id":1230,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Return From Europe 1 Nigerian Nollywood Movie | Nigerian Movies","abstract":"Thomas (Nkem Owoh) has spent so many years overseas that his community starts to fear if he is still alive. He finally returns with a huge impress...","URL":"https://nigerianmovies.co.uk/return-from-europe-1-nigerian-nollywood-movie/","language":"en-US","author":[{"literal":"movies"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (movies). The dearth of film stories, absence of strong themes and lack of actors and models for telecasting is all because of lack of resources.

This aspect is related to Thomas, who is the central character of the movie Return from Europe. He traveled to Europe back in his late twenties, because he could not found anything substantial for his self in his country. It forced him to move abroad and find some new working opportunities which can serve his purpose of handsome earning. He moved, he settles and he earned some handful amounts also, but his primary purpose which was to make the life better for its people back there in Africa remained unachievable. Throughout the movie he does not blame his self for all such failures, rather he believes that there was nothing much in his homeland to invest in. There was no education, no talent and not any human resources that could be considered worthy to be cared for.

David Murphy has explained this aspect by linking it to the cultural identity and social backwardness. He argues that since the African region, unlike other regions of the world remained failed in preserving its heritage and cultural attributes, therefore it resulted in the collapse of their identity. He mentions that it takes some human guts to feel proud of one’s own self or on the culture. To write on, to articulate that and to present it in new and fresh form is all of secondary importance. He argues that since the people and the ruling elite of Africa remained failed in preserving their heritage and social classes, it resulted in demolishing of their own selves.

He continues to argue that the people of Africa were not caring about their culture and values. They kept on migrating from one place to another and adopted the third class working opportunities for themselves. Finally, such all poor classifications resulted in the collapse of their image as substantial citizens. The symbolism of Africans started from thereon. Each bad and worst attribute in the Western world was attached to these people and they were ranked as the low standard community as well. The author argues that no one was to be blamed for such poor stratifications other than these African themselves. Since they have been so uncaring about their values and culture, this is exactly right what has happened to them.

The last and much important aspect of the movie is when Thomas returns back to his pawn country. He experiences no such change in his society. Other than a feeling attraction for his land and admitting what he has done badly in his slice abroad, he thinks that still there are chances for improvement. He plans to permanently relocate to his country and to work for uplifting the social life of his people. The film concludes when Thomas starts imparting new faith in his own people. Similarly, Murphy argues that despite such destructed and worst condition of culture, there exist many opportunities for African people to uplift themselves. He concludes by connecting the cultural aspects of African people with that to the American and Western people. He mentions that Africans must adopt strategies which have up brought these Western cultures.

Week 4: Class 1 Immigration, Displacement and Dreams

Africa is undoubtedly the region with sewer problems to this day. The immigration trend in this region is not new. People have moved previously from this area towards Europe and other regions of the world. In such regions now African community adds great cultural addition. They are also slightly busy in changing some established norms of those regions. The interesting thing which is evident from their existence into such culture is uniqueness. They have not completely submerged in those cultures, as like Asians etc. Walter mentions that this non- aligned cultural aspects suggest is that despite being living in a modernized world, it is hard or even sometimes difficult to take over the complete cultural aspect of the host region ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uzVrQruj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Walters)","plainCitation":"(Walters)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1223,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/TBUCIRAZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/TBUCIRAZ"],"itemData":{"id":1223,"type":"chapter","title":"Anti-political economy: Cartographies of ‘illegal immigration’and the displacement of the economy","container-title":"Cultural political economy","publisher":"Routledge","page":"133–158","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Anti-political economy","author":[{"family":"Walters","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Walters). This immigration has largely added workforce capabilities into different regions. These people have worked hard to establish these regions but have not cared for making better the conditions in their home region. This is the reason the immigration trend is still continuous from these regions.

This displacement also had a very lasting impact on the culture and music of Africa. Many Nollywood movies of this day depict that these displacements and immigration on one side have negatively affected the domestic culture of Africa and on another side, this has impacted on the way music was composed in the region. Larkin argues that music had to remain different in Africa compared to other regions in the world ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yGrn2lVi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Larkin)","plainCitation":"(Larkin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1218,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/29S982UR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/29S982UR"],"itemData":{"id":1218,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bandiri music, globalization, and urban experience in Nigeria","container-title":"Social Text","page":"91–112","volume":"22","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Larkin","given":"Brian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Larkin). He mentions that since the prehistoric times there was a special song which the people of Africa used to sing just to pay tribute to the Holy Prophet. The writer argues that this music changed with time. This change was not abrupt rather it took time. In its initial stages, people of the modern day Africa started detaching themselves from this music and then with time they started feeling ashamed of celebrating such functions.

This aspect is also evident from the movie titled My Nigerian wife meets my London Wife ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yazJBQkQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(HardRock Nigerian Movies - latest nollywood movies)","plainCitation":"(HardRock Nigerian Movies - latest nollywood movies)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1220,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NDQB2DXM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NDQB2DXM"],"itemData":{"id":1220,"type":"motion_picture","title":"MY NIGERIAN WIFE MEETS MY LONDON WIFE 1 - latest nigerian movies 2018 african movies","source":"YouTube","dimensions":"4880 seconds","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQKLPNI8zi8","author":[{"literal":"HardRock Nigerian Movies - latest nollywood movies"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (HardRock Nigerian Movies - latest Nollywood movies). The plot of this movie suggests that the cultural difference has created anonymity among the characters. The Nigerian wife is different in each aspect with the wife of London. Both have totally different living styles, both manage two different cultural aspects and both see life differently. The movie is divided into two parts and both of these parts of the movie shows how immigration, displacement, and dreams affect the lifestyles and the life pattern. This aspect is very much evident from Larkin's reading also. Although he has not explicitly referred to the changing trends in culture, the gist of his article makes it clear that cultural differentiation is what is caused by the wrong way of chasing dreams.

The male character in the movie assigned has traveled to long to arrange finances to meet his dreams. In the new land, he is able to find a true companion. He has changed his own way of living and is now managing himself to become part of this society. When his other wife from Nigeria comes to meet his London wife, she experiences a total change ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7BX8nP5M","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(HardRock Nigerian Movies - latest nollywood movies)","plainCitation":"(HardRock Nigerian Movies - latest nollywood movies)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1220,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NDQB2DXM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NDQB2DXM"],"itemData":{"id":1220,"type":"motion_picture","title":"MY NIGERIAN WIFE MEETS MY LONDON WIFE 1 - latest nigerian movies 2018 african movies","source":"YouTube","dimensions":"4880 seconds","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQKLPNI8zi8","author":[{"literal":"HardRock Nigerian Movies - latest nollywood movies"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (HardRock Nigerian Movies - latest Nollywood movies). The way they both interact with each other, the way they enjoy their private time and the way they walk and interact with society is way too different from that of his Nigerian wife. This movie and the reading suggest that the contemporary West African culture and cultural history is largely based on the trends of immigration and displacement. It has not only changed the way their films were made but also changed their literature. Today, the immigration and the pursuit of goals by moving away from the homeland is part of many new movies which are made in Nollywood.

What impression such trends leave for the upcoming generation is that there is no more charm in their own culture. This will leave the space for mass migrations. There are various other reasons for the continuation of such trends. For example, the political and domestic conditions, the security conditions and the weak economic conditions all will act as the catalyst to continue this all. The interesting aspect of all this is the absence of discouragement in African literature. No scholarly literature is available which talks about the discouragement of such aspect. For example, the literature being discussed here. The West African cinema has also developed an audience which is interested in such content too ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WshnN2HG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Larkin)","plainCitation":"(Larkin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1218,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/29S982UR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/29S982UR"],"itemData":{"id":1218,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bandiri music, globalization, and urban experience in Nigeria","container-title":"Social Text","page":"91–112","volume":"22","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Larkin","given":"Brian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Larkin).

Immigration from Africa towards the Westerns countries is not a new trend. It's been more than three centuries that people from this land are migrating towards other countries for better working opportunities. This has affected human development in this region in many ways. Not only it has created a dearth of skilled professionals but also has resulted in creating unequal social opportunities for people. Brian and Larkin have explained this cause and effect relation in Africa in their reading. Not only just this reading talks about the causes of declined literary and musical culture in Africa but also it sheds light on how globalization has negatively affected the social process in the African region. Similarly, the assigned movie My Nigerian Wife meets my London wife shows how globalization has traveled from one region to another. The wife from Nigeria and from London are actually the two sides of different cultures. Although they both are related to one another both shares may dissimilarities. These readings and movie have summed up the reasons as to why there is much social differentiation exists among the African people.

Week 4: Class 2 Conflict and Society

Conflict is the most prevalent phenomenon in Africa. It is not surprising to relate this prevalence of this conflict with the military regimes and lack of political clout. It is worth noting in this region that people lack political understanding. This has affected it in many ways. For example, there are no much political activities, lack of political participation and absence of strong political parties. Other ways on which it has impacted on the African society is the prevalence of conflict. There is a lack of resources and therefore people fight over minor things. They have no opportunities for work, therefore they rely on some natural things to meet both ends meet. Such conflict over minor things in the African society has resulted in the upbringing of short temper among people. This conflict has been talked about in many kinds of literature. Different authors have based their opinions on different reasons, similarly, many filmmakers have made films on this topic, but different to the literature these films project the military regimes of Africa as the reason of all bad things.

The film titled Our President is back and the reading titled Nervous Confessions have many things in common and also these two relate in many aspects to each other. The director of this movie has excellently presented the cruelty of the military regimes in the movie. Pete Edochie who is playing the role of a military dictator is so cruel to his people. He does not accept the authority of other people and is so careless to his duties. Other than remaining busy with his personal sluggish and extravagant activities, he overlooks his duties. He is also surrounded by the same kind of people who takes advantages of him and use their ranks to subdue others. The worst aspect of their regime is the cruelty and the way they are ruling their people. They are the real depiction of the way the military regime has been ruling the Nigerian people since decades ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zsmhtQLp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nollywood Box Office - 2019 NIGERIAN MOVIES)","plainCitation":"(Nollywood Box Office - 2019 NIGERIAN MOVIES)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1234,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/U5Q7AX3B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/U5Q7AX3B"],"itemData":{"id":1234,"type":"motion_picture","title":"Our President Is Back - Pete Edochie 2017 latest Nigerian Full Movies | African Nollywood Movies","source":"YouTube","dimensions":"10740 seconds","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOyxdlSBu1Y","author":[{"literal":"Nollywood Box Office - 2019 NIGERIAN MOVIES"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nollywood Box Office - 2019 NIGERIAN MOVIES).

The Nervous Confessions by Alioune Sow is also about the same theme. In this article, Alioune has mentioned some historical accounts of the events in African history. He writes that there are reasons why political activities have remained too narrow in Nigeria and other African countries. He argues that the continued dictatorship has prevented the political clout from developing, as a result of the people with time learned to live with such a forced environment. Other reasons such as the weak political economy, lack of justice and ill-developed social structure made space for the dictators to continue. This was the reason as to why the political elites remained to fail in making their space ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"H0AkAr5q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sow)","plainCitation":"(Sow)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1232,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZHLHVYJE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZHLHVYJE"],"itemData":{"id":1232,"type":"article-journal","title":"Nervous confessions. Military Memoirs and National Reconciliation in Mali","container-title":"Cahiers d’études africaines","page":"069–093","volume":"50","issue":"197","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sow","given":"Alioune"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sow). The Nervous confession is not just limited to such debates but also covers some worst aspects of military rules. It talks about the reasons for such worst misconduct by military regimes. The author argues that since the dictators are up brought in a tough environment, therefore they react when the authority comes in their own sphere ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0oe6EhaW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sow)","plainCitation":"(Sow)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1232,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZHLHVYJE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZHLHVYJE"],"itemData":{"id":1232,"type":"article-journal","title":"Nervous confessions. Military Memoirs and National Reconciliation in Mali","container-title":"Cahiers d’études africaines","page":"069–093","volume":"50","issue":"197","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sow","given":"Alioune"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sow).

Our President is back also pictured such same aspects. The President in the movie is shown as accumulating all authorities in his own hand. He kills his subordinates for their minor misconducts which depicts how much cruel he is. Along with this, he is been enjoying his official time for his private leisure’s. This shows that how much ignorant and careless he is toward his official conduct. Throughout the movie, he is seen as garnering public support for his self and promising for the resumption of democracy in the country. But till the last minute, he remains to fail in fulfilling his promise. The domestic conditions shown in the movie are also worse and inhumane. Despite promising about delivering each domestic facility, the military dictator med as remains fail in providing justice to his own people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AekpE2yK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nollywood Box Office - 2019 NIGERIAN MOVIES)","plainCitation":"(Nollywood Box Office - 2019 NIGERIAN MOVIES)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1234,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/U5Q7AX3B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/U5Q7AX3B"],"itemData":{"id":1234,"type":"motion_picture","title":"Our President Is Back - Pete Edochie 2017 latest Nigerian Full Movies | African Nollywood Movies","source":"YouTube","dimensions":"10740 seconds","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOyxdlSBu1Y","author":[{"literal":"Nollywood Box Office - 2019 NIGERIAN MOVIES"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nollywood Box Office - 2019 NIGERIAN MOVIES). As with the time went on, it becomes clear that the dictator is just working for grabbing more power and fame among people and has no concern with the people living in the country.

In the Nervous Confessions, the author also argues about what brings dictators into the helm of affairs. The author has presented many reasons for this. He has based his arguments on various reasons. He mentions that since the political leadership of underdeveloped countries normally remains ignorant toward public demand, therefore naturally the space left is acquired by the military dictators. Other than these reasons he has also argued that when it comes to the continuation of the political process, the military dictators become hurdles. This is evident just not in the African region but also in other underdeveloped countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"h1wrevq1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sow)","plainCitation":"(Sow)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1232,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZHLHVYJE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZHLHVYJE"],"itemData":{"id":1232,"type":"article-journal","title":"Nervous confessions. Military Memoirs and National Reconciliation in Mali","container-title":"Cahiers d’études africaines","page":"069–093","volume":"50","issue":"197","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sow","given":"Alioune"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sow). The last and the most oversee aspect of the military regime is their links with other extra-regional countries. As many of the African regions have remained under colonial rule, therefore the former colonial masters keep on impinging in the domestic affairs of these countries too. This aspect is evident until this day.

This reading is related to the Movie Our President is back in many ways. It throws light on the worst conditions of the domestic affairs, the weak justice, and economic system and on the declining cultural aspect of the already underdeveloped regions. The above-mentioned aspects of the reading and the movie closely depict how the dictators in countries with such conditions make their ways. They have argued in a very close manner as to what are the real causes which make circumstances favorable for the military regimes. Movies with such theme also enjoy reasonable viewership. They have concluded that the lust of power is the dominant cause of prevailing dictatorship throughout the length and breadth of the African region.

Works Cited:

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Larkin, Brian. “Bandiri Music, Globalization, and Urban Experience in Nigeria.” Social Text, vol. 22, no. 4, 2004, pp. 91–112.

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Murphy, David. “Africans Filming Africa: Questioning Theories of an Authentic African Cinema.” Journal of African Cultural Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, 2000, pp. 239–249.

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Rapfogel, Jared, and Richard Porton. “The Power of Female Solidarity: An Interview with Ousmane Sembene.” Cineaste, vol. 30, no. 1, 2004, pp. 20–25.

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West African Cinema And Cultural History

West African Cinema and Cultural History

Author Note

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West African Cinema and Cultural history

On tracking World Cinema: African Cinema at Film Festivals by Manthia Diawara and The Black Girl by Ousmane Sembène

Diawara has worked on exploring the history of African cinema. His work includes many aspects of African cinema which was not explored before. He argues that African Cinema has remained in some ways a projection of African society, but majorly the African cinema served as a testing lab for many other films mainly Western or Asian films. The only reason Africans are more prone toward exported movies is the failure of the leadership of Pan African Film Makers Association ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bAEkowKY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Diawara 1994)","plainCitation":"(Diawara 1994)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1071,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IZR3MDT3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IZR3MDT3"],"itemData":{"id":1071,"type":"article-journal","title":"On tracking world cinema: African cinema at film festivals.","container-title":"Public Culture","page":"385–396","volume":"6","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"On tracking world cinema","author":[{"family":"Diawara","given":"Manthia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Diawara 1994). He has criticized them for being too negligible toward the domestic production of films, their distribution and in attracting the wider viewers from inside the African continent. He has also criticized their steps in promoting the African cinemas. He argues that tax incentive is a very small step that cannot help in promoting the film industry as filmmakers pay little heed towards their financial burdens. Similarly, he argues that the division of African region into six sub-regions for film distribution is also a useless step.

In African Cinema at Film Festivals, he has remained too critical. He opines that there are reasons why the Pan- African movies fail in making their place in international film festivals. Lack of cultural understandings, negligence toward societal affairs and the cultural barriers toward screening the stories of what exactly is happening in this region are some prominent reasons according to Diawara ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fpeOkHWr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Diawara 1994)","plainCitation":"(Diawara 1994)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1071,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IZR3MDT3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IZR3MDT3"],"itemData":{"id":1071,"type":"article-journal","title":"On tracking world cinema: African cinema at film festivals.","container-title":"Public Culture","page":"385–396","volume":"6","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"On tracking world cinema","author":[{"family":"Diawara","given":"Manthia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Diawara 1994). He argues that International Film Festivals have a bunch of things to project. They fascinate the whole world and use this platform in promoting their soft image, which in the case of Africa is absent. He also mentions that African movies are in zero comparisons to other movies in different film festivals around the world. He also believes that due to the expansion of African cultural settings and lack of financial resources, the domestic film making industry has experienced failure. For him, the influence of Western culture over the cinema in Africa is the primary issue, other issues are domestic and could be handled with a strong resolve and will. He mentions the example of Ouagadougou annual Film festival which he considers a joyful annual event to celebrate the success of African movies. He urges in the article to many African filmmakers to take pride in the fact that African movies have the power to project a soft image of their region ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dGCY5b3y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Diawara 1994)","plainCitation":"(Diawara 1994)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1071,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IZR3MDT3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IZR3MDT3"],"itemData":{"id":1071,"type":"article-journal","title":"On tracking world cinema: African cinema at film festivals.","container-title":"Public Culture","page":"385–396","volume":"6","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"On tracking world cinema","author":[{"family":"Diawara","given":"Manthia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Diawara 1994).

Considering the views presented by Manthia Diawara, the film Black Girl offers a fine example of how the African movies were once a fine example of performing art. Diawara has also referred to more movies by the same producer Sembène. Sembène remained famous for projecting the themes of love, romance, fiction and drama in his films. As at that times, the Western Cinema used to project such themes. The Black girl by Ousmane Sembène is a fine example of that. This movie has won two international awards. For this reason, Diawara has referred to this movie in his various literary works. This movie portrays a traditional African setting and how African values are not that much conflicting with those in Europe or America. The Ouagadougou film festival at Burkina Faso has celebrated the success of this movie for quite long, as it kept on attracting viewers from around the world.

Despite many issues in this movie, there are reasons for celebrating its success. Many film critiques opine that the screenplay, cast, the script and every other such aspect in the film contributed to its success. This was the reason that this first sub- Saharan movie achieved a milestone in 20th-century motion pictures. James argues that such international attention gained by the Black Girl is the proof of the fact that African film making industry can rise to a prominent level among international film industries if a little attention is paid toward it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OWdWMnw9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Berardinelli n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Berardinelli n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1073,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/FFJI4Y6W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/FFJI4Y6W"],"itemData":{"id":1073,"type":"webpage","title":"Black Girl","container-title":"Reelviews Movie Reviews","abstract":"Black Girl is thefeature debut of acclaimed African author-turned-filmmaker Ousmane Sembene.Clocking in at roughly an hour in length, the movie suffers from a number ofwhat might be considered “teething” flaws: uneven pacing, wooden acting,...","URL":"http://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/black-girl","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Berardinelli","given":"James"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,7]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Berardinelli n.d.).

Cinefication in West Africa Critical interventions by Amadou Fofana and Xala by Ousmane Sembène

Fofana has highlighted the pressing issues the African cinema has faced and is still struggling to cope with such issues. Fofana writes that the absence of financial resources for the filmmakers and other people associated (in many different forms) with the African film industry is the primary issue. Fofana has placed the absence of financial resources at the forefront of all problems in African cinema and has argued that such a lack of resources is making talent drainage ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7gyWvJB1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fofana 2011)","plainCitation":"(Fofana 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1077,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/E2E9CNGN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/E2E9CNGN"],"itemData":{"id":1077,"type":"article-journal","title":"“Cinefication” in West Africa","container-title":"Critical Interventions","page":"54–63","volume":"5","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Fofana","given":"Amadou"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fofana 2011). He argues that absences of such material resources are pushing away the scriptwriters, music composers, dialogue writers, and screen crew away from the industry. Fofana has referred to the term "Megotage” introduced by late Sembène which means the deprivation of the African cinema. Fofana argues that such a lack of material resources and financial inputs has caused immense damage to the domestic industry of film making in the entire region, which is still harming.

In some preceding paragraphs the author has expanded the causes of African cinematic downfall. He argues that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) took hold of the cinematic market in many African countries. These structural adjustments by the IMF have caused enough damage to the African cinema ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PRqifzMc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fofana 2011)","plainCitation":"(Fofana 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1077,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/E2E9CNGN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/E2E9CNGN"],"itemData":{"id":1077,"type":"article-journal","title":"“Cinefication” in West Africa","container-title":"Critical Interventions","page":"54–63","volume":"5","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Fofana","given":"Amadou"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fofana 2011). He argues that our financial backwardness has damaged us in every front. Cinema which is a form of cultural representation and is the only way through which Africa can be portrayed in front of the world is destructed. He goes on to write that such poor conditions are not the result of our (Africans) deeds, rather colonization has not allowed till yet to prosper. The cinema is the worst example of the effects of colonization in Africa. There can also be a reason that the colonial masters of Africa might not want that African cinema should portray the cruel image of their reign in Africa- but there could be slight chances for this.

Fofana has elaborated in quite a detail the downturn of the cinema industry in the African continent. He has very scholastically linked it with the role of IMF in such countries. He argues that after the IMF overtook the Cinema industry in the region, many Cinema is turned into garbage dumps. Some are now being used as shopping centers and some illustrate the worst stories of the Cinematic downfall in the African region. He mentions that this is a classic way of how international financial institution mocks the culture and disrespect the norms in the less developed region. This might be stopped and such regions should be allowed to take full advantage of their domestic resources ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TbIJASqZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fofana 2011)","plainCitation":"(Fofana 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1077,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/E2E9CNGN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/E2E9CNGN"],"itemData":{"id":1077,"type":"article-journal","title":"“Cinefication” in West Africa","container-title":"Critical Interventions","page":"54–63","volume":"5","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Fofana","given":"Amadou"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fofana 2011). He points out another reason for less development of Cinema in the African continent. He believes that African people will not accept the movies if any filmmaker in Africa collaborates with any other filmmaker from any other region. He believes that this will be the disrespect of their native cultures.

The movie Xala is the practical manifestation of what Fofana has authored in his above-mentioned article. Sembène has used many different illustrations in Xala to elaborate that how corruption and financial mismanagement is leading the African country Senegal to deprivation. He has illustrated through some of his characters that how capitalism still is disastrous for Senegal. The introduction of the third wife could be taken as the introduction of foreign powers in the domestic affairs of Senegal. He illustrates that some businessman in Xala is ruining domestic resources. A famous movie reviewer Ebert mentions that there exist rare movies which elaborate on the role of social and financial distractors of indigenous society in such a fine manner ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5czEnsvS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ebert n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Ebert n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1075,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/UGCUECVJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/UGCUECVJ"],"itemData":{"id":1075,"type":"webpage","title":"Xala Movie Review & Film Summary (1976) | Roger Ebert","abstract":"The white members of the local chamber of commerce have been ordered out of office, and now African businessmen take their places. But one of the whites returns to place attache cases in front of each seat. The Africans open the cases and nod solemnly, impressed by the neat stacks of bribe money inside. The old order has been replaced by the new, but it's business as usual.","URL":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/xala-1976","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Ebert","given":"Roger"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ebert n.d.). This is what he believes one of the masterpieces of Ousmane Sembène.

African Cinema(s) by Alexie Tcheuyap and Guelwaar by Ousmane Sembène

Tcheuyap' African Cinema(s) is an article which includes much detail of African cinema history. He has traced the history of cinema from the post-colonial era until the first decade of this century. In his article, he has shed light on various trends which are responsible for the downfall of the African cinema. Although he has highlighted some areas where the potential still exists but doing this, he has also referred to hurdles which one might face in trying to make the situation better for any form of the performing arts. He mentions that the domestic audience was not interested in self replenishment right after the colonial masters left this region ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OS5lsvcD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tcheuyap 2011)","plainCitation":"(Tcheuyap 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1079,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NJ5AX7WY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NJ5AX7WY"],"itemData":{"id":1079,"type":"article-journal","title":"African Cinema (s) Definitions, Identity and Theoretical Considerations","container-title":"Critical Interventions","page":"10–26","volume":"5","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Tcheuyap","given":"Alexie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tcheuyap 2011). During those times there were other hurdles such as the absence of technology and lack of good writers. Many people were also not interested to project themselves as an actor or actresses. The foremost reason for this was the conservative mindset of people in Africa.

Tcheuyap goes on to write that in addition to many financial constraints, the political regime was not in favor of re-establishing the entertainment industry, but they cannot be blamed for this also. The reason why they cannot be made accountable for this downfall of the entertainment industry was the other priority considerations. Entertainment remained failed in even getting the secondary importance of the ruling elite in the African continent. Tcheuyap argues that although the African cinema at present lacks far behind from those of other regions still it can be re-established with all its glory and charm ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uXBu6fy3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tcheuyap 2011)","plainCitation":"(Tcheuyap 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1079,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NJ5AX7WY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NJ5AX7WY"],"itemData":{"id":1079,"type":"article-journal","title":"African Cinema (s) Definitions, Identity and Theoretical Considerations","container-title":"Critical Interventions","page":"10–26","volume":"5","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Tcheuyap","given":"Alexie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tcheuyap 2011). He writes that the culture is there, the stories are there, actors are available, but just the technological layout is absent, which might be collaborated with any other. For him, this is the shortest way, the African cinema can witness a revival. Tcheuyap is against outsourcing completely the African Cinema because he thinks that it will ignite controversy over authenticity and inauthenticity. As some things might be relevant to those of the African culture and heritage but necessarily the outsource party will blend the final layout with its own culture, which in every case is unacceptable.

The authors have also referred to some of the movies that were made in collaboration with a third party or with an external agent. He believes that such movies have distorted in a real sense the image of Africa. He has mentioned some of the western film directors, which he believes have attempted to tear away from the cultural setting of this region. He blames this on the African filmmakers who were part of such projects. He argues that in such cases it becomes difficult to assess who is at fault, but one thing is apparent that the African indigenous culture remains at risk of destruction. Tcheuyap has also taken a kind of aggressive approach in describing the downfall of the African cinema. He mentions that all over the world a cinematic quality is judged over story, actors, the graphics and such other technical aspects, but in case of African culture race, ethnicity, skin color, and nationalism each one of it plays a part in destroying an already built image ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jGgrxlKb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tcheuyap 2011)","plainCitation":"(Tcheuyap 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1079,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NJ5AX7WY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NJ5AX7WY"],"itemData":{"id":1079,"type":"article-journal","title":"African Cinema (s) Definitions, Identity and Theoretical Considerations","container-title":"Critical Interventions","page":"10–26","volume":"5","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Tcheuyap","given":"Alexie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tcheuyap 2011).

Based on the pretext of making the social conditions good for the African, Guelwaar is an epic depiction of how nations can rise to esteem. This film by Sembène illustrates that how African communities related to the cinema industry can work together to change the fate of their regional cinema. In the making of this film, Sembène has used the domestic resources and has proved that how a small effort can result in bringing a masterpiece for the disturbing masses. There are scenes in this movie which are completely shot in Africa, which depicts the beautiful landscape of this continent. Another most appealing aspect of this movies is the harmony, as to how Senegalese Muslims and Christians live side by side in complete harmony which is a rare case in majority parts of the world. Ebert mentions that Senegal has for the first time has attracted the attention of the world viewers’ after this movie by Sembène ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uHTunysU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ebert n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Ebert n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1081,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZCV6AXW3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ZCV6AXW3"],"itemData":{"id":1081,"type":"webpage","title":"Guelwaar Movie Review & Film Summary (1994) | Roger Ebert","abstract":"Most moviegoers hardly ever get the opportunity to see a film like \"Guelwaar,\" and even fewer take advantage of it. Does anyone care that Ousmane Sembene, the foremost African filmmaker, has made a film that tells a simple story and yet touches on some of the most difficult questions of our time? Moviegoers have little curiosity. Most of them will never have seen a film about Africans, by Africans, in modern Africa, shot on location. They see no need to start now (and this indifference extends, of course, to African-Americans). Movies can show us worlds and societies we will never otherwise glimpse, but most of the time we prefer to watch slick fictions with lots of laughs and action.","URL":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/guelwaar-1994","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Ebert","given":"Roger"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ebert n.d.).

Projection of shifting concerns in post-colonial Senegalese and West African experiences

Extinction of the cinema industry: The post-colonial Senegalese culture is more conservative. Apparently, for this reason, the cinema owners have refrained from investing in this industry. Many people in Senegal believe that cinema industry with time has taken over a form of a risky business, for this reason, the investors have pulled back their investments from the cinema industry. There are other reasons for this too ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OmHdUIdr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Paddock 2014)","plainCitation":"(Paddock 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1083,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X5TSBT3N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X5TSBT3N"],"itemData":{"id":1083,"type":"book","title":"Film Review: The End of the Line","publisher":"SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Film Review","author":[{"family":"Paddock","given":"Todd"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Paddock 2014). For example, the cinema revival all around the world is made possible with the help of collaborations and partnerships. In the case of Senegal, this is also absent which has collectively resulted in the downfall of and extinction of the cinema industry.

Cultural downturn: The cultural downturn is caused by mass migrations of Senegalese to other parts of the world. They have slightly saturated their culture with other values and customs. There are mixed races living in Senegal and its suburbs. In such cultural settings, it is often difficult to trace a pure story or a pure depiction of ideas. Such cultural settings do not offer interesting phenomena to write about. If anyone is successful in making a movie with such mixed cultural attributions, it normally does not get the attention of the viewers. Similar is the case with the cinema industry of Senegal ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Klc30e6F","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Paddock 2014)","plainCitation":"(Paddock 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1083,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X5TSBT3N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X5TSBT3N"],"itemData":{"id":1083,"type":"book","title":"Film Review: The End of the Line","publisher":"SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Film Review","author":[{"family":"Paddock","given":"Todd"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Paddock 2014).

Technological backwardness: There are no two opinions in the fact that the African region is still far beyond getting the basic aspects of technological innovation. They have not experienced the usage of technology even in their primary needs. Therefore the use of technology ion indigenous film making industry in Senegal is out of the question. Such technological backwardness has resulted in shutting down the cinema industry which is worst. At present, there also appears no chances that the cinema in Senegal will imply any modern technology m making of the films. The worst economic and financial conditions are the cause of this.

Financial bankruptcy: The Cinema industry in Senegal is bankrupt. It has lost the financial charm and because of the State's mismanagement, the IMF has taken over this industry. In such an environment where the industry is not even allowed to make a film independently, it is naïve to think of its revival ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fwSMeYt5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lev 1993)","plainCitation":"(Lev 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1085,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/F8NYF9NW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/F8NYF9NW"],"itemData":{"id":1085,"type":"book","title":"The Euro-American Cinema","publisher":"University of Texas Press","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Lev","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lev 1993). It is the worst impact the post-colonial Senegal has experienced.

Traditionalism versus free enterprise system: The last impact which is apparent from the readings and the three movies by Ousmane Sembène is that traditionalism is way different from the enterprise or free economic system. If the African cinema industry could have retained a slight texture of itself, the conditions could have been way different from those of today. The free enterprise system in film making cares nothing about the indigenous cultures and for this reason, it is often in a clash with the cultural norms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0KbC68AJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lev 1993)","plainCitation":"(Lev 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1085,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/F8NYF9NW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/F8NYF9NW"],"itemData":{"id":1085,"type":"book","title":"The Euro-American Cinema","publisher":"University of Texas Press","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Lev","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lev 1993).

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Berardinelli, James. “Black Girl.” Reelviews Movie Reviews. http://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/black-girl (June 7, 2019).

Diawara, Manthia. 1994. “On Tracking World Cinema: African Cinema at Film Festivals.” Public Culture 6(2): 385–396.

Ebert, Roger. “Guelwaar Movie Review & Film Summary (1994) | Roger Ebert.” https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/guelwaar-1994 (June 8, 2019a).

———. “Xala Movie Review & Film Summary (1976) | Roger Ebert.” https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/xala-1976 (June 8, 2019b).

Fofana, Amadou. 2011. “‘Cinefication’ in West Africa.” Critical Interventions 5(1): 54–63.

Lev, Peter. 1993. The Euro-American Cinema. University of Texas Press.

Paddock, Todd. 2014. Film Review: The End of the Line. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.

Tcheuyap, Alexie. 2011. "African Cinema (s) Definitions, Identity, and Theoretical Considerations." Critical Interventions 5(1): 10–26.

Western Classical Music

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Classic music

I attended the concerns at Lost Angeles Chamber Orchestra with Jamie Martin. Spanish music director Martin started his first season at the Los Angeles Chambers. His classic music had been a significant experience for the audience and I enjoyed it. The main idea was to revive the classic music for the youth and millennial. Martin blended fund and fantasy for persuading the young audience. His performance was on a new piece written by Andrew Norman. In the auditorium I viewed different musical instruments and Martin with his team of musicians. The whole orchestra was ready for the show when I got my seat. As it was a classic music concert the people were appreciators of this genre. Martin with standing with the music notes and he started with a nice synchronized melody. The team was reading the notations and playing music in coordination.

The melody played by Martin was so amazing that I was lost with it. I was really imporssed by the achievement of the music director who managed to develop the most amazing sonata. The music has heights of intensity leading to immense pleasure and feelings of love. One can feel the power of the music as it disconnects from all other things and focus only on the beats and the rhythm. The musician works best as it develops feelings of fantasy and sensation. Listeners fully get into the musical world and uncover the feelings of joy and pleasure. The moment is starting listening the music can point out the very movement. Movement exhibits the elements of sombre and quietness taking the audience to the dream-like situation. The movement displays the passion and the intensity of the composer. The musicians use the piano for expression of the feelings in an incredible manner. The music uses rhythmic ostinato generating triplet patterns that continually appear throughout the movement. The pattern gives rolling feeling and sensation as the listener sways back and forth.

The technique developed by Martin includes effective phrasing through the use of long notes. Long notes make the music more presentable and appealing to the listeners. Martin plays the music most effectively as he creates a balance between high and low notes. Martin managed to present variations as at one point he reaches the high point of the phrase, and at another point he brings it to the moderate point. He prevents himself from playing the notes too loudly that does not generate negative impacts on the listeners. The vocalist appears as the best performer of the saxophone when he maintains the variations from low notes to high and that back to low. The melody becomes most visible when the musician takes the note to the highest point. Martin’s selection of melody helps him to present his best skills. The technique developed holds the power that communicates the melody to the audience in an appropriate manner. The concert allowed Martin to test his saxophone skills and the success reflects from the reactions of audiences. During the entire performance, the audience appears to be peaceful and in lightened moods. The responses of audiences illustrate how much the performance influenced them and their applaud reflects their appreciation of Martin.

This classic concert gave me the most pleasant experience that I will always remember. Everything about the concert was amazing, the auditorium, melody, beats and the composition. The music generates pure magical feeling creating euphoric sensation thus keeping pace with the audience through maintenance of continuous interaction.

What Are Impacts Of Haitian And Cuban Revolution In Today's Caribbean?

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Course Title and Code

Date

Impacts of Haitian and Cuban Revolution

Impacts of the Haitian Revolution

Haitian revolution was one of the most influencing revolutions of its time, which had it positive as well as negative impacts on today’s Caribbean. The positive impact of the Haitian revolution was that it depicted the power of the unity of the slave population, who were able to overthrow the rule of the white French majority. The slave colonies and communities of the adjacent areas took great inspiration from the courage and unity of the slave population of Haiti and started the revolts against white supremacy and rule. The revolution depicted to the world that the white society has no right to take the freedom of Haitian population, by considering them lower in rank, due to their dark skin.

On the other hand, there were some negative impacts of the Haitian revolution on today's Caribbean as well. The Haitian population developed their own government after declaring their independence; however, they had to face great difficulties in the economic and development sectors. The other countries of the world were not ready to support the economy of the new country by establishing trade, due to which the country faced the situation of a blockade at the international level.

Moreover, the country was not able to produce a dedicated leadership and all the rulers of the country worked for their own favor, making the infrastructure of the country weak. The people had to fight for their rights. Corrupt government added to the problems of society. The country was also struck with some natural disasters as well, which included the earthquake. The natural disasters shook the whole fabric of the society while depriving the general population of the basic necessities of shelter, food and health facilities. It also added to the poverty ratio of the society, making it dependent upon the aid of the other countries of the world (Smith, 65).

Impacts of the Cuban Revolution

The Cuban revolution was one of the most aspiring revolutions of its time; however, the negative impacts of the revolution highlighted its failure and raised a question on its ideology. The only positive aspect of the Cuban revolution was that it gave hope to the general population that they have the right to dream about a country where each and every individual would be treated at the same level. They had the right to work and fight for creating such a society and then work hard to ensure its progress. The Cuban revolution also supported the concept of communism in society, which talked about equal opportunities of progress for all.

There were some negative impacts of the Cuban revolution of today’s Caribbean as well. The most important out of them is that the country faced the economic crisis after a short time of the revolution. Right after the revolution, the country faced progress in the economy; however, the reason of the failure was that a great majority of the population did not support the ideals of castor and fled the country, which gave rise to limited labor. On the other hand, the country supported, as well as work on the ideology of USSR, which gave rise to conflicts with the United States of America. The struggling economy of the country faced more challenges and made the life of the general public difficult, due to which they lost the hope in the ideology of Castro (Smith, 88).

Another negative impact of the revolution was that it treated all the people on the same level. It was not practical because of the fact that people having more capabilities and expertise were forced to live their lives on the same level as an incapable person. The society did not create a system of letting the capable add to the progress of the less capable; however, it hindered the progress of the capable people, which gave rise to hate sentiments and forced a great number of population to flee the country.

Works Cited

Smith, Patrick Bellegarde. "Haiti: the breached citadel." Toronto: Canadian Scholars (2004).

Smith, Patrick Bellegarde. “The Haitian Revolution (1791-1806): Economic and Social Dynamics.” Haiti: The Breached Citadel. Westview Press (1990).

What Are The Positive & Negative Issues With Drones In Health Service And Add Framework PACT Analysis

RUNNING HEAD: SOCIAL INFORMATICS

Social Informatics

Name of Student

[Name of the Institution]

Drones in Healthcare Service

Positive Aspects of Drones in Healthcare Service

The newly acquainted community word "drone" was earlier coined in the 1980s due to the resemblance with the flashy and metrical sound of ancient military unmanned target jet with a male bee. The term is popular among communities but received robust opposition from specialists working in aviation departments. Drones are characteristically made up of an air setting, thrust procedure, and navigation arrangement ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ac2vu2faqk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Horvath, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Horvath, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":133,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/A7WKPG6U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/A7WKPG6U"],"itemData":{"id":133,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Use of Drones with Virtual Reality Application for Immobile Patients An Analysis of the Impact on Life Quality","container-title":"European Conference on Software Process Improvement","publisher":"Springer","page":"299-309","author":[{"family":"Horvath","given":"Natalie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Horvath, 2019). They contain a wide diversity of aircraft plan formations and auxiliary apparatuses that enable numerous applications ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"apq1p9fkl0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Krey and Seiler, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Krey and Seiler, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":134,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VT9X5XXR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VT9X5XXR"],"itemData":{"id":134,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Usage and acceptance of drone technology in healthcare: exploring patients and physicians perspective","container-title":"The 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Science, Grand Wailea, January 8-11, 2019","publisher":"HICSS","page":"4135-4144","ISBN":"0-9981331-2-4","author":[{"family":"Krey","given":"Mike"},{"family":"Seiler","given":"Roger"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Krey and Seiler, 2019). Drones in the medical field are useful in various dimensions, however, health applications are additionally challenging due to the requirement of services on available dates, time and location. Important applications of drones in healthcare include public health disaster relief, telemedicine and medical transport.

Public Health Disaster Relief, Telemedicine and Medical Transport

Major dimensions under public health disaster relief include disaster forecast and management, and detection of injurious substances, data collection, delivery of emergency drugs, and contagious disease diagnosis and management ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2kmm7ct1lu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Boutilier, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Boutilier, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":142,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SB2CUI9J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SB2CUI9J"],"itemData":{"id":142,"type":"thesis","title":"Emergency Medical Services Response Optimization","publisher":"University of Toronto (Canada)","author":[{"family":"Boutilier","given":"Justin James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Boutilier, 2018). Drones can castoff surveillance of disaster places, zones with radiation and biochemical dangers, and can detect disease spread ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"asos5pqoa4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alkhatib, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Alkhatib, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":139,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QP7FMBZT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QP7FMBZT"],"itemData":{"id":139,"type":"book","title":"Developing an Optimal Design for A Heart Container Operated Via Drone","author":[{"family":"Alkhatib","given":"Husam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alkhatib, 2019). Drones are also useful for gathering information related to patients in need of care. Drone technology is also used for the detection of hazards of heavy metals, aerosols and radiation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1aris1l9hj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rosser Jr et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Rosser Jr et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":144,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QG5HZ46M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QG5HZ46M"],"itemData":{"id":144,"type":"article-journal","title":"Surgical and medical applications of drones: a comprehensive review","container-title":"JSLS: Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons","volume":"22","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Rosser Jr","given":"James C."},{"family":"Vignesh","given":"Vudatha"},{"family":"Terwilliger","given":"Brent A."},{"family":"Parker","given":"Brett C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rosser Jr et al., 2018). Drones are equipped with high-resolution photogrammetry software which precisely predicts and detect risk for cancer, and other diseases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1u24rl0ie5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Nentwich and Horv\\uc0\\u225{}th, 2018)}","plainCitation":"(Nentwich and Horváth, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":141,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/RYWEEXXJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/RYWEEXXJ"],"itemData":{"id":141,"type":"article-journal","title":"The vision of delivery drones","container-title":"TATuP Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis","page":"46-52","volume":"27","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Nentwich","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Horváth","given":"Delila M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nentwich and Horváth, 2018). In the classification of telemedicine, drones can help in medical procedures specifically, in the battleground and emergency departments ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ajtvdrajcg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Krey and Seiler, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Krey and Seiler, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":134,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VT9X5XXR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VT9X5XXR"],"itemData":{"id":134,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Usage and acceptance of drone technology in healthcare: exploring patients and physicians perspective","container-title":"The 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Science, Grand Wailea, January 8-11, 2019","publisher":"HICSS","page":"4135-4144","ISBN":"0-9981331-2-4","author":[{"family":"Krey","given":"Mike"},{"family":"Seiler","given":"Roger"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Krey and Seiler, 2019). Medicinal supply and transportation services of drones intricate numerous subcategories, comprising a distribution of medicinal goods, withdrawal of individuals, and commercial uses for infrastructure (Rosser Jr et al., 2018). Drones are considered as a consistent and reliable source of medical delivery services in biological and laboratory trails ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a124qha2ngp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rosser Jr et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Rosser Jr et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":144,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QG5HZ46M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QG5HZ46M"],"itemData":{"id":144,"type":"article-journal","title":"Surgical and medical applications of drones: a comprehensive review","container-title":"JSLS: Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons","volume":"22","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Rosser Jr","given":"James C."},{"family":"Vignesh","given":"Vudatha"},{"family":"Terwilliger","given":"Brent A."},{"family":"Parker","given":"Brett C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rosser Jr et al., 2018). The research initiatives in the field of awareness, expansion and contribution. Medical transportation services also include tissue, blood, medication, medical devices and platelets transport.

Negative Aspects of Drones in Healthcare Service

Drone technology has received significantly both positive and negative feedbacks from patients and workers. The feedback received from the patients and workers for the use of telemedicine drones in healthcare facility was negative. Patients prefer to receive services from the workers and therefore, rate this as negative ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1tt0qei7g8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Krey and Seiler, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Krey and Seiler, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":134,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VT9X5XXR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VT9X5XXR"],"itemData":{"id":134,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Usage and acceptance of drone technology in healthcare: exploring patients and physicians perspective","container-title":"The 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Science, Grand Wailea, January 8-11, 2019","publisher":"HICSS","page":"4135-4144","ISBN":"0-9981331-2-4","author":[{"family":"Krey","given":"Mike"},{"family":"Seiler","given":"Roger"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Krey and Seiler, 2019). The probable reason for this negative feedback is the direct interaction of the patient with the healthcare provider. Feedback received from the drones includes doubts regarding services and administration of medicines by the drones. Few concerns of the workers and patients were related to safety. The emergency and transport drones have proven to be more effective as compared to the drone services in telemedicine and public health catastrophe relief. Geographical locations were also associated with the drone services. Limited areas were accessible for the use of drones as it requires advanced technology in delivery. Acceptance of drone services in public and communities is essentially important but require awareness and education ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1rl4jj63s0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Avanesova, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Avanesova, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":140,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6E5PMWRP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6E5PMWRP"],"itemData":{"id":140,"type":"article-journal","title":"Worldwide implementation of telemedicine programs in association with research performance and health policy","author":[{"family":"Avanesova","given":"Anna A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Avanesova, 2019). Medical services related to the emergency department are effective and efficient. The most common reason for negative feedback is due to the lack of social interaction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1ojjvbfp40","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Krey and Seiler, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Krey and Seiler, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":134,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VT9X5XXR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VT9X5XXR"],"itemData":{"id":134,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Usage and acceptance of drone technology in healthcare: exploring patients and physicians perspective","container-title":"The 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Science, Grand Wailea, January 8-11, 2019","publisher":"HICSS","page":"4135-4144","ISBN":"0-9981331-2-4","author":[{"family":"Krey","given":"Mike"},{"family":"Seiler","given":"Roger"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Krey and Seiler, 2019). Social interactions are considered more important for the patients, particularly for older people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2pb0pns6ss","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sokullu et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Sokullu et al., 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":136,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/TLUVGXQR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/TLUVGXQR"],"itemData":{"id":136,"type":"chapter","title":"The Role of Drones in Ambient Assisted Living Systems for the Elderly","container-title":"Enhanced Living Environments","publisher":"Springer","page":"295-321","author":[{"family":"Sokullu","given":"Radosveta"},{"family":"Balcı","given":"Abdullah"},{"family":"Demir","given":"Eren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sokullu et al., 2019). Assuming the number of older people and their admission is usually high in hospitals, therefore there is a need for additional research and awareness among communities to promote drone services.

Framework of Pact Analysis

People

Introducing drones in healthcare services is a novel idea. People from different backgrounds, areas and age groups respond differently to drone application. Patients usually visiting hospitals are from different age groups and localities. It is observed that the persons from aviation and governmental entities also opposed the idea. Mostly older people visit hospitals but it does not exclude other age groups ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a222g41jn73","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Horvath, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Horvath, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":133,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/A7WKPG6U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/A7WKPG6U"],"itemData":{"id":133,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Use of Drones with Virtual Reality Application for Immobile Patients An Analysis of the Impact on Life Quality","container-title":"European Conference on Software Process Improvement","publisher":"Springer","page":"299-309","author":[{"family":"Horvath","given":"Natalie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Horvath, 2019). Older people assess drone application more negatively as compared to the other age groups ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a11vtae6mvd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lippi and Cadamuro, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Lippi and Cadamuro, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":143,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UQNGS2QN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UQNGS2QN"],"itemData":{"id":143,"type":"article-journal","title":"Novel opportunities for improving the quality of preanalytical phase. A glimpse to the future?","container-title":"Journal of medical biochemistry","page":"293-300","volume":"36","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Lippi","given":"Giuseppe"},{"family":"Cadamuro","given":"Janne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lippi and Cadamuro, 2017). The patients from the emergency department respond positively towards drone applications. Drone applications are advantageous for the patients of emergency department most significantly as the service requires timely delivery and efficient service.

Activities

Hospital services are more critical concerning workload, peaks, pressure and time. If a healthcare service is to be delivered to the patient in 2 to 3 minutes, it would be very frustrating for the patient to wait for the worker and service. The introduction of the drone in a healthcare facility is more beneficial in this regard ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1b5kb8k0l1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Horvath, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Horvath, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":133,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/A7WKPG6U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/A7WKPG6U"],"itemData":{"id":133,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Use of Drones with Virtual Reality Application for Immobile Patients An Analysis of the Impact on Life Quality","container-title":"European Conference on Software Process Improvement","publisher":"Springer","page":"299-309","author":[{"family":"Horvath","given":"Natalie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Horvath, 2019). Activities that drone can cover in transportation system includes transportation of media, blood and medicines within the departments. The services in the emergency department that drone can perform include delivering of blood, platelets and emergency drugs efficiently and timely.

Context

Healthcare facility environment is very important and should not be noisy, wet and dirty. Another context is to take care of the facility that it must be free from harmful substances and materials ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1dt766icv3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Nentwich and Horv\\uc0\\u225{}th, 2018)}","plainCitation":"(Nentwich and Horváth, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":141,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/RYWEEXXJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/RYWEEXXJ"],"itemData":{"id":141,"type":"article-journal","title":"The vision of delivery drones","container-title":"TATuP Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis","page":"46-52","volume":"27","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Nentwich","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Horváth","given":"Delila M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nentwich and Horváth, 2018). All these contextual requirements can easily be performed by drone technology. Relationship of patients with the facility providers and the effect of hospital services on patient outcomes is also included in good context. Healthcare facility usually involves conditions of pressure, workload, time and pressure.

Technologies

Provision of security, commands and effectiveness of critical care services for the healthcare delivery is the significant feature of the drone technology ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2e0cp30f8h","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Balasingam, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Balasingam, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":145,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SFTS4SPH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/SFTS4SPH"],"itemData":{"id":145,"type":"article-journal","title":"Drones in medicine—The rise of the machines","container-title":"International journal of clinical practice","page":"e12989","volume":"71","issue":"9","author":[{"family":"Balasingam","given":"Manohari"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Balasingam, 2017). Drone technology uses advanced management and communication system ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a12hcgvafil","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Krey and Seiler, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Krey and Seiler, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":134,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VT9X5XXR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VT9X5XXR"],"itemData":{"id":134,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Usage and acceptance of drone technology in healthcare: exploring patients and physicians perspective","container-title":"The 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Science, Grand Wailea, January 8-11, 2019","publisher":"HICSS","page":"4135-4144","ISBN":"0-9981331-2-4","author":[{"family":"Krey","given":"Mike"},{"family":"Seiler","given":"Roger"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Krey and Seiler, 2019). It is a complex network of the system which uses telecommunication methods for the inputs. This system includes the interaction of technology in delivering sound and effective service ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aq28alqq3r","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lippi and Mattiuzzi, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Lippi and Mattiuzzi, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":146,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5A5ATRRP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/5A5ATRRP"],"itemData":{"id":146,"type":"article-journal","title":"Biological samples transportation by drones: ready for prime time?","container-title":"Annals of translational medicine","volume":"4","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Lippi","given":"Giuseppe"},{"family":"Mattiuzzi","given":"Camilla"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lippi and Mattiuzzi, 2016). The relevant content is effectively delivered and communicated to patients and workers on time using drone technology.

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Alkhatib, H., 2019. Developing an Optimal Design for A Heart Container Operated Via Drone.

Avanesova, A.A., 2019. Worldwide implementation of telemedicine programs in association with research performance and health policy.

Balasingam, M., 2017. Drones in medicine—The rise of the machines. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 71, e12989.

Boutilier, J.J., 2018. Emergency Medical Services Response Optimization. University of Toronto (Canada).

Horvath, N., 2019. Use of Drones with Virtual Reality Application for Immobile Patients An Analysis of the Impact on Life Quality, in: European Conference on Software Process Improvement. Springer, pp. 299–309.

Krey, M., Seiler, R., 2019. Usage and acceptance of drone technology in healthcare: exploring patients and physicians perspective, in: The 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Science, Grand Wailea, January 8-11, 2019. HICSS, pp. 4135–4144.

Lippi, G., Cadamuro, J., 2017. Novel opportunities for improving the quality of preanalytical phase. A glimpse to the future? J. Med. Biochem. 36, 293–300.

Lippi, G., Mattiuzzi, C., 2016. Biological samples transportation by drones: ready for prime time? Ann. Transl. Med. 4.

Nentwich, M., Horváth, D.M., 2018. The vision of delivery drones. TATuP Z. Für Tech. Theor. Prax. 27, 46–52.

Rosser Jr, J.C., Vignesh, V., Terwilliger, B.A., Parker, B.C., 2018. Surgical and medical applications of drones: a comprehensive review. JSLS 22.

Sokullu, R., Balcı, A., Demir, E., 2019. The Role of Drones in Ambient Assisted Living Systems for the Elderly, in: Enhanced Living Environments. Springer, pp. 295–321.

Lippi, G. and Mattiuzzi, C., 2016. Biological samples transportation by drones: ready for prime time?. Annals of translational medicine, 4(5).

What Do Non-Criminal Justice Majors Believe Is The Main Cause Of Juvenile Delinquency?

What do Non-Criminal Justice Majors Believe is the Main Cause of Juvenile Delinquency?

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

What do Non-Criminal Justice Majors Believe is the Main Cause of Juvenile Delinquency?

Abstract

It is almost found all the time that research about something of interest is the finest way to get the thing of the matter. This research paper is about in-depth research and analysis about a main topic or concern which is the Juvenile Delinquency. Specifically, the paper focuses on the clarification of what the non-criminal justice majors believe is the main and major cause of Juvenile Delinquency. Particularly this research paper focuses on the lack of parental supervision as the main cause of Juvenile Delinquency. But it is also a fact that one cannot consider a single factor or thing as the cause of an issue or matter, hence many other factors also work as contributors to the issue of Juvenile Delinquency. Some of the major things that non-criminal justice considers as the main causes of Juvenile Delinquency are; the lack of parental supervision, involvement with not-good groups or friends, and lack of proper education as well as economic or income level of families and individuals.

For the purpose to research the main topic, both qualitative and quantitative methods are going to be used in the paper in which the primary data and data and information available on secondary sources such as article, analysis, researches, and surveys, etc. Would be used. The paper also elaborates each of the way used and information utilized in the section titled “Research Design and Methods”. At last, the paper brings up everything to one point as a conclusion that states the actual findings brought by this research study.

Introduction

Juvenile Delinquency is one of the most crucial and controversial topics in the currents time, with the increasing involvement of students and especially in the crimes and crime-related activities make this topic more critical and bring it more hard talks. The Juvenile Delinquency is the problem that is concerned mainly with the involvement of children and even older who get engaged in crimes. These individuals start involvement in such activities because of a number of reasons which mainly include lack of parental supervision, lack of financial support or low-income problems, and becoming a part of bad deeding groups of friends, etc. By definition, Juvenile Delinquency is the minors, mainly defined as aged from 10 to 17 years who commit some acts or activities that violate the laws and rules of the states, society or entire country one life in.

The above-mentioned causes such as lack of parental supervision are the causes that non-criminal justice considers as the main and most crucial cause of Juvenile Delinquency. In terms of importance and why one should study the topic of Juvenile Delinquency and its causes that the non-criminal justice considers, there are several reasons because of that the analysis and discussion of this topic become crucial. Specifically, the reasons because of which this topic is important to discuss are “it is a reality that the economic and social growth and development of any nation or community are dependent on the youth” but it becomes very critical and even risky when the youth get engaged in the acts like Juvenile Delinquency (Burfeind, & Bartusch, 2015). It means that the Juvenile Delinquency is the reason and factor that Juvenile Delinquency should be studied. As well as it should be studied in a way that brings solutions for the causes of it otherwise the dream of youth can play a huge role in a society’s growth and development would remain a crazy dream only. And that is why this research study is aimed to answer the question that what is the main cause the non-criminal justice consider as the key cause of Juvenile Delinquency (Stewart, et.al, 2019)..

Literature Review

Juvenile Delinquency has been a long concern that threats the moral structure of a society and community in several ways. Many studies are there which work on finding why Juvenile Delinquency has shown and still showing so much fast increase since last decades. For the purpose, a number of studies look to find out some of the main and actual causes of it (Juvenile Delinquency). Hence, this literature review provides almost an in-depth analysis of the main and major causes of Juvenile Delinquency. For the purpose and main concern, this literature mainly captures and analyzes some of the credible and peer-reviewed studies or articles to figure out the possible causes of Juvenile Delinquency. In short, as known to almost every individual, some main causes of Juvenile Delinquency are parental protection of children, lack of parental supervision, involvement and engagement with individuals involved in crime-related activities, etc. (Burfeind, & Bartusch, 2015). It means that there are more than one or a few causes of Juvenile Delinquency but the main purpose of this literature review is to find out and analyze the main causes of Juvenile Delinquency such as lack of parental supervision.

This section (literature review) provides an analysis of the credible articles and studies conducted by highly known psychologists and sociologists on different topics that cover almost every aspect of Juvenile Delinquency where the focus on different theories and concepts as well. The literature also provides enough analysis of the articles' limitations as an addition to the main concern (findings). Furthermore and additionally, the literature review also puts a light on the possible solutions of Juvenile Delinquency which have been brought into the ground by the authors and researchers of the articles under review. The part (literature review) finds all of these aspects by having an analysis of the main topic of this paper.

Several things and factors work behind the issue of Juvenile Delinquency. It has already established that the court system, laws, and justice system deal with the issues of Juvenile Delinquency in several ways as per the offense of individuals. In terms of causes, school issues are considered as one of the main causes of the issues. This specifically means that the students who are bullied in schools become to have a mindset that is associated with criminal activities. Additionally, family structure, parental supervision, and economic condition of the family and even the entire society also contribute to Juvenile Delinquency (Shong, Abu Bakar, & Islam, 2019). The lack of supervision of parents leads to higher Juvenile Delinquency issues because it is a fact that when there is no presence of proper supervision, then one (such as children) has the opportunity to fulfill their wishes which may be right or wrong.

Psychologists have different views and statements regarding why one especially children and his or her behavior turn into a way that is not considered as fine and even acceptable by the society of his or her living. Hence, it could be found enough clear that this may be caused by many reasons and causes rather than only some individual causes or involvement. According to …. The main reason for Juvenile Delinquency cannot be limited to one cause or one cause such as lack of parental supervision cannot be considered as the one and only or main cause of Juvenile Delinquency. While a number of justifications are there which state that Juvenile Delinquency is caused by different causes.

According to (Stewart, et.al, 2019), finding and listing the causes of Juvenile Delinquency cannot be as easy as one lists a number of contributing factor, while the process to understand the causes of Juvenile Delinquency involves an in-depth analysis of each of the conscious and subconscious motivations as well as lack or unavailability of some sources that propel one to get involved in crimes. Hence, based on the general view and theory of Juvenile Delinquency, it can be found and stated that the main causes of Juvenile Delinquency could not be found only the poor lawful activities while there is a huge and strong involvement of unlawful behavior of one.

(Meldrum et.al, 2016) Finds that it is a fact that parental supervision especially the lack of it plays a huge role as the main cause of Juvenile Delinquency but it cannot be hidden that the social interaction of individuals leads to Juvenile Delinquency and involvement in crime very highly. These interactions of people come to see in the shape of socio-economic factors, mental conditions, preferences of societal groups to get involved in, and some psychological factors that led one to become a part of one societal group than others.

According to (Shong, Abu Bakar, & Islam, 2019), the factors such as socio-economic factors, mental conditions, preferences of societal groups, and psychological factors could be found in the older generations but still, there is a higher rate of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile offense cases in the current time and societies than the past times. Hence (Moitra, Mukherjee, & Chatterjee, 2018) fills up this gap by findings and stating the influence of social media in the Juvenile Delinquency. Here, he finds that social media is also a contributing factor to Juvenile Delinquency that works as a cause of it. Specifically, he states that the social media can be figured out as one of the causes of Juvenile Delinquency because it plays a crucial role through the violent video games, music, and movies that indirectly endorse an illicit behavior in the youngsters that lead to Juvenile Delinquency and related crimes. These factors (such as social media) cause Juvenile Delinquency because of the sources of social media influence the thinking and behavior of children in a way that makes their perception of crime and develop a backbone of committing a crime in the future when having an opportunity provided or at hand. Additionally, several researchers and sociologists have come to agree with this concept that social media also causes Juvenile Delinquency.

As a complementary resource (Moitra, Mukherjee, & Chatterjee, 2018) delivers enough amount of statistics regarding the increase of Juvenile Delinquency and its main causes in his study. Through the availability of these states, one can easily find out the main causes of Juvenile Delinquency as well as it can be figured out that what can be the best solution for the concern. In addition to it, the study also provides some credible recommendations in an effective manner of dealing with the children and teenagers through assisting them to acquire an independent sense of identity.

(Shong, Abu Bakar, & Islam, 2019) concludes that the presence of Juvenile Delinquency can be witnessed highly in economically poor regions and societies. The issue of Juvenile Delinquency is a processing concern, hence a limited number of studies usually come to see for understanding the nature and causes of deviant behavior. In terms of family involvement, the family process model finds that the economic effects of family impact the development of children by putting influence on the psychological well-being of parents and thereby their awareness of some particular practices and aspects. In addition to it (Stewart, et.al, 2019) finds that the poverty level also plays enough role in the increase of Juvenile Delinquency and leading individuals to get engaged in crimes and deviant behaviors. Beyond that, the families and lack of parental supervision mainly come to see in the underdeveloped and economically poor nations and communities. Hence and according to (Stewart, et.al, 2019), it can be stated by one that there is a huge involvement of lack of parental supervision in Juvenile Delinquency but the reason behind that lack of parental supervision is the lack of economic and other resources. The resources include those that can be used by the parents to have strong supervision over their children such as admitting them in top-class schools and colleges that develops them in a fine and better way. The fact is, the rate of Juvenile Delinquency in India is very high (12.1%). This rate is much higher than a number of other countries such as America and Canada etc.

Proceeding further, the same analysis can be found in the study conducted by (Unnever, 2015) regarding the main and major causes of Juvenile Delinquency. According to the findings of (Shong, Abu Bakar, & Islam, 2019) the influence of poverty on the behavior and diligent behavior of individuals including children and teenagers could be found higher. These effects can be found in an association with the three common deviant peers and crime enhancing these such as miserable family and economic condition or status, school and failure in studies, and involvement or association with the deviant peers.

Based on the findings of (Stewart, et.al, 2019) it is known to everyone that parenting behavior and supervision has a huge impact on the development of delinquent behavior among individuals. Hence, there is a strong association between parenting behavior and supervision with Juvenile Delinquency, especially among low-income families and communities. Despite this (Unnever, 2015) finds that there is a very strong and high level of connection between the parenting and families as well as how they supervise with the delinquent adolescents. While there is another major reason behind which is the economic level of families and communities.

As a common solution (Unnever, 2015) also suggests that it is highly recommended to everyone to put every possible effort to take up some jobs and capture every legal opportunity to empower the family and community economically so that the level of Juvenile Delinquency can become to see with a lower rate. In addition to it, empowering families and communities economically would lead to the development of families and parents so that better supervision over the children may come to witness. Because improvement in any aspect leads to having positive and even credible impacts so the same would be the case with the families and parents. While the results would be better parenting supervision and a lower rate of delinquent behavior and Juvenile Delinquency.

Additionally and in comparison, our study can be found better up to an extent because most of the other studies focus on JUVENILE DELINQUENCY and its causes generally, while we have focused one major reason out of many which is the lack of parental supervision. It means the studying this paper clarifies thoughts about each and every aspect of parental supervision and JUVENILE DELINQUENCY.

Research Question

As per the discussion above regarding the criticalness a crucial-ness of the topic of Juvenile Delinquency and the main causes of it, the research question we have to answer is;

“What Do Non-Criminal Justice Majors Believe Is The Main Cause Of Juvenile Delinquency?”

Based on the research question listed above, it is almost enough to clear that the research question focuses to answer what are the main causes of Juvenile Delinquency but only those that are considered by non-criminal justice. But particularly, the research paper, as well as the question, is focused on listing out one and the most major cause of Juvenile Delinquency. In short, the particular question that this research study is going to address is the main causes of Juvenile Delinquency which are considered by non-criminal justice as well as what is the main and most crucial causes out of them.

It is almost always possible that one can be expected and predict what could be happened at the end of what he or she is doing. It means that it can be predicted that what could be the answer to the question we have at hand. Hence, it has been expected that the answers of our research study and analysis would be but not exactly is that; the lack of parental supervision is the most crucial and key cause of the issue of Juvenile Delinquency. It means that the lack of parental supervision leads to the involvement of children and youth in crimes and crime-related acts that violate laws. While it has also kept considered that the other reasons or causes such as income level and friends-company etc. Also play a huge role in the occurrence and increase in Juvenile Delinquency.

One must focus on the specific variables if he/she is interested to have a better and effective answer and results of the research conducted. Hence, the main variables that we have or would have been used but not only the dependent, independent, controlled, and independent. These variables have been chosen because the use of these or some of these brings the best possible outcomes of research studies like ours’. While, for the research and data collection, some methods have been used than only one. This has been done so because data collected through and from several resources and methods ensure better quality data or information when compared to the data and information collected through and from a single source.

Research Design and Methods

It is found crucial almost all the time that every research must have a defined design and method when performing and the research study. Hence, the same applies here. The research study design that is mainly used in this research study includes the interventional study which is mainly done through the quasi-experimental method. This method and design have been considered and used because this design enables to have the data and information about the estimation of the causal impact of the intervention on the target population.

It becomes more than important that one must define and select the population that he/she or the group is going to study when it comes to research and analysis. Hence and similarly, it is an important part of this paper is the paper sand research is focused on a particular population. As the research looks at the different factors that play the roles as the causes of Juvenile Delinquency. Or the factors that the youth to get involved in crimes or crime-related acts that violate rules and laws, the research study is focusing to analyze the population that mainly includes individuals who have been thought of the indulgence in crimes or criminal activities (Nisar, et.al, 2015)..

In terms of the population's details, it is also crucial to mention the types and specific information. Hence the population of this study is the youth in which most of the respondents include college students. The population picked to study for this research includes the students and some other young boys and girls who are aged between 12 to 18 years. Beyond that, another characteristic of this population is the group includes almost both economically stable as well as economically well individuals who belong to different families.

There are several reasons based on that one prefers to choose the entire population for the research while others look for study or analyzing the specific sample from the population targeted for the study. So based on reasons like that, the entire population and studying it cannot be found a good process while it could be found a difficult task as well. So based on such reasons, a specific sample has been studied for the purpose to have results and information about the entire population. The study of the sample has been found as a good choice and selection because one, this research paper and study is an academic assignment which does not require to study the entire population nor it provides so much ample time to one to study and analyze the entire targeted population. Beyond that, other reasons because of which studying sample has been preferred over the entire population are the amount of budget allocated for the research study as well as studying ample leads to not so many issues and problems that come to face when studying the entire population.

More than a few ways and methods are there which can be used to answer the question that how you will sample the population or simply how you would select participants for the study and analysis. Hence, the way and method that is used in this study for the purpose to select participants for this study is the basis of some considerations. This means that some consideration has been made the basis for the selection of participants or doing sampling. Hence, the way through which the participants in this research study have been selected is that the participants have been analyzed before selection. In this, the participants have been selected that have chances to get involved in the crime-related activities that violate laws. It means that the sampling of students has been done or students have been selected for the study because students are the youngsters who seem going to engage in Juvenile Delinquency and crimes (Hirschi, & Selvin, 2017).

Many sampling techniques exist that can be used for the research studies but as per the nature of this research paper, the sampling techniques that have been used are; Simple Random Sampling and Systematic Sampling while there is an involvement of clustered sampling as well. These samples have been sued due to different reasons. Some of the crucial reasons which are also considered as the strengths of the sampling techniques used are;

Simple Random Sampling

This sampling technique has been used because it can be found as one of the simplest techniques for sampling for the research study. Apart from this, this sample has been used because it is simple while the research we have to conduct is an academic task so it does not require lots of technical and complex techniques (Hirschi, & Selvin, 2017).

Another reason behind using this sampling technique is it could be found lacking Bias as compared to several other techniques.

Systematic Sampling

The systematic sampling techniques have brought into use because it is an easy technique that one can understand and execute in a better way than the rest of the techniques.

Beyond that, another strength(s) of this sampling technique is it provides a very controlled and high level of sense of process while this can be witnessed having a lower amount of risk when using than others Clustered sampling (Hirschi, & Selvin, 2017).

Research Method

Effective research that ensures the desired results finely can be done when the research method used is highly appropriate for the research. This means that the selection of Research Method should be done with high and extreme level care and attention. Here, it is important to consider to judge and analyze each aspect of the research before proceeding to finalize the Research Method. Hence the same is the case here. The research method has for this research study and paper has been used based on the research and its nature (Hirschi, & Selvin, 2017).

In short, the Research Method used for this paper is Survey. In the Survey, we have looked at several factors by asking different questions from the targeted sample. Some of the questions and concerns of the survey were to find out or get know about;

Age

Gender

Occupation

Social Condition

Family Bonding

Level of Education

Number of Siblings

School-level

Family members

Type of living (with parents and grandparents or separately)

Parents work

Pocket money

The commitment of the first crime

Reason for committing the crime (first)

Feelings after committing the crime (first)

Why the repetition of actions

The research questions that have been used to gather the above information about the individuals or sample of the population were including the open-ended question, close-ended question, Rensis-Likert Scale based questions, and other appropriate types of questions as needed.

Advantages and Disadvantages of any research method find that how effective is the research methods used while what are the possible limitations it may have. Hence some of the crucial advantages of the survey are;

The survey is relatively easy to administer and can be developed in less time

As based on the mode, the survey is cost-effective and can be used to collect a huge amount of data.

Several questions can be developed and asked regarding the concern or subject and a broad range of data can be gathered which is comparatively free from different types of errors (Hirschi, & Selvin, 2017).

While on the other side, it is a fact that gaps exist everywhere, so the limitations of the survey are;

Lack of encouraged and comfortable feelings of respondents to respond

The lack of full awareness of respondents of the reason for the answers they give while close-ended survey may have less validity.

Possibility of no response exists while some responses may lead to unclear information for analysis.

In surveys like ours’ ethical issues may come to face. So the ethical concern that we had to face is the questions in the survey that asks for some personal information like parents' work, pocket money, social status, and reasons for committing a crime (Agnew, & Brezina, 2012). While these concerns can be addressed only through the elimination of questions that create such issues while it might not be a fine option as well. Beyond that, there are always issues regarding validity and reliability when it comes to research methods (Hirschi, & Selvin, 2017). Hence the research method that we have used (Survey) does not have many issues in terms of reliability and validity but gaps exist everywhere. So the issues that we have in such ways are; 1) we might not have most appropriate data for analysis taken from respondents’ responses, 2) subject variability, 3) controversial issues in the information, and 4) possibility of the inappropriateness of the questions that lead to imperfect data.

It is a reality that gaps and issues exist almost everywhere but it is also a fact that there is always the presence of possible solutions to the problems and issues almost everywhere and all the time. Hence, the issues listed above can be overcome and even eliminated with the research method we have used (survey). Firstly, asking most reliable respondents and closer respondents can overcome the issues of not having most appropriate data for analysis taken from respondents’ responses while the issue of subject variability and controversial issues are overcome through the use of collected data and information our research and research question the most while ignoring unimportant components when performing analysis.

In the survey, the surveyor(s) have the option to amend survey questions to make them more fine and relevant. So in this way by improving survey questions, the issues of possibility of the inappropriateness of the questions that lead to imperfect data can be overcome and even eliminated up to an extent.

Findings and Conclusion

After a detailed study and analysis of the research question and factors associated, it had been found that there is more than one factor that causes Juvenile Delinquency but the main cause is the lack of parental supervision. The evidence that the lack of parental supervision leads to the involvement of children and youngsters into crimes and Juvenile Delinquency can be found from the findings by survey questions. In other words, the lack of parental supervision is main and most critical cause of Juvenile Delinquency because; 1) children of age where they are allowed by parents to enjoy and explore things get involved in crimes the most, 2) boys have not been supervised by parents as much as they supervise girls and boys are more likely to encounter crimes, (Zahn, et.al, 2010) 3) number of elders in family lead to better supervision but those who have not much can be witnessed engaged in Juvenile Delinquency more, 4) parents’ working and living type impact parents supervision over children while those whose parents work are less supervised and found highly involved in criminal acts, and 5) at last it had come to see that the reason and feeling of first crime encountered is the feeling of freeness and joy and no strictness and supervision from parents’ side.

In conclusion, it came to state that the main concern (problem) that this paper has brought into the analysis for getting the solution is that what is the factor that non-criminal justice considers as the main cause of Juvenile Delinquency. While the research question of the paper states the same but focuses that lack of parental supervision can be found as the most crucial and main cause of Juvenile Delinquency (Stewart, et.al, 2019).. For the research, a number of resources have been reviewed in the literature review section while the methods used in for the data collection is Survey where data have been collected through different types of research questions, mainly open-end and closed-end questions but in term of sampling, the simple random and systematic sampling have been utilized the most due to several reasons. Further, the sample used for the research is the young aged individuals aged from 12 to 18 years that mainly included college students who have encountered or witnessed such experiences.

At last, it can be stated that the research can be found a credible study that can contribute something credible and new to the knowledge and understanding of the reader of the paper who is concerned is to study about the Juvenile Delinquency and why children and youth fall in criminal acts that violate laws.

Survey

Age:

Gender:

Occupation:

Social Condition:

Family Bonding:

Level of Education:

How many siblings do you have?

Are you still in school or not?

YesNo

How many family members you are?

Do you live with your parents and grandparents or separately?

Do both your parents work?

How much is your pocket money?

When did you commit your first crime?

What was the first thing you stole?

How much was it worth when you stole it?

What made you go for stealing that particular item?

How did you feel after getting that item?

What made you repeat your actions?

References

Agnew, R., & Brezina, T. (2012). Juvenile Delinquency: Causes and Control (p. 624). New York: Oxford University Press.

Burfeind, J., & Bartusch, D. J. (2015). Juvenile Delinquency: An Integrated Approach. Routledge.

Hirschi, T., & Selvin, H. C. (2017). Delinquency research: An appraisal of analytic methods. Routledge.

Meldrum, R. C., Connolly, G. M., Flexon, J., & Guerette, R. T. (2016). Parental low self-control, family environments, and Juvenile Delinquency. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 60(14), 1623-1644.

Moitra, T., Mukherjee, I., & Chatterjee, G. (2018). Parenting behavior and Juvenile Delinquency among low-income families. Victims & Offenders, 13(3), 336-348.

Nisar, M., Ullah, S., Ali, M., & Alam, S. (2015). Juvenile Delinquency: The Influence of family, peer and economic factors on juvenile delinquents. Applied Science Reports, 9(1), 37-48.

Shong, T. S., Abu Bakar, S. H., & Islam, M. R. (2019). Poverty and Delinquency: A qualitative study on selected juvenile offenders in Malaysia. International social work, 62(2), 965-979.

Stewart, K. E., Sitney, M. H., Kaufman, K. L., destefano, J., & Bui, T. (2019). Preventing juvenile sexual offending through parental monitoring: a comparison study of youth’s experiences of supervision. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 25(1), 16-30.

Unnever, J. D. (2015). Causes of African‐American Juvenile Delinquency. The Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency and juvenile justice, 2, 121.

Zahn, M. A., Agnew, R., Fishbein, D., Miller, S., Winn, D. M., Dakoff, G., & Chesney-Lind, M. (2010). Causes and correlates of girls’ delinquency. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. US Department of Justice. Washington, DC.

What Do Non-Criminal Justice Majors Believe Is The Main Cause Of Juvenile Delinquency?

Main Causes of Juvenile Delinquency

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Main Causes of Juvenile Delinquency

Introduction

Crime is a major plague of society. Thousands of crimes take place on a daily basis, and hundreds of them are taking place currently. Many of the people would have been robbed, mugged, raped, or even killed while these lines are being written. A number of measures have been taken since the beginning of times in order to stop or curb crime but no use. Nothing can stop the occurrence of crime, and no measure can really stop it completely.

Delinquency has always been a problem; it is considered both a social and legal issue. In addition to this, it is also a psychological issue. There is no age for crime or delinquency; a person can commit crime at any age. Police department reports catching offenders at the age of 102, and the youngest criminal ever caught was 8 years old pick-pocket. The crimes committed by individuals under the age of 18 years are known as delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is defined by the Pennsylvania Juvenile Court Act as “A delinquent child is one who violated any laws of the commonwealth ordinance of the city, a child who by reasons of being wayward or habitually disobedient is uncontrolled by his parents, guardian, custodian or legal representative, a child who is habitually truant from school or home or child who habitually so deports himself is to injury or endanger the morals or health of himself or others”.

Special courts have been developed with trained magistrates in order to carry on a trial of the delinquents. In the current times, delinquency is considered more of misbehavior or a social nuisance rather than a crime. However, the young offenders are required to be caught, controlled, and punished. The United States of America has formulated a law according to which juvenile delinquency should be handled, and the causes of juvenile delinquency are dealt. According to experts, there are a number of reasons that a minor turns into a criminal. Many factors contribute to the criminal behavior of an underage person.

Discussion

Juvenile delinquency is a serious offense and punishable by the law. However, the law shows a little leniency in the case of underage criminals. The law deals the individuals who commit a crime in an age lower than 18 in a different way as compared to the people who indulge in criminal activities.

Causes of Juvenile Delinquency

A number of actors act behind the issue of juvenile delinquency. It has already been established that the court, the legal system, and the justice system deal with offenses conducted by a minor in a different way as compared to the crimes committed by adults. The various reasons that contributes in instigating a minor to commit a big crime like robbery, stealing, and even murder. One of the major causes that contribute to turning a child into a criminal is the school issues. Children who are bullied as kids in school tend to become more inclined towards criminal activities. In addition to this, family conditions and economic conditions of the family also matter a lot in this respect. It has been observed that the children from broken families tend to divert more towards criminal path. Moreover, the children from not-so-well-off families also exhibit criminal traits as they divert towards easy paths to fulfill their wishes.

Research Process

I intend to conduct research on the topic of Juvenile delinquency. This research will look into the factors that contribute towards turning an underage individual into a criminal. The research includes conducting a survey from some of the individuals who have been thought of or accused of indulgence in criminal activities. The number of respondents in this research will not be more than 5 as the study consists of a detailed survey and five responses will be enough to infer results about a large population. The names of the respondents will not be revealed in this survey to keep their identity concealed.

Survey

Age:

Gender:

Occupation:

Social Condition:

Family Bonding:

Level of Education:

How many siblings do you have?

Are you still in school or not?

YesNo

How many family members you are?

Do you live with your parents and grandparents or separately?

Do both your parents work?

How much is your pocket money?

When did you commit your first crime?

What was the first thing you stole?

How much was it worth when you stole it?

What made you go for stealing that particular item?

How did you feel after getting that item?

What made you repeat your actions?

Conclusion

In short, it can be seen that juvenile delinquency is a serious issue not only in the social terms but also in the eyes of the law and psychology. However, the law treats a minor criminal and an adult criminal differently. There is a little leniency in the law regarding the underage criminals, and the law focuses on the rehabilitation of the individual instead of punishing them. A number of factors contribute to turning a child in the criminal, for example, school issues, substance abuse- home life, substance abuse – personal, economic issues, and marriage problems between parents. Elaborated research can help in understanding the exact reasons behind the criminal activities of a minor. This research can be conducted with the help of a survey or questionnaire that can be distributed among the children that have been accused of indulging in criminal or offensive activities. The results of this study can help in eliminating those factors and bring those children towards a better and healthy social life.