What effect does the socioeconomic status and multicultural diversity of households have on children and adolescents becoming obese?
INTRODUCTION
Obesity in children and adolescence teens is a concern for physicians (Hernandez and Pressler), (Demment et al.).
Children obesity is associated with many factors including overeating, family culture, social status, economic condition, etc (Ogden et al.).
Effects of socioeconomic status and multicultural diversity on obesity have been proven by established research (Emmett and Jones).
Obesity can cause other serious harms to health such as type 2 diabetes (Porter et al.).
Improving quality of life, social status of family, economic condition, and dietary control can reduce health risks and obesity (Hernandez and Pressler).
BODY
Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence
Childhood and adolescence obesity is prevalent in most parts of the world (Hasson et al.).
Besides over-eating, there are many reasons behind childhood and adolescence obesity (Rogers et al.).
The reasons behind childhood and adolescence obesity may be social, economic, cultural, and/or ethnic
Evidence supports the effects of socioeconomic and multicultural diversity on childhood or adolescence obesity (Emmett and Jones).
Obesity is prone to risks many other diseases (Hernandez and Pressler).
Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Childhood and Adolescence Obesity
Social and economic factors have an influence on obesity in childhood and adolescence (Porter et al.).
Evidence has found that there is a correlation between childhood or adolescence obesity and the socio-economic factors behind its dilemma (Demment et al.).
The research indicates that poverty has negative effects on health (Ogden et al.).
Children and adolescent teens who have suffered long periods of poverty are more likely to acquire health problems (Pan et al.).
Obesity is associated with poverty experienced in childhood and adolescent period repeatedly (Hasson et al.).
Minorities and low-income families have a greater tendency that their children and adolescence youngsters continue to gain weight (Hernandez and Pressler).
Children and adolescence teens who have accumulated obesity have more chances to acquire diabetes in adulthood (Ogden et al.).
Changes in social status and income of the family have adverse effects on children and adolescence teens the most (Demment et al.).
Interventions based on community and designed in a way that changes the environment and income status of families have been reported to reduce the negative factors linked with poverty ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AoCJz7NQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hernandez and Pressler)","plainCitation":"(Hernandez and Pressler)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":69,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/989B95IQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/989B95IQ"],"itemData":{"id":69,"type":"article-journal","title":"Accumulation of childhood poverty on young adult overweight or obese status: race/ethnicity and gender disparities","container-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","page":"478-484","volume":"68","issue":"5","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","abstract":"Background Childhood poverty is positively correlated with overweight status during childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Repeated exposure of childhood poverty could contribute to race/ethnicity and gender disparities in young adult overweight/obese (OV/OB) weight status.\nMethods Young adults born between 1980 and 1990 who participated in the Young Adult file of the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth were examined (N=3901). The accumulation of childhood poverty is captured via poverty exposure from each survey year from the prenatal year through age 18 years. Body mass index was calculated and categorised into the reference criteria for adults outlined by the Center for Disease Control. Logistic regression models were stratified by race/ethnicity and included a term interacting poverty and gender, along with a number of covariates, including various longitudinal socioeconomic status measures and indicators for the intergenerational transmission of economic disadvantage and body weight.\nResults Reoccurring exposure to childhood poverty was positively related to OV/OB for white, black and Hispanic young adult women and inversely related for white young adult men. A direct relationship between the accumulation of childhood poverty and OV/OB was not found for black and Hispanic young adult men.\nConclusions Helping families move out of poverty may improve the long-term health status of white, black and Hispanic female children as young adults. Community area interventions designed to change impoverished community environments and assist low-income families reduce family level correlates of poverty may help to reduce the weight disparities observed in young adulthood.","DOI":"10.1136/jech-2013-203062","ISSN":"0143-005X, 1470-2738","title-short":"Accumulation of childhood poverty on young adult overweight or obese status","journalAbbreviation":"J Epidemiol Community Health","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Hernandez","given":"Daphne C"},{"family":"Pressler","given":"Emily"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hernandez and Pressler)
Reduced poverty helps in reducing weight in young adolescents (Bhadoria et al.).
A holistic approach that takes into consideration income status and social status will prove more beneficial in treating obesity in children and adolescent teens ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"K0rLRhd7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Demment et al.)","plainCitation":"(Demment et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":71,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/9XPJCZI7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/9XPJCZI7"],"itemData":{"id":71,"type":"article-journal","title":"Changes in family income status and the development of overweight and obesity from 2 to 15 years: a longitudinal study","container-title":"BMC Public Health","page":"417","volume":"14","issue":"1","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","abstract":"Background: An emerging body of research suggests the trajectory of a family’s income affects children’s health and development more profoundly than the often-measured income at a single time point. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between changes in family income status, early-life risk factors, and body mass index (BMI) z-score trajectory from age 2 to 15 years.\nMethods: This longitudinal study employed a birth cohort (n = 595) located in a rural region of New York State. Data were collected through an audit of medical records and mailed questionnaires. Family low-income and BMI z-score trajectories were identified using latent-class modeling techniques that group children based on similar trends across time. We examined five early-life risk factors in relation to income and BMI z-score trajectories: maternal overweight/obesity, maternal gestational weight gain, maternal smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding duration, and early-life weight gain trajectory. We used multinomial logistic regression models to estimate the odds of being in a BMI z-score trajectory group based on income trajectory and early-life risk factors.\nResults: Children who remain low-income throughout childhood were more likely to maintain overweight (AOR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.03, 5.42) and children who moved into low-income during childhood were more likely to be obese (AOR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.12, 5.93) compared to children who were never low-income. Maternal overweight/obesity was significantly associated with a child become obese (AOR = 8.31, 95% CI = 3.80, 18.20), become overweight (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.34, 4.22), and stay overweight (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.02, 3.14). Excessive gestational weight gain was associated with increased likelihood of a child becoming overweight trajectory (AOR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.01, 4.00).\nConclusions: Our findings further supports the growing evidence that there are several preventable early-life risk factors that could be targeted for intervention. This study provides new evidence that remaining in low-income and moving into low-income increases risk for adolescent overweight and obesity.","DOI":"10.1186/1471-2458-14-417","ISSN":"1471-2458","title-short":"Changes in family income status and the development of overweight and obesity from 2 to 15 years","journalAbbreviation":"BMC Public Health","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Demment","given":"Margaret M"},{"family":"Haas","given":"Jere D"},{"family":"Olson","given":"Christine M"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Demment et al.)
People who have lower resources for their household will have more chances of acquiring obesity rates ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hJm2mqJz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rogers et al.)","plainCitation":"(Rogers et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":73,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/FTF9ERCL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/FTF9ERCL"],"itemData":{"id":73,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Relationship between Childhood Obesity, Low Socioeconomic Status, and Race/Ethnicity: Lessons from Massachusetts","container-title":"Childhood Obesity","page":"691-695","volume":"11","issue":"6","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","abstract":"Background: Previous studies have shown race/ethnicity, particularly African American and/or Hispanic status, to be a predictor of overweight/obese status in children. However, these studies have failed to adjust for low socioeconomic status (SES). This study assessed whether race/ethnicity remained an independent predictor of childhood obesity when accounting for variations in SES (lowincome) among communities in Massachusetts.\nMethods: This study was based on 2009 summarized data from 68 Massachusetts school districts with 111,799 students in grades 1, 4, 7, and 10. We studied the relationship between the rate of overweight/obese students (mean = 0.32; range = 0.10–0.46), the rate of African American and Hispanic students (mean = 0.17; range = 0.00–0.90), and the rate of low-income students (mean = 0.27; range = 0.02–0.87) in two and three dimensions. The main effect of the race/ethnicity rate, the low-income rate, and their interaction on the overweight and obese rate was investigated by multiple regression modeling.\nResults: Low-income was highly associated with overweight/obese status ( p < 0.0001), whereas the effect of race/ethnicity ( p = 0.27) and its interaction ( p = 0.23) with low-income were not statistically significant. For every 1% increase in low-income, there was a 1.17% increase in overweight/obese status. This pattern was observed across all African American and Hispanic rates in the communities studied.\nConclusions: Overweight/obese status was highly prevalent among Massachusetts students, varying from 10% to 46% across communities. Although there were higher rates of overweight/obese status among African American and Hispanic students, the relationship disappeared when controlling for family income. Our findings suggest low SES plays a more significant role in the nation’s childhood obesity epidemic than race/ethnicity.","DOI":"10.1089/chi.2015.0029","ISSN":"2153-2168, 2153-2176","title-short":"The Relationship between Childhood Obesity, Low Socioeconomic Status, and Race/Ethnicity","journalAbbreviation":"Childhood Obesity","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Rogers","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Eagle","given":"Taylor F."},{"family":"Sheetz","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Woodward","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Leibowitz","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Song","given":"MinKyoung"},{"family":"Sylvester","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Corriveau","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Kline-Rogers","given":"Eva"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Qingmei"},{"family":"Jackson","given":"Elizabeth A."},{"family":"Eagle","given":"Kim A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rogers et al.)
Effects of Multicultural Diversity on Childhood and Adolescence Obesity
Evidence proves that multicultural diversity has effects on childhood and adolescence and people are affected in this particular period with obesity (Ogden et al.).
Childhood obesity affects to a great extent the physical health of children as well as their emotional state, social wellbeing, and self-respect (Bhadoria et al.).
Childhood obesity is associated with poor living standards experienced by them (Porter et al.).
Cultural diversity has diversified effects on children and adolescents (Rogers et al.).
Certain maternal factors contribute to weight gain in children, and these factors have a strong impact due to the family culture (Pan et al.).
Low-income African-American people’s children tend to accumulate obesity due to the cultural values in their houses, which tend to make them use non-nutritious foods (Xu and Xue).
Mothers in low-income families usually do not identify diet qualities due to lack of awareness and education
Several other factors like genetic code influence weight gain and slow lifestyle, and genetic inheritance is typical and particular with each family (Bhadoria et al.).
Household social position has effects on the health of children and adolescent teens; the white people’s children do not gain weight and are not vulnerable to type 2 diabetes (Xu and Xue).
CONCLUSION
The multicultural household contexts have varied effects on obesity in children and adolescent teens (Pan et al.).
The socioeconomic status has a direct correlation with obesity and other health risks (Emmett and Jones).
Unawareness of the nutritional diet can lead to certain cultural values that cause obesity
Obesity can be reduced by using a holistic approach of treatment that includes consideration of social, economic, cultural, household, and genetic information of the subject (child or adolescent teen)
Works Cited
Bhadoria, AjeetSingh, et al. “Childhood Obesity: Causes and Consequences.” Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, vol. 4, no. 2, 2015, p. 187. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.4103/2249-4863.154628.
Demment, Margaret M., et al. “Changes in Family Income Status and the Development of Overweight and Obesity from 2 to 15 Years: A Longitudinal Study.” BMC Public Health, vol. 14, no. 1, Dec. 2014, p. 417. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-14-417.
Emmett, Pauline M., and Louise R. Jones. "Diet and Growth in Infancy: Relationship to Socioeconomic Background and Health and Development in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children." Nutrition Reviews, vol. 72, no. 8, Aug. 2014, pp. 483–506. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1111/nure.12122.
Hasson, Rebecca E., et al. “Sociocultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Overweight/Obese African-American and Latino-American Children and Adolescents.” Journal of Obesity, vol. 2013, 2013, pp. 1–9. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1155/2013/512914.
Hernandez, Daphne C., and Emily Pressler. “Accumulation of Childhood Poverty on Young Adult Overweight or Obese Status: Race/Ethnicity and Gender Disparities.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 68, no. 5, May 2014, pp. 478–84. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1136/jech-2013-203062.
Ogden, Cynthia L., et al. “Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016.” JAMA, vol. 319, no. 23, June 2018, p. 2410. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1001/jama.2018.5158.
Pan, L., et al. “Incidence of Obesity Among Young US Children Living in Low-Income Families, 2008-2011.” PEDIATRICS, vol. 132, no. 6, Dec. 2013, pp. 1006–13. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1542/peds.2013-2145.
Porter, Lauren, et al. “Maternal Perceptions Related to Eating and Obesity Risk Among Low-Income African American Preschoolers.” Maternal and Child Health Journal, vol. 20, no. 12, Dec. 2016, pp. 2565–72. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1007/s10995-016-2082-1.
Rogers, Robert, et al. “The Relationship between Childhood Obesity, Low Socioeconomic Status, and Race/Ethnicity: Lessons from Massachusetts.” Childhood Obesity, vol. 11, no. 6, Dec. 2015, pp. 691–95. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1089/chi.2015.0029.
Xu, Shumei, and Ying Xue. “Pediatric Obesity: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment.” Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, vol. 11, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 15–20. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.3892/etm.2015.2853.
