Adolescence Case Study
[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]
Author Note
Adolescence Case Study
Adolescence is considered as the roller coaster ride it has several unexpected turns and twists which can be anticipated to a great extent. It is at the same time both a scary and exciting part of life. All the adolescents’ challenges may seem similar but the experience of each individual is different from the other. It is the period when the individual produces several biological changes and gain new experiences ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pb9rctqs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","plainCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":576,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"itemData":{"id":576,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Ninety-nine boys were tested annually on seven strength tests from 10 through 16 years. Three derivative measures were formed from the seven: composite, upper, and lower strength. The data were analyzed in three principal ways: raw strength, strength divided by body weight, and strength divided by body height. There were small but significant correlations between strength and both height and weight. The increments in strength from 10 to 16 years were statistically significant and were approximately 11% greater than would be predicted simply from growth in linear dimension. The maximum increment in strength occurred 1 year following both peak height velocity and peak weight velocity. With height or weight factored out, significant strength increases were still obtained. The stability of individual differences in strength was very high from year to year, although the magnitude of the correlation decreased as the duration of time separating any two measures increased. Factoring out height or weight resulted in a slight reduction in the degree of relationship between the strength measures. Upper and lower raw strength exhibited a high degree of generality over the age range of 10 through 16 years. The percentage of common variance ranged from a low of 50% at 10 years to a high of 72% at 15 years. Again, factoring out height or weight resulted in a reduction in the magnitude of the correlations. Early maturers had significantly greater strength than late maturers. When strength was divided by body height, the results remained unchanged. However, when the effects of weight were factored out, no differences existed among groups of different maturational levels.","archive":"JSTOR","container-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development","DOI":"10.2307/1165931","ISSN":"0037-976X","issue":"4","page":"1-37","source":"JSTOR","title":"Strength Development in Boys from 10 Through 16 Years","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Carron","given":"Albert V."},{"family":"Bailey","given":"Donald A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1974"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Carron & Bailey, 1974). In this case study, I have collected data of Michael Clarke and determined his developmental status which includes physical, cognitive, social and environmental development.
Introduction
Michael Clarke is a sixteen year old boy he lives in a town his whole life. He is now in the category of adolescents’ development and he weighs about 205 pounds. Although his BMI range is 96 percentile according to his age but he didn't seem worried about his obesity in the interview ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Idbsrhr9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","plainCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":576,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"itemData":{"id":576,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Ninety-nine boys were tested annually on seven strength tests from 10 through 16 years. Three derivative measures were formed from the seven: composite, upper, and lower strength. The data were analyzed in three principal ways: raw strength, strength divided by body weight, and strength divided by body height. There were small but significant correlations between strength and both height and weight. The increments in strength from 10 to 16 years were statistically significant and were approximately 11% greater than would be predicted simply from growth in linear dimension. The maximum increment in strength occurred 1 year following both peak height velocity and peak weight velocity. With height or weight factored out, significant strength increases were still obtained. The stability of individual differences in strength was very high from year to year, although the magnitude of the correlation decreased as the duration of time separating any two measures increased. Factoring out height or weight resulted in a slight reduction in the degree of relationship between the strength measures. Upper and lower raw strength exhibited a high degree of generality over the age range of 10 through 16 years. The percentage of common variance ranged from a low of 50% at 10 years to a high of 72% at 15 years. Again, factoring out height or weight resulted in a reduction in the magnitude of the correlations. Early maturers had significantly greater strength than late maturers. When strength was divided by body height, the results remained unchanged. However, when the effects of weight were factored out, no differences existed among groups of different maturational levels.","archive":"JSTOR","container-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development","DOI":"10.2307/1165931","ISSN":"0037-976X","issue":"4","page":"1-37","source":"JSTOR","title":"Strength Development in Boys from 10 Through 16 Years","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Carron","given":"Albert V."},{"family":"Bailey","given":"Donald A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1974"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Carron & Bailey, 1974). His step-father William worked as a charted accounted and run his own business. He also has two half-brothers but both are younger than him.
Physical Development
Clarke is an active member of football and basketball club. He used to enjoy work out and he had athletic achievements such as he was awarded with player of the week title in football while he got 110% award in basketball when he was in freshman year at high school. It is also reported by the life span development that US adolescents exercise less and eat more fast food. It is reported that Clarke eats fried food twice a week ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"SAoODNr0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","plainCitation":"(Carron & Bailey, 1974)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":576,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/54F4IYM4"],"itemData":{"id":576,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Ninety-nine boys were tested annually on seven strength tests from 10 through 16 years. Three derivative measures were formed from the seven: composite, upper, and lower strength. The data were analyzed in three principal ways: raw strength, strength divided by body weight, and strength divided by body height. There were small but significant correlations between strength and both height and weight. The increments in strength from 10 to 16 years were statistically significant and were approximately 11% greater than would be predicted simply from growth in linear dimension. The maximum increment in strength occurred 1 year following both peak height velocity and peak weight velocity. With height or weight factored out, significant strength increases were still obtained. The stability of individual differences in strength was very high from year to year, although the magnitude of the correlation decreased as the duration of time separating any two measures increased. Factoring out height or weight resulted in a slight reduction in the degree of relationship between the strength measures. Upper and lower raw strength exhibited a high degree of generality over the age range of 10 through 16 years. The percentage of common variance ranged from a low of 50% at 10 years to a high of 72% at 15 years. Again, factoring out height or weight resulted in a reduction in the magnitude of the correlations. Early maturers had significantly greater strength than late maturers. When strength was divided by body height, the results remained unchanged. However, when the effects of weight were factored out, no differences existed among groups of different maturational levels.","archive":"JSTOR","container-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development","DOI":"10.2307/1165931","ISSN":"0037-976X","issue":"4","page":"1-37","source":"JSTOR","title":"Strength Development in Boys from 10 Through 16 Years","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Carron","given":"Albert V."},{"family":"Bailey","given":"Donald A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1974"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Carron & Bailey, 1974). But he exercise 5 days a week as well. It can be seen that Clarke has significantly developed various pubertal characteristics. He has a maximum growth in height, facial hair growth and voice changes are also detectable ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"i5q24Zh5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long-term effects on academic outcome are not known. Method: Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non-depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects. Conclusions: The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x","ISSN":"1469-7610","issue":"10","language":"en","page":"1150-1159","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach","title-short":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years","volume":"51","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"Lynne"},{"family":"Arteche","given":"Adriane"},{"family":"Fearon","given":"Pasco"},{"family":"Halligan","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Croudace","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray et al., 2010). Although Clarke did not remember when exactly these changes begun but according to him when he was around 13 years old he noticed changes in his voice and he noticed growth of facial hairs when he was 15 years old. It is also reported by life span development that the signs of puberty appear in boys at 13.5 years. In respect to the pubertal characteristic Clarke physical growth is good.
Cognitive/Language Development
Recently, Clarke has completed his high school sophomore year. But according to him, he found school boring. Although, his favourite thing related to school is socializing while he dislikes doing work. Regardless of his feelings regarding school he still acquires good grades and he excelled in academics in school. When Clark was in 5th grade he scored excellent in every subject and he participated in various talent programs organized by Universities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UOezMMIY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long-term effects on academic outcome are not known. Method: Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non-depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects. Conclusions: The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x","ISSN":"1469-7610","issue":"10","language":"en","page":"1150-1159","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach","title-short":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years","volume":"51","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"Lynne"},{"family":"Arteche","given":"Adriane"},{"family":"Fearon","given":"Pasco"},{"family":"Halligan","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Croudace","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray et al., 2010). Throughout his school, he got various academic distinctions he got achievement certificates in Algebra II and English II. The professional goals of Clarke are to pursue his career in law.
He also has the ability of egocentrism as he entered the room he grabbed everybody's attention through his voice loudness. He also has the invincibility scene but he used to behave in a safe behaviour which includes avoidance of car rides and wearing seat belt. Although he never wears a helmet while roller coasting and biking ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rM0f0gPQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long-term effects on academic outcome are not known. Method: Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non-depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects. Conclusions: The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x","ISSN":"1469-7610","issue":"10","language":"en","page":"1150-1159","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach","title-short":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years","volume":"51","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"Lynne"},{"family":"Arteche","given":"Adriane"},{"family":"Fearon","given":"Pasco"},{"family":"Halligan","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Croudace","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray et al., 2010). Adolescents develops the quality of decisions making and critical thinking ability. When I asked decision making questions from Clarke he made wise decisions. When he was asked what did he consume alcohol or marijuana his answer was no.
Social and Emotional Development
Before analyzing the social and emotional development of Clarke it must be kept in mind that he belongs to a separated family. His mom took divorce from his father when he was 5 and he lives with his mother and step-father but he also used to visit his birth father once every month. Clarke has good relations with his parents and half-brothers. According to him, he can talk about everything with them without worrying. He always takes moral advice and guidelines from his parents ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"H2sJQHum","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long-term effects on academic outcome are not known. Method: Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non-depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects. Conclusions: The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x","ISSN":"1469-7610","issue":"10","language":"en","page":"1150-1159","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach","title-short":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years","volume":"51","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"Lynne"},{"family":"Arteche","given":"Adriane"},{"family":"Fearon","given":"Pasco"},{"family":"Halligan","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Croudace","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray et al., 2010). He says that he is very close to his family and all the family members are important for him. Friends also have a huge role in Clarke's life, he used to take his friends advice while doing school work and other activities.
It can be observed that he is well developing his identity. He already knew which career path he is going to follow which is law most probably ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jW9y6pNy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Murray et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/67SIV8J5"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long-term effects on academic outcome are not known. Method: Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non-depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects. Conclusions: The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x","ISSN":"1469-7610","issue":"10","language":"en","page":"1150-1159","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach","title-short":"The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years","volume":"51","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"Lynne"},{"family":"Arteche","given":"Adriane"},{"family":"Fearon","given":"Pasco"},{"family":"Halligan","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Croudace","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray et al., 2010). He also has a strong belief in Christianity and his relationship identity is single. His interest is participating in sports, listening to music, using the internet, hanging out with family and friends. Although when he was asked to tell about the adolescents' issues he reported nothing.
Family and Home Factors
When Clarke was 5 years old his parents got divorced and then he was adopted by his step-father. Now, he lived with his adopted dad and mom. He also has two half-brothers who are younger than him about 5 and 6 years. Although these factors did not affect on Clarke's development as he used to visit his birth father and have good relation with his both parents.
Summary
Clarke although was unsure about his future career but he also shown the probability of becoming a lawyer. He also valued his religious beliefs and moral values I believe that he is a role model for his younger brothers.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Carron, A. V., & Bailey, D. A. (1974). Strength Development in Boys from 10 Through 16 Years. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 39(4), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.2307/1165931
Murray, L., Arteche, A., Fearon, P., Halligan, S., Croudace, T., & Cooper, P. (2010). The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: A developmental approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(10), 1150–1159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02259.x
