Advocacy Letter

Advocacy Letter

Advocacy Letter

November 25, 2019

The Honorable Lamar Murray

Senate Washington, DC 20510

Dear Senator Murray,

My name is Angela Weatherly. As a social worker, I am writing to request you to increase the screening of mental illness. Although in the past screening programs for mental health problems have been implemented they were without any consideration of effectiveness and clinical and ethical implications. Mental health reforms have great potential to improve the health and wellbeing of a patient. To do so, improvements should focus on increasing access to mental health care. Policies also recognize that social factors such as minority status, early life experience and exposure to violence put individuals at greater risk of developing a mental health problem. It will be more helpful if proper funding necessary to support the need for mental health illness are provided. Although mental health parity is supported that includes expanding health insurance coverage regardless of mental and medical health diagnosis. More than 68 million people in America are suffering from psychiatry and substance use disorder. There is a great need to reduce the stigma associated with a mental health issue, increase funding for psychiatry research and achieve parity for substance use disorder and mental health problems ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Olfson</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>302</RecNum><DisplayText>(Olfson, Blanco, &amp; Marcus, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>302</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1574400160">302</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Olfson, Mark</author><author>Blanco, Carlos</author><author>Marcus, Steven C</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Treatment of adult depression in the United States</title><secondary-title>JAMA internal medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JAMA internal medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>1482-1491</pages><volume>176</volume><number>10</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>2168-6106</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Olfson, Blanco, & Marcus, 2016). There is a need to strengthen mental health parity. Funds should be provided to combat mental health problems among individuals and the community.

I commend you for addressing this issue which would require new guidance. I believe that health care barriers should be addressed such as mental health care insurance barriers. There has never been an appropriate time to discuss the mental health issue. In the last few years attitudes have changed dramatically and the society and media as a whole are now more focusing on mental health issues. However, not much work has been done in addressing the social factors underpinning the individuals and community mental health issues and the importance of working with people in the community.

I am one in nearly 100 mental health social workers working with people in the community. We daily see people with different mental health issues. Although the psychological and psychiatric interventions have been in place, I believe that long term recovery of individuals is strengthened if their social circumstances such as finances, employment, housing, and relationship are also addressed. That's where the role of social workers come.

My role is different from other health care providers because I offer both therapeutic and practical help to individuals. I am trained to look not just on the individual but also at the importance of communities and people around them. I look at how to address loneliness and isolation by helping individuals in building network support and to provide something more meaningful within the community. I do this by connecting them with groups and individuals that can help them in recovery. As a social worker, I believe that social approaches lead to a long-lasting recovery and it also removes the stigma associated with mental health issues.

This issue is very important to me. I was diagnosed with depression after my dad left us. At that time I was having thoughts of taking my own life and also harmed myself. My family suffered a lot just because of me. I was struggling with my loss of identity. But with the support of my family and friends, I build confidence after identifying my abilities and strength. This is a reason due to which I am trained to understand and assess and mental health problems experienced by individuals, communities, groups, and families ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Golightley</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>321</RecNum><DisplayText>(Golightley &amp; Goemans, 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>321</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2s2s0zrapsf0pbe5efuvv20f9rszvx0sd2fe" timestamp="1574675879">321</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Golightley, Malcolm</author><author>Goemans, Robert</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Social work and mental health</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><publisher>Learning Matters</publisher><isbn>1526413418</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Golightley & Goemans, 2017). As a social worker, I believe that future planning and investment in mental health care service delivery by innovative social work practices, programs, and research activities should be carried out.

Sincerely

References

ADDIN EN.REFLIST Golightley, M., & Goemans, R. (2017). Social work and mental health: Learning Matters.

Olfson, M., Blanco, C., & Marcus, S. C. (2016). Treatment of adult depression in the United States. JAMA internal medicine, 176(10), 1482-1491.

Advocacy Statement

Prevalence of Domestic Abuse Among Women

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Prevalence of Domestic Abuse Among Women

Description of the Population

One of the major issues that is faced by women in the United States is the prevalence of the domestic violence. Despite the fact that there is sufficient awareness about the issue, the problem is that the women are reluctant to come forward and discuss about the issues. They tend to stay in the abusive relationships (Hegarty & Roberts, 2018). The definition of the domestic violence is

“The inflicting of physical injury by one family or household member on another; also: a repeated or habitual pattern of such behaviour”

Despite the fact that there is considerable legislation that is being carried out in this regard, the fact is that the instances of the domestic violence and abuse is increasing (García-Moreno et al. 2018). The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 and the Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 goes to show that the law-making is being done on the part of the government when it comes to the resolution of the issues, but the cases of the domestic violence are not brought to the fore (Hegarty & Roberts, 2018). The other major problem is the fact that women themselves do not report such incidents and thus the law making, and regulatory agencies cannot do a lot about it (García-Moreno et al. 2018).

Health Burden and Prevalence

Even if one looks at the domestic violence incidents that are reported, there are about 960,000 to 3 million cases of domestic abuse (Hegarty & Roberts, 2018). Their are many cases reported but the estimates are that the actual incidence of the instances of the domestic violence and abuse are on much higher side.

There are many states where the prevalence of the domestic abuse is on the higher side. States such as Nevada, South Carolina and Georgia are the top three states in terms of the instances of the domestic violence (Sokoloff & Dupont, 2017). The major problem is that how the instances of the homicide are increasing gradually and in most of the cases, these are the male partners in any relationship that tend to perpetuate the crime (García-Moreno et al. 2018). The murder victims and their profile go to show that in 95 % of the cases, women who were murdered were done by the male person in their family or their partner or their general acquaintance (Ellsberg et al. 2016). The other alarming aspect of the whole incident is that the prevalence of such incidents are witnessed quite frequently and the marriages among law enforcers which paints the grim situation of the way things are heading at the moment in the United States. The other major issue is how the violence is being carried out by the IPV and about 65 % women who are involved in any relationship have claimed that they have faced Intimate Partner Violence during one time in their life (Ellsberg et al. 2016).

Specific Solutions of the Issue

At the moment, there are many things that can be done to make sure that the incidents and the prevalence of the domestic violence is brought down (Ellsberg et al. 2016). The short-term solution is that women need to know better about the laws and legislations when it comes to the domestic violence and what are some of the options that they have their disposal when it comes to bringing about the control in the issues of the domestic violence (Ellsberg et al. 2016) There is gun ban laws as well that are in place to make sure that the degree of control is brought in terms of the way incidents pertaining to the domestic violence are being managed at the given point of time (Sokoloff & Dupont, 2017). So clear perspective is needed to be developed in terms of the way these things are needed to be managed (Sokoloff & Dupont, 2017). There are legislations as well in terms of the federal probation that are guiding light for the victims of the domestic abuse (Ellsberg et al. 2016). But all these measures are for the short term, the key thing that is needed to be changed is to make sure that the societal changes are brought in and education of women in terms of how to make sure that they protect themselves from the domestic violence are needed to be done (Ellsberg et al. 2016).

Specific Course of Action and Its Implementation

The history and precedence have showed to us that it is very important for women themselves to realize that until they do not retaliate and report such instances, no matter how much the legislation is supposedly carried out, things are not going to change. The idea is to make sure that effort must be made towards the long-term societal change so that there must be improvement in the attitude of people (Ellsberg et al. 2016). The other major thing that has to be kept in mind is to ensure that media should be playing much more active role. The depiction has to be made that no matter what the circumstances are, it is not right to stay in the abusive relationship. If women keep on bearing the domestic abuse, then male partners and relatives would be more than happy to keep dishing them out this treatment (Ellsberg et al. 2016). A mitigating system must be developed so that such instances are brought down in the future.

References

Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Pena, R., Agurto, S., & Winkvist, A. (2016). Researching domestic violence against women: methodological and ethical considerations. Studies in family planning, 32(1), 1-16.

García-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A. F. M., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. (2018). WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization, 204, 1-18.

Hegarty, K., & Roberts, G. (2018). How common is domestic violence against women? The definition of partner abuse in prevalence studies. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 22(1), 49-54.

Sokoloff, N. J., & Dupont, I. (2017). Domestic violence at the intersections of race, class, and gender: Challenges and contributions to understanding violence against marginalized women in diverse communities. Violence against women, 11(1), 38-64.

African Americans And Double V

African American and Double Victory

The American Civil War is considered a milestone in the end of slavery in the United States. This civil war between the slave South and the industrialized North can only be beneficial to the situation of African American and Double Victory. In any case, what they imagine at the time. They are therefore many to engage in the northern army, following the proclamation of emancipation of Abraham Lincoln. Unfortunately, the situation turns against the blacks as soon as the war ends. With the reconstruction appears the segregation, which will dominate the American landscape for a long time.

During World War II, African American rallied around the philosophy of Double V (Double Victory. It meant victory over fascism abroad and racism at home because Blacks still win their battle, since the 13 th Amendment to the US Constitution, which came into force on 18 December 1865 proclaimed the abolition of slavery. But despite the victory of the North over the South, the freedoms of blacks are still limited and different owners are trying to establish "black codes" to circumvent the Constitution. The former Confederates do not accept the idea of ​​equality offered to former black slaves. In 1868 and 1870, however, were adopted the 14 th and 15 amendment of the Constitution, that any discrimination between US citizens is prohibited. The right to vote is also granted to blacks. It offers blacks, now theoretically American citizens, the opportunity to run for office in an attempt to fight for their rights.

According to the movie entitled, “The Negro Solider” explains that at the end of the Second World War, black Americans still belonged to the most oppressed, underprivileged part of the US population. Considering the Negro masses as a source of cheap labor, the monopolies sought to consolidate their powerless position, exacerbate the relationship between the black and white workers and in this way further strengthen the exploitation of those and others.The black population was deprived of elementary democratic rights, driven into overcrowded ghettos, surrounded by a “color barrier” of officially sanctioned and effectively established prohibitions and restrictions. This Jim Crow segregationist system covered all aspects of the life of black Americans from birth to death.

Unfortunately, the white population is predominant and hard-won black rights are being phased out. As early as 1877, Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes was elected, thanks in particular to the democratic voices of the South. This election serves as a compromise to try to reconcile the South and the North of the United States. An analogy runs through the United States: the analogy of fascism. It is practically impossible (outside certain sectors of the right itself) to try to understand the resurgent right without being described as -or comparing with the fascism of the interwar of the twentieth century. Like fascism, the resurgent right is irrational, narrow-minded, violent and racist. That's what the analogy says and there is some truth in it. But fascism did not become powerful simply by appealing to the darker instincts of citizens. Crucially, fascism also addressed the social and psychological needs of citizens, their protection from the ravages of capitalism at a time when other political actors offered little help.

The origins of African American and Double Victory which means fascism aboard lie in a promise to protect the people. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, an acceleration of globalization destroyed communities, professions and cultural norms while generating a wave of immigration. Movements of the nationalist right appeared promising to protect people from the pernicious influence of foreigners and markets, and frightened, disoriented and misplaced people responded. Those early fascist movements disrupted political life in some countries, but leaked out as they boiled on a relatively slow fire until World War II.

The First World War had devastated Europe, killing sixteen million people and mutilating another twenty million, crushing economies and sowing chaos. In Italy, for example, the post-war period combined high inflation and unemployment, as well as strikes, factory occupations, land seizures and other forms of social discontent and violence. The postwar Italian liberal governments failed to adequately address these problems. Benito Mussolini and his National Fascist Party (PNF) broke into that space, benefiting from the failure or ineffectiveness of existing institutions, parties and elites, and offering a mix of "national" and "social" policies. The fascists promised to promote national unity, prioritize the interests of the nation over those of any particular group and promote the international stature of Italy.

The fascists also called the desire of the Italians for social security, solidarity and protection from capitalist crises. They promised to restore order, protect private property and promote prosperity, but also protect society from economic recession and disruptions. Fascists stressed that wealth had responsibilities as well as privileges. These appeals allowed the fascists to have the support of almost all socioeconomic groups. Italy was a young country (founded in the 1860s), with deep regional and social divisions. By claiming that they served the best interests of the entire national community, the fascists became the first true "people's party" in Italy.

After coming to power, the Italian fascists created recreational circles, study groups and youth groups, sports activities and excursions. These organizations promoted the fascist objectives of building a true national community. The desire to strengthen a national (fascist) identity also forced the regime to extraordinary cultural measures. It promoted public architecture, artistic exhibitions and spectacular radio and film productions. As one fascist said: "There can be no economic interest that is above the general economic interests of the State, no individual economic initiative that falls under the supervision and regulation of the State, no relation of the different classes of the country that is not competition. of the State. "These policies maintained the popularity of fascism until the late 1930s, when Mussolini allied with Hitler. It was only the country's participation in the Second World War, and the passage of the Italian regime towards a more clearly "racialist" idea of ​​fascism, which began to make Italian fascism unpopular.

Italian fascism distinguished itself from its German counterpart in important ways. Perhaps the most notable was that anti-Semitism and racism were more innate in the German version. But Italian and German fascism also shared important similarities. Like Italy, Germany was a "new" country (formed in 1871), prey to deep divisions. After the First World War, Germany found itself burdened with punitive conditions of peace. During the 1920s, he experienced violent uprisings, assassinations, foreign invasion and a famous Great Inflation. The response of the government, and of other political actors, however, must also be remembered. For various reasons, the conservative governments of the time and their socialist opponents favored austerity primarily as a response to the crisis.

The German National Socialist Workers Party (NSDAP) of Hitler promised to serve the entire German people, but the German fascist vision of the "people" did not include Jews or other "undesirables". They promised to create a "popular community" that would overcome the country's divisions. The fascists also said that they would fight against the Depression and contrasted their activism in the name of the well-being of the people with the lukewarmness and austerity of the government and the socialists. In the elections of 1932, these calls to protect the German people contributed to the Nazis becoming the largest political party, and the one with the broadest socio-economic base.

When, in January 1933, Hitler became chancellor, the Nazis quickly began programs to create jobs and infrastructure. They exhorted the companies to accept workers, and distributed the credit. The German economy rebounded and unemployment figures improved dramatically: unemployment in Germany fell from almost 6 million at the beginning of 1933 to 2.4 million at the end of 1934; in 1938, Germany essentially enjoyed full employment. At the end of the 1930s, the government controlled decisions about economic production, investments, wages and prices. Public spending grew spectacularly.

Nazi Germany remained a capitalist country. But it also carried out state intervention in the economy that was unprecedented in capitalist economies. The Nazis also supported an extensive welfare state (of course, for "pure ethnic" Germans). It included free higher education, family and child support, pensions, healthcare and a set of entertainment and vacation options. All spheres of life, including the economy, should be subordinated to the "national interest", and the fascist commitment to increase equality and social mobility. Radical meritocratic reforms are not something that comes to mind when we think of Nazi-like measures, but, as Hitler once pointed out, the Third Reich had "opened a way for every qualified individual-whatever his or her origins-to reach. the highest if qualified, is dynamic, industrious and determined. "

Largely by these measures, until 1939 the experience of most Germans with the Nazi regime was probably positive. Apparently the Nazis had conquered the depression and restored economic and political stability. While they could demonstrate their ethnic "purity" and stay away from open displays of disloyalty, the Germans typically experienced National Socialism not as a tyranny and terror, but as a regime of reforms and social enthusiasm.

To conclude, there is no doubt that violence and racism were essential features of fascism. But for most Italians, Germans and other European fascists, their appeal was not based on racism, much less on ethnic cleansing, but on the ability of the fascists to respond effectively to the crises of capitalism when others political actors could not do it. The fascists insisted that states could and should control capitalism, that the state should and could promote social welfare, and that national communities should be cultivated. Ultimately, the fascist solution was, of course, worse than the problem. In response to the horror of fascism, in part, the Democrats of the New Deal in the United States, and the Social Democratic parties in Europe, also began to renegotiate the social contract.

Bibliography

Bailey, Beth, and David Farber. "The" Double-V" campaign in World War II Hawaii: African Americans, racial ideology, and federal power." Journal of Social History (1993): 817-843.

Cripps, Thomas, and David Culbert. "The Negro Soldier (1944): Film Propanganda in Black and White." American Quarterly 31, no. 5 (1979): 616-640.

Mullenbach, Cheryl. Double Victory: How African American Women Broke Race and Gender Barriers to Help Win World War II. Chicago Review Press, 2013.

African Burial Grounds National Monument

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

African Burial Grounds National Monument

Discuss why an African Burial Ground exists in New York, rather than simply a burial ground (i.e., for all deceased persons.). Explain what this suggests about the state of race relations at this early point in New Amsterdam/ New York?

In the year 1991 when the construction of office building of General Services Administration was in phase, the discovery of graves took place 24 feet below ground. Those graves later led the discovery of other hundreds of bodies from the same area. When a proper investigation was done on these bodies, it was determined that those bodies belong to black New Yorkers of 1755 "Negros Burial Ground" people. This evidence of the Burial ground shook the entire world. Howard University scholars for seven years were led by Michael L. Blakey who is an anthropologist examined relics and every fragment of bones that were found at the site. His reports mentioned that injuries were found on several bones from which it was inferred that they were bones of harsh physical labor, malnutrition sign, and indications like filed teeth show that they belong to African heritage. There was a distinction between American born slaves and African born. The filed teeth in hourglass shape show cultural tradition which was prevalent West African tradition. Rings indication was found out on the skull base of several burials of a female because of the heavy load that they carry on their heads, which is another tradition of West African society. 40 % of the total burials were to be of an infant which shows their extremely high mortality rate.

Identify the two colonies which had the most African slaves at the start of the American Revolution.

When the American Revolution started, less than 10 percent of slaves from half a million in the thirteen colonies resided in North working in agricultural fields primarily. Charleston, South Carolina had the greatest number of slaves. With more than 20000 slaves New York had the second greatest number of slaves.  

Mention when this African Burial Ground finally fell into disuse by the population and what happened to it after this period.

From 1690 to 1790 which constitutes a century, Lower Manhattan small plot of land became the burial place for more than 15000 enslaved and free Africans. After this period, this burial place was then taken into usage for landfill and urban development until its rediscovery by the workers in 1991 when excavation procedure was carried out by office building of federal government(Lanning, 2016). When it was revealed during the excavation of 1991 and remains of 419 Africans with the 500 individual artifacts were collected, recognizing the importance of this site, the Interior Secretary in 1993 designated the African Burial Ground as a historic national landmark. Later it was listed in the Historic Places National's Register. In the year 2006, it was designated as a national monument and National Park Service administered the monument afterward. Evolving further into Rodney Leon's memorial took place in 2007 for his dedication and in 2010 it was made new visitor center.

Discuss how many Africans were disinterred and then re-entered at this African Burial Ground, as you mention how and when their remains were discovered in the first place.

In 1991 bodies related to the African Burial Ground which approximate to 419 were disinterred during and after excavation was done to carry out archaeological researches. After that in the ceremony related to the Rites of Ancestral Return ceremony memorial, which initiated in Howard University with an event known as Evening Departure ceremony, celebration and documentation were carried out for the African American contribution(Katz, 2006). The remains of ancestral were then returned from Washington D.C. to African Burial Ground. On 4th October 2003, remains of African Burial Ground were given their proper resting place at the African Burial Ground.

Works Cited

Katz, Sarah R. "Redesigning Civic Memory: The African Burial Ground in Lower Manhattan." Theses (Historic Preservation)(2006): 10.

Lanning, Michael Lee. "African Americans and the American Revolution." The Routledge Handbook of the History of Race and the American Military. Routledge, 2016. 45-54.

African Studies Boston Bus Crisis And Harold Washington

AFRICAN STUDY

African Studies Boston Bus Crisis and Harold Washington

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

African Studies Boston Bus Crisis and Harold Washington

Back to the movement 1979-mid-1980s:

In this episode or video, it could be explored that there has been spotted a light in the on both new and old challenges that are being faced by the black communities. The black community faced the greatest and threatening to challenge in their life just after 25 years of civil rights struggle started. It followed the black communities in Miami and Chicago and responded differently to these challenges. By taking a look at this video, one thing becomes very clear, and that is the theme of this video. Discriminating black is that main theme of this video. It could be seen that since the 19980s during the summa, this city of Miami was flooded with a thousand black. This city (Miami) got crowded with refugees and search of the American dream. When people entered this land, they were very happy and started searching for opportunities. Most of the people who migrated in this video were from Cuba. By taking into account, this becomes quite clear that this video is pointing towards the blacks who in the beginning were very happy and thought that now they are going to have freedom and liberty. The immigrants who came from Cuba were expecting to stay together with other cultures. American dream in this video has been shown as on the fire by the black immigration that is never being given the right to live happily. In this video, there are various themes that have been discussed such as the theme of freedom, humanity, discrimination, race, and conflict of ideology and

It could be seen from this video that black found themselves humiliated by the whites. It could be witnessed that black with the advancement of time, were segregated and were made feel that they don’t belong to the category of human. From the video, t has been seen that many people are being interviewed and they all admitted that as time passed, they started feeling separate from the white. The theme of freedom could be associated with the black person who comes to this new land from Cuba and other countries. Attitude and behavior of white people started getting change. It is very well said by a person being witnessed in this video that black was deprived of their rights. The Africa Americans were brought to the country as a slave, so they are still socially and economically deprived.

Most of the white people used to criticize us black people; that's why they should be trained as white people despite knowing the fact that white is good people, but black people are much working has become. Racial discrimination started, and the black singers were not allowed to stay outside the hotels. It was the time of extreme unfair deeds with the blacks as white used to considered the blacks as their slaves. They used to considered black people are their pray. Black people were not having any political support as they had no black inside the political houses. White, first used to cut black’s finger, next middle figure and eventually they kill the blacks who were there. African education was the key to claiming their freedom from the white. The theme of consistency could be seen in this episode as well. People in Miami were hesitating. At the same time, it could be said that there came a turn in the history of politics when Harold Washington announced his participation in societies as political leaders. He started serving his people and there came a time, when black was getting increased when Washington entered the politics. It was the time when black was getting power in political affairs, and Washington became great support from them. It won't be wrong to say that Washington walks by keeping his hand in the hands of white people so that he could demand whatever would be the betterment of his colony. Inferiority complex is another theme that could be found in blacks, and that inferiority was because when someone starts considering other greater than himself, so Harold is the person who never wants his people to feel that they are less than other. It was the time when the black started acquiring good relations.

The keys to the kingdom

In this video, there could be seen similar kind of theme, i.e. racial discrimination as in the start of the video that is pointing towards the issues that are being faced with the black men and women. Law of segregation was implemented, and black was asked that they are not given to them by the government. Another major theme that could be noticed in this video is the exploitation of basic rights of blacks. Schools for the blacks and white were separated. Blacks criticized this action a lot, and they also question the government about their rights. Passion and courage is another thing that has been witnessed in this video as it could be seen that despite blacks were oppressed but still they choose their way and decided that they are going to fight for their right. Most of the people were not at all agreeing. One of the interviews given by a black lady shows that passion and courage as she stated that separating blacks from education means that separating them from life. Racial discrimination in an educational institution is another major theme of the video. Negros was reducing in the number who could take admission of in schools. White was left speechless when they could not answer Negros mother when she asked them white don't know about the effects. Though there are many themes that have been presented in this video one of the main themes is an injustice that was practiced by the white officials who despite knowing that they are at fault. First, the schools were segregate so that white child could get all then privileges despite having a lower number in class.

African social activists put their demands in front of the authorities. Negros students had not sufficient material, they were having not sufficient book, nutritional, chairs and in simple words, it could be said that they are having no access to anything especially education. The racially imbalanced school was the main question that the Negros parents asked raising concerns about schools where there was a small number of the white student while blacks had nothing that white children were enjoying. In the just attitude of white could be witnessed by taking a look at the things where they were moving. It has been seen from an interview that a black complains that all books go to the white school, all money goes to the white school and material goes to the white school. Themes that have been presented in this video are courage, unity, patience, injustice, class differentiate, conflict of ideology, superiority. When black children were not being admitted in schools, they had to face severe discrimination. Faith is another major theme that could be witnessed in this video. One of the main things for the Negros was to make their children understand for them; there are two things that are necessary. One they should be educated and also they must have developed good social relations.it has been seen that when white schools closed their doors for black students, they should not expect any favor as well. Selfishness and fear of white could be clearly seen in these videos. Negros’s was not even having any effective way or guideline to follow. The African Americans have made up of 12 percent of the total United States’ population. Many studies revealed that they were treated being ignored, and their basic rights were not provided. There were many health issues to the children and elders.

Accepting fact is one of the main things of life that would keep you motivated. Black parents were supporting their kids. One of the major theme and act that has been presented in this video is the feeling of guilt. There was a judge Arthur feeling of guilty overtook him, and he also apologized that they are sorry that they consciously made two schools one for black and one for white. After this step that was taken by judge Arthur, it was seen that there were provided remedies to blacks. In Boston confusion, concerns and fear were all there in the white people when black refused to accept their orders. White people also resisted this decision of disintegration. This video is indicating towards the incident of Boston bus crisis that took place because the white officials never allowed anyone. When blacks were deprived of the transportation facilities and later when after Arthur announced that blacks would also go to the same school as black used to be. Some of the white people throw the stone on the bus. Black was hoping to see good days one day. Civil rights were demanded by the black folks. It was said that the high cost of discrimination was paid by white, but cooperation is the only thing that brought them again on a platform.

References

2019. https://unco.kanopy.com/video/keys-kingdom.

2019. https://unco.kanopy.com/video/keys-kingdom.

Rhodes, Ramona L., Kim Batchelor, Simon C. Lee, and Ethan A. Halm. "Barriers to end-of-life care for African Americans from the providers' perspective: an opportunity for intervention development." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 32, no. 2 (2015): 137-143.

Walton, Hanes, Robert C. Smith, and Sherri L. Wallace. American politics and the African American quest for universal freedom. Routledge, 2017.

African Writer

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Chinua Achebe

Chinua Achebe which was basically a Nigerian novelist born in 1930, is considered to be one of the most influential and impressive writers which the last century has ever seen due to his methods of original writings in the African literature. Chinua Achebe is the most impressive novelist of the African region who founded the basis of modern trends in the writing. There are a major role and participation of the Chinua Achebe in the progress and development of the literature especially in novel writing (Zolfagharkhani et al., 2013). He has not limited only to African region but the whole world remained under the influence of his writing because of his landmark and masterpiece of the novel know as “Things Fall Apart” which was translated into 50 languages based upon more than 12 million copies. No Longer at Ease and Anthills of the Savannah are also the part of his major achievements in the English literature.

While talking about his early life the most important thing which changed and became the reason of diversification of his whole career was the stepping down of his family from the practice of their traditional beliefs and then a sudden conversion towards Christianity. Due to this incident, his whole life is a balanced combination of a traditional approach regarding religion and the most important the image or impact of Christianity. The first thing, he learned from his family as a tradition or custom was the storytelling. This approach improved his skills regarding writing and that’s why in Philip’s Central School he was a renowned student and got a lot of appreciation from his teachers.

During his college life, most of his spent in the library in book reading. From his college life, he was well known due to his reading and writing skills that's why he had been the center of attention for the teachers and his fellow students. He got a scholarship in medicine from the very first Nigerian University in1948 but due to his interest, he focused on literature and history instead of medicine. This was the time when he started writing different stories and articles and he began to know as an author. In 1950 he wrote an article named as "Polar Undergraduate" which was very famous. He completed his graduation in 1953.

He started his career as a school teacher but regarding writing his journey began when he started working for Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) as a dialogue writer. From his college life, he was unhappy from English writers as they misinterpreted the real image of the African culture. In this regard, he started working on his first novel to aware of the world about the reality of the customs and traditions of the African culture. There were a few African writers including Cyprian Ekwensi who inspired him and that’s why he followed their approach in his literature. His first novel was published by a British company

His first novel "Things Fall Apart" was published in 1958 which influenced the whole world. In this novel, he gave a true picture of the culture of the African region. Similarly, the main point of the novel was to emphasize the difference between the Christian influence and the local African community. Further, he focused on the impacts of the imperialism and the colonial powers which governed Nigeria for decades (Zolfagharkhani et al., 2013). This novel was so impressive and detailed that it became the part of course in many colleges and universities of the world. The importance of this novel can be understood by the fact that it was translated into more than 50 different languages of the world.

The period of the 1960s remained very successful for Achebe as after his first novel in 1960 he wrote many novels which were basically the succession of the first novel. The main theme and the idea were the same as all these novels emphasized the influence and impacts of the colonial powers in the whole African region. He tried to show how these imperial powers manipulate the civilization of the culture of this region by their economic and literary tools (Osinubi, 2016). In this regard, his novel Arrow of God and Man of the People were very impressive which were published in 1964 and 1966 respectively.

Chinua and Christopher, who was also a famous poet of that time, initiated a program regarding press to provide good quality of books for the children of the African region. For the purpose of awareness among the masses about the conflict or civil war, Achebe delivered lectures in many universities of the United States. Achebe served as a senior faculty member in different universities of Nigeria from 1970 to 1977 and this was the time when he started the directorship of many publishing houses located in many parts of the country.

While talking about the services of Achebe regarding the writing than the first thing comes in mind is his achievements during the 70s decade when he completed many stories and books mainly related and specified for the children. Morning Yet On, Creation Day and Soul Brother are considered his best pieces regarding story writing and books for children. The most famous thing of his career as a teacher is his lecture which was delivered in the university about the racial differences and discrimination happening in the African region especially in Nigeria and later this lecture was named as "An Image of Africa".

One of his major achievements was the publishing of Achebe's Anthills of the Savannah which was later selected for the Booker McConnell Prize. After that in 1988, he released Hopes and Impediments. But the year 1990 proved unhealthy for Achebe as he paralyzed in a car accident and he limited for the rest of life on a wheelchair. After this incident, he shifted to the USA for 15 years where he started teaching at Bard College but soon he left Bard College and after 2009 he joined many universities as a senior faculty member. Achebe received many honorary degrees from more than 35 universities of the world (Osinubi, 2016).

Due to his big achievements, Achebe received many awards including Man Booker International Prize of 2007 and at the time of award ceremony, he was named as the father of modern African literature. In the year 2010, he was awarded Lillian Gish Prize and this awarded is mainly specified for the person having huge participation in increasing the beauty of world and welfare of the humanity in any field of life. Achebe was awarded Nigerian National Merit Award known as the highest honor regarding literary and intellectual services by anyone. Among his major received awards, one was the Honorary Fellowship of American Academy of Arts.

In the later years of his life, he was appointed by the United Nations Population Fund as a goodwill ambassador but his career or journey of writing remained throughout his whole life. His whole life gives an impression of his closeness and realistic approach towards the political situation of Nigeria. He gave a comparison between the present situation and the situation of the post-colonial era. According to Achebe, there was a comprehensive and impressive link between these two factors and due to all the impacts of imperialism, there are many problems which still exists in the whole African region. In 2013 Chinua Achebe died in Boston.

Work Cited

Achebe, C. and Gikandi, S., 2003. The Chinua Achebe Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Gikandi, S., 2001. Chinua Achebe and the invention of African culture. Research in African Literatures, 32(3), pp.3-8.

Moyers, B.D. and Flowers, B.S., 1989. A world of ideas: Conversations with thoughtful men and women about American life today and the ideas shaping our future (p. 320). New York: Doubleday.

Osinubi, T.A., 2016. Micro-Politics of Buttocks: The Queer Intimacies of Chinua Achebe. Research in African Literatures, 47(2), pp.162-185.

Zolfagharkhani, M. and Shadpour, R.S., 2013. An eco critical study of Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 4(2), pp.210-214.

Aftermath Of 1945.

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Aftermath of 1945

The end of the Second World War (1939- 1945) gave rise to the era of the cold war in the Korean Peninsula, which actually left it divided into two countries, North Korea and South Korea. The history of the Korean peninsula is one of the most critical because it got affected by the major enemies of the Second World War, who wanted to establish their control in the region. The Japanese, Chinese, Soviet nation and American forces were influencing the dynamics of the two parts of the country. It was the perfect example of the proxy war between Soviet nation and the United States of America, on the issue of spread of communism in the western world, which was fought on the Korean ground, between the forces of North and South Korea, backed by the military aid of Soviet Union and United States respectively. The collapse of the Japanese imperialism, as well as the national division after the Second World War, gave rise to the Korean civil war, which was actually revolutionary in character. Korea war which erupted in 1945, was initially fought through the means of political rebellion, which then turned into an unconventional guerrilla war in 1948 and finally took the shape of conventional military assaults, which involved the forces of North and South Korea, along with their aiding forces of the international world. The major aftermath of 1945 may have been the division of the Korean peninsula into North and South Korea due to the involvement of the international forces; however, it also resulted in the cold war between the two new countries which continues till date.

The immediate aftermath of 1945 was specifically influenced by the surrender of the Japanese forces in the war. The Second World War ended in 1945 when Japan surrendered to the allied forces of the war. It was an unconditional surrender prompted by the nuclear attack of the United States of America on the Japanese cities, in response to the attack on the Pearl Harbor. The Korean region was under the imperial control of Japan since 1910 and it was the time for the Korean people to declare their independence; however, the history developed quite critically. Japan had been quite cruel towards the Koreans as the Korean me was forcefully recruited in the army to fight with the enemy forces and the young Korean women were sent to the military units to provide the sexual services to the army personnel, without their will. The turn of the event at the end of the Second World War ignited hope of peace and prosperity for the Koreans as the Japanese forces and command were not in a position to keep the control of the imperial states. So, Korea became an independent state without any complication; however, the peace and prosperity of the region did not last long due to the different political and economic ideologies of the two parts of the country. So the immediate aftermath of 1945, which was actually the end of the Second World War, was the powerless state of Japan and the sudden independence of Korea (Armstrong, 180).

The smooth and uncomplicated independence of Korea did not last long because the two parts of the region fell under the manipulation and influence of the enemy forces, who actually divided the country without any second thoughts. With the disinvolvement of Japan from Korea, the Soviet Union established its control in North Korea and the United States of America strengthened its influence on South Korea. Korea was not a well-developed and strong country at that time, which is the main reason that it was not able to emerge as a greater unified force against the influence of the two major enemies of the Second World War. The Soviet Union and the United States of America divided the country along the 38 north latitude, which was also called the thirty-eighth parallel and the became the borderline between the two parts of Korea, now the two countries, North Korea and South Korea. The thirty-eighth parallel was established soon after the end of the Second World War (Suh, 163).

The end of the war had not fully stabilized the social and political conditions of the world. The Soviet Union had emerged as the greater communist force which started making the efforts of spreading the communist rule and take over the western world. Jana had suffered the greatest economic loss in the war and a huge number of the general population also lost life due to the nuclear attacks of the United States of America on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which refrained japan from taking part in any political or social agenda of the allied forces. China had established the communist system and played the role of the ally of the Soviet Union. Due to this support, the Soviet Union influenced the establishment of the communist rule and economic system in North Korea. On the other hand, the United States of America helped the South Korean leadership in establishing a democratic rule in the region. North and South Korea were not officially two countries on the map of the world and the influence of enemy forces laid the foundation of the cold war in the region. North and South Korea made the efforts of unification and establishing a common rule. The unification became a dream for the two sides due to the political ideologies of the leaders of both sides, which were not only supported by the general public but by also their international supporters. After the thirty-eighth parallel division of north and south, Syngman Rhee, who was an anti-communist dictator, became the ruler of the south with the aid of the United States of America. On the other hand, Kim Il Sung, who was the communist dictator, became the ruler of North Korea with the support of the soviet union. Both of the dictators kept making the efforts of establishing their control across the thirty-eighth parallel by allowing the troops to attack. Both the sides did not succeed in their attempts and the constant attacks resulted in the killing of more than ten thousand soldiers from both sides during the cold war. The cold war between the north and South Korea was the major event which clarified the emergence of two regimes in the Korean peninsula in 1948. The conflict over the establishment of communist rule in two parts of the rule was being fought by political means and the use of rebellion till that time which not only cost the loss of human lives to both sides but also resulted in economic imbalance and insecurity (Armstrong, 185).

The direct involvement of the United States of America and the Soviet Union in the Korean peninsula started at the end of the cold war, which had finally taken the form of an unconventional guerrilla war. The motive of the influence of the two countries was quite clear as the Soviet Union supported and desired the communist rule in the region and the American leadership was strictly against it. The reason of the American opposition was not only for the sake of the South Korean establishment and stability; however, it was because of the fact that if the Soviet Union would succeed in establishing a communist rule in South Korea, it would not stay limited to it, but would spread to the western world. The American leadership feared that the Soviet Union would try to increase its control over the western world, which would result in the third world war and destroy the whole world. So, they considered it the best solution to fight the war in the Korean peninsula and defeat the North Korean and Soviet forces. The gruella war started between the north and south, in which the south faced more causalities than the north due to the well-trained troops. When the soviet union and Chinese forces extended their support to the North Korean forces in terms of ammunition and military forces, the United States of America was not left with any other option but sending their troops to the battlefield. The Chinese troops as well as the Soviet Union forces which were well-trained and had the well-developed warfare supported the troops of the north which attacked the south in the efforts of establishing the communist rule. The United States of America which was the only ally of South Korea at that moment was clearly aware of the fact that it was the war to restore the evil against the good. The American, as well as the Korean forces, were also aware of the fact that their defeat in the war would result in the worst conditions for the whole world.

The military assaults between the north and south were quite drastic for both sides. At first, the South Korean side along with the support of the American troops fought the defensive war in order to save themselves from the forces of the north. The weather conditions were also against the southern side as it was too hot and the American also became the victim of intestinal diseases. On the other hand, the northern forces who had got the support of well-developed war equipment of the Soviet and Chinese forces emerged as greater power as they do not have to fight with the weather condition due to the modern warfare. The initial defeat motivated the American troops to adopt the offensive war strategy and liberate the North Koreans from the rule of the communists, in which they succeeded to some extent as well, as the north forces had to move back to their area. The Chinese forces threatened the large scale war in the case of the American invasion and the American forces stopped as it did not want war in the world or in its own region. The two countries, North and South Korea started the negotiations for the ceasefire, with the support of America, China, and the Soviet Union, while the troops were still fighting on the border. An armistice was finally signed in 1953, which ended the war between North and South Korea (Min-suk, Fulton, and Fulton, 93).

The Korean War was one of the deadliest wars in the region, which not only divided a country into two parts but also resulted in millions of casualties. It affected the political, social and economic structure of the two countries which are north and South Korea and divide the families who lived in the two parts. The marking of the demilitarized zone separated the families for life, as it is one of the most crucial borders in the world and not complying with the laws can result in a new war between the two countries. The Soviet Union could not spread its control to other parts of the world but North Korea is a communist country. On the other hand, America is also an ally of the South Korean leadership which is supporting a democratic rule in the region.

Works Cited

Armstrong, Charles K. "The Myth of North Korea." Chicago Occasional Papers on Korea. Chicago: The Center for East Asian Studies, the University of Chicago (1991).

Min-suk, Kim, Bruce Fulton, and Ju-Chan Fulton. "Scarlet Fingernails." Bruce and Ju-chan Fulton (Seattle: Women in Translation, 1997) (1996): 79-114.

Suh, Ji-moon. The rainy spell and other Korean stories. Routledge, 2015.

Age Appropriate Technologist & Patient Interaction

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Institution

Age Appropriate Technologies and Child Interaction

Adolescence is a period of transition that can create stress both for the parent and the child. Down syndrome is basically a genetic disorder that most commonly occurs among children of different ages. It is also considered as a chromosomal condition which is most commonly associated with intellectual disability, a particular facial appearance, and also hypotonia which is a weak muscle tone and all these characteristics occur in infancy. The affected individuals experience mental and other cognitive disorders but intellectual disabilities are usually mild to severe. People who have Down Syndrome have a variety of congenital disabilities. Children who born with this disorder have incomplete heart and other digestive problems which makes the disorder quite complicated.

People with Down Syndrome are born with an extra pair of chromosome. This extra pair of chromosome leads to a range of issues that affects the kid both physically and mentally. Down syndrome is now considered as a lifelong disorder, but doctors know about it a lot more than before therefore treating your child and choosing the correct treatment for him can help in mitigating the severity of the disease. The symptoms of Down syndrome also range from mild to severe. Regardless of the characteristics of the individuals if early treatment is carried out, then the person can easily overcome the symptoms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"guFDuWOJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Merrick, Kandel, & Vardi, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Merrick, Kandel, & Vardi, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":558,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/TNJV6ZDP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/TNJV6ZDP"],"itemData":{"id":558,"type":"article-journal","title":"Adolescents with Down syndrome","container-title":"International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health","page":"13-19","volume":"16","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Adolescence is a period of transition that can create stress for both adolescents and parents. Adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) go through the same stages as other adolescents, but due to lack of cognitive and behavioral factors they and their parents may find this period particularly challenging. This paper reviews several studies, especially from the United Kingdom, of groups of adolescents with Down syndrome and their controls followed from childhood, through adolescence into adulthood. There are special medical problems for this population that require annual medical examinations and surveillance, but the focus has shifted from health problems to social maturation, developing independence, and transition from school to employment or work activity. Medical transition from a pediatric to family physician provider is mentioned with recommendations as to how that transition can be made as smooth as possible.","ISSN":"0334-0139","note":"PMID: 15148854","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Adolesc Med Health","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Merrick","given":"Joav"},{"family":"Kandel","given":"Isack"},{"family":"Vardi","given":"Gideon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004",3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Merrick, Kandel, & Vardi, 2004). Although the characteristics of Down syndrome varies from person to person, they share some physical characteristics that are common among most individuals. All the individuals with Down syndrome have Almond shaped eyes that means that their eye shape will be quite different than their ethnicity. Their faces especially nose is quite flatter; also tiny spots are present in the white part of their body, another common feature is their tongue sticks out of their mouth.

The psycho-social behaviors and cognitive abilities of such person also varies. Cognitive impairments, problems with thinking and learning is one of the common symptoms in people who deal with Down syndrome and these symptoms range from mild to severe. Having said that, severe cognitive impairments are very rare in case of Down syndrome. Various other cognitive and behavioral problems include short attention span, poor judging capabilities, impulsive behavior, delayed and defective language, speech development and also they are slow learners. Although children with Down syndrome do develop communication skills but it takes them too long as compared to other kids. Such kids also find it difficult to communicate with their peer groups; they normally like to keep themselves isolated.

Autism is a neurological disorder which affects a person's ability to relate to their peer groups. Such adolescents can normally communicate with people, they also face difficulty in controlling their emotions and also in following instructions. The causes of autism can vary from genetic to environmental factors. Adolescents with autism normally have different characteristics. They face difficulty in social interaction; they also have an extraordinary interest in the object. Along with that, such patients find it too hard to change their routines, they become too dependent on their routines. Other behavioral characteristics of autistic children, are they normally do not smile; they don't respond to their names, such kids do not play with toys, and also they do not engage. Along with that, they always feel that they do not fit in their environment. Such patients also find it quite difficult in establishing and maintaining relationships. They have limiting understanding of non-verbal communication like eye contact and smile. They are also not good in sustaining and maintaining friendships, they don’t enjoy activities or playing with their fellow groups, along with that they face difficulty in social and emotional responsiveness. Such kids also enjoy weird actions like turning on and off a button or weirdly circulating their hands or fingers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"A7On5s3t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Orsmond & Kuo, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Orsmond & Kuo, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":560,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/WDU4J259"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/WDU4J259"],"itemData":{"id":560,"type":"article-journal","title":"The daily lives of adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder","container-title":"Autism : the international journal of research and practice","page":"579-599","volume":"15","issue":"5","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"This study explores the daily lives, particularly discretionary time, of adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We describe the activities and activity partners of adolescents, the factors associated with their discretionary time use, and the impact of time use on their autism symptoms. Mothers of 103 adolescents with an ASD completed two 24-hour time diaries to describe their adolescent’s activity participation during the third wave of a longitudinal study. Adolescents with an ASD spent considerable time in discretionary activities, with watching television and using a computer as the most frequent activities. They most frequently spent discretionary time alone or with their mothers. They spent little time engaged in conversations or doing activities with peers. Age, gender, the presence of intellectual disability, severity of autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors, the number of siblings, maternal education, marital status, and family income were associated with adolescent time use. Notably, greater time spent in conversation and reading predicted future decreases in severity of social impairment. The way that adolescents with an ASD spend their free time may have implications for their development and the course of their autism symptoms.","DOI":"10.1177/1362361310386503","ISSN":"1362-3613","note":"PMID: 21697194\nPMCID: PMC3572828","journalAbbreviation":"Autism","author":[{"family":"Orsmond","given":"Gael I."},{"family":"Kuo","given":"Hsin-Yu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Orsmond & Kuo, 2011).

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects both children and teens who continue into their adulthood. It is considered the most commonly occurring mental disorder of children. Such children are unable to control their emotions, and also they are hyperactive in their actions. Such children also find it quite difficult to pay attention to their daily lives, which also affects their school and individual's life. This disorder is common in boys than girls, and it can be diagnosed while the early school days when a child is found difficulty while paying attention. Such adolescents overlook or miss details and make changes in their homework, alongside when talking directly to them it seems that they do not pay attention. They can also be distracted by unnecessary things like a moving fan while doing their homework. Mostly they like to stay alone, but when they interact with their age groups, they become quite hyper and show weird actions.

Dealing with such patients requires a large amount of expertise. While the process of treating such patients is quite painstaking, so one has to be very careful and patient while treating such them. When testing with such patients, it is also important to take the child and his/parent into confidence. Also, explain to both of them that what the child is going through and if possible arrange an interactive session with other child and parents of the same disorder. This way both of them will develop confidence, and they will trust the entire process. Keep a friendly environment with the child as such children are quite impulsive to any environmental changes, and also they are used to their routine, so it is also better to not to impose anything on them without their consent.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Merrick, J., Kandel, I., & Vardi, G. (2004). Adolescents with Down syndrome. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 16(1), 13–19.

Orsmond, G. I., & Kuo, H.-Y. (2011). The daily lives of adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 15(5), 579–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361310386503

Age Of Juveniles In The State Of Florida

Age of Juveniles in the state of Florida

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Age of Juveniles in the state of Florida

Introduction

According to the Florida law, a juvenile is the one who is eighteen years old, as outlined in $958.04 of the Florida Statutes of 2016. The age limit serves as a standard of measurement that could guide the criminal justice system in giving punishments in different crimes. According to the information collected from the juvenile court jurisdiction, it is found that the age of the young person who comes within the jurisdiction of the states’ juvenile courts is eighteen years. A juvenile is defined and explained by the state law in Florida as satisfying some characteristics (Guarino-Ghezzi, et al.,2017). According to state law, there is no age specified by the statutes of law, asserting any age at which youth can be adjudicated delinquent (Guarino-Ghezzi, et al.,2017). Moreover, juvenile courts have jurisdiction over the offences that are allegedly before the 18 birthdays of the youth because after 18 years the youth would be charged in an adult court. In numerous circumstance, the juvenile court retains jurisdiction over the youth until the age of 19 where the court can retain jurisdiction over youth who is ordered to pay restitution (Guarino-Ghezzi, et al.,2017). Adhering to these conditions, many of the people think that 18 years is justified being juvenile age while other negate and reject it.

Discussion

In accordance with the ideologies and concepts that highlight juvenile age should be increased assert that there is no strong ground to understand that an 18 year is convicted to some serious crime and have to spend life in prison (Hay, et al.,2018). According to professor Stetson, juvenile age should be increased to nineteen years or more because the connotation of juvenile represents an individual who is well aware of his actions, have strong cognition skills and psychology has proven that an eighteen-year-old is not well aware of his actions (Hay, et al.,2018). Such age is more directed by the influence of instincts and stimuli (Hay, et al.,2018). In response, the critics in favour of the juvenile age to be eighteen years question crime control because the punishment and treatment of eighteen years old after committing a crime is the crux that plays a significant role in decreasing the crime rate (Hay, et al.,2018). According to WMNF’s one of the representative, “there are a lot of us who caught life sentence between the age of 18 and 21 and then we grew up in prison, that condition our brain to be more criminal and negative cognition oriented a compared to the other people who are not given sentence of imprisonment” (Hay, et al.,2018).

The critics who want juvenile age to be increased up to 19 years or more assert that giving juvenile punishment to an eighteen-year individual will results in extreme and violent youth who would be directed by internal aggression because they will spend the most beautiful phase of their life in prison. It will deprive them of the exegetical approach towards life. It is important to note that the people who think eighteen years is well suited for considering an individual juvenile assert that the best way to control crime is to program mindset at the onset of negative thoughts and the most efficient tool that can keep an individual from undergoing criminal acts would be fear of punishment (Lane, et al.,2018). Massive accountability and, frequent checking can make an individual refrain from acts that can distort future life because juvenile crimes have a small orientation, they start from peers and then proceed towards larger crime (Lane, et al.,2018).

Critics asserted that a psychological and sociological approach towards the analysis of juvenile age was analyzed by using a control group and the results illustrate that there was a massive decrease in the attempts of crimes and thoughts that can redirect criminal activities (Lane, et al.,2018). It is found that the practical implication of this approach is found in Chicago, where the age of juvenile is eighteen and by the time of declaration of eighteen years as juvenile age, there is a 24% decrease in the crime rates. In contrast, the people who believe juvenile age should be increased, are found adhering to the prospects of the criminal acts taking into account that threatening an individual would make them find out alternate ways that could prove even more dangerous in future (Tisdale, et al.,2019). Moreover, the prison will psychologically condition juveniles to take revenge from society and it may result in something devastating. The critics of eighteen years as juvenile age are found stuck to the strong grounds of social reforms because they find human beings as variables who can be reformed by making them realize significance of life and freedom while others believe that juvenile age should be increased because it is hard for an eighteen-year-old child to face the trauma of imprisonment because they are not mentally strong (Tisdale, et al.,2019).

Conclusion

Analyzing two sides regarding juvenile age in Florida, it can be found that the critic in favour of subject asserts social ideologies and critical future prospects that can mitigate the crime rate. The opponents find eighteen years of age as a threat to “child psychology” and “philosophical approaches” that find youth as beings who are more towards reaction and aggression to the unwanted stimuli (legal enforcements) because they are not mature enough to understand long term objectives (Tisdale, et al.,2019). In a nutshell, the arguments are two equal and opposite sides that are bisecting each other without the flexibility to reconstruct compromise and understanding.

Reference

Guarino-Ghezzi, S. (2017). Balancing juvenile justice. Routledge.

Hay, C., Ladwig, S., & Campion, B. (2018). Tracing the rise of evidence-based juvenile justice in Florida. Victims & Offenders, 13(3), 312-335.

Lane, J. (2018). Addressing Juvenile Crime: What Have We Learned, and How Should We Proceed?. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(2), 283-307.

Tisdale, A. (2019). The Effects of Incarceration on Juveniles in Prison and During Reentry.

Ageing And Neuroplasticity

 Successful Ageing and How Neuroplasticity can contribute to Successful Ageing

Name

Institution

Introduction

Every start has an end, so is the case with Humans—the ultimate mortals. Ageing is the process that encapsulates decline in physical, mental, emotional and social integrity based on the altered neurological mechanisms (Jedrziewski, Lee & Trojanowski, 2007). Despite structural and functional deterioration of brain cells, it is potent enough to regenerate neural scaffolding and maintain cognitive and intellectual functioning—the process named as Neuroplasticity. Dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis are some of the ageing disorders that can be managed through enabling brain to demonstrate Neuroplasticity.

Neuroplasticity, as the name indicates, is the unique ability of brain to regenerate, reorganize, or compensate its neural pathways for better adaptation in response to the environmental change (Kahn, 2002). Hence, it can be concluded that our daily experiences and learning alters the structural and functional mechanism of brain. A successful ageing is referred to as the least probability of disease and disability, satisfactory physical, cognitive and emotional functioning and streaming commitment with life (Kahn, 2002; Maier & Klumb, 2005; Depp & Jeste, 2006). However, based on the theory of individual differences, everyone ages differently and not at the same rate (Wislon, et. al., 2002).

Ageing and Neuroplasticity

Relating successful ageing with the brain flexibility, it can be concluded that successful ageing is positively correlated with the Neuroplasticity because life style and extent of brain activity play significant role in modifying and moderating their relationship. For instance, an older adult subjected to enhanced physical activity, cognitive training, conductive nutrition, exercise, healthy family relationships and social engagement is more likely to develop brain plasticity (as it is experience dependent), which in turn strengthens successful ageing (Eadie, Redila, & Christie; 2005; Cotman, Berchtold & Christie, 2007; Gomez, 2008; Erickson, Gildengers & Butters, 2013; Park & Bischof, 2013).

Clinical Interventions in Ageing with regard to Neuroplasticity

Being a registered nurse, based on the findings of preexisting literature, it is quite irrefutable to enhance brain’s physical, structural and cognitive functioning through various techniques including physical activity (walking, running, jogging), nutrition (iron and protein-rich diet), cognitive training (psychological testing, learning and problem solving techniques, meditation, deep breathing relaxation and regular sleep), healthy social interactions and counseling techniques (gaming, talking, meeting new people, providing a safer channel to vent feelings, frustrations, fears and unacceptable conflicts out) (Eadie, Redila, & Christie; 2005; Cotman, Berchtold & Christie, 2007; Gomez, 2008; Erickson, Gildengers & Butters, 2013; Park & Bischof, 2013). Such techniques are equally implementable within the clinical setting hence, nurses can play constructive role in mitigating cognitive ageing ramifications and enhancing their physical, mental, emotional and social functioning based on the concept of Neuroplasticity. A registered nurse can perform following interventions:

Introducing healthy diet plan enriched with protein and iron content

Using brain storming techniques e.g., riddles, games, testing problem solving skills, learning new materials, making new memories

Developing a daily schedule for exercise, productive physical activity, walking and running

Family counseling and individual counseling

Improving their stress management skills through meditation, Deep Breathing Relaxation (DBR), Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT), Client Centered Therapy (CCT), Group Therapy (GT) and Family Therapy.

References

Cotman, C. W., Berchtold, N. C., & Christie L. A. (2007). Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends in Neurosciences, 30(9), 464–472. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from https://doi.org/10.1016%2fj.tins.2007.06.011

Depp, C. A., & Jeste, D. V. (2006). Definitions and predictors of successful aging: A comprehensive review of larger quantitative studies. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 6–20. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407577

Eadie B. D., Redila V. A., & Christie B. R. (2005). Voluntary exercise alters the cytoarchitecture of the adult dentate gyrus by increasing cellular proliferation, dendritic complexity, and spine density. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 486(1), 39–47. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2421

Erickson K., Gildengers A., Butters M. (2013). Physical activity and brain plasticity in late adulthood. Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience, 15(1), 99–108. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23576893

Gomez, P. F., (2008). Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 9(7), 568–578. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2421

Jedrziewski, M. K., Lee, V. M., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2007). Physical activity and cognitive health. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 3, 98–108. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1950132/

Kahn, R. L. (2002). On ‘Successful aging and well-being: Self-rated compared with Rowe and Kahn’. The Gerontologist, 42, 725–726. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-11687-001

Maier, H., & Klumb, P. L. (2005). Social participation and survival at older ages: Is the effect driven by activity content or context? European Journal of Ageing, 2, 31–39. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5547665/

Park, D. & Bischof, G. (2013). The aging mind: neuroplasticity in response to cognitive training. Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience, 15(1), 109–119. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23576894

Wilson, R. S., Beckett, L. A., Barnes, L. L., Schneider, J. A., Bach, J., Evans, D. A. et al. (2002). Individual differences in rates of change in cognitive abilities of older persons. Psychology and Aging, 17, 179–193. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12061405

Ages (0-2)

Title page

Child growth

Name: Jack Liam

Age: 2 years

Family makeup: Mother, father

Physical appearance: white, legs are slender, upper body is more narrow, normal height.

Jack is a 2 years old boy, raised by his parents. The father of the boy is 40 years old and is a technician. Mother is a housewife, having age of 36 years. Father is working overtime which leaves him with little time for home. His mother who has to manage everything alone looks after Jack. The physical appearance of the boy depicts that his legs are slender and body is narrow from the top. The parents complained that the growth is not normal. The family history is also studied for finding the cause of abnormal growth. The father is alcoholic and consumed at least two glasses of wine. The mother of the child had undergone extreme stress during pregnancy.

Growth and development in infants and toddlers having ages of (0-2 years) must be examined thoroughly for identifying signs of abnormality. Environment at home plays significant role on the development of the child. Jack belongs to a lower-middle class family where the only source of money comes from his dad’s meager salary. The family is living in two room apartment, that is quite untidy. The environment does not offer adequate development opportunities to the toddler. Mother is still experiencing stress and this undermines her role as a caregiver. She is also thinking about taking a job because managing expenses is difficult for the couple. She possess high-school degree so it will be difficult for her to get a reputable job. Father is graduate but he cant afford to spend adequate time with the child. Financial pressures have negatively impacted the parental roles.

Pregnancy is the most important stage of children and development of fetuses in the embryo depends on the mental and emotional state of a mother. The way a mother thinks and perceives things has impacted over her baby in the fetus. The health factors such as low weight and premature births. Concept of development plasticity that states that the development of an infant is influenced by the thought process of parents that indicates the stress condition of parents causes negative implications on infant’s development. The mother had undergone stress and tension that caused complications for the child growth. Common risk factors related to the parental stress includes the slow rate of growth of the fetus, abnormal physical development, chances of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The examination highlights the relation of mothers’ stress with the health of children and reflects that the mothers that takes stress increase the risks of Coronary heart diseases for their children CITATION CFC19 \l 1033 (CFCC, 2019). The mother's stress also increases the health issues related to the uterus.

The assessment of the cognitive skills depicts that the child is good in responding to the situations. When he hears a loud noise he moves his head from right to left. He tries to touch small objects on the floor or bed and moves them with his hand or foot CITATION NAE18 \l 1033 (NAEYC, 2018). The analysis of cognitive skills indicates that the child is normal and he has developed sense of responding and reacting to the situations. The child also tries to repeat the word as mama, ball and monosyllables.

I have selected the child because he needs help and human care services. The parents are facing difficulties due to financial constraints. This depicts that providing aid and childcare services could help the family in taking care of the child.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY CFCC. (2019). EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION . Retrieved 11 17, 2019, from https://cfcc.edu/early-childhood-education/

NAEYC. (2018). The 10 NAEYC Program Standards . Retrieved 11 18, 2019, from https://www.naeyc.org/our-work/families/10-naeyc-program-standards

Ages 0-2 Years Old

Alexandra Flores

Case study

Child growth and development

Research over the past few decades has clearly shown that the quality of care for infants and toddlers affect who they become. When parents know how children develop, they are more responsive and better understand their children, which in turn, affect their development both in the short and long term (Lauricella, A. R., Wartella, E., & Rideout, V. J. (2015).

The child's name is Andrew Meltzof. He is 2 years old baby. His mother is a housewife and his father is a businessman. At this age, your child is caught between his need to assert his autonomy by trying different things and his need to feel protected by you and the people caring for him. Learning to fend for yourself takes up a good part of the day. He can suddenly move from one emotion to the other, from the "I do ..." to tantrums when he is frustrated. He wants help and he does not want it: all this contributes to the construction of his personality. It is through his initiatives and successes "alone" that he takes confidence in himself. To foster this confidence in him, you can offer him some help while allowing him to do some of the things alone (eg: put on one sleeve of his coat and let him put the other on himself). Do not hesitate to encourage and congratulate him. Although routines are important to him, he must also be flexible and let him make simple choices. For example, ask him to choose between two books for the evening story or to get himself the pajamas he wants to wear for the dodo. Through these small gestures, you will already begin to perceive his character and personality.

Factors

1. A better knowledge of himself

Your toddler also shows that he understands who he is. For example, his name is called, he identifies the parts of his body, he recognizes his family in photographs, he begins to assert a preference for certain clothes, he understands that certain objects belong to him, etc.

Your child is also becoming more aware of his needs. Show him how to express them by communicating yours. For example, say, "I need a handkerchief". Teach him to help you satisfy them: "Can you go get me one in the bathroom please?" He will be happy to be able to do something for you and he will learn that a person can express his needs.

2. Greater control of your body

As better control his body, your child likes to run, to kick a ball, jump, climb, climb on chairs and down, back and walk sideways, up and down, pushing and pulling small toys, etc. However, he still needs the supervision and the presence of an adult to ensure his safety, because he is not yet fully aware of the risks that may arise from his initiatives. As the movements of your small muscles become more refined, your child becomes able to assemble small puzzles , remove the lid of a jar, nest objects into each other, draw vertical lines to turn the pages of a book one by one, to build taller towers than before and to hold a fork. It is at this age that he begins to sort and classify objects, to count, to recognize the difference between "one" and "many" as well as to distinguish colors and shapes.

It is also around this age that he usually learns about cleanliness. If you use the potty, you can ask him to empty it himself in the big toilet. This will reinforce the feeling of being "tall" and "capable".

3. A more developed language

At age 2, your child can already communicate some of his feelings and desires as well as his interest in certain things using words and gestures (Barnes et al., 1983). He begins to say small sentences composed of simple words to make requests (eg "Wanna Milk"), to ask simple questions (eg "Where does mother?") Or to assert oneself (eg: "No, not sleepy!"). He still hardly uses interrogative words (who, why, when, etc.), but he changes his intonation when he asks a question. For example, if he says "Dad left", it is because he notices that Dad left while he says "Dad, gone? He wants to know if his dad has left the house.

Now that he has a vocabulary varying, according to the children, between 50 and 200 words, your toddler very often uses the language in his games. " No! It is one of the words he likes to use. He can also name familiar objects, use two-word sentences, and communicate ideas in one word, saying "milk" to say "I want milk," for example. It is normal that you sometimes find it difficult to understand your child. Your child also begins to gain some notion of time. He understands ideas like "soon", "not now" and "after your sleep", but he still does not understand the past, like "yesterday". Some concepts of space, such as "up" and "down" are well understood too.

4. Social skills in construction

On the social level, your toddler is more able to separate from you and become attached to new people. He plays next to other children, but without mingling with them. He does not yet know the concept of sharing, but you can help him understand the concept of "each in turn” when he and another child want the same toy. Sometimes he feels very frustrated, especially when he cannot make himself understood, bites the others, kicks them or pulls his hair. It is still difficult for him to name his emotions and this can be expressed by blows and screams. It is important that you intervene to teach him that these behaviors are unacceptable. At age 2, your child can play alone and focus on an activity they like for 5 to 10 minutes. He plays more and more to pretend using props, he looks at books and he sings simple songs. Even if he does not pronounce all the words of the songs well, he likes music and keeping pace (Knauer et al, 2019).

5. Family and Home factors

It would seem obvious that family and social education directly affects the formation and development of the child. He has only one son and his mother is a housewife. But often we do not pay much attention to this, making a big mistake. In the life of every person, the family has a special place. In it, the child grows, and from the first years of his life he learns the norms of human relations, absorbing from the family both good and evil, all that is characteristic of his family. Having matured, children repeat in their family everything that was in the family of his parents.

Summary

The family acts as the basis of a sense of security. Attachment relationships are important not only for the future development of relationships - they're direct influence helps to reduce the feeling of anxiety that occurs in a child in new or in stressful situations. Thus, the family provides a basic sense of security, guaranteeing the child’s safety when interacting with the outside world, developing new ways of researching and responding to it. In addition, loved ones are a source of comfort for a child in moments of despair and excitement

Several studies have indeed demonstrated the benefits of educational childcare services on children's learning and development, especially for toddlers from disadvantaged backgrounds and for those with a difficult temperament .Other studies have shown that child care services that offer a play-based educational program prepare children well for kindergarten learning because it helps them develop different skills. In addition, toddlers attending a quality educational child care service would later have better mathematical skills and less frequent use of special education services. Learning to live in a group and following routines and rules at the daycare is also an asset for the school.

References

Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Fernald, L. C., Andersen, C. T., DiGirolamo, A. M., Lu, C., ... & Devercelli, A. E. (2017). Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course. The Lancet, 389(10064), 77-90.

Lauricella, A. R., Wartella, E., & Rideout, V. J. (2015). Young children's screen time: The complex role of parent and child factors. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 36, 11-17.

Barnes, S., Gutfreund, M., Satterly, D., & Wells, G. (1983). Characteristics of adult speech which predict children's language development. Journal of child language, 10(1), 65-84.

Knauer, H. A., Ozer, E. J., Dow, W. H., & Fernald, L. C. (2019). Parenting quality at two developmental periods in early childhood and their association with child development. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 47, 396-404.

Ages 12-18

Adolescence Case Study

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Adolescence Case Study

Adolescence is considered as the roller coaster ride it has several unexpected turns and twists which can be anticipated to a great extent. It is at the same time both a scary and exciting part of life. All the adolescents’ challenges may seem similar but the experience of each individual is different from the other. It is the period when the individual produces several biological changes and gain new experiences ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pb9rctqs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","plainCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":576,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"itemData":{"id":576,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Ninety-nine boys were tested annually on seven strength tests from 10 through 16 years. Three derivative measures were formed from the seven: composite, upper, and lower strength. The data were analyzed in three principal ways: raw strength, strength divided by body weight, and strength divided by body height. There were small but significant correlations between strength and both height and weight. The increments in strength from 10 to 16 years were statistically significant and were approximately 11% greater than would be predicted simply from growth in linear dimension. The maximum increment in strength occurred 1 year following both peak height velocity and peak weight velocity. With height or weight factored out, significant strength increases were still obtained. The stability of individual differences in strength was very high from year to year, although the magnitude of the correlation decreased as the duration of time separating any two measures increased. Factoring out height or weight resulted in a slight reduction in the degree of relationship between the strength measures. Upper and lower raw strength exhibited a high degree of generality over the age range of 10 through 16 years. The percentage of common variance ranged from a low of 50% at 10 years to a high of 72% at 15 years. Again, factoring out height or weight resulted in a reduction in the magnitude of the correlations. Early maturers had significantly greater strength than late maturers. When strength was divided by body height, the results remained unchanged. However, when the effects of weight were factored out, no differences existed among groups of different maturational levels.","archive":"JSTOR","container-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development","DOI":"10.2307/1165931","ISSN":"0037-976X","issue":"4","page":"1-37","source":"JSTOR","title":"Strength Development in Boys from 10 Through 16 Years","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Carron","given":"Albert V."},{"family":"Bailey","given":"Donald A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1974"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Carron & Bailey, 1974). In this case study, I have collected data of Michael Clarke and determined his developmental status which includes physical, cognitive, social and environmental development.

Introduction

Michael Clarke is a sixteen year old boy he lives in a town his whole life. He is now in the category of adolescents’ development and he weighs about 205 pounds. Although his BMI range is 96 percentile according to his age but he didn't seem worried about his obesity in the interview ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Idbsrhr9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","plainCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":576,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"itemData":{"id":576,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Ninety-nine boys were tested annually on seven strength tests from 10 through 16 years. Three derivative measures were formed from the seven: composite, upper, and lower strength. The data were analyzed in three principal ways: raw strength, strength divided by body weight, and strength divided by body height. There were small but significant correlations between strength and both height and weight. The increments in strength from 10 to 16 years were statistically significant and were approximately 11% greater than would be predicted simply from growth in linear dimension. The maximum increment in strength occurred 1 year following both peak height velocity and peak weight velocity. With height or weight factored out, significant strength increases were still obtained. The stability of individual differences in strength was very high from year to year, although the magnitude of the correlation decreased as the duration of time separating any two measures increased. Factoring out height or weight resulted in a slight reduction in the degree of relationship between the strength measures. Upper and lower raw strength exhibited a high degree of generality over the age range of 10 through 16 years. The percentage of common variance ranged from a low of 50% at 10 years to a high of 72% at 15 years. Again, factoring out height or weight resulted in a reduction in the magnitude of the correlations. Early maturers had significantly greater strength than late maturers. When strength was divided by body height, the results remained unchanged. However, when the effects of weight were factored out, no differences existed among groups of different maturational levels.","archive":"JSTOR","container-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development","DOI":"10.2307/1165931","ISSN":"0037-976X","issue":"4","page":"1-37","source":"JSTOR","title":"Strength Development in Boys from 10 Through 16 Years","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Carron","given":"Albert V."},{"family":"Bailey","given":"Donald A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1974"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Carron & Bailey, 1974). His step-father William worked as a charted accounted and run his own business. He also has two half-brothers but both are younger than him.

Physical Development

Clarke is an active member of football and basketball club. He used to enjoy work out and he had athletic achievements such as he was awarded with player of the week title in football while he got 110% award in basketball when he was in freshman year at high school. It is also reported by the life span development that US adolescents exercise less and eat more fast food. It is reported that Clarke eats fried food twice a week ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"SAoODNr0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","plainCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":576,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"itemData":{"id":576,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Ninety-nine boys were tested annually on seven strength tests from 10 through 16 years. Three derivative measures were formed from the seven: composite, upper, and lower strength. The data were analyzed in three principal ways: raw strength, strength divided by body weight, and strength divided by body height. There were small but significant correlations between strength and both height and weight. The increments in strength from 10 to 16 years were statistically significant and were approximately 11% greater than would be predicted simply from growth in linear dimension. The maximum increment in strength occurred 1 year following both peak height velocity and peak weight velocity. With height or weight factored out, significant strength increases were still obtained. The stability of individual differences in strength was very high from year to year, although the magnitude of the correlation decreased as the duration of time separating any two measures increased. Factoring out height or weight resulted in a slight reduction in the degree of relationship between the strength measures. Upper and lower raw strength exhibited a high degree of generality over the age range of 10 through 16 years. The percentage of common variance ranged from a low of 50% at 10 years to a high of 72% at 15 years. Again, factoring out height or weight resulted in a reduction in the magnitude of the correlations. Early maturers had significantly greater strength than late maturers. When strength was divided by body height, the results remained unchanged. However, when the effects of weight were factored out, no differences existed among groups of different maturational levels.","archive":"JSTOR","container-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development","DOI":"10.2307/1165931","ISSN":"0037-976X","issue":"4","page":"1-37","source":"JSTOR","title":"Strength Development in Boys from 10 Through 16 Years","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Carron","given":"Albert V."},{"family":"Bailey","given":"Donald A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1974"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Carron & Bailey, 1974). But he exercise 5 days a week as well. It can be seen that Clarke has significantly developed various pubertal characteristics. He has a maximum growth in height, facial hair growth and voice changes are also detectable ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"i5q24Zh5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long-term effects on academic outcome are not known. Method: Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non-depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects. Conclusions: The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x","ISSN":"1469-7610","issue":"10","language":"en","page":"1150-1159","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach","title-short":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years","volume":"51","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"Lynne"},{"family":"Arteche","given":"Adriane"},{"family":"Fearon","given":"Pasco"},{"family":"Halligan","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Croudace","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray et al., 2010). Although Clarke did not remember when exactly these changes begun but according to him when he was around 13 years old he noticed changes in his voice and he noticed growth of facial hairs when he was 15 years old. It is also reported by life span development that the signs of puberty appear in boys at 13.5 years. In respect to the pubertal characteristic Clarke physical growth is good.

Cognitive/Language Development

Recently, Clarke has completed his high school sophomore year. But according to him, he found school boring. Although, his favourite thing related to school is socializing while he dislikes doing work. Regardless of his feelings regarding school he still acquires good grades and he excelled in academics in school. When Clark was in 5th grade he scored excellent in every subject and he participated in various talent programs organized by Universities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UOezMMIY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long-term effects on academic outcome are not known. Method: Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non-depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects. Conclusions: The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x","ISSN":"1469-7610","issue":"10","language":"en","page":"1150-1159","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach","title-short":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years","volume":"51","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"Lynne"},{"family":"Arteche","given":"Adriane"},{"family":"Fearon","given":"Pasco"},{"family":"Halligan","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Croudace","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray et al., 2010). Throughout his school, he got various academic distinctions he got achievement certificates in Algebra II and English II. The professional goals of Clarke are to pursue his career in law.

He also has the ability of egocentrism as he entered the room he grabbed everybody's attention through his voice loudness. He also has the invincibility scene but he used to behave in a safe behaviour which includes avoidance of car rides and wearing seat belt. Although he never wears a helmet while roller coasting and biking ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rM0f0gPQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long-term effects on academic outcome are not known. Method: Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non-depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects. Conclusions: The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x","ISSN":"1469-7610","issue":"10","language":"en","page":"1150-1159","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach","title-short":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years","volume":"51","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"Lynne"},{"family":"Arteche","given":"Adriane"},{"family":"Fearon","given":"Pasco"},{"family":"Halligan","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Croudace","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray et al., 2010). Adolescents develops the quality of decisions making and critical thinking ability. When I asked decision making questions from Clarke he made wise decisions. When he was asked what did he consume alcohol or marijuana his answer was no.

Social and Emotional Development

Before analyzing the social and emotional development of Clarke it must be kept in mind that he belongs to a separated family. His mom took divorce from his father when he was 5 and he lives with his mother and step-father but he also used to visit his birth father once every month. Clarke has good relations with his parents and half-brothers. According to him, he can talk about everything with them without worrying. He always takes moral advice and guidelines from his parents ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"H2sJQHum","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long-term effects on academic outcome are not known. Method: Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non-depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects. Conclusions: The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x","ISSN":"1469-7610","issue":"10","language":"en","page":"1150-1159","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach","title-short":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years","volume":"51","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"Lynne"},{"family":"Arteche","given":"Adriane"},{"family":"Fearon","given":"Pasco"},{"family":"Halligan","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Croudace","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray et al., 2010). He says that he is very close to his family and all the family members are important for him. Friends also have a huge role in Clarke's life, he used to take his friends advice while doing school work and other activities.

It can be observed that he is well developing his identity. He already knew which career path he is going to follow which is law most probably ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jW9y6pNy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long-term effects on academic outcome are not known. Method: Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non-depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects. Conclusions: The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x","ISSN":"1469-7610","issue":"10","language":"en","page":"1150-1159","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach","title-short":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years","volume":"51","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"Lynne"},{"family":"Arteche","given":"Adriane"},{"family":"Fearon","given":"Pasco"},{"family":"Halligan","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Croudace","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray et al., 2010). He also has a strong belief in Christianity and his relationship identity is single. His interest is participating in sports, listening to music, using the internet, hanging out with family and friends. Although when he was asked to tell about the adolescents' issues he reported nothing.

Family and Home Factors

When Clarke was 5 years old his parents got divorced and then he was adopted by his step-father. Now, he lived with his adopted dad and mom. He also has two half-brothers who are younger than him about 5 and 6 years. Although these factors did not affect on Clarke's development as he used to visit his birth father and have good relation with his both parents.

Summary

Clarke although was unsure about his future career but he also shown the probability of becoming a lawyer. He also valued his religious beliefs and moral values I believe that he is a role model for his younger brothers.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Carron, A. V., & Bailey, D. A. (1974). Strength Development in Boys from 10 Through 16 Years. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 39(4), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.2307/1165931

Murray, L., Arteche, A., Fearon, P., Halligan, S., Croudace, T., & Cooper, P. (2010). The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: A developmental approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(10), 1150–1159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x

Ages 3-5

Case Study Age 3-5

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Case Study Age 3-5

The years of preschool are considered as a magical time for children's development. A child moved entirely from being dependent on parents to fully independent state. They develop virtually in each aspect, their base knowledge as well as competencies can be explored in this age, which also includes their emotional and social skills ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0GFPe4bp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Social Development in 3-5 Year Olds | Scholastic | Parents,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Social Development in 3-5 Year Olds | Scholastic | Parents,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":245,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/HWWDVTQ3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/HWWDVTQ3"],"itemData":{"id":245,"type":"webpage","title":"Social Development in 3-5 Year Olds | Scholastic | Parents","URL":"https://www.scholastic.com/parents/family-life/social-emotional-learning/development-milestones/social-development-3-5-year-olds.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,18]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("Social Development in 3-5-Year-Olds | Scholastic | Parents," n.d.).

Family and Home Factors

Amelia, she is a three-year-old girl lived in North Manchester. She lives with her parents and three sisters, in which one is an identical twin. Her family located at the country home at a dairy farm that is partially owned by her father with her grandfather and uncle. Her father George is married to her mother Sophia for almost seven years. Despite her premature birth, she is developed normally. She went to church daily with her family and friends. Most of her immediate family members live very near to her home almost on 30 minutes’ walk. She used to enjoy playing outside, coloring and ice cream but she doesn't like cleaning her mess and bedtime.

Physical Appearance

Since birth, Amelia is developed normally. Her mother reminded her pregnancy as experiencing the active constant move of twins. The physical features of Amelia are identical to her twin sister. She has pale skin tone, brown eyes, and sandy blond hair. Her weight is at average scale lower end which is almost 35 pounds ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"48uhpt8l","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bauman, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Bauman, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":244,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/YX6AQUMC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/YX6AQUMC"],"itemData":{"id":244,"type":"article-journal","title":"Case Study of a 3 Year Old Female","page":"6","source":"Zotero","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Bauman","given":"Emily"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bauman, n.d.). She also has small feet with a six shoe size. But it is not a difficult task for her to drink from the fountain due to her 35-inch frame. She well maintained her active lifestyle as she went to the pool for swimming and also she ran around the house all the time. When she reached 4 she could easily throw as well as can catch the ball. Her favorite hobby is doing watercolors through which Amelia has well developed a good motor skill of her age. While dancing she can demonstrate her dancing skills through jumping on her both feet as well as the ability to haul at one foot as well.

Cognitive Abilities

According to Amelia's mother, cognitive abilities are developing normally in her. As her mother recalls, during the parental year she did not consume alcohol or any other drug. The infancy, as well as toddlerhood, bring almost average cognitive behavior. Although her baby sitter said that she is more vocal than her twin sister and she uses to babble always. From personal observation, she always shows normal behavior towards self-centeredness. At the age of 4, she could easily produce the sentences naturally with minor grammatical errors. In the preschool years, she learned word syntax and vocabulary quite efficiently. According to her teacher, she is speaking words better and her conversations are now longer. For example, when singing the well-rehearsed song in the auditorium she hasn't made any mistake. Amelia is also a well-mannered girl she knew where she has to hang the coat and where to place her backpack. She is also good at recognizing the different animals.

Emotional Development

According to Amelia's baby sitter, she developed emotionally on schedule. Her mother used to sing a song and read stories daily when she was unborn. Through the natural viewpoint, it is observed that the personality of Amelia is similar to both of her parents. Following her babysitter, she is like her father when giving an opinion and she also wanted to become a leader in each situation this quality of her came from her mother as well. Her parents taught her moral values which include caring and sharing. Amelia always wanted to be involved in social acknowledgments. Amelia's mother used to participate in the classroom activities and used to behave courteously which she intimated. Though it is reported by her teacher that sometimes conflicts do arise when she is playing with her favorite toy. As she has a well-developed skill of ownership and she became extremely upset when someone took away her belongings. Though Amelia has various friends in the classroom she used to remain tightly bonded with her sister and it became hard for others to come in play when these twin sisters are playing.

Summary

Amelia is well developed in every area which includes cognitive, physical and emotional abilities. According to her caretaker, these areas are not only naturally present in her but also nurtured. For the emotional referencing Amelia used to look at her parents. Through the observational perspective, I observed all the three areas are normally functioning in her. It can also be seen that Amelia is nurturing in an ideal environment.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bauman, E. (n.d.). Case Study of a 3-Year-Old Female. 6.

Social Development in 3-5-Year-Olds | Scholastic | Parents. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2019, from https://www.scholastic.com/parents/family-life/social-emotional-learning/development-milestones/social-development-3-5-year-olds.html

Ages 6-11

Child Growth and Development

Student’s Name

Institution

Introduction

This study focus on the growth and development of Eric Marshall Jnr, who is six years old and in grade one (1) at Fairfax Junior Academy. Marshall Jnr is the last born in a family of three. He lived with both of his parents along the Fairfax square, Annandale Road. Eric Marshall Jnr. is blue eyed, short curled and dark hair. He has round face and oval and pointed nose. Eric Marshall Jnr lives with both parents in a three bedroom house along Annandale round. He shares bedroom with his elder brother and mostly spend time with nanny since both parents are fulltime employees of a local company. There are several play toys and within the vicinity there is a play ground for children. The nanny takes him to school and mostly does all the support needed. However, the family is middle upper income earners and they can afford most of the basic needs. Marshall’s mother stated that both are university graduates with both having master degree from some of the best universities. The average value of the house is $105,000 and they live in a middle income neighborhood. Eric Marshal is my nephew child and he has been chosen for this study because despite being six years, he still has difficulty in speaking compared to his age mates.

Physical development

Eric Marshal Jnr is skinny and small. The nanny out pointed that Marshall has grown compared to when she came to the family less than 2 years. He walks straight and run a little bit and he also plays well with his brother who is 8 years old. During the visit Marshall Jnr was spotted running a little bit, playing with toys and with his brother. He also keeps falling down any little run and plays. Eric Marshall Jnr plays with toys, plays with balls a little bit and also difficult in running and jumping like his brother. During the visit Marshall was pointed falling and crying most of time when playing. However, the nanny pointed out that Marshall has not been physically fit and falls more often when playing with other kids outside on the playing ground. He cries a lot and most left behind by other children who they play with on outside. Nanny also informed me that Marshall has poor eating habit and most take liquid food. He is forced to eat and he takes time to complete a meal forcing her to feed him despite being old enough to eat alone. This is unique because children of his age cannot eat properly alone without any disturbance. Constant crying and unable to playing well with other kids are also very unique since most children at his age play well, jump and run without any problem unless a child is unwell.

Cognitive Development

Based on the observation, it is evident that Eric Marshall Jnr has slow growth of memory and thinking. Marshall cannot speak properly and his could be lack of exposure with other children when he was at a younger age and therefore, he delays in growth. He should therefore, be put with other children to plays more often so can learn how to speak. However, it is observed that he can play, run and also trying to socialize with other children which are positive thing. Marshal language development is good since he can speak with other children other not clear due to difficult in speaking. However, when talk to, he respond well. He is learning to read and can respond to simple math when ask and therefore, this indicates a good progress in literacy. In average, he is behind compared with children of his age and therefore, some actions need to be taken to address the problem.

Social and Emotional Development

Marshall is jovial and interacts with his brother since they play together. He is relaxed, but very insecure with every child. “He keeps walks away from other strange kids and plays only with brother and normal children in the neighborhood,” nanny reported. This means that Marshal feels insecure with strange kids though he is very jovial, happy when with familiar faces. However, it is also observed that he keeps crying which indicates poor emotional adjustment. Therefore, Marshall is weak when compared with other kids of his age.

Family and Home Factors

The family of Marshall is working class and his parents spend most of their time at work. Therefore, it is evident that he lacks parental care, which would have helped him to develop speaking skills at an early as other children. He spent most of the time with nanny away from other children when he was 1 to 4 years and therefore, he missed at an important stage of growth.

Summary

The child, Eric Marshal Jnr. experience slow growth. He has difficulty in speak and still behavior like a 3 years child while he is 6 years. It is therefore, evident that the slow growth is due to isolation and lack of proper parental care. It is important for his parents to take time and provide parent care and love o improve the growth of Marshall.

Aging Aircraft

Aging Aircraft

Name

Institution

Aging aircraft

As soon as the aircraft sets for its first flight, the elements of aging start appearing. However, this term is specifically applied to the issues that aircraft faces with the passing time due to structural and functional impairments. The time factor carries immense significance here because aircrafts with greater age suffer more from structural and functional impairments as compared to the newer ones (FAA, 2019).

The effects of aging are undertaken considerable contemplation at the time when aircrafts are being manufactured. The procedures of aircraft design and subsequent enactment of percepts for approvable maintenance program aims at taking full account of the effects of sustained utilization of aircraft. Safe Life Design and Damage Tolerance philosophies are activated along with the development of inspection intervals and inspection methods for identifying the effects of fatigue-based, accidental or environmental damage (TCGC, 2018). For that matter, fatigue and corrosion related sampling and prevention programs are being established readily now.

The most prominent element of aging aircraft is metallic corrosion. It occurs as a result of chemical reaction that causes deterioration of the metallic surface. Most of the corrosion is electrolyte and galvanic in nature—the presence of two dissimilar metals in the identical electrolyte; typically contaminated water (TCGC, 2018). The most interesting yet challenging effects that corrosion offers are its microscopic pellet edges within metal alloy.

Due to their microscopic nature, these edges go undetected and threaten the integrity of metal at molecular level (Hobbs, 2008). The only solution to this aging challenge is the selection of appropriate metals that possess strong immunity against oxidation reduction reactions and mainly encapsulate non- metallic composites. Moreover, need of the hour is to gain a profound understanding about the detailed impacts of corrosion on the structural integrity of metals (Hobbs, 2008).

It can be concluded that corrosion is an important factor that contributes to the aging of aircrafts. In addition to the selection of appropriate metals, the other measures that mitigate the onset of corrosion include provision of safe and moisture- free environment to the aircrafts for parking (Hobbs, 2008).

References

The FAA Aircraft Certification Service on-line training course (2019). Lessons Learned From Transport Airplane Accidents. Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/news/testimony/news_story.cfm?newsId=23514&omniRss=testimonyAoc&cid=105_Testimony

Aircraft Corrosion - Transport Canada Poster illustrating airframe corrosion processes (2018). Retrieved from https://www.tc.gc.ca/media/documents/ca-standards/tp11055e.pdf

Hobbs, A. (2008). ATSB Transport Safety Report - AR-2008-055: An Overview of Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance. Retrieved from https://www.atsb.gov.au/media/27818/hf_ar-2008-055.pdf

AH1 Assignment 3

Title page

AH1 Assignment

Patient 1

Pre-surgical assessment of the diabetic patient is conducted because of diabetic patients' face more challenges during the process of surgery. The blood sugar level is recorded as 200. Pre-operative assessment is arranged for the patient of diabetes type 1 CITATION Vin19 \l 1033 (Simha & Shah, 2019). It is important to determine if the patient can be treated by manipulation during a short starvation period. It is crucial to confirm the use of intravenous insulin infusion. There is a need for following the NHS guidelines for ensuring the safety of Type 1 diabetic patient, undergoing surgery. The guidelines state that "the HbA1c should be < 69 mmol.mol-1 (8.5%) for elective cases” CITATION Bar15 \l 1033 (Barker, et al., 2015).

The nurse should check the glycemic levels at the time when surgery is referred. Observations are required on the type of diabetes, duration, complications and adopted treatments. Before surgery, it must be confirmed that diabetic control was maintained at 69 mmol.mol-1 (8.5%) for the last three months. Fluctuations in the rate will cause a delay in surgery.

Type I diabetes causes the destruction of the pancreatic cells that is required for synthesizing insulin. These patients take insulin on a daily basis that represent half of their requirements. During or before surgery basal insulin must be continued because its prevention causes risks of hyperglycemia. The surgical procedure can cause metabolic impacts that develop stressed state causing hyperglycemia. Plasma glucose levels must be used for removing withdrawal of glucose-lowering and stressors.

The most critical pre-operative procedure is ensuring peripheral insulin resistance. Series of diagnostic tests are performed before surgery. Fasting plasma glucose is performed for ensuring that the level is greater and equal to 126 mg/dl. Random plasma glucose test is performed. Glucose tolerance testing is performed in which the patient will keep the highest level of sugars in blood and evaluated after every three hours.

The nurse confirms that the patient don't intake metformin the night before surgery. Metformin is not started within the 48 hours of surgery. This is because metformin involves risks of lactic acidosis. Continuation of metformin can cause complications for the patient after surgery including renal failure and dehydration. The patient is also prevented from taking Sulphonylureas because it requires the setting of glucose infusion needs. basal insulin is administered with two SC injections. SC injection is administered for corrective bolus administration CITATION Vin19 \l 1033 (Simha & Shah, 2019). In a case when CSII is curtailed long-acting basal insulin is injected immediately.

As the patient needs to have an empty stomach before surgery it is preferable to set up a system of glucose infusion at 0700h. when glycaemia is more than 16.5 nmol/L, infusion must be continued. The medications that are needed to be stopped include Sulphamides, Glinides, DDP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 analogue CITATION Bar15 \l 1033 (Barker, et al., 2015). Other pre-operative measures include; checking that the value of HbA1c is obtained. The patient must take normal dinner on the day before surgery. Fluids must be cleared two hours before induction and on the morning of surgery. The normal dose of insulin is administered on the pre-operative day. the patient must not engage on prolonged fasting before surgery. The nurse must monitor glycaemia in every 1-2 hours.

The nurse is responsible for maintaining the optimal level of blood glucose. She also attempts to minimize the metabolic impacts of anaesthesia. She ensures that the patient had taken an appropriate meal on the day before surgery. Identified medications must be stopped on the morning before surgery that could have adverse impacts on the patient.

References

Barker, P., Creasey, P. E., Dhatariya, K., N. Levy, A. L., Nathanson, M. H., Penfold, N., et al. (2015). Peri-operative management of the surgical patient with diabetes. Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland.

Simha, V., & Shah, P. (2019). Perioperative Glucose Control in Patients With Diabetes Undergoing Elective Surgery. JAMA, 321 (4), 399-400.

AIDS/HIV

AIDS/HIV

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

AIDS/HIV

TO: INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

FROM:

SUBJECT: HIV/AIDS IS A WORLDWIDE THREAT

DATE:

Introduction

HIV/AIDS is a worldwide disease that is affecting more than 33 million people in the world. HIV is a virus that attacks immune system, the natural defense system of human body. HIV virus has the potential to destroy white blood cells, weakening the immune system. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; it is a final stage of HIV; however it is not necessary for every HIV patient to develop AIDS. It is important to note that HIV/AIDS is a worldwide problem; however, there are certain regions with an increased rate of infection such as America, about one million Americans are living with the disease. (Assefa, et, al., 2019). There are certain major causes of HIV/AIDS, where major threats are related to health department. Other causes of HIV/AIDS are unsafe clinical practices, blood transfusion, shared needles, unsafe sex and mothers are a precursor of disease as they feed their infants. In accordance with the information published on media, it has been asserted that HIV/AIDS can have a negative impact on public health. There are significant misconceptions regarding disease, taking into account that HIV/AIDS inculcates fear and anxiety in general public. (Assefa, et, al., 2019). Usually, families are ruined because of lack of awareness, side by side a country's timeline is also affected. In order to address increasing ratio of patients with HIV/AIDS, support from international organizations such International AIDS Society, Kaiser Family Foundation, UNAIDS, and WHO is required to impart barriers in the spread of disease.

Description

HIV/AIDS is more like a life-threatening disease, chronic in nature, and caused by human immune deficiency virus. HIV hampers the ability of body to acquire protection against the disease-causing agents, whereas AIDS is the final stage of HIV when immune system of human body is completely compromised. (Assefa, et, al., 2019). It is important to note that there is no cure for HIV/AIDS; however, medicines are prescribed that can act as a tool to slow down the progression of disease. Identified in 1981, HIV has caused more than 30 million deaths till time. According to data collected from Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta about 20% to 25% of the infected people are still undiagnosed.

Causes

There are different causes of HIV/AIDS because there is a diverse medium for transfer of disease. One of the potential causes is "sexual activity." It is evident that satisfaction of sexual desires is one of the necessities of human body but sexual activity can have serious consequences if both or any of the partners is infected from HIV/AIDS. The virus can enter body through small tears that develop in vagina or rectum and mouth sores. Unsafe healthcare or clinical practices are also one of the major causes of spread of disease, taking into account that virus transfers from the blood transfusion. (Sharp, et, al., 2019). Lack of attention to blood screening is increasing the threat to HIV/AIDS. Moreover, sharing needles or intravenous drug paraphernalia can increase the risk of HIV/AIDS. Pregnancy or breastfeeding is also one of the major causes, whenever an affected mother feeds her child, virus pass through milk.

Impacts

HIV/AIDS has a far-reaching and frustrating impact on the life of patient, his family, and environment, ultimately disturbing a country’s profile. HIV/AIDS related death stigmas have caused an environment of psychosocial stress, compromising mental health and physical health of patient. Today, about 37 million people are living with HIV/AIDS where only 75% know that they are having the virus. (Das, et, al., 2019). HIV threatens relationship because there is no way out to cure, research has observed changes in family roles, causing anger or guilt were family members, or patients prefer to stay alone. Financial deprivation, accompanied by stigma and discrimination has hampered the social structure of families. A lot of distortion has been observed in the country and state profile, stressing that there is decrease in life expectancy of country’s profile such as Africa where eight countries have lost 17% of life expectancy rate. (Das, et, al., 2019). HIV/AIDS affects youth, where youth is the future of any country. Married couples are also one of the central victims, every year millions of children are orphaned because of death of one or both parents due to HIV/AIDS.

Extend of issue

HIV/AIDS is a global disease, affecting various proportion of population around the globe. According to the information collected from UNAIDS, approximately 36.9 million are suffering from disease, among which newly infected generation comprises of 1.8 million, and 180,000 are children population. In the year 2017, 21.7 million people took steps to take treatment while the death rate is also increased, i.e., 1.4 million died of HIV/AIDS. There are 19.6 million people who are living with the disease with 6.1 million in Western countries and 5.2 million people live in Asian and Pacific countries. In 2017 94000 people died of HIV/AIDS whereas 1.4 million people died of disease in 2014. (Sharp, et, al., 2019). Several initiatives have been taken to prevent the transfer of HIV/AIDS from mother to infant but current statistics reveal that in 2017, 80% of women had an access to antiretroviral, medicines that could protect the transmission of HIV to infants; this is an increased ratio as compared to 47% of availability of prevention measures in 2010. (Sharp, et, al., 2019). It would not be wrong to say that although HIV/AIDS is a global issue, still there are certain countries with a comparatively greater number of victims as compared to other countries such as East and Southern Africa, Western and Central Africa as well as Asia and Pacific countries.

Global Initiatives

Taking into account the global paradigms, an international response is needed to address the disease because HIV/AIDS is a global problem and the countries with greatest ratio of disease lacks adequate amount of funds and other accessories. Side by side, despite increasing initiatives, the ratio of spread of disease has increased over time due to certain historical weaknesses in health systems and inert human nature, emphasizing the need for international interventions. Although UNAIDS, WHO and other organizations are working still sustainable development goals seem to be unachieved. International initiatives are desirable because HIV/AIDS is a threat that has no reverse pathway; in fact, the statistics are increasing with the passage of time. (Das, et, al., 2019). In a nutshell, global initiatives are needed to carry out strategic plans of operation with insight into moral and legal human rights and budgets that can help to incorporate strategic plans. Moreover, the essence of awareness and prevention can be brought into practice if certain initiatives would be taken to address the display of positive and rehabilitating information, with easy access.

Conclusion

HIV/AIDS is a treat that has the power to tarnish the global view of healthcare; it is important to note that the circumstances are not confined to the realms of existence; in fact, HIV/AIDS is a disease that spread from person to person. The modes of transmission are minor so it seems hard to address the precautionary measures at first end. Although global strategies are opted and organizations are formulated to cater to the concerns associated with disease, but the dilemma is, HIV/AIDS is resulting in skeptical responses that not only affect the patient but his surroundings as well. So, there is a dire need for certain practical initiatives that can address the consequences and occurrences of HIV/AIDS at first priority.

References

Assefa, Y., Gilks, C. F., Dean, J., Tekle, B., Lera, M., Balcha, T. T., ... & Hill, P. S. (2019). Towards achieving the fast-track targets and ending the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia: successes and challenges. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 78, 57-64.

Das, N., Agarwal, S., Rautaray, S. S., & Pandey, M. (2019). Big Data Approach for Epidemiology and Prevention of HIV/AIDS. In Emerging Technologies in Data Mining and Information Security (pp. 239-248). Springer, Singapore.

Sharp, C., Penner, F., Marais, L., & Skinner, D. (2019). School connectedness as a psychological resilience factor in children affected by HIV/AIDS. AIDS care.