American Policing

American Policing

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

American Policing

Stereotyping of American Law Enforcement

There are several stereotypes in American Law Enforcement agencies, considering racism as a prominent issue. Race is one of the major factors that effect decision making of Americans adhering to role implicit and overt biases. (O’Connor, et, al. 2019). Positional power is also a victim of stereotyping because White people are given due authority with maximum recruitment. Use of power is also one of the prime factors where black and other minorities are major victims of police brutality.

Title VII of Civil Rights Act

The roots of this law can be traced back to “racism and discrimination” as a major issue in workplace. Title VII of Civil Rights is a law that restrict employers from discrimination on the basis of race, sex, origin, and religion. (Tyler, et, al. 2019).

Need for diversity in American Police

Diversity is defined as amalgamation of varieties, taking into consideration that it is one of the prime needs in the American police because it will incorporate “color blindness”. (Tyler, et, al. 2019). This approach infers racial categories will not matter in terms of decisions like promotions, hirings, and assignments. Diversity will pave the way for multiculturalism in American Police where people would be judged only on the basis of performance and character. All social categories would be disregarded allowing everyone to be treated as an individual.

Effect of Police Subculture

Police subculture is a set of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours that are exhibited by executive of law enforcement authority. The tactics of police subculture include lies and receiving gratuities while another picture reflects concern care, sacrifice and loyalty towards society. It would not be wrong to say that police subculture has an equal effect of regard and disregard on society.

Police officers Bill of Rights

It is a set of rights advocated by Fraternal Order of police that incorporates basic guidelines. This set of instructions add fairness and loyalty in a course of administrative investigation. (O’Connor, et, al. 2019).

References

O’Connor, C. D., & Shon, P. C. (2019). Civilising the police: reconceptualising the role of the state in theories of American policing. Global Crime, 1-20.

Tyler, T. R., & Meares, T. L. (2019). Procedural Justice Policing. Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives, 71.

American Project-William Faulkner

Name

Instructor Name

Art 101

19 November 2018

American Project-William Faulkner

William Faulkner was a very famous writer. He was born on 25 September1897 in Mississippi in the US. He died on 6 July 1962. He was a well-known American novelist and wa particularly known as a short-story writer. He was also awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1949. He is known for his innovative use of the current-of-consciousness technique and also for the scope and complexity of his characterization. Faulkner is associated with not only the modernist but, southern Gothic literary movement as well. Additionally, many of his novels are set in the American South after the uprising. He wrote several novels, poems, scripts and, short stories. However, today, he is best known for his novels “The Sound and the Fury”, “As I Lay Dying”, and “Sanctuary and Absalom, Absalom!” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"58yOHhTz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Karl)","plainCitation":"(Karl)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":289,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/V6Q2WC6A"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/V6Q2WC6A"],"itemData":{"id":289,"type":"book","title":"William Faulkner, American writer : a biography","publisher":"Weidenfeld & Nicolson,","publisher-place":"New York :","event-place":"New York :","ISBN":"978-1-55584-088-4","title-short":"William Faulkner, American writer","author":[{"family":"Karl","given":"Frederick R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Karl). At the time of his death, Faulkner was not only the greatest American novelist of his generation, but was also one of the greatest writers of the 20th century as well. He was unsurpassed for his amazing structural and literary resourcefulness, for the breadth and profundity of his characterization of social notation, and for his perseverance and success in exploring fundamental human problems in highly localized terms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UhnHXrh5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Karl)","plainCitation":"(Karl)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":289,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/V6Q2WC6A"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/V6Q2WC6A"],"itemData":{"id":289,"type":"book","title":"William Faulkner, American writer : a biography","publisher":"Weidenfeld & Nicolson,","publisher-place":"New York :","event-place":"New York :","ISBN":"978-1-55584-088-4","title-short":"William Faulkner, American writer","author":[{"family":"Karl","given":"Frederick R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Karl).

A rose for Emily is a very famous short story written by William Faulkner. The story was published in April 30, 1930. The story takes place in Faulkner's fictional city of Jefferson, Mississippi. The city was located in the fictional southern county of Yoknapatawpha. The mysterious life of Miss Emily Grierson is depicted in the story. It depivts the impact of social change on individuals. The story is categorized as a South Gothic because of the use of southern milieu. "Resistance to change" and is the main theme of the story. Faulkner uses various strategies of flashback and foreshadowing. The story reflects Miss. Emily from the perspective of the townspeople. The third person narrator in the story is the voice of the whole city. The use of full name and title exhibit a distant relationship between Miss Emily and the narrator. Negro is the word associated with black people slavery and racism. The townspeople utilize this slang to refer to distant relationship and slaves. Faulkner utilizes the same word in uppercase text. He also use metaphor in the story, “'When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house . . . .' ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"l5mrMaJV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}A Rose for Emily})","plainCitation":"(A Rose for Emily)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":293,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/XJBD4ULZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/XJBD4ULZ"],"itemData":{"id":293,"type":"webpage","title":"A Rose for Emily","URL":"http://xroads.virginia.edu/~drbr/wf_rose.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (A Rose for Emily).”

Faulkner calls Emily a "fallen monument" to the city; she has been part of the community so she looked as fixed and permanent as a monument. The tone of the story is sympathetic. He conveys his sympathy through flashbacks. Emily was bullied by town’s people. Faulkner also make use of personification in the story. He used personification when the narrator was describing Miss Emily’s neighbor. The narrator says, “garages and cotton gins had encroached and obliterated even the august names of that neighborhood ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NnGa3jKE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}A Rose for Emily})","plainCitation":"(A Rose for Emily)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":293,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/XJBD4ULZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/XJBD4ULZ"],"itemData":{"id":293,"type":"webpage","title":"A Rose for Emily","URL":"http://xroads.virginia.edu/~drbr/wf_rose.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (A Rose for Emily).” The words ‘garages, cotton gins’ are chosen to destroy the upper-class distinction of Emily’s neighbor. A theme of respectability and loss of business is addressed throughout story. The story begins with flashback, death, and suggests a woman's disappearance and past traditions that she embodies. Faulkner has carefully created a multi-layered masterpiece and uses scenery, characterization and theme to move it. This story has several long sentences with intricate structures, which is Faulkner's writing style. At the beginning of the novel, Faulkner with the aid of a long sentence describes the death of Emily and people’s responses to her death. This beginning creates the harsh tone of the story.

The tale ends just as it begins, and that is, concluding the story of how Emily died. Through the narration, readers have concluded that she was the subject of intrigue in the city, virtually everything she does is known to the people of the city, yet she consciously isolates herself from the rest of the world. Meanwhile, foreshadowing is an element Faulkner was not ashamed to use in this story.

Works Cited

Faulkner, William, John Carradine, and Anjelica Huston. A rose for Emily. Paderborn, De: Verlag F. Schöningh, 1958.

Karl, Frederick Robert. William Faulkner, American writer: a biography. Ballantine Books, 1990.

American Westward Expansion

American Westward Expansion “The Wild West”

Austin Herman

American Military University

HermanAustinHIST101ShortPaper

Back ground

Westward expansion within America was inevitable, beginning with Louisiana Purchase; settlers faced much conflict during this time period, finally residing with modernization of society. The acquisition of the Louisiana purchased doubled the size of America and kicked off westward expansion as an entirety. Attaining the territory was a hardship itself for Thomas Jefferson, contradicting his statement of trying to lower the debt of the nation, purchasing it for 15 million dollars. It is hypothesized that , US expansion to the West was one of the most important factors in the formation and development of American capitalism.

The first westward state to come out of the purchase was Louisiana; (1) Louisiana was allowed to enter the United States with its French legal traditions largely in place. One of the largest expeditions of the Louisiana purchase was conducted by Louis and Clark and organized by Thomas Jefferson. Along the way they face many challenges due to the overall unknown land. Some of the challenges included abnormal weather, such as various different types of storms, all the way from thunderstorms to dust storms. Dealing with the native Americans within the newly owned lands proved to be mostly in their favor but some were not so hospitable. Eventually being conquered by human modernization, this is some of the America we see today.

In September 1817, minority tribes living in Ohio signed treaties of consent to “displacement”, and by the end of 1818, Wyandots, Delaware, Seneca, Miami, Potauatomi, Ottawa, Kaskaskia, and several other tribes. Indian lands were expropriated throughout Ohio and almost completely in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan . It seems to us that the main reason that persuaded the Indians to leave their lands was not the persuasion of the authorized government, but the lines of newly built forts with strong garrisons deeply wedged into the Indian lands.

In October 1820, General E. Jackson and T. Hinds, known for their reprisals against the shouting rebels, gathered several hundred Choktavs, led by their leaders, to negotiate in Doakes Stand (Mississippi) with government authority. By any means (soldering, bribing the top of the tribes, intimidation, etc.), they sought to force the Choktavs to abandon land in the state of Mississippi in exchange for territory west of the river. As a result, Jackson managed to get the Choktavs to give up their rights to own a huge array of fertile land in the western part of central Mississippi . In 1824, teals and cries were forced to abandon 15 million acres (more than half of their land) in Georgia and Alabama .

As the facts testify, the governments of presidents J. Monroe and J. C. Adams energetically carried out in 1817-1824. course on the "movement" of the Indians over the river. Mississippi. However, the most aggressive circles colonizers showed dissatisfaction "slowness in the purification of the Mississippi Valley from the Indians," the fact that the government gave "priority negotiations" moved "by refraining from the use of force" . The legislatures of Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Missouri, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan demanded a more decisive expulsion of the Indians from Mississippi .

American historians of the bourgeois-apologetic direction are trying to remove the blame for the robbery and extermination of the Indians from the US government. They claim that the government allegedly took a “high moral mediator position”, protecting the tribes from the arbitrariness and cruelty of the planters, land speculators and squatters invading their lands. These historians are trying to reinforce such allegations by the fact that until 1871 the seizure of Indian lands was carried out on the basis of treaties concluded through negotiations between authorized representatives of the federal government and representatives of the tribes . Each new treaty, according to R. Bartlett, was “a reaffirmation of the good intentions of the government,” since they “always guaranteed protection of the ownership of those lands that were still preserved” for the Indians .

Government policies stimulated violent action by planters and squatters. They increasingly invaded spontaneously the lands of the tribes and captured them. In Illinois, for example, the colonialists, taking advantage of the Saka men 's hunting trips, attacked their village near the Rock River and seized land. The Saki under the leadership of the Black Falcon started the war but were defeated and lost their lands .The "movement" of the Indians brought rich booty to the merchants. They raised prices for the goods necessary for migration and used the auction system introduced by the government for the delivery of Indians to the place of the new settlement. After receiving a contract, the merchants fed the immigrants with products of the lowest quality and transported them in appalling unsanitary conditions .

By the end of his tenure, E. Jackson as president, west of the river. Mississippi was resettled by about 46 thousand Indians, about 50 thousand pledged to resettle there. Nearly 100 million acres of land were taken from the “displaced” indigenous population . The expulsion of the Indians over the river. Mississippi continued under the successors of Jackson M.Van Buren (1837-1841) and J. Tyler (1841-1845). In 1844, the Minister of War reported to President Tyler that east of the river. Mississippi Indians have no more land that the United States would like to receive from them . Since the formation of the United States, 442.9 million acres of land have been taken from the indigenous population with compensation in the amount of less than 10 with a quarter cents per acre and the provision of 53.8 million acres per river. Mississippi .

The Indians, expelled from forest areas and the wet prairie, found themselves in arid terrain. Often the same territory was assigned to two or more tribes, and conflicts arose between them. In those cases when the lands allotted to the "displaced" were already captured by the whites, the government forced the Indians to go even further to the arid prairie.

The government argued that one of the goals of "displacement" was to create the conditions for the transition of Indians to agriculture. The real consequences of the resettlement turned out to be completely opposite. Tribes of the South, for example, long before the "displacement" successfully engaged in agriculture, as a result of expulsion from the river. Mississippi was thrown back in its development. Having not received the equipment promised to them by the government by the time of sowing, they had to return to hunting, in order to provide themselves with food. A French sociologist who traveled around the United States during these years, who usually spoke enthusiastically about American society, wrote about the situation of the “displaced” Indians: “Torn off from the ground of their ancestors, bored like cattle, with a broken social structure, eating poor-quality meat and flour.

Conclusion

Over the course of more than a century, US expansion to the West was one of the most important factors in the formation and development of American capitalism. Expansionism is embedded in the very nature of the United States as a bourgeois state. Aggression against other peoples and the plunder of the lands of the Indians (the “moving frontier”) have become an important source of enrichment for the bourgeoisie and US planters. As a result of the expansion, the vast territory of the continent was annexed to the 13 original states, which occupied a narrow coastal strip of the Atlantic that did not exceed 200-400 km, and the USA turned into a large state, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Vast tracts of fertile land and rich fuel, ore, and forest resources were put at the service of developing American capitalism.

Bibliography

Billington, Ray Allen, and James Blaine Hedges. Westward expansion: a history of the American frontier. New York: Macmillan, 1949.

Katz, William Loren. The Black West: A documentary and pictorial history of the African American role in the westward expansion of the United States. Harlem Moon, 2005.

Udall, Stewart L., Robert R. Dykstra, Michael A. Bellesiles, Paula Mitchell Marks, and Gregory H. Nobles. "How the West Got Wild: American Media and Frontier Violence." Western Historical Quarterly 31, no. 3 (2000): 277-295.

"Westward Expansion: The Louisiana Purchase." Ushistory.org. Accessed August 10, 2019. http://www.ushistory.org/us/20c.asp.

Amherst Supplement Essay

Nagendra Aryal

Argumentative Essay

24 December 2019

Amherst Supplementary Essay

All the course of Life is full of life and learning to take its blows is considered an achievement. In addition to that, the achievement seems somewhat more satisfactory when the surmounting difficulties are overcome. During the years of my high school, getting the highest grades possible was the goal that my parents had set for me. However, there were cases when it could not work out for me.

Till the start of my high school years, I was fairly good in my studies. But, with the progress of time, my parents started to take an active interest in all the affairs related to my studies. These high expectations from my parents caused me stress and pressure that seemed difficult to measure. I went through many sleepless nights due to numerous failures during my academic activities. In the end, the horrors that I had visualized in my mind did not materialize as I managed to clear high school. Overall, I was molded by happiness as I managed to survive such pressure, overall becoming stronger in the process.

Right now, the difficulty of filling out college applications is driving my mild insane. Again, my parents started to take an interest in my college applications. This pressure made my situation more pressure, even after seeking to help firm my English teacher. This is quite common as every high school senior goes through this disparate process.

I believe that by performing the best I can in admission tests like SAT, and the last year of my school, I will be accepted in the college of my choice. Hence, it will be true that I will find pride in my achievement because of the numerous difficulties that I encountered in the process. This proves the point that difficulties bring the best of us out. (300 words)

AMP-115684

Race, Ethnicity and Identity: Culturally Relevant Social Work Practice

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Race, Ethnicity and Cultural Identity: Culturally Relevant Social Work Practice

Studies on media illustrations of Islamic violence mainly employ dialogue examination as a procedural tool to unload ideas of influence of texts. There are limited writings engrossed on the process of silence as a broad exercise in the community. Various studies works Huckin's (2002) idea of unscrupulous silences to validate how written media illustrations of Australians 'Joining the Fight' in Syria. They are subjugated by individuality discussions, predominantly obvious in the media's action of outlining Muslims who involve in the Syrian encounter as wicked Australians ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"K3BTeL4m","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}\\uc0\\u8216{}You can\\uc0\\u8217{}t have the struggle without the ugly fringe\\uc0\\u8217{}\\uc0\\u8212{}Publicness in Australian National Imagination: Media representations of the Muslim demonstrations in Sydney in 2012\\uc0\\u8217{}: Continuum: Vol 29, No 1,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“‘You can’t have the struggle without the ugly fringe’—Publicness in Australian National Imagination: Media representations of the Muslim demonstrations in Sydney in 2012’: Continuum: Vol 29, No 1,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":214,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/FFMIKXJX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/FFMIKXJX"],"itemData":{"id":214,"type":"webpage","title":"‘You can't have the struggle without the ugly fringe’ - Publicness in Australian National Imagination: Media representations of the Muslim demonstrations in Sydney in 2012’: Continuum: Vol 29, No 1","URL":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10304312.2014.964179","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“‘You can’t have the struggle without the ugly fringe’—Publicness in Australian National Imagination: Media representations of the Muslim demonstrations in Sydney in 2012’: Continuum: Vol 29, No 1,” n.d.). A diverse variety of discursive messages are sent through the silence of people. It represents that they are passive, powerless, and weak (“‘You can’t have the struggle without the ugly fringe’—Publicness in Australian National Imagination: Media representations of the Muslim demonstrations in Sydney in 2012’: Continuum: Vol 29, No 1,” n.d.). This also amphisizes on people who are in power that they need to continue with domination and power. Silence is a product and is produced in the result of power.

Silence is a form of ambiguous quality that is generated as a result of strength and it creates imbalance globally ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qfn3b7DF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Social Alternatives\\uc0\\u8212{}Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians \\uc0\\u8216{}Joining the fight\\uc0\\u8217{} in Syria (APAFT)\\uc0\\u8212{}Informit,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.-a)","plainCitation":"(“Social Alternatives—Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians ‘Joining the fight’ in Syria (APAFT)—Informit,” n.d.-a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":218,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/WLEHVSVQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/WLEHVSVQ"],"itemData":{"id":218,"type":"webpage","title":"Social Alternatives - Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians 'Joining the fight' in Syria (APAFT) - Informit","URL":"https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=243699075311595;res=IELAPA;type=pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Social Alternatives—Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians ‘Joining the fight’ in Syria (APAFT)—Informit,” n.d.-a). Media representation of Muslims and silence collectively can destabilize structures and conflicts in the world. Australian news and television broadcast represent that they use manipulative silences ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"22wZv2SC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Social Alternatives\\uc0\\u8212{}Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians \\uc0\\u8216{}Joining the fight\\uc0\\u8217{} in Syria (APAFT)\\uc0\\u8212{}Informit,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.-b)","plainCitation":"(“Social Alternatives—Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians ‘Joining the fight’ in Syria (APAFT)—Informit,” n.d.-b)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":217,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SNUDUE97"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SNUDUE97"],"itemData":{"id":217,"type":"webpage","title":"Social Alternatives - Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians 'Joining the fight' in Syria (APAFT) - Informit","URL":"https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=243699075311595;res=IELAPA;type=pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Social Alternatives—Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians ‘Joining the fight’ in Syria (APAFT)—Informit,” n.d.-b).

Figure 1Condemn Call to ban Muslim Migration

Media is a form of social institution that represents a major factor of modern western society. Narrative and stories are represented on media defining cultural and political assumptions among political leaders and their silences ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KyDUQlxs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Social Alternatives\\uc0\\u8212{}Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians \\uc0\\u8216{}Joining the fight\\uc0\\u8217{} in Syria (APAFT)\\uc0\\u8212{}Informit,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.-b)","plainCitation":"(“Social Alternatives—Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians ‘Joining the fight’ in Syria (APAFT)—Informit,” n.d.-b)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":217,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SNUDUE97"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/SNUDUE97"],"itemData":{"id":217,"type":"webpage","title":"Social Alternatives - Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians 'Joining the fight' in Syria (APAFT) - Informit","URL":"https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=243699075311595;res=IELAPA;type=pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Social Alternatives—Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians ‘Joining the fight’ in Syria (APAFT)—Informit,” n.d.-b). Terrorist attack on the world trade centre 2001 has set developing discourse on modern terrorism ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LddZJGGr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}\\uc0\\u8216{}You can\\uc0\\u8217{}t have the struggle without the ugly fringe\\uc0\\u8217{}\\uc0\\u8212{}Publicness in Australian National Imagination: Media representations of the Muslim demonstrations in Sydney in 2012\\uc0\\u8217{}: Continuum: Vol 29, No 1,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“‘You can’t have the struggle without the ugly fringe’—Publicness in Australian National Imagination: Media representations of the Muslim demonstrations in Sydney in 2012’: Continuum: Vol 29, No 1,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":214,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/FFMIKXJX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/FFMIKXJX"],"itemData":{"id":214,"type":"webpage","title":"‘You can't have the struggle without the ugly fringe’ - Publicness in Australian National Imagination: Media representations of the Muslim demonstrations in Sydney in 2012’: Continuum: Vol 29, No 1","URL":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10304312.2014.964179","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“‘You can’t have the struggle without the ugly fringe’—Publicness in Australian National Imagination: Media representations of the Muslim demonstrations in Sydney in 2012’: Continuum: Vol 29, No 1,” n.d.). In the Australian setting, this dissertation has arisen which associates Australian Muslims, building them together as the same megalith with a fundamental insinuation.

Figure 2Muslim Leaders opposing anti-extremist policy

About the youtube video, the innocence of Muslims has caused immense society and community outcry. Numerous representatives and the conventional broadcasting team contended that the movements of the activists were objectionable and un-Australian. Nearly half contended it was not about Muslims hovering anxiety about an anti-Islamic movie but it is about them declaring their entitlement to what Michael Warner appeals the counter-public – dissertations that happen externally to the conventional media. Various articles and news have been evaluated calling Muslims fundamentalists and extremists ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"roHXwpgw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":213,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/JA8FVTNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/JA8FVTNH"],"itemData":{"id":213,"type":"webpage","title":"Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media","URL":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254592151_Australian_Muslim_Responses_to_the_Discourse_on_Terrorism_in_the_Australian_Popular_Media","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media,” n.d.). Counter public dissertations, though, dared these leading assemblies and contended that the method of discharging the demonstrators is a method of refuting political action by postponement the very prevalence of a counter-public ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tJ9SdYDd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":213,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/JA8FVTNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/JA8FVTNH"],"itemData":{"id":213,"type":"webpage","title":"Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media","URL":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254592151_Australian_Muslim_Responses_to_the_Discourse_on_Terrorism_in_the_Australian_Popular_Media","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media,” n.d.). People living in indigenous societies and low socioeconomic status experience more Australian Muslim violence when capered to other groups. The racial discriminations and violence are serious public health issues that have caused intolerance, aggression, and viciousness to rise in the communities. The number of Muslim prisoners convicted of violence is increasing and is more prevalent in indigenous communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QaUJJOqI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":213,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/JA8FVTNH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/JA8FVTNH"],"itemData":{"id":213,"type":"webpage","title":"Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media","URL":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254592151_Australian_Muslim_Responses_to_the_Discourse_on_Terrorism_in_the_Australian_Popular_Media","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media,” n.d.). Australia’s hard and bitter truth in the form of Australian Muslim controversies have been rising in the communities. Government organizations that work for the rights of people are worried to prepare such policies that can prevent such racial discrimination but has failed to implement any policy.

Figure 3Police and Wokrers in Action

It is documented that public collaboration is dominant to modifying the dangers of violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"E4xZp8Fr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":225,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z5J9BCS2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z5J9BCS2"],"itemData":{"id":225,"type":"webpage","title":"Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF","URL":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282655709_Community_engagement_to_tackle_terrorism_and_violent_extremism_challenges_tensions_and_pitfalls","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,” n.d.). Various strategies taken by the government and police departments such as engaging Muslims in mitigating violence and efforts to improve disparities among Australian and Muslims have improved law and order situation in Australia ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8REJ6TmF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":225,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z5J9BCS2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z5J9BCS2"],"itemData":{"id":225,"type":"webpage","title":"Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF","URL":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282655709_Community_engagement_to_tackle_terrorism_and_violent_extremism_challenges_tensions_and_pitfalls","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,” n.d.). Though, the participation of the community in the setting of counter-terrorism troubled with pressure and tension and have created more worst and challenging situation for the collective work completed by Australian and Muslim police ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zsE5o5k6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":225,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z5J9BCS2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z5J9BCS2"],"itemData":{"id":225,"type":"webpage","title":"Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF","URL":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282655709_Community_engagement_to_tackle_terrorism_and_violent_extremism_challenges_tensions_and_pitfalls","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,” n.d.).

Key issues arising in the Australian societies to be focused on include: (1) overwhelming suspicion and producing hope; (2) complementary the urgencies of intellect congregation, public commitment and hope constructing; (3) selecting associates and differentiating among friend and foe, and (4) stages of discussion and communal contribution ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TI7rukf8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":225,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z5J9BCS2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/Z5J9BCS2"],"itemData":{"id":225,"type":"webpage","title":"Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF","URL":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282655709_Community_engagement_to_tackle_terrorism_and_violent_extremism_challenges_tensions_and_pitfalls","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF,” n.d.). Psychological approaches such as discursive psychology is a way that has developed discourse analysis to identify and evaluate such processes that can progress people’s thoughts, views and emotions or transformed them into social interactions for reproduction and change ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qm6EzRAR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method\\uc0\\u8212{}University of Ballarat,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method—University of Ballarat,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":227,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/A928S6LA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/A928S6LA"],"itemData":{"id":227,"type":"webpage","title":"Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method - University of Ballarat","URL":"https://primoapac01.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=UB_MILLENNIUM.b21483917&context=L&vid=UB&search_scope=UB_local_PC&tab=quicksearch&lang=en_US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method—University of Ballarat,” n.d.).

Islam and Muslims are a subject as a public matter in the Australian communities (“Melbourne Express: Truck fire on Hume, headlines, trains, roads and weather,” n.d.). For example, the behaviour of governmental authorities and communities with Muslims is discriminative and not acceptable. It ha been observed in various cases that Muslim women were harassed by the officials particularly police and the matter is still debated on social media platforms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hhXz5HPf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Australian Muslim Musings (@musings_muslim) | Twitter,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Australian Muslim Musings (@musings_muslim) | Twitter,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":229,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/IIXDPUWJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/IIXDPUWJ"],"itemData":{"id":229,"type":"webpage","title":"Australian Muslim Musings (@musings_muslim) | Twitter","URL":"https://twitter.com/musings_muslim?lang=en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Australian Muslim Musings (@musings_muslim) | Twitter,” n.d.). However, there are certain groups and political leaders that discourage racial discrimination by highlighting various important elements of Islam such as books of Inspiring author Hanfa deen ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jjQDoMJZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Australian Muslim Musings (@musings_muslim) | Twitter,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Australian Muslim Musings (@musings_muslim) | Twitter,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":229,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/IIXDPUWJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/IIXDPUWJ"],"itemData":{"id":229,"type":"webpage","title":"Australian Muslim Musings (@musings_muslim) | Twitter","URL":"https://twitter.com/musings_muslim?lang=en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Australian Muslim Musings (@musings_muslim) | Twitter,” n.d.). communities have progressed in the constructive side to discourage discrimination among Australia and Muslim controversies by spreading love and encouragement ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ym99jDMH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Muslim Collective (@muslimcollect) | Twitter,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Muslim Collective (@muslimcollect) | Twitter,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":231,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/WXILE5EU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/WXILE5EU"],"itemData":{"id":231,"type":"webpage","title":"Muslim Collective (@muslimcollect) | Twitter","URL":"https://twitter.com/muslimcollect?lang=en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Muslim Collective (@muslimcollect) | Twitter,” n.d.). spreading prayers, love and collaboration among communities to encourage Australian Muslim relationships is the goal of several platforms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"L4RwoQye","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Muslim and Jewish communities offer assistance, prayers to bushfire victims,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Muslim and Jewish communities offer assistance, prayers to bushfire victims,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":236,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/VI8S8KKX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/VI8S8KKX"],"itemData":{"id":236,"type":"webpage","title":"Muslim and Jewish communities offer assistance, prayers to bushfire victims","URL":"https://www.sbs.com.au/news/muslim-and-jewish-communities-offer-assistance-prayers-to-bushfire-victims","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Muslim and Jewish communities offer assistance, prayers to bushfire victims,” n.d.).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Australian Muslim Musings (@musings_muslim) | Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://twitter.com/musings_muslim?lang=en

Australian Muslim Responses to the Discourse on Terrorism in the Australian Popular Media. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254592151_Australian_Muslim_Responses_to_the_Discourse_on_Terrorism_in_the_Australian_Popular_Media

Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: Challenges, tensions and pitfalls | Request PDF. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282655709_Community_engagement_to_tackle_terrorism_and_violent_extremism_challenges_tensions_and_pitfalls

Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method—University of Ballarat. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://primoapac01.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=UB_MILLENNIUM.b21483917&context=L&vid=UB&search_scope=UB_local_PC&tab=quicksearch&lang=en_US

Melbourne Express: Truck fire on Hume, headlines, trains, roads and weather. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/melbourne-express-thursday-november-28-2019-20191127-p53eqd.html

Muslim and Jewish communities offer assistance, prayers to bushfire victims. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://www.sbs.com.au/news/muslim-and-jewish-communities-offer-assistance-prayers-to-bushfire-victims

Muslim Collective (@muslimcollect) | Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://twitter.com/muslimcollect?lang=en

Social Alternatives—Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians “Joining the fight” in Syria (APAFT)—Informit. (n.d.-a). Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=243699075311595;res=IELAPA;type=pdf

Social Alternatives—Silence as a discourse in the public sphere: Media representations of Australians “Joining the fight” in Syria (APAFT)—Informit. (n.d.-b). Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=243699075311595;res=IELAPA;type=pdf

‘You can’t have the struggle without the ugly fringe’—Publicness in Australian National Imagination: Media representations of the Muslim demonstrations in Sydney in 2012’: Continuum: Vol 29, No 1. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10304312.2014.964179

BIBLIOGRAPHY

An Application Form For Graphic Design Major

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Design: An Application Form for Graphic Design major

I am writing this to pick Graphic Design course as my major because I am really interested in the topics covered in this particular field. My interest in this area of studies first aroused during my previous semesters of undergraduate studies. I studied Introduction to graphic designing course and submitted a project related to it afterwards. This course will introduce me to the new horizons of this field which will enhance my knowledge and understanding of this vast subject. I managed to achieve a high grade for my dissertation and I am really eager to learn more from this course as my major and excel in professional life as a successful graphic designer. I am expecting to attain a first-class degree which I believe will show my academic capabilities to study at this level.

Moreover, the reputation of this particular department globally attracts a huge variety of students and I believe it is going to be a great experience for me to enroll here at master’s level. Once I am done with this Degree, my future goal is to pursue my interest in the field of Graphic designing through PhD or by starting work with some Graphic designing firm right away. This course will help me a lot in achieving my ultimate aim. So, I request you to kindly consider my application. Thankyou.

My Interest in Digital Design

A digital design is a creative process in which the designer combines their skills with creativity, imagination and technological knowledge to create a visual media. We witness this creativity everywhere around us all the time from websites, to advertising, animation, 2D and 3D modelling etc.

A digital designer is the person who is responsible for making things look good on a computer, mobile phone, or in video.

The field of Digital design interest me because I like the kind of activities that deal with artistic forms, designs, and patterns. I am more inclined towards practical work than theories and the work activities in this field include practical, hands-on problems and solutions. Also, this field of work leads and encourages others, make decisions, and take risks for development and profit. There are some more reasons of my interest in Digital design i.e.

A broad skill set

This field allows me to spread my wings across a number of innovative endeavor and keeps me engaged and active. A digital designer is responsible for enhancing a huge skill set on a number of platforms, including: Photoshop, Illustrator, Flash etc. By working in digital design, a person can combine photography, videography, animation and graphic design skills together to bring all the ideas and concepts into life.

Not limited to just one type of work

Unlike many other professional fields, digital designers have the freedom to choose from a huge number of appointments in the digital design industry. For example, Web Designer, Illustrator, Photo Editor, Concept Artist, Digital Developer, Special Effects Artist, 2D and 3D Animation Designer, Website User Experience Designer, Graphic Designer, Video Game Designer, Marketing and Advertising Designer and the list goes on.

Work for yourself/from home

A digital designer has the option to be a freelancer and work from home. In today’s digital age where everything depends on graphics, every company and agency seeks to compete in the industry. Which is why the digital designers enjoy the great opportunities when it comes to what type of company they want to work for. A small agency, a start-up, a multinational, a government department or a famous brand.

Combination of creativity and technology

The job of a digital designer involves both a technical mind and an innovative spirit. Digital designer takes ideas from concepts and converts it into a technical creation. Through this process, the designers get to feed their imagination to the world.

Steady employment

The world is becoming digital with each passing second. The field of digital design widens and job opportunities are opening up. According to a study, over the last five years, demand for digital designers has grown 17 percent.

Contribution of Digital design in Human World

Digital design contributes to the creating of more just and human world in a great way. Basically, a design is born from our desire to improvise our experiences, it could be in a practical or emotional form. Designers understand the solution and emotional engagement of the design. Design keeps us connected and in sync with the world, it helps figure out our way through physical and digital spaces.

People communicate though designs and it can be influential in making our decision in daily life. It has the power to encourage and enable our decision-making process.

In five years

In the next 5 years, as a graphic designer I would like to be an industry expert or at least at a managerial position in some renowned organization that others can go to for help in being creative. I see myself being able to provide guidance and actually taking on a leadership role. Moreover, I see myself as a leader on the projects I am passionate about. I am very well motivated about connecting my initiatives to the organization’s goals that I’ll work for.

Works Cited

Reese, Cassandra. “The Societal Influence of Graphic Design”. Academia (2018): 12-13

Sasaki, Sali. The role of graphic design in international development. Washington: International council of design, 2017. Print.

Popescu, Florian. “Essential Skills and Interests for Designers”. Muzli (2019): 97-98. Print

https://medium.muz.li/essential-skills-and-interests-for-designers-31665f6c314a

Spider, Z. “What interests you in Graphic designing”. Let’s play Live (2017): 34-35

An Approach To Predict The Unconfined Compressive Strength Of Soils

RUNNING HEAD: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Literature Review

Parth Patel

Institution

Literature Review

Introduction

Unconfined compressive strength is a term that appears to cause many people a little confusion. In soils and rock testing, there is a well-known test called a triaxial test. In the case of confining stress, the application of stress on the soil specimen reduces its tendency to fail at lower axial loads. The tendency of the soil specimen is reduced by bursting at axial loads. There is also an uniaxial compressive test (UCS) performed on a rock, in the absence of confining stress. However, specimen friction at the edges of soil specimen leads to confinement in such regions, owing to specimen friction the specimen fails to bear axial loading. They cannot so easily burst as the analyst move from mid-height to the ends. Even though the specimens are relatively long and thin. Their aspect ratio is ideally 3:1 according to some methods.

Maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of soil are of great importance in geotechnical engineering because without these two parameters compaction degree of a particular soil cannot be measured. Maximum dry density test is important in order to have a larger bearing capacity of the soil. If compaction analysis is not carried out in a correct manner, and optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of soil are not calculated then there is a chance of settlements in the soil that impact the structure’s stability.

Research problem

The compaction of soil is one of the most significant facets of earthwork construction. The improvement in the engineering properties of soil owes soil stabilization and soil compaction. Dry unit weight of the soil plays a vital role in compaction because compaction specifications of soil hinge upon a dry unit weight. As far as the stabilization of soil is concerned, it consists of shear strength of the soil, the permeability of the soil, and bearing capacity of a particular soil. Prior to start any construction project, it is imperative to calculate the compressive strength of the soil. Earth materials are inevitably required by all the infrastructure projects in a very large quantity. More often than not, some of the soils are plastic and expansive in nature and do not support such infrastructure projects. So, the accurate calculations of precise compressive strengths of the soils are required by means of the maximum dry density/dry unit weight and optimum moisture content of the soil.

Unconfined Compressive Strength

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1fHTopgU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shakoor and Barefield, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Shakoor and Barefield, 2009)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":992,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/XQWAE2V7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/XQWAE2V7"],"itemData":{"id":992,"type":"article-journal","title":"Relationship between unconfined compressive strength and degree of saturation for selected sandstones","container-title":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","page":"29–40","volume":"15","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Shakoor","given":"Abdul"},{"family":"Barefield","given":"Edward H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Shakoor and Barefield (2009) suggested the relationship between unconfined compressive strength and curing time of soil in the following way:

QD = QD0 +K log (D/D0)

D0 represents the unconfined compressive strength at D days in Kilopascals; QD0 represents the unconfined compressive strength at D0 days in kilopascals. The value of K for granular soils is taken as 480Aw, and for fine-grained soils, the value of K was taken as 70 Aw. However, Aw was the content of cement that was taken in percentage by mass.

Unconfined compressive tests on four different soil samples were conducted by ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JbxuISSe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Naeini et al., 2012)","plainCitation":"(Naeini et al., 2012)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":995,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/M3U86SXT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/M3U86SXT"],"itemData":{"id":995,"type":"article-journal","title":"Unconfined compressive strength of clayey soils stabilized with waterborne polymer","container-title":"KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering","page":"943–949","volume":"16","issue":"6","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Naeini","given":"Seyed Abolhassan"},{"family":"Naderinia","given":"Bahman"},{"family":"Izadi","given":"Ehsan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Naeini et al. (2012). They conduct unconfined compressive tests on soils that contained distinct liquid limits and following the tests the relationship was generalized as:

QD / Q14= a + b ln(D)

In the above relationship, QD represents the unconfined compressive strength at D days, whereas Q14 represents the unconfined compressive strength at 14 days. Unconfined compressive strength – at D days and 14 days – were calculated with water content in soil being equal to the liquid limit of soil. As far as the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ are concerned, these were -0.20 and 0.458 respectively for inland soils. A technique called a computational intelligence technique was also used for the development of a mathematical model to predict the unconfined compressive strength of soil-cement mixture ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TjNiMjeh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Narendra et al., 2006)","plainCitation":"(Narendra et al., 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":998,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/7N7XTC7W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/7N7XTC7W"],"itemData":{"id":998,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prediction of unconfined compressive strength of soft grounds using computational intelligence techniques: a comparative study","container-title":"Computers and Geotechnics","page":"196–208","volume":"33","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Prediction of unconfined compressive strength of soft grounds using computational intelligence techniques","author":[{"family":"Narendra","given":"B. S."},{"family":"Sivapullaiah","given":"P. V."},{"family":"Suresh","given":"S."},{"family":"Omkar","given":"S. N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Narendra et al., 2006). Unconfined compressive strength in cemented-clays was predicted by conducting a series of laboratory tests on cement stabilized clay. These laboratory tests introduced a total ratio of water to cement. The water to cement proportion represents the ratio of water weight in cemented clays – that includes the water content in original clays and slurry cement – to cement weight in dry form.

The purpose of the unconfined compression test is to determine inexpensively the UU (unconsolidated, undrained) strength of cohesive soil. The bearing capacity test in the field is not always feasible. Taking the undisturbed soil sample and testing its power in the laboratory are sometimes cheaper. In addition, one must carry out resistance tests on the chosen specimens in order to select the finest material for the embankment. Under such circumstances, the unconfined compression test is easy to perform on uninterrupted and re-formed samples of soil.  Cohesive soils are used for the unconfined compression, and this will give an indication of the soils ability to withstand load on its own, however, the test is often done on clayey soils. Cohesion is the attraction between soil particles of the identical nature, origin, or type as the term itself indicates. Cohesive soil is, therefore, a form of soil where inter-particular attractive forces exist, and cohesion enhances the soil's shear. Surface forces control such kinds of the soils; besides, another primary characteristic of these soils is that their particles are very fine. Clay is one of the best representations of cohesive soils. As far as pure cohesive soils are concerned, inter-particular friction does not exist, and therefore, internal friction does not play any role to complement the shear strength of soils ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eQZkz3U8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Harichane et al., 2011)","plainCitation":"(Harichane et al., 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1000,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/RCITRNFW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/RCITRNFW"],"itemData":{"id":1000,"type":"article-journal","title":"Use of natural pozzolana and lime for stabilization of cohesive soils","container-title":"Geotechnical and geological engineering","page":"759–769","volume":"29","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Harichane","given":"Khelifa"},{"family":"Ghrici","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Kenai","given":"Said"},{"family":"Grine","given":"Khaled"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Harichane et al., 2011). This is because the angles of the internal friction do not have any role to play in increasing the shear strength of the soil.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oMWQRi4Q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mostafa et al., 2008)","plainCitation":"(Mostafa et al., 2008)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1003,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2FM4T9SW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2FM4T9SW"],"itemData":{"id":1003,"type":"article-journal","title":"Erosion resistance of cohesive soils","container-title":"Journal of hydraulic research","page":"777–787","volume":"46","issue":"6","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Mostafa","given":"Tarek Salaheldin"},{"family":"Imran","given":"Jasim"},{"family":"Chaudhry","given":"M. Hanif"},{"family":"Kahn","given":"Irwin B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Mostafa et al. (2008) discussed that there are no cohesive forces present in non-cohesive soil, as it is obvious from the term; non-cohesive. Non-cohesive soils relatively consist of particles that are coarse, besides, the self-weight of non-cohesive soils govern their behaviour. Angles of internal friction in non-cohesive soils are pivotal for shear strength of these soils. Besides, ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yhk0gG5M","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sabat, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Sabat, 2012)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1005,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/843GEP58"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/843GEP58"],"itemData":{"id":1005,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stabilization of expansive soil using waste ceramic dust","container-title":"Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"17","issue":"Bund. Z","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sabat","given":"Akshaya Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Sabat (2012) delineated that internal friction also exists between the coarse particles of non-cohesive soils. Sand is one the best illustrations of non-cohesive soils, and there is a zero cohesion in non-cohesive soils. Majority of the naturally occurring soil deposits do not fall under the categories mentioned above. Mostly, these soils are C-φ soils, which means these soils possess both forces; frictional forces and cohesive forces.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Q8mjwwmn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ayeldeen et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ayeldeen et al., 2016)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1007,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/Q7T27V4T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/Q7T27V4T"],"itemData":{"id":1007,"type":"article-journal","title":"Unconfined compressive strength of compacted disturbed cement-stabilized soft clay","container-title":"International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering","page":"28","volume":"2","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ayeldeen","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Hara","given":"Yuki"},{"family":"Kitazume","given":"Masaki"},{"family":"Negm","given":"Abdelazim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Ayeldeen et al. (2016), with the help of a plot, discussed the dry unit weight of soil in contrast to the compaction energies for diverse ratios of cement, where the compaction process intends to increase the unit weight of soil. The compaction process will not help in decreasing the settlement of ground but also the rising bearing capacity and shear strength of the soil. It can be analyzed from the figure that dry unit weight is positively impacted by increasing the compaction energy, and the average value dry unit weight, also increased from 7.0 to 7.3 kN/m3. The positive impact on dry unit weight of soil was due to the growing energy of compacting force that increased from the values 0 kN m/m3 to the value of 460 kN m/ m3. Besides, the energy of compaction i.e. 920 kN m/m3 stretched the dry unit weight of soil to the value of 7.5 kN/m3. It was expected that increasing the compaction energy will result in boosting the dry unit weight of soil that owes the positive impact of compaction energy on lessening inter-particular spaces of soil sample. Nevertheless, some other factors can also have an impact on the compaction efficiency, for instance, water content and soil permeability as indicated by the low level of compaction energy. Albeit, no noticeable difference was observed on the energy of compaction that increased from 0 kN m/ m3 to 230 kN m/ m3 on the dry unit weight, however, this impact was noticeable when the energy of compaction was at 460 kN m/ m3. The interface between the content of water that was present between the void of soil and masses of clay-cement can be well described by this aforementioned factor.

When cement and soft clay gets mixed together, both combine together to create big clay-cement clusters eventually decreasing the soil penetrability ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BK40f5iS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ayeldeen et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ayeldeen et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1007,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/Q7T27V4T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/Q7T27V4T"],"itemData":{"id":1007,"type":"article-journal","title":"Unconfined compressive strength of compacted disturbed cement-stabilized soft clay","container-title":"International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering","page":"28","volume":"2","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ayeldeen","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Hara","given":"Yuki"},{"family":"Kitazume","given":"Masaki"},{"family":"Negm","given":"Abdelazim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ayeldeen et al., 2016). Where the values of the energy of compaction, when hit the lowest limit i.e. 230 kN m/m3 or less, are insufficient to remove the water inside a mixture of soil. ultimately increasing the unit weight and shrinking the pore holes’ size. On the other hand, speaking of the values of compaction energy that are greater than the lowest limit i.e. 230 kN m/ m 3 and giving a boost to the compaction energies will also increase the soil unit weight as a result from an increase in water extraction from the soil pore holes. Dry unit weight is also affected by the cement content, where increasing the content of cement yields upsurge in the dry unit weight of soil. For instance, by increasing aw from 5 to 10 %, the value of dry unit weight increased from 6.7 kN/ m3 to 7.5 kN/m3, and to 8.1 kN/m3 as a result of increasing aw to 15 %. This can be clarified because of growing cemented pozzolanic creations of voids in soil that rose by increasing ratio of cement.

The shear strength developed in cohesive soils depends upon the value of cohesion. The shear strength of soil under zero vertical is called cohesion. Cohesive property can be explained as cohesive forces acting between particle to particle bonding in clays. These soils are mostly having high clay content and it is difficult to pulverize these kinds of soils as they get very rigid after being dried. On the other hand, there is no cohesion value in cohesionless soils, and cohesionless soils have either 0 or very less value of cohesion. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7kWNpvQD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Barreto and O\\uc0\\u8217{}Sullivan, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Barreto and O’Sullivan, 2012)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1009,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/WNHD3UMM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/WNHD3UMM"],"itemData":{"id":1009,"type":"article-journal","title":"The influence of inter-particle friction and the intermediate stress ratio on soil response under generalised stress conditions","container-title":"Granular Matter","page":"505–521","volume":"14","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Barreto","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"O’Sullivan","given":"Catherine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Barreto and O’Sullivan (2012) studied that the strength of these soils mainly depends on inter-particular friction. Sand illustrates the cohesionless soils in the best possible manner. The angle of internal friction contributes to the shear strength of cohesionless soils, however, the angle of internal friction either hinges upon density or slackness of soils. Cohesionless soils are of great use to the construction owing to their excellent drainage properties.

The association between disturbed unconfined compressive strength and dry unit weight for various cement ratios can be understood from another graph plotted in the research results ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OwLvOyfj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ayeldeen et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ayeldeen et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1007,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/Q7T27V4T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/Q7T27V4T"],"itemData":{"id":1007,"type":"article-journal","title":"Unconfined compressive strength of compacted disturbed cement-stabilized soft clay","container-title":"International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering","page":"28","volume":"2","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ayeldeen","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Hara","given":"Yuki"},{"family":"Kitazume","given":"Masaki"},{"family":"Negm","given":"Abdelazim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ayeldeen et al., 2016). It can be observed that this associated is impacted by altering the content of cement and can be understood beforehand as of the slope of the line of a graph that is as follows:

The slope of the first line i.e. line A, demonstrates that qun for aw = 5 % are not influenced by the variations in the dry unit weight does, while the trivial behaviour of line A is because of the dry unit weight that increased from the value of 6.3 kN/m3 to 6.9 kN/m3. Besides, the trivial behaviour of line A is also because of the normal variation in qun that was estimated from 6.5 kPa to 8.5 kPa. On the other hand, another line that is termed as line B clearly shows the connection vis-à-vis the dry unit weight of the mixture and qun_D for aw = 10 %. It can be viewed following the variation in the value of dry unit weight that increased from 6.9 kN/m3 to 7.7 kN/m3 alongside altering qun_D from 15 to 27 kPa. Speaking of the trend line C, this relationship becomes clearer wherein by slight changes in the value of the dry unit weight of mixture resulted in a high variation qun_D—from 26 to higher than 40 kPa. The calculation of the pore/void ratio that hinges upon the content of water in the soil and the energy of compaction is carried out by the relation that follows:

e = [(1 +wc) X GS x γW / γT ] – 1

wc= water content

γT = unit weight following the cure of cement

γW = unit weight of water content

Gs = Specific gravity of mixture.

The deposits of soft soil can be discovered from several parts of the world and they are geologically fresh accumulated. These deposits can be found specifically in the swamp areas and in the tidal plane ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BAwOmQf8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(K and V, 2016)","plainCitation":"(K and V, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1076,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/X8K5U2L3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/X8K5U2L3"],"itemData":{"id":1076,"type":"article-journal","title":"Unconfined compressiv strength of stabilized soil","volume":"12","issue":"3","URL":"http://www.ijetcse.com/wp-content/plugins/ijetcse/file/upload/docx/953ICRRE-391-pdf.pdf","journalAbbreviation":"(IJETCSE","author":[{"family":"K","given":"Saryana"},{"family":"V","given":"Deepak"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (K and V, 2016). For instance, these can be found in the areas of Tamilnadu and Kovalam. Some inferences can be drawn from the detailed experimental investigation and data analysis that are as follows:

The curing period of soil plays a significant role because soil shows a relatively low strength when mixed with stabilizers such as ash, cement, and lime and glass powder and tested instantaneously.

Increase in the curing period and enhancing the percentage of stabilizers results in increased strength of soil, when unconfined compressive strength of soil was examined after treating with different percentages of stabilizers such as cement, ash, lime, and glass powder, etc.

The whole increase in strength was observed to be 6 times on the 14th day of lime in comparison with the strength on the 0th day of lime.

Speaking of cement, the strength observed at the day 14th was 2.4 times to that of strength at 0th day of cement.

In case of fly ash, the strength observed as 3.7 times more at the day 14th

The strength observed in case of glass powder was 3.6 times more at the day 14th

I case of glass powder combined with cement; the strength observed was 10 times higher at the 14th day

In addition, the mixture of soil + cement results in a significant value of strength as compared to the other stabilizers

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ff4PJfWV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chen et al., 2012)","plainCitation":"(Chen et al., 2012)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1014,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/35IWHDZK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/35IWHDZK"],"itemData":{"id":1014,"type":"article-journal","title":"Field tests, modification, and application of deep soil mixing method in soft clay","container-title":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","page":"24–34","volume":"139","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Jin-Jian"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Lianyang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jun-Feng"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Yan-Fei"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jian-Hua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Chen et al. (2012), discusses that the application of pressure from all sides of soils, or trapping water in the soil represents the phenomenon of confinement in soils. In shear strength tests for soil that is triaxial and unconfined tests soil is confined and unconfined respectively. In confinement of soil, there exists an additional confinement pressure from all sides (sigma 3 as commonly known). Confinement pressure is as if the soil is entrapped or enclosed in a rubber sheath, and the rubber sheath blocks the lateral movement of the soils and exerts confining pressure on the soil. There is no such membrane in the unconfined compression test, therefore, no confined stress. It can be seen below where the soil is confined with white rubber membrane and in another test soil is open.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"A1K7XTe5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fattet et al., 2011)","plainCitation":"(Fattet et al., 2011)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1017,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/FVE6X7PH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/FVE6X7PH"],"itemData":{"id":1017,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of vegetation type on soil resistance to erosion: Relationship between aggregate stability and shear strength","container-title":"Catena","page":"60–69","volume":"87","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Effects of vegetation type on soil resistance to erosion","author":[{"family":"Fattet","given":"M."},{"family":"Fu","given":"Y."},{"family":"Ghestem","given":"Muriel"},{"family":"Ma","given":"W."},{"family":"Foulonneau","given":"M."},{"family":"Nespoulous","given":"J."},{"family":"Le Bissonnais","given":"Y."},{"family":"Stokes","given":"Alexia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Fattet et al. (2011) stated that engineers and scientists put more focus on the shear force in the analysis of the strength of soil, but the compression and tension are also important? First, what engineers usually understand about compression strength is indeed shear strength, which means, as the soil is under confining stress and it is free to deform to the sides the failure will occur because of shear. Although, there is a consideration for engineers’ request and it's related with the settlement, when evaluating a soil, they need to check either the bearing capacity (shear) or total settlement (punching, compression). On the other hand, the tension is considered to be too low that engineers do not take it into account, but it's important to consider this effect for the hydraulic fracturing of soil also an excavation in overconsolidated soils. Besides, owing to the meshing of the grains in consolidated soils the structural resistance of the movement of the soil is pivotal. Besides, ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QKSfs0pY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Horv\\uc0\\u225{}th et al., 2000)","plainCitation":"(Horváth et al., 2000)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1020,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/E4MSA69D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/E4MSA69D"],"itemData":{"id":1020,"type":"article-journal","title":"Characterization of trace element distributions in soils","container-title":"Microchemical journal","page":"53–56","volume":"67","issue":"1-3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Horváth","given":"T."},{"family":"Szilágyi","given":"V."},{"family":"Hartyáni","given":"Zs"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Horváth et al. (2000) delineated that the frictional resistance, that establishes when individual grains of the soils slide past each other, in another important component of consolidated soils. These are the factors that influence the strength properties which are related to the shear force, hence in the analysis of soil strength, we give much importance to shear strength along with comp n tension. In the design of embankment and soil structure shear strength plays an important role. T=c + sigma tan(pi) where c and pi are shear parameters. Foundation design should be checked for bearing capacity of soil based on at least the following two parameters:

Bearing Capacity based on shear strength of soil

Bearing Capacity based on Settlement of foundation (elastic + consolidation)

The bearing capacity of soil will be lesser of the above two figures. engineers will find that the second term will usually govern.

The importance of confining pressure in unconfined compressive strength UCS cannot be downplayed. Vertical stress, overburden stress also referred to as overburden pressure is the burden exerted on a soil layer by the upper deposits on the top of it. This vertical stress can result in errors or miscalculation in the CPT measurements, resulting in the need for improvement factors in deeper tests depths and pulverized or soft soils. Nevertheless, overburden pressure is also valuable in evaluating the mechanical properties of soil ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"V8CeasZi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sridharan and Sivapullaiah, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Sridharan and Sivapullaiah, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1023,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/GHAYVUYZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/GHAYVUYZ"],"itemData":{"id":1023,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mini compaction test apparatus for fine grained soils","container-title":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","page":"240–246","volume":"28","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sridharan","given":"Asuri"},{"family":"Sivapullaiah","given":"Puvvadi Venkata"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sridharan and Sivapullaiah, 2005). The impact of overburden pressure CPT testing can be examined from the discussion below. The formula for overburden stress is given by:

Where;

σvo = overburden stress

ɤi = in situ density of soil layer

hi = height of soil layer

This means that for every layer of soil, the density of the layer is multiplied by its height and the weights obtained as a result are added together till the burden at the preferred depth is recognized. In reality, it is generally not possible to know the precise density and height of soil layers at the test site, therefore, a regular density depending on the known geology of the area has to be determined.

With the increase in depth and rising overburden pressure, CPT measurements of pore pressure, tip resistance, and sleeve friction also have a tendency to rise. This impact can be clearly perceived at right in the graph. Owing to this fact, overburden stress is rectified in determining the standardized tip resistance and standardized friction ratio to make sure the consistency in data, and it is imperative to use these parameters in pulverized or soft soils and deep tests.

Moreover, to standardized CPT parameters, overburden stress enables one to compute the following engineering parameters:

Effective overburden stress: This is also referred to as effective stress on soil skeleton and this stress can be computed by deducting the pore pressure from the overburden pressure.

Over consolidation ratio: This is the ratio of previous maximum effective overburden stress to the current effective overburden stress. (Consolidation speaks of the process that reduces the soil in its volume.) Normally consolidated soil is presently below its extreme effective overburden stress and has an OCR of 1. Over consolidated soil is the one that has practised a greater pressure at least once (for instance, if it was one time below a glacier) and it also has a higher OCR. This previous maximum pressure is denoted as reconsolidation pressure. It is also worth mentioning that OCR is defined in a different way for aged or cemented soils.

The OCR is normally computed in a CPT test, depending on the ratio of the excess additional pore pressure (∆u) and the overburden stress:

σ’vo = effective overburden stress

∆u = excess pore pressure

(This pressure can be defined as the temporary increase in pore pressure when the CPT cone is moved forward). Overburden pressure or Vertical stress is also imperative in defining the liquefaction potential of soil and its shear strength as well ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kco6mZeU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sridharan and Sivapullaiah, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Sridharan and Sivapullaiah, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1023,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/GHAYVUYZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/GHAYVUYZ"],"itemData":{"id":1023,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mini compaction test apparatus for fine grained soils","container-title":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","page":"240–246","volume":"28","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sridharan","given":"Asuri"},{"family":"Sivapullaiah","given":"Puvvadi Venkata"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sridharan and Sivapullaiah, 2005). Hence, these subjects are worthy of thorough treatment.

Optimum Moisture Content of Soil and Dry Unit Weight

The optimum moisture content of the soil is the amount of water present in the soil for attaining maximum dry unit weight following the compaction of the soil. There will not be any void in the soil after attaining maximum dry unit weight. The test called as Proctor compaction test (PCT) determines the optimum moisture content, besides, any given type of soil will achieve maximum dry density when the moisture content in the soil is in an optimal range. Maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the soil are of great importance in terms of usage of the soil. Optimum moisture content and maximum dry density; both are pivotal in case of compaction test on the construction site. Compaction on site is to determine how many rollers should be used (3Layers 25blow) and much water to be sprinkled (OMC) to attain maximum denseness of soil (MDD) while in actual compaction practice. Besides, they are part of the techniques used to reach maximum grade and subgrade compaction in highways. The maximum dry of soil is required to have larger bearing capacity After reaching maximum density with the optimum moisture content, and there exists a test to find if the percentage of the maximum dry density has been reached.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EyIn2nXh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1042,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"itemData":{"id":1042,"type":"article-journal","title":"Modeling of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of stabilized soil using artificial neural networks","container-title":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","page":"368–379","volume":"173","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Hossein Alavi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Hossein Gandomi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Mollahassani","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Akbar Heshmati","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Rashed","given":"Azadeh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Hossein Alavi et al. (2010) predicted an optimum amount of moisture and maximum dry density in the soil- stabilizer mix of soil by using artificial neural networks (ANNs). They used a multilayer perception that is considered one of the most commonly used ANN architecture. ANN builds the most precise and all-inclusive models concerning maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the soil. The models that ANN constructs are related to the properties of natural soil such as linear shrinkage, plasticity, the quantity and type of additives used for stabilization, and particle-size distribution. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OXoEgNgJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1042,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"itemData":{"id":1042,"type":"article-journal","title":"Modeling of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of stabilized soil using artificial neural networks","container-title":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","page":"368–379","volume":"173","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Hossein Alavi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Hossein Gandomi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Mollahassani","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Akbar Heshmati","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Rashed","given":"Azadeh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Hossein Alavi et al. (2010) built five models of ANN architecture by taking combining and taking input from different parameters. Two of the five models projected maximum dry density and optimum moisture content separately, however, the remaining three used input parameters that were potentially influential and yielded multiple outputs.

The calculation of various models of relative-importance values of several inputs determined the importance of each variable related to optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Garson’s algorithm inferred the most relevant input parameters and carried out modifications in ANN models separately that were developed for optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The modifications in ANN models introduced an explicit formulation of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Z3Hzq0DN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1042,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"itemData":{"id":1042,"type":"article-journal","title":"Modeling of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of stabilized soil using artificial neural networks","container-title":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","page":"368–379","volume":"173","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Hossein Alavi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Hossein Gandomi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Mollahassani","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Akbar Heshmati","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Rashed","given":"Azadeh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Hossein Alavi et al. (2010) also conducted a parametric study for the evaluation of the sensitivity of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The parametric study owed changes in the input parameters that were most influential. As far training and testing of the prediction models are concerned, ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Z3Hzq0DN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1042,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"itemData":{"id":1042,"type":"article-journal","title":"Modeling of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of stabilized soil using artificial neural networks","container-title":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","page":"368–379","volume":"173","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Hossein Alavi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Hossein Gandomi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Mollahassani","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Akbar Heshmati","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Rashed","given":"Azadeh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Hossein Alavi et al. (2010) used a comprehensive set of information that included many soil types. The comprehensive information was found from the formerly available test results of soil stabilization. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Z3Hzq0DN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1042,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"itemData":{"id":1042,"type":"article-journal","title":"Modeling of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of stabilized soil using artificial neural networks","container-title":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","page":"368–379","volume":"173","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Hossein Alavi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Hossein Gandomi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Mollahassani","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Akbar Heshmati","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Rashed","given":"Azadeh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Hossein Alavi et al. (2010) carried out Detailed and in-depth analysis and comparison of the performance of the models based on ANN architecture subsequently. The result yielded from the in-depth analysis concluded that the accuracy of the proposed ANN models was satisfactory compared to the results yielded from experiments.

Measuring the optimum amount of moisture in the soil is a difficult task, especially in spatially comprehensive and consistent basis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HHnTZBEx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bindlish et al., 2006)","plainCitation":"(Bindlish et al., 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1027,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2KAAPM59"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2KAAPM59"],"itemData":{"id":1027,"type":"article-journal","title":"Soil moisture mapping and AMSR-E validation using the PSR in SMEX02","container-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment","page":"127–139","volume":"103","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Bindlish","given":"Rajat"},{"family":"Jackson","given":"Thomas J."},{"family":"Gasiewski","given":"Albin J."},{"family":"Klein","given":"Marian"},{"family":"Njoku","given":"Eni G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bindlish et al., 2006). However, in order to determine the amount of water in the soil, non-destructive methods are more suitable. Non-destructive methods not only compute the movement of water in soil but also give precise results of moisture content in the soil by using direct estimation. The methods that are available for computing the content of moisture in soil are categorized as indirect methods and direct methods. Indirect methods compute the moisture content through calibrations against other measuring variables that vary with the amount of moisture in the soil. Direct methods calculate the amount of moisture in the soil by computing the variance in the weights of the soil before and after it is dehydrated ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MLsvJTYz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mu\\uc0\\u241{}oz-Carpena et al., 2004)","plainCitation":"(Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1030,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/T7UCVGHN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/T7UCVGHN"],"itemData":{"id":1030,"type":"book","title":"Field devices for monitoring soil water content","publisher":"University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and …","volume":"343","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Muñoz-Carpena","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Shukla","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Morgan","given":"Kelly"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2004). The direct method is; thermostat-weight technique or gravimetric method, however, all other methods save these two are indirect methods. Besides, all the methods used for calculating the amount of moisture in the soil are ground-based except for remote sensing.

The calculation of moisture content in the soil using instruments that comes in direct contact with the particles of soil is called a ground-based technique. Spatial interpretation is difficult in ground-based technique because the instruments only give the point measurements. However, the instruments in ground-based techniques not only give depth-wise measurement regarding the content of moisture in the soil but the logging of the instruments is also possible at any time scale.

One of the most widely used methods for calculating the amount of moisture in the soil is a thermostat-weight technique or gravimetric method. This is the direct method that is based on the oven drying of the soil sample whose volume is known, at the temperature of 150 degree Celsius for 24 hours. Following the oven drying of the soil sample difference between the weights of soil sample before and after drying is calculated, and the difference between the weights computes the water content in the soil ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nEARMmcO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lunt et al., 2005)","plainCitation":"(Lunt et al., 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1032,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/BT9C8EHM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/BT9C8EHM"],"itemData":{"id":1032,"type":"article-journal","title":"Soil moisture content estimation using ground-penetrating radar reflection data","container-title":"Journal of hydrology","page":"254–269","volume":"307","issue":"1-4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Lunt","given":"I. A."},{"family":"Hubbard","given":"S. S."},{"family":"Rubin","given":"Y."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lunt et al., 2005). The unit of moisture content in the soil could be inches of water per foot or per cent water by volume of the soil. The gravimetric technique is not cheap but also accurate and easy to carry out, however, the technique is not suitable for rocky soils and also time and labour-intensive. Besides, the usage of the oven drying technique is complicated with the soils with heterogeneous profiles.

Neutron probe technology is another technique used for obtaining the optimum content of moisture in the soil. This technology consists of an electron counting scaler and a probe. Radioactive source bombards the soil with fast-moving and high energy neutrons. The nuclei of hydrogen atoms, present in the water molecules present in the soil, slow down the neutrons upon collusion. Neutron Probe technology is further categorized into two types: Surface Probe that measures the content of water in the soil at the uppermost layer of the soil, and depth probe that measure the content of water in the soil at particular depth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t4JsfZbJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lunt et al., 2005)","plainCitation":"(Lunt et al., 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1032,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/BT9C8EHM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/BT9C8EHM"],"itemData":{"id":1032,"type":"article-journal","title":"Soil moisture content estimation using ground-penetrating radar reflection data","container-title":"Journal of hydrology","page":"254–269","volume":"307","issue":"1-4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Lunt","given":"I. A."},{"family":"Hubbard","given":"S. S."},{"family":"Rubin","given":"Y."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lunt et al., 2005). The results of neutron probe technology are non-destructive and accurate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5e6QvWlI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mu\\uc0\\u241{}oz-Carpena et al., 2004)","plainCitation":"(Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1030,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/T7UCVGHN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/T7UCVGHN"],"itemData":{"id":1030,"type":"book","title":"Field devices for monitoring soil water content","publisher":"University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and …","volume":"343","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Muñoz-Carpena","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Shukla","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Morgan","given":"Kelly"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2004). The results that neutron probe technology yield are directly proportional to the amount of moisture content in the soil. The measurements of moisture content in the soil obtained from neutron probe technology are related to the physic-chemical properties of the soil. Neutron probe technology is expansive and limited in use owing to the extensive soil specific calibrations.

Time-domain reflectometry calculates the propagative velocity of an electromagnetic pulse in the soil. 2-3 rods metallic probe calculates the velocity after receiving an electric pulse. The simple formula for calculating the propagation velocity is v= 2l/t where; “t” is a travel time, and “2l” is the length that electric pulse travels along twice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mEdnSEoU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","plainCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1034,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"itemData":{"id":1034,"type":"article-journal","title":"A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management","container-title":"Journal of Hydrology","page":"110–117","volume":"458","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dobriyal","given":"Pariva"},{"family":"Qureshi","given":"Ashi"},{"family":"Badola","given":"Ruchi"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Syed Ainul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dobriyal et al., 2012) The variations in the amount of moisture in the soils alters the velocity of the electric pulse owing to the electric value of water that is relatively larger than that of soil ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"c4tYUtFg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mu\\uc0\\u241{}oz-Carpena et al., 2004)","plainCitation":"(Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1030,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/T7UCVGHN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/T7UCVGHN"],"itemData":{"id":1030,"type":"book","title":"Field devices for monitoring soil water content","publisher":"University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and …","volume":"343","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Muñoz-Carpena","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Shukla","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Morgan","given":"Kelly"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2004). In time-domain reflectometry, neither soil specific calibrations are required nor it is destructive and time and labour-intensive. However, the equipment used in this technique is not only portable but also easy to erect and safe to operate. The measurements taken by time-domain reflectometry are reliable and accurate with an error limit of plus, minus one per cent ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"045ZgmXQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ferrara and Flore, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Ferrara and Flore, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1037,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/VDHQB4L6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/VDHQB4L6"],"itemData":{"id":1037,"type":"article-journal","title":"Comparison between different methods for measuring transpiration in potted apple trees","container-title":"Biologia Plantarum","page":"41–47","volume":"46","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ferrara","given":"G."},{"family":"Flore","given":"J. A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ferrara and Flore, 2003).

Another method that is similar to time domain reflectometry is known as frequency domain reflectometry, however, it provides the estimation about optimum content of moisture on the basis of frequency variation in electric pulse through the soil ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6TmxiZ56","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","plainCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1034,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"itemData":{"id":1034,"type":"article-journal","title":"A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management","container-title":"Journal of Hydrology","page":"110–117","volume":"458","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dobriyal","given":"Pariva"},{"family":"Qureshi","given":"Ashi"},{"family":"Badola","given":"Ruchi"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Syed Ainul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dobriyal et al., 2012). Soil functions as a dielectric for the capacitor and the capacitance of the capacitor hinges upon the amount of moisture in the soil. The coupling of oscillator and capacitor that makes an electrical circuit reads the variations in the frequency. Such variations in the frequency are indications about the changes in the amount of moisture content in the soil. The amount of water content is calculated by restricting the frequency of the oscillator and determining the frequency at resonance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jCqjftDi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mu\\uc0\\u241{}oz-Carpena et al., 2004)","plainCitation":"(Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1030,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/T7UCVGHN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/T7UCVGHN"],"itemData":{"id":1030,"type":"book","title":"Field devices for monitoring soil water content","publisher":"University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and …","volume":"343","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Muñoz-Carpena","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Shukla","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Morgan","given":"Kelly"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2004).

The suction forces exerted on water also measure the optimum content of moisture in the soil by using tensiometers. An airtight hollow tube coupled with a permeable ceramic cup makes the tensiometer. Tensiometers measures the moisture content after being inserted into the soil with a vacuum gauge connected to the upper end. A manometer is attached with the permeable ceramic cup and inserted at the soil depth to measure the optimum content of moisture. Following the insertion of the instrument in the soil, it is filled with water and sealed. Capillary tensions are measured by manometer and the water flow rate is calculated by variations in the volume of the water required to yield new reading in the manometer ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"50bM95N1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","plainCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1034,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"itemData":{"id":1034,"type":"article-journal","title":"A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management","container-title":"Journal of Hydrology","page":"110–117","volume":"458","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dobriyal","given":"Pariva"},{"family":"Qureshi","given":"Ashi"},{"family":"Badola","given":"Ruchi"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Syed Ainul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dobriyal et al., 2012). Tensiometers give continuous measurements of moisture content in the soil sans instigating any sort of disruption in the soil. Moreover, there is not any kind of complicated electronics involved in this instrument which makes it use cost-effective and easy.

A radioactive method that measures the optimum content of moisture in the uppermost layer of the soil (up to 1-2 cm) is called gamma-ray attenuation. An assumption delineates the correlation between absorption of gamma rays, diffusion and density of the moisture in the soil. Gamma-ray attenuation estimates the optimum content of moisture in the soil by calculating the changes in the wet density of the soil ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Evhj7Bu2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","plainCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1034,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"itemData":{"id":1034,"type":"article-journal","title":"A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management","container-title":"Journal of Hydrology","page":"110–117","volume":"458","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dobriyal","given":"Pariva"},{"family":"Qureshi","given":"Ashi"},{"family":"Badola","given":"Ruchi"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Syed Ainul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dobriyal et al., 2012). This technique not only gives depth-wise measurements of soil content but is also non-destructive and un-affected by the moisture state. Moreover, if the soil is frozen state, even then gamma-ray attenuation can measure the content of moisture in the soil, and if there are temporal variations in the soil gamma-ray attenuation will measure those changes as well. However, gamma-ray attenuation is not a cost-effective technique and require high skills, and these two limitations restrict the applicability of gamma-ray attenuation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"avgwq7dZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pires et al., 2005)","plainCitation":"(Pires et al., 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1039,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/MTFEWNIX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/MTFEWNIX"],"itemData":{"id":1039,"type":"article-journal","title":"Soil water retention curve determined by gamma-ray beam attenuation","container-title":"Soil and Tillage Research","page":"89–97","volume":"82","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Pires","given":"Luiz F."},{"family":"Bacchi","given":"Osny OS"},{"family":"Reichardt","given":"Klaus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pires et al., 2005).

The amount of moisture in the soil is of great importance in civil engineering. The first job on-site being a civil engineer is the identification and classification of the soil using a soil classification system. There is a need to determine the Atterberg limits of the soil sample for the classification of the soil with fine grains. In order to determine the Atterberg limits of the soil sample, it is imperative to find the amount of moisture present in the soil ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EfDhiFDE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Smith et al., 1985)","plainCitation":"(Smith et al., 1985)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1056,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LBCYJKJV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LBCYJKJV"],"itemData":{"id":1056,"type":"article-journal","title":"Shrinkage and Atterberg limits in relation to other properties of principal soil types in Israel","container-title":"Geoderma","page":"47–65","volume":"35","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Smith","given":"C. W."},{"family":"Hadas","given":"A."},{"family":"Dan","given":"J."},{"family":"Koyumdjisky","given":"H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1985"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Smith et al., 1985). The parameters such as; liquid limit, shrinkage limit, and plastic limit of the soil determine the liquid index and plastic index, and activity - clay content - of the soil. Atterberg Limits are defined for clay because of its ability to accommodate added water as part of its particle to particle bond (on mineral levels-Vander Vaal forces) and increase its bond length without destruction of the bond. Hence on the addition of water, the clays record an increase in volume ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2qWGL7Na","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Smith et al., 1985)","plainCitation":"(Smith et al., 1985)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1056,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LBCYJKJV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LBCYJKJV"],"itemData":{"id":1056,"type":"article-journal","title":"Shrinkage and Atterberg limits in relation to other properties of principal soil types in Israel","container-title":"Geoderma","page":"47–65","volume":"35","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Smith","given":"C. W."},{"family":"Hadas","given":"A."},{"family":"Dan","given":"J."},{"family":"Koyumdjisky","given":"H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1985"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Smith et al., 1985). In the case of sand, the same cannot be said because particles are neutral without any force of attraction. Water added beyond saturation would appear as free water. Particles do not stick together and this can also be seen as wet clay and can be drawn into threads while sand cannot.

Nature of the construction project governs which other properties of the soil are to be determined inevitably. As far as the application of the soil is concerned then one can witness that the construction of earthen dams, sub-grades, and embankments use soil as a foundation and construction material. Some of the engineering properties of the soil such as settlement, degree of expansion, bearing capacity, etc. depends on the amount of moisture in the soil ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Co5CeuIH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jafer et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Jafer et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1062,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/TGGE8CIH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/TGGE8CIH"],"itemData":{"id":1062,"type":"article-journal","title":"A statistical model for the geotechnical parameters of cement-stabilised hightown's soft soil: a case study of liverpool, UK","container-title":"International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering","page":"885–890","volume":"10","issue":"7","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"A statistical model for the geotechnical parameters of cement-stabilised hightown's soft soil","author":[{"family":"Jafer","given":"Hassnen M."},{"family":"Hashim","given":"Khalid S."},{"family":"Atherton","given":"WILLIAM"},{"family":"Al-attabi","given":"A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jafer et al., 2016). The engineering properties of the soil assist engineers and researcher in understanding the soil behaviour in different situations. The understanding of soil behaviour in different scenarios helps to evaluate; whether the soil is suitable for the required application, or the soil requires any engineering to make it suitable ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bjD0xeDk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jafer et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Jafer et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1062,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/TGGE8CIH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/TGGE8CIH"],"itemData":{"id":1062,"type":"article-journal","title":"A statistical model for the geotechnical parameters of cement-stabilised hightown's soft soil: a case study of liverpool, UK","container-title":"International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering","page":"885–890","volume":"10","issue":"7","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"A statistical model for the geotechnical parameters of cement-stabilised hightown's soft soil","author":[{"family":"Jafer","given":"Hassnen M."},{"family":"Hashim","given":"Khalid S."},{"family":"Atherton","given":"WILLIAM"},{"family":"Al-attabi","given":"A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jafer et al., 2016).

The role of optimum moisture content is important in designing construction projects. It is for slope stability (and yes landslide or mudflow). It is for the validation of the Atterberg data output from the lab. It comes to challenge to bring the whole involved office staff and lab technician into the field just to see the condition of the slope. Hence, that is why only the drilling team and 1–2 engineers are involved to take photograph and demonstrate the conditions to engineers at the office ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FO4M5GMy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017). After the lab comes up with the output, there will be a requirement to validate the in-situ condition with the soil sample. if the field engineer said the topmost soil is fairly wet, there is a pool of water and left a footprint when stepped upon but the moisture content turns out it’s far below the Liquid limit (or even sometimes below plastic limit) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"96YE7FO1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017). In such a case, there must be a breach in the sample tube and probably the sample data is invalid. hence re-sampling is probably required (or sometimes if it’s impossible, and the only reliable sources are the values of CPT and SPT).

The parameter required for the analysis of soil liquefaction potential is moisture content and the Atterberg limits. Plotting these into Bray and Sancio chart or other methods, liquefaction potential will be calculated. these are very important when designing the foundation of the high-rise building. The amount of moisture in the soil has a great significance in civil engineering; one of its most important uses is in the construction of an embankment, where the density of the compacted embankment is dependent upon the moisture content. A structure is only as strong as its foundation, however, most of the places require stabilization, drying out or compaction of the soil inevitably to prevent a crack in the foundation or minimising the foundation movement ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PewmZ6qD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017). Moisture is considered as an enemy to any modern structure, so, while testing for the amount of water in the soil, one can compute the necessary quantity soil amendments for stabilization ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MHZTCIG4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017). Moreover, water holding capacity is another parameter that can be computed during the test. During the formulation of the drainage plan, there is a need to consider run-off water to avert the flooding risks, because structures do not absorb rainfall or precipitation.

It is imperative to find out the optimum amount of moisture in the soil for achieving maximum density compaction and therefore, maximum bearing capacity. Moisture content specifications typically necessitate that the soil is compressed or compacted within -2 points to +4 points of optimum and achieve 95% or higher density ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bHQDiXEJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017). Moisture content is incredibly important. Rather than explain some or attempt to explain all the ways it is important. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Rv6EmsR7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla (2017) recommend taking an introductory course on geotechnical engineering as a start. Here, moisture content (MC) in the soil would be introduced in a very short time. The case could be made that the appearance of disturbed and undisturbed soils would change with MC, depending on the context of observation and appearance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Rv6EmsR7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017). Such as an excavator just scooped a bucket full of previously undisturbed in situ soil.

How the moisture content is favourable for construction is also an important thing that should be discussed in the literature review. There are basically two limits of soil i.e. elastic and plastic limits. Both; elastic and plastic limits of the soil are vital while finding a suitable foundation. So, there is a need to compute the optimum amount of moisture in the soil to know where it achieves maximum strength. So, the moisture content is required to keep in pack solid (Compacted). The Compaction of soil increases while the content of moisture in the soil increases up to the optimum level of moisture, and following optimum moisture content it starts decreasing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rOnSoiuB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1042,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"itemData":{"id":1042,"type":"article-journal","title":"Modeling of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of stabilized soil using artificial neural networks","container-title":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","page":"368–379","volume":"173","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Hossein Alavi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Hossein Gandomi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Mollahassani","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Akbar Heshmati","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Rashed","given":"Azadeh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hossein Alavi et al., 2010). The amount of moisture in the soil also depends upon the type of construction, if it’s a highway project the moisture content is necessary for soil to receive compaction, the quantity of moisture present should be equal to OMC of the particular soil which is about 8–10 % by weight. When it comes to structural work, again soil in moisture plays an important role since there is a requirement to compact the soil before going for substructure, and for compacting moisture (OMC) is must , simply rolling the dry soil is useless, as it never achieve the density, and is susceptible to shrinkage after load is applied ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4B9aWyWa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017).

Soil should be compacted at or near optimum moisture. However, engineers may check the compaction sometime later when moisture conditions have changed. As long as the unit weight percentage standard is met it may be assumed that the soil was compacted at or near optimum. Soil density meters measure dry density. Besides, it also depends on whether the soil is clayey or sandy. For sands, it would not make much of a difference whether the soil compacted is slightly ‘wet’ or ‘dry’ of the optimum moisture content. However, if it is clay, then compacting it ‘wet’ or ‘dry’ of optimum will have a significant effect on the way it is likely to behave ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Xv96zE00","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017). Naturally, a clay compacted ‘wet’ of optimum will be relatively soft, while the one compacted ‘dry’ of optimum will be stiff - and hence, they will exhibit different settlement behaviour. It also depends on whether the clay is expansive or not. Hence, there is no single answer to the question; soil should be compacted at or near optimum moisture.

The liquid limit of soil has a major role in the moisture content of the soil. If the liquid limit is the sufficient amount water to change the property of soil to become flowable, and optimum amount of moisture in the soil is the quantity of water required to compact the soil under pressure, so there are no voids in the soil ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AVCaGepU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017). Probably determining the optimum moisture content is more utilized in farming, because tillage carried out on fields, which are drier or wetter than the soil with the optimum amount of water, can cause damage in the structure of the soil through the creation of huge lumps. The liquid limit would be a useful thing to know during construction because engineers would not want to build on a surface that can move too much due to its being an expansive soil ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"R0tQKSmJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","plainCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1034,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"itemData":{"id":1034,"type":"article-journal","title":"A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management","container-title":"Journal of Hydrology","page":"110–117","volume":"458","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dobriyal","given":"Pariva"},{"family":"Qureshi","given":"Ashi"},{"family":"Badola","given":"Ruchi"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Syed Ainul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dobriyal et al., 2012). Of course, I may be wrong because our house was built on top of a granite outcropping and it moved up and down an inch every year due to wet and dry seasons. It will be interesting to see the answers from scientists or engineers.

There is also a relationship between moisture content and bearing capacity of the soil. Moisture content affects almost every other property of soil. If engineers are familiar with optimum moisture content in soil compaction, they will find out that water increases its density until it begins to reduce it at some point when the water in the soil is beginning to replace the particle of soil ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rVSFd6Fm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1054,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"itemData":{"id":1054,"type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of compacted soils","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"KS","given":"NG"},{"family":"Chew","given":"Y. M."},{"family":"Osman","given":"M. H."},{"family":"SK","given":"MOHAMAD GHAZALI"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (KS et al., 2015). In the formula of ultimate bearing capacity of the soil, there is a property cohesion which is affected as there is an increase in the water content such that the ultimate bearing capacity is reduced ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7zqAjE70","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1054,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"itemData":{"id":1054,"type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of compacted soils","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"KS","given":"NG"},{"family":"Chew","given":"Y. M."},{"family":"Osman","given":"M. H."},{"family":"SK","given":"MOHAMAD GHAZALI"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (KS et al., 2015). Take slopes for example as the water level rises the slope becomes unstable and fails under smaller loads. There is a level at which the water content in the soil makes the soil to flow like water this is the liquid limit. Hence at any point in time whether in foundations or soils the moisture content is always controlled by drains.

Generally, when the bearing capacity of the soil decreases as the moisture increases. This happens because water fills the pores between the grains of the soil, and water being an incompressible fluid does not allow the grain of soil to carry more weight. Besides, the effective stress between the grains also affects the shear strength of soil that depends upon it. And, when the amount of moisture in the soil increases, effectively stress between the pores decrease that consequently lessen the shear strength of the soil. Nevertheless, this is only the general behaviour, there are exceptions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"w3nXKzwu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1054,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"itemData":{"id":1054,"type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of compacted soils","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"KS","given":"NG"},{"family":"Chew","given":"Y. M."},{"family":"Osman","given":"M. H."},{"family":"SK","given":"MOHAMAD GHAZALI"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (KS et al., 2015). While testing the compaction of compacted soil in a field, the soil should be compacted at or near optimum moisture. However, engineers maybe checking the compaction sometime later when moisture conditions have changed. As long as the unit weight percentage standard is met engineers may assume that the soil was compacted at or near optimum. Soil density meters measure dry density. The indication about the compactness of soil comes from its dry unit weight, hence, to find out the degree of compaction it is imperative to calculate a dry unit weight ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WaxQMC2d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017). So, the aforementioned argument concludes that if there is higher dry density in the soil, lesser will be the pore ratio, higher will be the compactness of the soil.

Since ultimate bearing capacity depends upon the physical state of the soil as is quite evident from the Terzaghis Bearing capacity equation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"s3vkcWPX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lee and Salgado, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Lee and Salgado, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1068,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/VR9LTFVQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/VR9LTFVQ"],"itemData":{"id":1068,"type":"article-journal","title":"Estimation of bearing capacity of circular footings on sands based on cone penetration test","container-title":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","page":"442–452","volume":"131","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Junhwan"},{"family":"Salgado","given":"Rodrigo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lee and Salgado, 2005).Now during monsoon seasons instead of unit weight of soil we will have to take into account buoyant unit weight in the Terzaghis equation which can almost halve the value of ultimate bearing capacity and that is why some structures do fail by not designing our structures for reduced bearing capacity during monsoons ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Y7OcJiMi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cerato and Lutenegger, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Cerato and Lutenegger, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1067,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/TKN2IQCE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/TKN2IQCE"],"itemData":{"id":1067,"type":"article-journal","title":"Scale effects of shallow foundation bearing capacity on granular material","container-title":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","page":"1192–1202","volume":"133","issue":"10","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Cerato","given":"Amy B."},{"family":"Lutenegger","given":"Alan J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cerato and Lutenegger, 2007). In building structures, engineers do not use moisture content as a parameter unless they are building on reclaimed land or an embankment. If they do, then optimal moisture content along with maximum dry density is what ultimate bearing capacity depends upon, however, that is just for quality control. There is still a need to conduct an SPT testing on the compacted reclaimed land to give parameters for bearing capacity analysis.

There is a decisive role played by the optimum moisture content in the processes concerning ecosystem levels ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LdjXCh61","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rhymer et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Rhymer et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1045,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/6GBINLAN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/6GBINLAN"],"itemData":{"id":1045,"type":"article-journal","title":"Can ecosystem services be integrated with conservation? A case study of breeding waders on grassland","container-title":"Ibis","page":"698–712","volume":"152","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Can ecosystem services be integrated with conservation?","author":[{"family":"Rhymer","given":"Caroline M."},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Robert A."},{"family":"Smart","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Whittingham","given":"Mark J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rhymer et al., 2010). There is a need to maintain the moisture content in the soil, and for that reason, geotechnical engineers and scientist are under immense pressure for devising such mechanisms. The geotechnical scientist has the responsibility to maintain the moisture of the soil and maximize its productivity for agrarian and natural ecosystems. There is a requirement of evidence-based data by hydrological research and soil moisture measurement concerning Spatio-temporal distribution of the moisture content in the soil in distinct land cover types/land use ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CDZZFQHP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sommer et al., 2011)","plainCitation":"(Sommer et al., 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1048,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IRI9AN3B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IRI9AN3B"],"itemData":{"id":1048,"type":"article-journal","title":"Application of indicator systems for monitoring and assessment of desertification from national to global scales","container-title":"Land Degradation & Development","page":"184–197","volume":"22","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sommer","given":"Stefan"},{"family":"Zucca","given":"Claudio"},{"family":"Grainger","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Cherlet","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Zougmore","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Sokona","given":"Youba"},{"family":"Hill","given":"Joachim"},{"family":"Della Peruta","given":"Raniero"},{"family":"Roehrig","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Guosheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sommer et al., 2011). Agricultural planning, afforestation, land-unit mapping, and regional management planning are expected to improve by optimum content of soil moisture in distinct land-use classes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5aYFa5F2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012; Merry, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012; Merry, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1034,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"itemData":{"id":1034,"type":"article-journal","title":"A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management","container-title":"Journal of Hydrology","page":"110–117","volume":"458","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dobriyal","given":"Pariva"},{"family":"Qureshi","given":"Ashi"},{"family":"Badola","given":"Ruchi"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Syed Ainul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}},{"id":1051,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IAYAEELM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IAYAEELM"],"itemData":{"id":1051,"type":"article-journal","title":"Acidity and alkalinity of soils","container-title":"Environmental and ecological chemistry","page":"115–131","volume":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Merry","given":"R. H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dobriyal et al., 2012; Merry, 2009). Besides, it will also contribute to comprehending the reciprocal impact of land surface progressions on climate and weather change. The methods that are discussed in the literature review concerning the calculations of optimum moisture content of soil are applicable on the basis of availability of resources and landscape types. Hence, the literature concerning the moisture content in the soil concludes that different situations will require different methods for moisture measurement. However, the contemporary review is useful at the regional and global level for estimating optimum moisture content for validation and simulation studies. The literature on the optimum moisture content of the soil will provide information for the distribution of soil moisture in distinct land types and decision making.

The soil with greater maximum dry density will have higher unconfined compressive strength than soil with lesser maximum dry density. This happens in general as Greater maximum dry density will lead to the more dense arrangement of the particles which will add to the interlocking of the particles and thereby increasing the shear strength ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Hhdym8h3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1042,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"itemData":{"id":1042,"type":"article-journal","title":"Modeling of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of stabilized soil using artificial neural networks","container-title":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","page":"368–379","volume":"173","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Hossein Alavi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Hossein Gandomi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Mollahassani","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Akbar Heshmati","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Rashed","given":"Azadeh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hossein Alavi et al., 2010). The unconfined compressive strength (popularly known as UCS) is a measure of the strength of the material. However, there is no relevance of such tests as compacted materials are generally tested for MDD as well as for CBR. The UCS test is not carried out on compacted material but on natural materials. Similarly, the UCS test is, in general, carried out for cohesive materials while the materials used for compaction in roads and building embankment are generally of sandy nature ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KbP92t8R","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","plainCitation":"(Dobriyal et al., 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1034,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/YJBCZS83"],"itemData":{"id":1034,"type":"article-journal","title":"A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management","container-title":"Journal of Hydrology","page":"110–117","volume":"458","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dobriyal","given":"Pariva"},{"family":"Qureshi","given":"Ashi"},{"family":"Badola","given":"Ruchi"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Syed Ainul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dobriyal et al., 2012).

Fine-grained soil has more voids than coarse-grained because fine soil particles are so fine and are packed closely, so they should have less void ratio, but in actual things are not always the same, the way we look at it. In actual fine-grained soil have more void ratio as compared to the coarse-grained soil. For instance, two blocks having straight cut edges, when put together, it look like they are one piece of block, but when one looks at microlevel, then one gets to know that the surfaces are not smooth enough to act like one, instead for each surface point contact they are leaving a space in between them. Similarly, in soil particles also, the concept of Surface area prevails. For the same volume of soil, coarse-grained soil has less surface area when compared to that of fine soil. Hence the voids created between the fine particles are more as compared to coarse-grained. The particles of fine-grained soil not only divided in a fine manner but also possess chemical repulsion. Owing to such chemical repulsion between the finely divided particles the void ratio increases in fine-grained particles of soil. This void ration is greater than that of the present in coarse-grained soil.

As far as specific gravity is concerned, fine-grained soil has more specific gravity than coarse-grained soil. The difference in the specific gravities of fine-grained and coarse-grained soil owe the difference between the void-space of fine-grained and coarse-grained soil – fine-grained soil has less void space than coarse-grained soil. Due to the more void space in coarse-grained soil, it occupies more by unit weight which decreases its density, as we know that density is the weight per unit volume (Basha et al., 2005). Owing to such an inverse relationship between density and volume, fine-grained soil has more density because it occupies less volume per unit weight. Since specific gravity = density of particle/density of the reference liquid or water. Specific gravity is directly proportional to the density of the particle. So, specific gravity is more in case of fine-grain particle. Besides, coarse particle size is more thus chance of occurrence void (empty space) is also more and density contented in a given volume is low ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NIUsAJuX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Basha et al., 2005)","plainCitation":"(Basha et al., 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1072,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/U7RMPHIH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/U7RMPHIH"],"itemData":{"id":1072,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement","container-title":"Construction and building materials","page":"448–453","volume":"19","issue":"6","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Basha","given":"E. A."},{"family":"Hashim","given":"Roslan"},{"family":"Mahmud","given":"H. B."},{"family":"Muntohar","given":"A. S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Basha et al., 2005). Similarly, for the fine particle (size<75 microns). The volume void is less and mass content in a given volume is more, therefore, the density of the particle is high So, the fine particle has more specific gravity.

 Void ratio is the volume of air and water compared to the volume of solid particles in a soil mass. When all the voids in a soil mass are filled with water, the soil is said to be 100% saturated. For example, if 40% of a soil’s volume is water and/or air, the soil is said to have a void ratio of 0.4. The solid soil particles give the soil its strength and its ability to support loads imposed upon it from a combination of particle friction and particle adhesion. Void ratio is a predictor of how much solid particle contact is present and the amount of potential settlement that can occur with additional imposed loads. If soil is subjected to additional pressure from a footing, slab or fills placement, the void ratio will decrease as solid particles realign to carry the additional load and force air and water out of its mass, thus reducing the void ratio. At first, the water may occupy the space being taken by air, but any additional consolidation will result in the water being pushed out of the soil mass as well ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7fvxCjc5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1054,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"itemData":{"id":1054,"type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of compacted soils","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"KS","given":"NG"},{"family":"Chew","given":"Y. M."},{"family":"Osman","given":"M. H."},{"family":"SK","given":"MOHAMAD GHAZALI"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (KS et al., 2015). At the end of the soil consolidation process, the dry unit weight of the soil will be higher and the moisture content may be lower.

Each soil has a pressure-consolidation curve and time-consolidation curves. In the laboratory, tests are performed by adding pressure increments and measuring the settlement or consolidation that occurs with time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"n4na2rtH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Hossein Alavi et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1042,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5X5EZDWY"],"itemData":{"id":1042,"type":"article-journal","title":"Modeling of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of stabilized soil using artificial neural networks","container-title":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science","page":"368–379","volume":"173","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Hossein Alavi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Hossein Gandomi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Mollahassani","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Akbar Heshmati","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Rashed","given":"Azadeh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hossein Alavi et al., 2010). The first step is to confine and saturate the soil sample so that there are no air voids before starting the test. The pressure increments are doubled for each addition and held for at least 24 hours. Based on the measured settlement of the sample being tested and knowing the specific gravity of the soil, it is easy to calculate the void ratio changes in the sample ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Q8cCdBwl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017).

The saturated soil would be heavier since water would fill whatever voids existed in the soil while dry. Some expansive soil might actually absorb water and expand in volume enough that the actual unit sample would contain less soil (the heavier material), and the saturated soil would be lighter than the dry material, but that would be material like bentonite clay that swells considerably when wetted, most soils do not expand that much. However, the moisture content is also reported - so one can determine the “wet” and “saturated” total unit weights for stress calculations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NDh72Qmr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017). With that information, the total stress can then be calculated at some point Z by summing the product of Z*UW and the effective stress by Z*UW-(Z-Zw) *UW. This may require multiple steps, depending on if there are soil changes in the logs and how sensitive the analysis is.

For computational convenience, engineers calculate the moisture percentage of soil from dry unit weight instead of wet weight. This is because there is any variation in the moisture content of soil for compaction control or other purposes, using the dry weight of the soil provides a constant for use as a comparison. It does not change when moisture is added or removed. If wet unit weights had been used, it would have to continually adjust for both the dry unit weight, plus the starting moisture content when the effect of changes are taken into account ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YHnMpvTb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Roy and Bhalla, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1065,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/EJK8KW4E"],"itemData":{"id":1065,"type":"article-journal","title":"Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures","container-title":"Resources and Environment","page":"103–109","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Roy","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Sanjeev Kumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roy and Bhalla, 2017). It also makes more sense in the presence of partially saturated soil, as is normally the case in fill control. One can only compact the air spaces of clayey soil, and cannot drain out the moisture content on the time scale of a compaction effort. Using dry unit weight and soil specific gravity, zero voids line for given dry unit weight and sample volume can be calculated. This allows one to have a sense of how much available voids have been closed when drawing Proctor compaction curves.

Compaction test in the laboratory on a soil sample will yield maximum dry unit weight at a certain amount of moisture in the soil sample. On the construction site engineer will have to get the value of the maximum dry unit weight of the soil at the site while testing on the site, not less than 90–95% of the maximum dry unit weight of the soil sample as computed in the laboratory which is what calculated in the laboratory. Therefore, 95% compaction means that the soil at the site it compacted up to 95% of the maximum dry unit weight possible of the soil (which is computed in the laboratory).

Compaction properties such as optimum moisture content and maximum dry density, when examined in the laboratory is very costly and time taking. This factor highlights the significance of creating the simple correlation equations in order to evaluate the compaction properties exploiting a restively simpler index properties test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7BOYmfQv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1054,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"itemData":{"id":1054,"type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of compacted soils","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"KS","given":"NG"},{"family":"Chew","given":"Y. M."},{"family":"Osman","given":"M. H."},{"family":"SK","given":"MOHAMAD GHAZALI"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (KS et al., 2015). Hence, this study aims to explore the association between optimum moisture content and maximum dry density and their correspondence function with index properties. Established on the results obtained from nine soil samples utilizing the standard proctor compaction test, a significant correlation was found between both the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Besides, it is worth mentioning that these two compaction properties revel higher correlation with plasticity index as compared to any other index properties. Established in the multilinear regression (MLR) analyses, three finest predictive models were projected to evaluate the compaction properties. More variables such as specific gravity and grain size distribution were added in the MLR analyses rather than the other index properties. Only specific gravity and plasticity index was needed in the recommended model.

The two most important compaction properties of soil are optimum content of moisture and maximum dry density of the soil. Both of these compaction properties play a pivotal role in field compaction control. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0TFzHKVy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1054,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"itemData":{"id":1054,"type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of compacted soils","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"KS","given":"NG"},{"family":"Chew","given":"Y. M."},{"family":"Osman","given":"M. H."},{"family":"SK","given":"MOHAMAD GHAZALI"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} KS et al. (2015) drew the relationship between two types of the properties of the soil i.e. index properties and compaction properties. The relation presented in the study is for fine-grained soil and standard proctor test was used drawing the relationship between index and compaction properties of the soil. Another important thing presented in the research is multilinear regression analysis that developed a statistical model for the estimation of moisture content in the soil and maximum dry density of the soil. The study concluded the correlation between maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the soil. Besides, the model developed by multilinear regression analysis is restricted only to the soils with similar features ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N4owDOM3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(KS et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1054,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/LPGPCU8B"],"itemData":{"id":1054,"type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of compacted soils","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"KS","given":"NG"},{"family":"Chew","given":"Y. M."},{"family":"Osman","given":"M. H."},{"family":"SK","given":"MOHAMAD GHAZALI"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (KS et al., 2015).

Research Gap

All the literature discussed in this chapter spin around the calculation of maximum dry density and optimum content of moisture in the soil and finding the unconfined compressive strengths of soils. The literature has presented data regarding the calculation of soil moisture by using different techniques, calculating the UCS of soil with the amalgamation of different other materials such as cement, fly-ash etc. However, the main gap in the data is; no research found the compressive strength of different soil samples by using maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. There are more than twenty-five articles included in this literature review that focused on the maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, and UCS of soil. However, the calculating compressive strength by means of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density is missing in the literature searched. And, this constitutes the research gap and urges the researcher to calculate UCS by using optimum moisture content and maximum dry density.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayeldeen, M., Hara, Y., Kitazume, M., Negm, A., 2016. Unconfined compressive strength of compacted disturbed cement-stabilized soft clay. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering 2, 28.

Barreto, D., O’Sullivan, C., 2012. The influence of inter-particle friction and the intermediate stress ratio on soil response under generalised stress conditions. Granular Matter 14, 505–521.

Basha, E.A., Hashim, R., Mahmud, H.B., Muntohar, A.S., 2005. Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. Construction and building materials 19, 448–453.

Bindlish, R., Jackson, T.J., Gasiewski, A.J., Klein, M., Njoku, E.G., 2006. Soil moisture mapping and AMSR-E validation using the PSR in SMEX02. Remote Sensing of Environment 103, 127–139.

Cerato, A.B., Lutenegger, A.J., 2007. Scale effects of shallow foundation bearing capacity on granular material. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 133, 1192–1202.

Chen, J.-J., Zhang, L., Zhang, J.-F., Zhu, Y.-F., Wang, J.-H., 2012. Field tests, modification, and application of deep soil mixing method in soft clay. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 139, 24–34.

Dobriyal, P., Qureshi, A., Badola, R., Hussain, S.A., 2012. A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management. Journal of Hydrology 458, 110–117.

Fattet, M., Fu, Y., Ghestem, M., Ma, W., Foulonneau, M., Nespoulous, J., Le Bissonnais, Y., Stokes, A., 2011. Effects of vegetation type on soil resistance to erosion: Relationship between aggregate stability and shear strength. Catena 87, 60–69.

Ferrara, G., Flore, J.A., 2003. Comparison between different methods for measuring transpiration in potted apple trees. Biologia Plantarum 46, 41–47.

Harichane, K., Ghrici, M., Kenai, S., Grine, K., 2011. Use of natural pozzolana and lime for stabilization of cohesive soils. Geotechnical and geological engineering 29, 759–769.

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Hossein Alavi, A., Hossein Gandomi, A., Mollahassani, A., Akbar Heshmati, A., Rashed, A., 2010. Modeling of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of stabilized soil using artificial neural networks. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 173, 368–379.

Jafer, H.M., Hashim, K.S., Atherton, W., Al-attabi, A., 2016. A statistical model for the geotechnical parameters of cement-stabilised hightown’s soft soil: a case study of liverpool, UK. International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering 10, 885–890.

K, S., V, D., 2016. Unconfined compressiv strength of stabilized soil. (IJETCSE 12.

KS, N., Chew, Y.M., Osman, M.H., SK, M.G., 2015. Estimating maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of compacted soils.

Lee, J., Salgado, R., 2005. Estimation of bearing capacity of circular footings on sands based on cone penetration test. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 131, 442–452.

Lunt, I.A., Hubbard, S.S., Rubin, Y., 2005. Soil moisture content estimation using ground-penetrating radar reflection data. Journal of hydrology 307, 254–269.

Merry, R.H., 2009. Acidity and alkalinity of soils. Environmental and ecological chemistry 2, 115–131.

Mostafa, T.S., Imran, J., Chaudhry, M.H., Kahn, I.B., 2008. Erosion resistance of cohesive soils. Journal of hydraulic research 46, 777–787.

Muñoz-Carpena, R., Shukla, S., Morgan, K., 2004. Field devices for monitoring soil water content. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and ….

Naeini, S.A., Naderinia, B., Izadi, E., 2012. Unconfined compressive strength of clayey soils stabilized with waterborne polymer. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 16, 943–949.

Narendra, B.S., Sivapullaiah, P.V., Suresh, S., Omkar, S.N., 2006. Prediction of unconfined compressive strength of soft grounds using computational intelligence techniques: a comparative study. Computers and Geotechnics 33, 196–208.

Pires, L.F., Bacchi, O.O., Reichardt, K., 2005. Soil water retention curve determined by gamma-ray beam attenuation. Soil and Tillage Research 82, 89–97.

Rhymer, C.M., Robinson, R.A., Smart, J., Whittingham, M.J., 2010. Can ecosystem services be integrated with conservation? A case study of breeding waders on grassland. Ibis 152, 698–712.

Roy, S., Bhalla, S.K., 2017. Role of geotechnical properties of soil on civil engineering structures. Resources and Environment 7, 103–109.

Sabat, A.K., 2012. Stabilization of expansive soil using waste ceramic dust. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 17.

Shakoor, A., Barefield, E.H., 2009. Relationship between unconfined compressive strength and degree of saturation for selected sandstones. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 15, 29–40.

Smith, C.W., Hadas, A., Dan, J., Koyumdjisky, H., 1985. Shrinkage and Atterberg limits in relation to other properties of principal soil types in Israel. Geoderma 35, 47–65.

Sommer, S., Zucca, C., Grainger, A., Cherlet, M., Zougmore, R., Sokona, Y., Hill, J., Della Peruta, R., Roehrig, J., Wang, G., 2011. Application of indicator systems for monitoring and assessment of desertification from national to global scales. Land Degradation & Development 22, 184–197.

Sridharan, A., Sivapullaiah, P.V., 2005. Mini compaction test apparatus for fine grained soils. Geotechnical Testing Journal 28, 240–246.

An Ethical Dillema

An ethical dilemma

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Introduction

There are several ethical decisions Human Resource (HR) managers face daily in their line of duties. Human Resource professionals are ethically responsible for fostering and promoting fairness and justice to all employees and the organization. According to Cartee(2016), HR professionals are strictly required to keep confidential information of a company. Therefore, it would be unethical for Mary to inform Ralph of the impendingrestructuring of the company, which many employees, including Ralph, would lose their job. This paper, therefore, illustrates two ethical philosophies that might help with the decision, a proper recommendation for how you would advise Mary Alice to act, provide a description of the process you used to arrive at the recommendation and limitations or possible unintended consequences associated with your recommendations.

Ethical philosophies that might help with the decision

Human Resource ethics are derived to provide guidelines for HR professionals. However, in human resource, there are several ethical philosophies which are applicable. HR professionals apply these philosophies for efficient decision making. In the case of Mary regarding the issue with Ralph, egoism, and Deontology is major philosophies which can be applied by Mary in the decision process. Egoism is regarded as self-interest. Misselbrok(2016) pointed out that in egoism, morality is measured based on the consequences of the action taken by human resource professionals. It abides individuals to act in a way that promotes self-interest and the interest of society. In the case of Mary, herself interest is to make sure that the company conducts proper restructuring without looking bias before the employees. Egoism, therefore, ensures that the interest of the company and other parties involved like Ralph and other employees are not violated. Deontology is the ethical theory which is used to differentiate what is right and wrong. It is regarded as an ability to use reason to create a range of rights and hold up an obligation CITATION Dav16 \l 1033 (Misselbrook, 2016). By failing to inform Ralph on the pending restructuring of the company, Mary was guided by an obligation to remain confidential on an issue pertaining the human resource restructuring.

Recommendation to advise Mary Alice to Act

Human resource professionals are guided by ethical standards, which requires professional to remain neutral to foster and promote fairness. First, it would have been depressing for Ralph to hear the impending restructuring from Mary Alice a time when discussing his plan with a colleague. It was essential for Mary to remain confidential regarding the issue. I would recommend for Mary to remain tight regarding the restructuring and inform Ralph when the rest of employees would be informed of the changes the company is planning to enforce CITATION Eku15 \l 1033 (Ekuma & Akobo, 2015). Though it would be a surprise to Ralph and it may negatively look at Mary Alice, it is important to avoid unnecessaryuncertainty in the company. This would be the best decision for Mary to avoid uncertainty in the company at times when a company requires focus and little destruction. My second recommendation for Mary Alice is to call Ralph after their conversation and advise him on what he can do regarding his future plan. The advice should focus on the uncertainty or the impending restructure and advise me to take necessary precaution and alternative as he makes a future pan. It will give Ralph options and therefore, the impending restructuring would not be a surprise to him. It will keep Mary Alice and Ralph friendship but it might cause a blow to the impending plan of restructuring.

These recommendations are derived based on the interest of the company, Ralph and Mary Alice. According to egoism theory, an ethical decision should be based on the self-interest to ensure that the right thing is done to preserve the values of the company CITATION Omb19 \l 1033 (Ombanda & K’Obonyo, 2019). And in the case of the Mary and Ralph, the self-interest is to ensure that the company' impending restructuring plan is not compromised. However, in making the recommendation, the interest of the company is undertaken, the interest of Ralph and Mary Alice to keep their friendship and to avoid any future blames.

However, the recommendations have certain consequences that might negative or positively affect the company, Mary Alice and Ralph. The HR is a critical department and it handles critical information of a company. Informing Ralph might cause the company finances and failure to achieve its intended plan to restructure the company and move to a smaller and affordable work plan. If Ralph decides to share the information from Mary Alice with other employees, the chaos which can lead to a court case can happen and this might stop the company from proceeding with its plan. The recommendation to inform Ralph is, therefore, a difficult decision, which is likely to cause a lot of problems. Mary Alice should, therefore, take serious measures because it can make lose of a job as well. Recommendation not to inform Ralph is some consequences and the positive side of it is the continuity of the process without any problem. However, it may affect the relationship between Ralph and Mary Alice, but the most important aspect is the ethical value which requires HR professionals to remain confidential. It would, therefore, important for Mary Alice to keep the secret and not to inform Ralph though they are friends until the time which all employees will be informed of the restructuring plan. Though it would be unethical to Ralph for Mary not to inform him, the decision would not interfere with the company's plan and leak the confidential information, which Mary as an HR professional affirm to protect.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Carter, A. (2016). Ethical dilemmas in HR practice: HR in a disordered world IES Perspectives on HR 2015. Journal of Business and Human Resource, 2-35.

Ekuma, K., & Akobo, L. (2015). Human resource management ethics and professionals’ dilemma: A review and research agenda. Journal of the Human Resource Management Research, 47-57.

Misselbrook, D. (2016). Duty, Kant, and Deontology. British Journal of General practice, 2-35.

Ombanda, P. O., & K’Obonyo, P. ( 2019). Critical Analysis of Ethics in Human Resource Management and Employee Performance. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 12-35.

An Issue In The Area Of Couple Relationship

Communication Problems in a Relationship

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Communication Problems in a Relationship

Introduction

It is quite natural that almost every couple tends to have some moment in their lives in misunderstandings. The matter of fact is that each relationship has its ups and downs. The successful couples are the ones that learn on their own to sort things out and try to understand each other even if they are in their worst times. Although, there are a number of reasons due to which a couple may experience some emotional problems, one of the most common problems that come to account is the poor communication between a couple. One thing that must be taken into consideration is the undeniable fact that all problems in a relationship stem from poor communication (Lavner et al., 2016).

It often happens that a relationship works well at the beginning, but right after some time, arguments starts to develop between the two individuals. The reason for that is quite simple that the interest of one starts getting off as he/she may start dividing their attention from the partner. There is a high need for the ones involved in a relationship to understand that they cannot communicate while watching TV, or using smartphones. Although technology tends to provide a wide number of vital benefits for the humankind, on the other hand, it tends to create some sort of communication barrier among the individuals (Drago, 2015).

There are certain ways in which the problem of poor communication can be sorted out. A couple in order to solve the problem can go for making an actual appointment with each other. The most common issue that makes a couple far from each other is the distraction they get from the third party. However, there are possible ways to solve this problem, and some of them are to put the kids to bed, make sure your cell phone is on vibration (Drago, 2015). The outcomes of this will result in not having any sort of distraction while the couple is spending quality time with each other.

It often happens that a large number of people find themselves not comfortable when they speak in a light tone. In such a scenario, the couple shows hesitance towards themselves for expressing themselves which results in some barrier for both of the partners. Another common mistake that most of the couples do, and which results in poor communication between the individuals is that they do not set any rules. It is quite necessary for a couple to set up a few rules in the relationship that can, later on, emerge as something helpful for them. The reason why the distance between partners starts to increase is that one tends to interrupt while other is speaking. Even if the partner is saying something wrong, the other should first listen completely before coming to any conclusion and interrupting in between the words.

Body language plays a quite important role in communication. It is nothing, but the body language of a person that tends to give the confirmation to the speaker that the listener is listening. If someone wants to strengthen the communication in a relationship, then he/she is required to show a positive body language, and try not to doodle while having the communication. The matter of fact is that communication tends to require the full attention of both individuals. There is a high need to understand the availability of each other. One must assure the other that he/she is actually listening carefully, and he/she has an interest in the topic being discussed. The reason for that is quite simple that one showing no sign of interest ends up in ruining the entire communication, and the one on the other side starts thinking that the opinions, suggestions, or the entire communication of him/her has no value at all (Lavner et al., 2017).

Conclusion

It is concluded that one of the toughest parts between couples is honest communication. There is no doubt that its the communication that paves the way to a healthy relationship among two opposite genders. In a number of scenarios, a communication mistake leads to the issues that destroy a healthy relationship (Overall et al., 2017). The matter of fact is that the couples who face the issues of communication are often seen to have an increasing level of conflict in the relationship. Apart from this, it often results in the avoidance that tends to increase the communication barrier even more. There is no doubt that high-conflict communication tends to focus on who is right. It does not work on finding ways to resolve things out. It is true that avoidance in communication tends to result in damaging the relationship.

In the case where the couple tends to make a habit to avoid the difficult subject, the outcomes of this may result to permeate all aspects of their communication. In a nutshell, it can be said that it is the main reason why a number of couples drift apart physically and emotionally. There is no doubt that assumptions are considered to be the most common communication problem that is faced by the majority of the couple. The reason for that is quite simple as it is considered to be quite easy for making assumptions regarding the familiar person. Due to this, it becomes crucial to clarify questions. The matter of fact is that communication tends to require the full attention of both individuals. There is a high need to understand the availability of each other e.g., one must not disturb his/her partner while he/she is studying or working on something which requires proper attention.

Although it is true that criticism can be constructive, but in that case, there must be the right delivery. There is no doubt that criticism can be hurtful and decorate trust. Therefore, there is a high need to carefully consider the way for the best expressing partner. In any relationship, it is considered quite important for being kind and honest with a partner. Each partner must be remembered for communicating the things he/she love and appreciate his/her partner. One thing that must be taken into consideration is that your partner is not something that you own. There must be some sort of distance and limitations during communication. One must not show dominance over his/her partner (Overall et al., 2017). There are certain ways in which the problem of poor communication can be sorted out. A couple in order to solve the problem can go for making an actual appointment with each other.

Another serious comes to account when someone gets stuck to a single point and is not willing to accept the facts presented by others. Although, there are a number of reasons due to which a couple may experience some emotional problems, one of the most common problems that come to account is the poor communication between a couple. In case if someone finds himself obsessing on an issue, there is a high need for him to acquire processes or strategies for working through such issues (Pace et al., 2015). Apart from this, couples often face the issue of not being able to express themselves against their partners. It is quite important for saying what someone wants and needs from the relationship. There is no doubt that difficulties tend to arise in the case when individuals tend to expect their partner for having read their mind.

One thing that must be taken into consideration is the undeniable fact that all problems in a relationship stem from poor communication. There is a high need for the ones involved in a relationship to understand that they cannot communicate while watching TV, or using smartphones. Although technology tends to provide a wide number of vital benefits for the humankind, on the other hand, it tends to create some sort of communication barrier among the individuals. In case if someone is having difficulty with verbal expression, or he/she gets upset, there is a high need for that person to write things down before discussing with the partner. There is a high need to understand the availability of each other. One must assure the other that he/she is actually listening carefully, and he/she has an interest in the topic being discussed.

Apart from this, in most of the couples, it has been observed that they are not able to understand the viewpoint of the other person. The outcomes of this may result in creating some sort of distance between the two individuals (Pace et al., 2015). It is true that listening is good, however, there is a high need for each individual to absorb what the other person has said. It often happens that a large number of people find themselves not comfortable when they speak in a light tone. In such a scenario, the couple shows hesitance towards themselves for expressing themselves which results in some barrier for both of the partners. If someone wants to strengthen the communication in a relationship, then he/she is required to show a positive body language, and try not to doodle while having the communication. One must assure the other that he/she is actually listening carefully, and he/she has an interest in the topic being discussed.

References

Adler, R. B., Rodman, G. R., & Du Pré, A. (2016). Understanding human communication (Vol. 10). Oxford University Press.

Drago, E. (2015). The effect of technology on face-to-face communication. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 6(1).

Lavner, J. A., & Bradbury, T. N. (2017). Protecting relationships from stress. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 11-14.

Lavner, J. A., Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (2016). Does couples' communication predict marital satisfaction, or does marital satisfaction predict communication?. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(3), 680-694.

Overall, N. C., & McNulty, J. K. (2017). What type of communication during conflict is beneficial for intimate relationships?. Current opinion in psychology, 13, 1-5.

Pace, G. T., Shafer, K., Jensen, T. M., & Larson, J. H. (2015). Stepparenting issues and relationship quality: The role of clear communication. Journal of Social Work, 15(1), 24-44.

Top 5 communication problems for couples. (2019). Stuff. Retrieved 22 April 2019, from https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/love-sex/92177715/top-5-communication-problems-for-couples

Trivedi, R., Slightam, C., Fan, V. S., Rosland, A. M., Nelson, K., Timko, C., ... & Piette, J. D. (2016). A couples’ based self-management program for heart failure: results of a feasibility study. Frontiers in public health, 4, 171.

An Issue In The Area Of Couple Relationship

Communication Problems in a Relationship

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Communication Problems in a Relationship

Introduction

It is quite natural that almost every couple tends to have some moment in their lives in misunderstandings. The matter of fact is that each relationship has its ups and downs. The successful couples are the ones that learn on their own to sort things out and try to understand each other even if they are in their worst times. Although, there are a number of reasons due to which a couple may experience some emotional problems, one of the most common problems that come to account is the poor communication between a couple. One thing that must be taken into consideration is the undeniable fact that all problems in a relationship stem from poor communication (Lavner et al., 2016).

It often happens that a relationship works well at the beginning, but right after some time, arguments starts to develop between the two individuals. The reason for that is quite simple that the interest of one starts getting off as he/she may start dividing their attention from the partner. There is a high need for the ones involved in a relationship to understand that they cannot communicate while watching TV, or using smartphones. Although technology tends to provide a wide number of vital benefits for the humankind, on the other hand, it tends to create some sort of communication barrier among the individuals (Drago, 2015).

There are certain ways in which the problem of poor communication can be sorted out. A couple in order to solve the problem can go for making an actual appointment with each other. The most common issue that makes a couple far from each other is the distraction they get from the third party. However, there are possible ways to solve this problem, and some of them are to put the kids to bed, make sure your cell phone is on vibration (Drago, 2015). The outcomes of this will result in not having any sort of distraction while the couple is spending quality time with each other.

It often happens that a large number of people find themselves not comfortable when they speak in a light tone. In such a scenario, the couple shows hesitance towards themselves for expressing themselves which results in some barrier for both of the partners. Another common mistake that most of the couples do, and which results in poor communication between the individuals is that they do not set any rules. It is quite necessary for a couple to set up a few rules in the relationship that can, later on, emerge as something helpful for them. The reason why the distance between partners starts to increase is that one tends to interrupt while other is speaking. Even if the partner is saying something wrong, the other should first listen completely before coming to any conclusion and interrupting in between the words.

Body language plays a quite important role in communication. It is nothing, but the body language of a person that tends to give the confirmation to the speaker that the listener is listening. If someone wants to strengthen the communication in a relationship, then he/she is required to show a positive body language, and try not to doodle while having the communication. One must assure the other that he/she is actually listening carefully, and he/she has an interest in the topic being discussed. The reason for that is quite simple that one showing no sign of interest ends up in ruining the entire communication, and the one on the other side starts thinking that the opinions, suggestions, or the entire communication of him/her has no value at all (Lavner et al., 2017).

References

Adler, R. B., Rodman, G. R., & Du Pré, A. (2016). Understanding human communication (Vol. 10). Oxford University Press.

Drago, E. (2015). The effect of technology on face-to-face communication. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 6(1).

Lavner, J. A., & Bradbury, T. N. (2017). Protecting relationships from stress. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 11-14.

Lavner, J. A., Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (2016). Does couples' communication predict marital satisfaction, or does marital satisfaction predict communication?. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(3), 680-694.

An Unseen Advantage

An Unseen Advantage

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

An Unseen Advantage

Introduction

“I have a dream that one day little black boys and girls will be holding hands with little white boys and girls.” ― Martin Luther King Jr., I Have a Dream

The United States of America is a nation having a large population, which is increasing day by day. This population consists of people from multiple nationalities, religions, gender, races, colors, castes, creed and backgrounds. America has always been a home to this diverse population, since its discovery, when Christopher Columbus came here on October 12, 1492, and found Red Indians living here.

Since then, America has gone through a lot. It has seen wars and people coming here for the purposes of business and residence. The major transition took place in the form of slavery; when African were brought in abundance in the United States of America to be traded as slaves and they were made to work like animals for their masters. As a result, people who came here for war or as slaves started permanently settling down here and living their lives as permanent citizens of America. These people feel pride in being called an American but has America also accepted these people? Does the US also feel pride in its diversity and like calling these people as proud citizens of America with open arms? Maybe the case is a little different here. The following details will discuss whether the United States of America has progressed and rose above the differences between races, caste, and color, creed and gender. The following paper will also throw light that whether Martin Luther King Jr.’s dream has been fulfilled or still there exists differences among various classes and societies in the country.

Discussion

Racial differences and discrimination have always existed in the American society, and people belonging to any race, religion, caste, color, creed or nationality, other than American, have always been mocked and criticized for them being from a different background. Racism in the United States grew more rapidly during the colonial era when the Europeans came to the continent and settled here. It has been heavily observed that white Americans have always been given much privilege in almost every matter, whether it is security matters or jobs.

Racism has been a hot topic for many decades as it was found out that not every individual in the United States had equal rights CITATION Bra13 \l 1033 (Bracey, 2013). Although the Government and the leadership claim repeatedly that all the individuals belonging to, any nationality and ethnicity are treated equally, and no discrimination exists in the society, but something different is observed in practice (McIntosh, P, 2007). Many studies and pieces of research have proved that white males and females are granted more rights and given preference when it comes to education, voting rights, immigration, criminal procedures, land acquisition and in many other fields throughout the American history. People belonging to various nationalities have faced racisms at multiple levels; Jews, Arabs and Middle Eastern people who have been living here since ages still become victim to racism and called names. Similarly, the Chinese, Mexicans, Spanish and the individuals belonging to East and South Asians whose ancestors came to the United States long ago and have raised generations here, are still not recognized as American and face racism CITATION Har17 \l 1033 (Harriot, 2017).

Individuals belonging to races and ethnicities other than white culture and American nationality are still not given equal opportunities, not even at smaller levels. Many African-Americans, who have been living in the United States for many centuries, are still not given equal opportunities to get education among their white fellows. Many institutions, at the first place, still show discriminatory behavior while giving admission to the African-American students, and even if they succeed to get admission, they face massive racism in the form of discriminatory remarks and derogatory comments CITATION Wah94 \l 1033 (Wah, 1994). Similar situations are met when they set out while looking for jobs in their practical life after completing their education. Many instances have been reported by individuals belonging to multiple nationalities receiving insulting remarks and have faced bullying at least once on their life for being a different race CITATION Lee94 \l 1033 (Wah, The Color of Fear (Part 2), 1994). Even the report for the Human Rights presented by the United Nations and the United States Human Rights quotes that "discrimination in the United States permeates all aspects of life and extends to all communities of color."

Formal exhibition of racial discrimination and showing prejudice in any field or any level has always been discouraged, and was legally and socially banned in the mid-20th century but, internally, racial politics remains a big issue and racism is still reflected largely in socioeconomic inequality. The presidential candidacy of Barack Obama, and him becoming the first Black American president from 2008 to 2016, gave a ray of hope that America is progressing and has entered a new, post-racial era; but the political scenario, became worse after the termination of his presidential tenure.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, it can be said that although the war for equal rights and opportunities has been going on from a long time, the evil of racism has never left the American nation. It is a never-ending war which is being fought continuously between the phenomenon of white supremacy and the people of other nations, races, religions, castes and colors and creeds. There need to proper reforms and progression to curb this issue and cater to the problems regarding racial discrimination so that Martin Luther King Jr.’s dream can see its rise and become true in its real spirit.

“It is not our differences that divide us. It is our inability to recognize, accept, and celebrate those differences.” ― Audre Lorde, Our Dead Behind Us: Poems

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Bracey, J. H. (2013). How Racism Harms White Americans. How Racism Harms White Americans. Sut Jhally.

Harriot, M. (2017, April 10). #Not Racists Be Like: The Top 10 Phrases Used by People Who Claim They Are Not Racist. Retrieved January 20, 2019, from https://www.theroot.com/notracists-be-like-the-top-10-phrases-used-by-peop-1819142064

McIntosh, P. (2007). White privilege and male privilege. Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Selected Readings, 377-385.

Wah, L. M. (Director). (1994). The Color of Fear (Part 1) [Motion Picture].

Wah, L. M. (Director). (1994). The Color of Fear (Part 2) [Motion Picture].

Analysis A Designer’s Collection

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Analytical Essay on Maison Martin Margiela’s spring 2011 collection

Introduction

Maison Margiela is a name of fashion, this designer wear has brought every time a new trend in the fashion industry of the World. Headquartered in Paris, (the city of Romance), this luxury brand has evolved within a short span of time, dating back to not more than four decades. Throughout the fashion history in France, Maison Margiela is been revolutionizing the trends in every way possible. With the expertise in designing all kind of luxury wears including women and menswear, footwear, jewelry, fragrances and more recently the home goods. This designer brand has putting every time the best efforts to bring to its customer the best in the designing sector. Some fashion designing experts believe that after the resignation of Margiela as the creative designer, the brand has not come to that limelight, it was in the dates prior to that. But also, there are some who believes that John Galliano, who is the current Creative Head of this brand, has turn things very much in favor of them. But some also believe that throughout its history, this designer brand has not remained that much favourite of its customer as it was in its early times ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"W9AwC1Yz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Clark)","plainCitation":"(Clark)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":216,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/8RNF9RRG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/8RNF9RRG"],"itemData":{"id":216,"type":"book","title":"Spectres: When fashion turns back","publisher":"Victoria & Albert Museum","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Spectres","author":[{"family":"Clark","given":"Judith"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Clark). They also think that in the times when this brand has experienced some down trends, it collaborated with the brands such as Barneys New York, G- Shock and L’Oreal, which they think is the only reason of its being liked till date. Considering these opinions, this analytical essay is designed to analyze the spring 2011 collection of Maison Martin Margiela.

Research Methodology

The research methodology for this essay will primarily be analytical. The existing designs introduced by this designer will be thoroughly analyzed and the results will be deduced on the basis of its amalgamation with the reviews of the customers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lLaiUtaT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Grand and Wiedmer)","plainCitation":"(Grand and Wiedmer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":214,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/H9TBKJ7V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/H9TBKJ7V"],"itemData":{"id":214,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Design fiction: a method toolbox for design research in a complex world","container-title":"proceedings of the DRS 2010 conference: Design and Complexity","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Design fiction","author":[{"family":"Grand","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Wiedmer","given":"Martin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Grand and Wiedmer). As it is the old 2011 collection, therefore the designer trends introduced by other designers will also be analyzed in comparison with this 2011 collection of Maison Martin. In addition to this an in-depth analysis of this designer wear, along with many other secondary designer trends would be analyzed. Importantly this research methodology will also include the analysis of that time trends in the culture, economy, business and much importantly in other designer trends will also be critically examined. Other tools for analyzing the adaptability of 2011 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4aFmd2x4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Grand and Wiedmer)","plainCitation":"(Grand and Wiedmer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":214,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/H9TBKJ7V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/H9TBKJ7V"],"itemData":{"id":214,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Design fiction: a method toolbox for design research in a complex world","container-title":"proceedings of the DRS 2010 conference: Design and Complexity","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Design fiction","author":[{"family":"Grand","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Wiedmer","given":"Martin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Grand and Wiedmer), ready to wear collection will be taking the reviews of the customers. Semi-structured interviews can also be conducted with some prominent fashion designers and those with the specialties in sustainable designing. That is how a more close approach can be inducted that can beat last compared with the primary results of the researcher.

Background of the designer

The foundation for this luxury brand was laid by Maison Margiela. She actually founded Martin Margiela- as a designer brand. Margiela had expertise in fashion and worked at the Royal Academy in Antwerp. At the time when Martin Margiela was formed, the designers of that time were majority influenced by the deconstructive trends introduced by the Japanese. Throughout the 1980s, Margiela utilized the deconstructive trend of fashion designing. The year 1988 marked the foundation stone for Martin when the brand launched for the first time its premier first design which was labelled as Maison Martin Margiela. This was done in collaboration with Jenny Meirens. The first store to display their work was opened at a white space near to Paris, later in the same year, both business partners managed to open a studio near to their only store. At this point in their history, many fashion designers believed that this brand will soon become a pioneer in the deconstructive trend of fashion history. The labels in that time collection included white tacks to make a different look for their garment. As the demand grew, numbers were assigned to the articles in the collection which had no specific chronological order.

Maison Martin Margiela’s spring 2011 collection

right31242000Launch: In the 2011 collection released by Maison Martin, flower-theme appeared much visible. It reflected the flowery artisanal creations much. The flower collection was shown as a straight lineup of the flowery bouquets. They were lined up as pleasant dime store. Cotton was primarily introduced as the fabric in making of these designs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"V28NnC6k","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Evans)","plainCitation":"(Evans)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":210,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/EP38G7SH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/EP38G7SH"],"itemData":{"id":210,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Golden Dustman: A critical evaluation of the work of Martin Margiela and a review of Martin Margiela: Exhibition (9/4/1615)","container-title":"Fashion Theory","page":"73–93","volume":"2","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"The Golden Dustman","author":[{"family":"Evans","given":"Caroline"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Evans). Some fashion experts opine that Cotton up till 2011 remained the primary fabric in the design of many brands. The first look of the show was much simple. In the start of the show, men's collection for the year 2011 was introduced. The main aspect of that collection was the usage of extra fabric on the upper part of the sleeves. The sleeves were made flat with iron ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"orKhoRw9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jang and Yang)","plainCitation":"(Jang and Yang)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":222,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/4USTGXM8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/4USTGXM8"],"itemData":{"id":222,"type":"article-journal","title":"Fashion communication and exhibition project-Focused on fashion exhibition design by Maison Martin Margiela","container-title":"The Research Journal of the Costume Culture","page":"1302–1319","volume":"19","issue":"6","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Jang","given":"Ra-Yoon"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Sook-Hi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jang and Yang). As more designs were introduced gradually, the shirts seemed to oak more square shaped and flat. This appeared to be like the sandwich shaped fashion. Before the launch of the 2011 collection, the fans and admirer of the Margiela brand were of the view that the collection of that year might have a more peculiar look. In the Men’s collection, the grey wool shirt that appeared much like a jacket with oriental cuts on that got much appreciation from the audience and later on from the fans too.

Maison Martin Margiela’s and others

Though the fashion industry particular after the up arrival in many choices in the designer wears- things have turned quite different in the fashion designing field. At present, every fabric has been started to showcase as the seasonal wear with some minor changes in that ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DwPU0aDE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cambridge)","plainCitation":"(Cambridge)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":212,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/6LB6GA2K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/6LB6GA2K"],"itemData":{"id":212,"type":"article-journal","title":"Exhibition Review: Maison Martin Margiela 20","container-title":"Fashion Practice","page":"123–130","volume":"3","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Exhibition Review","author":[{"family":"Cambridge","given":"Nicolas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cambridge). At far, the luxury brands such as Martin Margiela and such other brands are concerned, they have maintained a quite well variety in the design and the quality of their fabric too. As every designer maintains an image in terms of the outlook and the stitch of the fabric. Maison Martin has turned to introduce long turncoats. This trend has also been observed in their women's wear, where the hefty flowery collection of 2011 still seems to hold the place in their fan’s collection. If compared with Yves Saint Laurent, Maison Martin had equally remained popular among the customers. The reason underlies in the continuation of the top designer with Yes Sian Laurent, which had maintained their product range throughout their collections. Whereas on part of Martin Margiela, the chief designers have kept on changing that have resulted in significant changes in the primary layout pattern of Martin Margiela wears.

Maison Martin Margiela’s- Brand Analysis

The Maison Martin had been observed to be one of the most liked brands among the luxurious brand available throughout Europe. Throughout its years of formation, the Maison Martin has introduced plenty of collection in both the men’s wear and the women’s wear ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TUlimkfW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shen et al.)","plainCitation":"(Shen et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":219,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DSDTLEH3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DSDTLEH3"],"itemData":{"id":219,"type":"article-journal","title":"Brand loyalties in designer luxury and fast fashion co-branding alliances","container-title":"Journal of Business Research","page":"173–180","volume":"81","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Shen","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Tsan-Ming"},{"family":"Chow","given":"Pui-Sze"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shen et al.). According to the customer reviews throughout, it appears that Martin Maison has maintained an elusive scope and the philosophy of the brand has remained apparent throughout their years as an established brand. The deconstructive approach in the designing of the ready wears which were part of this brand in the early years have turned to be successful for them and also the brand promoted the technique of deconstruction as branding in the designer wear ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vSSuL95W","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zborowska)","plainCitation":"(Zborowska)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":217,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/8HNPC6VA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/8HNPC6VA"],"itemData":{"id":217,"type":"article-journal","title":"Deconstruction in contemporary fashion design: Analysis and critique","container-title":"International Journal of Fashion Studies","page":"185–201","volume":"2","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Deconstruction in contemporary fashion design","author":[{"family":"Zborowska","given":"Agata"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zborowska). Much of customers of Martin Margiela has throughout opined that every product and article of this designer wear appears to be customized and therefore, any person can be a part of the designer collection introduced by Martin Margiela.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cambridge, Nicolas. “Exhibition Review: Maison Martin Margiela 20.” Fashion Practice, vol. 3, no. 1, 2011, pp. 123–130.

Clark, Judith. Spectres: When Fashion Turns Back. Victoria & Albert Museum, 2005.

Evans, Caroline. “The Golden Dustman: A Critical Evaluation of the Work of Martin Margiela and a Review of Martin Margiela: Exhibition (9/4/1615).” Fashion Theory, vol. 2, no. 1, 1998, pp. 73–93.

Grand, Simon, and Martin Wiedmer. “Design Fiction: A Method Toolbox for Design Research in a Complex World.” Proceedings of the DRS 2010 Conference: Design and Complexity, 2010.

Jang, Ra-Yoon, and Sook-Hi Yang. “Fashion Communication and Exhibition Project-Focused on Fashion Exhibition Design by Maison Martin Margiela.” The Research Journal of the Costume Culture, vol. 19, no. 6, 2011, pp. 1302–1319.

Shen, Bin, et al. “Brand Loyalties in Designer Luxury and Fast Fashion Co-Branding Alliances.” Journal of Business Research, vol. 81, 2017, pp. 173–180.

Zborowska, Agata. “Deconstruction in Contemporary Fashion Design: Analysis and Critique.” International Journal of Fashion Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, 2015, pp. 185–201.

Analysis Assignment

Analysis Assignment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Analysis Assignment

Netflix Background & Business Operations

Netflix is the US-based leading online entertainment services that provide online streaming and videos to people all over the world. The company has been leading the way of online streaming and digital content since the Nineties (1997). Netflix is the leading online internet entertainment services provider in the world. The company has paid subscribers of more than 151 million in around 190 regions (countries) around the globe. The subscriber of S Netflix enjoy documentaries, Television series, shows, movies, and many other features films across a wider range of categories and languages. The members or subscribers can watch anything they want, anywhere they want, any time they want and through using any internet-connected screen they have. Beyond that, members can pause, plan, restart and resume videos or clips without having any commitments and/or commercials.

The success and appeal of the company are constructed/built on the provision of highly and most expansive choice of DVD (Digital Video Disk), a convenient way for choosing movies, and videos fast and comfortably. Subscribers of Netflix typically pay a fee of 19.95 US dollars monthly for unlimited rentals while they do not have more than three (3) disks at a time. Netflix usually offers titles of more than 15,000 as well as keeps fifteen (15) million discs as inventory to meet any demand(s) from the users or subscribers. 200 regional shipping centers have been brought into operations around the US by the company for the purpose to speed up the delivery and related systems. After this step taken by Netflix, DVDs are mostly collected by the customers after every one or two days after they place an order on the website. More than one of third of the publically traded firm is possessed by Jay Hoag’s TCV (Technology Crossover Ventures).

Problem

For last six months from 01 January 2019 to 30 June 2019, the revenues of Netflix Inc. has increased by 24 percent, reached to $9.44 billion while the Net Income (NI) of the company falls 9 percent to s$614.7 million. In this case, both direct and indirect operating expenses of the company has gone higher in comparison with the previous financial years. According to (NFLX, 2019), the operating segment has increased on both national and international levels. On the international level, the operating segment increased up to 4.91 billion US dollars (33 percent) while the domestic operating segment touched an increase of 4.37 billion dollars (18 percent).

On July 19, 2019, the results of the company were hugely disastrous when the earnings of the company have been reported. Netflix saw its very first loss in United States subscriber in the last quarter and a measly 2.7 million paid subscribers added internationally, around 50% of what was prediction/forecast. As after the report, the company’s stocks dropped by more than 10%. This was an extremely frightening slowdown for the services which is completely based on the growth and number of subscribers. This creates a new question mark how long and efficiently Netflix can justify the spree of its content spending. In short, the problem Netflix is experiencing can create a huge threat for the company anytime, so the management and financial analyst should need all possible actions and work to find the best solution to come up well.

Because of the increase in the revenues and decrease in the Net Income, it has been predicted that Netflix would be reporting around 3 billion dollars in negative cash flow. In the financial situation, the company currently faces, subscribers of the company should fear to lose the quality and delivery of entertainment and movies they enjoy (Julia, 2019). On another side, this may create a sign of inefficiency for the company at any time in the nearest future by reducing the amount of retained earnings and equity of company’s stockholders (Bloomberg, 2019). In short, the problem Netflix is experiencing can create a huge threat for the company anytime, so the management and financial analyst should need all possible actions and work to find the best solution to come up well.

Solution

The financial status/stage that Netflix currently has, cannot be found a stage of success while the company is experiencing the problem instead. The problem is the decrease in the company’s Net Income and disastrous results on July 19, 2019.

The most obvious and apparent solution for the company is to focus to keep the continuously increasing number of individual that subscriber streaming services of the company. Its main growth strategy has paid off so far. Recently, Netflix has given more focus on international business operations and works on creating content for nations around the globe (NFLX, 2019). To measure this action and approach, this can also increase the pricing of the company's subscription around the world. So the company can come out of the trouble somehow and stabilize itself and even come back to the previous financial position.

The second most preferred solution for the problem, Netflix currently faces will be to manage highly actives subscribers over those who are not much action so far. In other words, the company needs to meet the concerns and expectation of all subscribers but needs to priorities more active over less active. It is where Netflix has huge to learn from the former employers and industry players “Walt Disney and Activision”. Both of them performing greatly in charging various customers/subscribers largely different amounts (charges) for the use of the company's content and services. Here Disney does only make charges from customers for a single ticket to watch a Star War film/movie but if the customer is a super fan, then he/she may purchase action numbers. As well as the charges of Netflix are the same for all users, no matter how much they use. While the expenses for the company may differ based on customers’ usage. So the company and management team has to develop strategies that reduce the amounts of operating expenses.

The third solution for the problem, Netflix is experience is to improve cash flow through merely spend possibly less amount of money. For improving negative cash flow, the top management has to work on reducing costs and extra expenses (overhead) up to the possible level (Hampton, Wagner, & Cozzini, 2009). This may be an appealing tactic for the CFO and others from top management but the lever is out of the company's control up to some extent. In addition to the solution, Netflix simply has to pay what it costs to catch talent.

Recommended Solution

The problem of the decrease in Net Income (while revenues are impressive) sometimes occurs because of bad debts. So in such cases, Netflix management should review the creditworthiness of customers/subscribers before moving to set payment terms for some specific customers. The company could decrease the amounts and possibility of bad debts up to a possible extent.

For the cash flow management, it has been recommended to Netflix top management needs to measure before you manage. The management should optimize pricings and profits. They should track timing and automatically allocate different costs. This would assist to make perfect business decisions and will kick start the procedure of improved cash flow management.

References

Bloomberg, P. (2019). Netflix’s Big Losses: What to make of its Financial Problems. The Financial Express. Retrieved 30 July 2019, from https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/netflixs-big-losses-what-to-make-of-its-financial-problems/1434539/

Hampton, J. J., Wagner, C. L., & Cozzini, M. R. (2009). Financial decision making: concepts, problems, and cases. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Julia, A. (2019). Netflix is Losing Beloved Shows, Subscribers, and Confidence. The Verge. Retrieved 30 July 2019, from https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/18/20699037/netflix-earnings-report-q2-streaming-wars-disney-apple-warnermedia-international

NFLX, N. (2019). Netflix (NFLX) Financial Summary - Investing.com. Investing.com. Retrieved 30 July 2019, from https://www.investing.com/equities/netflix,-inc.-financial-summary

Analysis Of Classical And Positive Schools Of Criminology

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Analysis of classical and positive schools of thought of criminology

Student name

University

Schools of thoughts in criminology

Cesare Beccaria must be credited for introducing the formal study of criminology as he is considered to be the first person who studied crime scientifically. In his treatise, On Crimes and Punishments, the plea made by Beccaria helped in eliminating the inhumane and corrupt practices of criminal law administration during his time (Andresen et al, 2019). The analysis shows that the current system of American criminal justice is based on the ideology being proposed by major schools of criminology. Classical and positivist are the two main schools of thought. Classical school of thought claims that an individual break the law with rational free will and understands the outcome and effects of his actions. Classical school of thought, in reaction to the criminal action, claims that society must enforce a punishment that would restrict or fit the crime committed. This school of thought centers on the idea of free will by suggesting that crime is a choice (Du, 2019). On the other hand, a positivist school of thought in criminology argues that crime is not at all a choice. The main idea working behind positivist criminology is that criminals are not criminals by birth claiming that its not the childhood, rather its the nature of a person that drags them towards crimes. Positivist criminology suggests that the characteristics of criminals must be observed to get an insight into their antisocial behavior. Heredity and environmental conditions (societal conditions and pressure) are also analyzed in this school of thought.

Taking into consideration both perspectives of criminology, it could be said that classical school of thought best explains the occurrence of crime in contemporary American society. One of the primary premises of this school of thought believes in the equality of all people, so criminals must be subjected to similar punishment (Treadwell, 2019). It is the free will through which people choose crime, so they must be punished proportionally and swiftly to the crimes. This would be the appropriate way of deterring the crime. Three characteristics of punishment create a difference in whether a person would commit a crime of not (deterrence). Strategies based on the rational choice theory and principles of deterrence greatly reduce the crime rate. Swiftness, certainty, and severity of punishment are responsible for deterrence of crime. The swiftness of punishment means that the more closely and promptly the punishment is given for a crime, the more useful and just it would be. The swiftness of sentencing is directly linked to the deterrence of crime. The certainty of punishment, though moderate, would cast a lasting and stronger impression in the minds of criminals that would prove effective towards deterrence. The severity of punishment would lead to no more crime.

Effectiveness of strategies based on classical school of criminology could be viewed by considering both the human psyche and reduced crime rates, as it has been seen that when people come to know that they would be punished as per the severity of their crime, they try to stay away from any violation of laws (Lynch Bartlett, 2019). Some policies and programs support the right of the State to punish the offenders for the interest of public security. Depending on the hedonistic principle of pain and pleasure, policies point towards the awarding of an individual by keeping in mind both pleasure that criminal derived from crime and pain from which the victim suffered. Equalization of justice is pleaded which claims on equal punishment for the same kind of offense.

References

Andresen, M. A. (2019).Environmental criminology Evolution, theory, and practice. Routledge.

Du, Y. (2019). Developing an integrated biosocial theory to understand juvenile delinquency from the social, cognitive, affective, and moral (SCAM) perspectives.International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,6(2), 1.

Lynch, S. M., Bartlett, B. (2019). Bayesian Statistics in Sociology Past, Present, and Future.Annual Review of Sociology,45.

Treadwell, J. (2019). Qualitative Research in Criminology.

CLASSICAL AND POSITIVE SCHOOLS OF CRIMINOLOGY PAGE MERGEFORMAT 2

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Analysis Of Partnerships In Practice

Bill and Mellinda Gates Foundation

Name:

Institution:

Bill and Melinda Gates foundation has been involved in a number of projects aimed at reducing the HIV/aids pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa. The goal the foundation set out to achieve was to see a decline in HIV infection and ensuring it invests in the expansion and simplifying HIV treatment methods. It also aims at improving the effective use of various interventions to prevent new infections.

The foundation has been working closely with various CBOs and foundations across Africa to drive its agenda on HIV reduction. The foundation has also funded projects that are geared towards ending situations that would predispose people towards acquiring the deadly disease. The foundation has led different campaigns throughout Africa and presented the issues it finds in the projects it undertakes to the governments of the various African countries and offers proposals on how best the situations can be managed (Dai & Wang, 2019 p 23).

The foundation has also committed grants up to the tune of $3 billion by offering funding to organizations in areas that are hardest hit by the HIV pandemic in Africa. One of the major organizations that it has partnered with is the Global Fund to Fight AIDS.

The foundation has worked closely with various partners such as the government agencies, non-governmental organizations, multilateral organizations, community based organizations, academic institutions and private industry. The foundation has done a lot of work to ensure that proper funding and relevant national and global national level policies are set up to help in the prevention of HIV/AIDS (Milbank, 2006 p 1).

The foundation has also invested in improvement of diagnosis and expanding treatment coverage by helping fund the development of tools that people can use for checking their HIV status. Their efforts have seen a number of drop-in centers for managing for testing and counselling of the HIV victims set up. As a result people have been able to know their status and can willingly proceed to seek treatment.

The foundation has also worked towards developing HIV prevention measures. The foundation contributes to this by supporting efforts for the evaluation, development and introducing various innovative approaches aimed at protecting the people at the risk of contracting HIV. Some of the interventions in this case include long-acting prevention measures that are likely to offer continuous protection.

The foundation’s investment in developing HIV vaccine has been a welcomed move from different quarters of the world since it can help in reducing the chances of people contracting HIV. The project is however challenging since coming up with an effective vaccine is a major scientific challenges that various organizations had tried in the past though failed. It is however rumored that there are high chances of this move being successful in the near future though it is a matter of wait and see approach (Milbank, 2006 p 1).

The turnaround result for the investments Bill and Melinda Gates has been tremendous as it sees a society that is aware of its surrounding and dangers that they are predisposed to by contracting HIV/AIDS (Milbank, 2006 p 1). As part of HIV management strategy, the foundation has in the past invested in improving treatment retention by coming up with more affordable HIV treatment programs that can be easily accessible to the people of sub-Saharan Africa. As such, the foundation, in liaison with its partners, came up with treatment models that were tailor-made to meet the needs of certain needy populations in sub-Saharan Africa. It has also set up systems that have been effective in monitoring the resultant effects of the treatments administered thus ensuring effectiveness of the project.

The foundation has also been able to expand the use of existing measures of prevention. The foundation has partnered with various organizations that have held the drive for boosting voluntary male circumcision, the use of condoms and even antiretroviral drugs that helps reduce the risk of acquiring the virus at the point of exposure. The measures have been effective as they have reached the populations at high risks through setting up of drop-in centers where they can pick the anti-retroviral drugs (Dai & Wang, 2019).

A lot of men have also come forward to undergo the voluntary male circumcision that has played an important role in reducing the spread of HIV. Through the support by other partners, the access to circumcision has been made much easier for those willing to go through the process.

In view of the above, the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation has been very successful in all the efforts it has put towards the reduction and management of HIV/AIDS infections in sub Saharan Africa. Credit can be given to the leaders of the various organizations and institutions the foundation has partnered with for their commitment in realizing the same overtime. As a result, the foundation can pride itself on the success stories of the projects it has been part of in the greater sub Saharan Africa in the management of HIV/AIDS.

References

Milbank, E., 2006. Global AIDS Experts Call For Major Shift in Approach to HIV Prevention as Treatment Access Expands. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, pp. 1-5.

Xiaochen Dai, H. W., 2019. Change in knowledge and attitude about HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2017: an analysis of national survey data. The Lancet, pp. 23-30.

Analysis Of Police Selection Process

Analysis of Police Selection Process

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Analysis of Police Selection Process

Introduction

Constructive change in the policing procedures and strategies is not only significant for the police department but also the whole community. To flourish and excel in law enforcement and protect the common man, it is necessary to understand the impact of innovations in the department of police. The changes are needed within the department as well as externally. Therefore, the changes within the department incorporate certain steps which are essential for law enforcing agencies or police. The primary step is to increase the police force by recruiting more officers into the police department (Brunger, Tong, & Martin, 2015). This will hugely reduce the crime rate, not just by arresting more criminals, but also doing patrolling which will reduce street crime and other criminal acts going around in the society. Presence of an exact amount of police force is not only an outer issue; it is also an internalised problem which is present within the police department. It is challenging for a police department to work with the low police force, and it happens due to the demanding nature of their job. Hence, Commissioner Jason DeVillain proposed two fundamental changes for the selection process of police officers; the first one is that the completion of tertiary education will no longer be required and the other one is the removal of psychological testing from the selection or recruitment processes. The subsequent report will analyse and validate the impact of these two proposals for determining the vitality of changes made for the recruitment and selection process.

Analysis

Education

Instruction is basic in many parts of life. In any case, the instruction isn't a determinant of accomplishment for generally people. Being profoundly taught isn't a certification to getting utilised or accomplishing what somebody needs throughout everyday life. Many researchers have been conducted studied on the matter of police and education, and some portrayed that acquisition of a four-year advanced education helps in the improvement of the police officer's mentalities and execution. Consequently, this implies school training matters a great deal in the law implementation exercises going from cooperation with the top administration representatives and operators in different fields to the improvement of dispositions towards their obligations (Roberts et al., 2016). The examination by different studies stresses what impacts the postsecondary instruction, it inferred in the maltreatment of expert. He further notes that if a school instruction makes officers increasingly responsive to serving the network, progressively moral and good, and increasingly tolerant, as anticipated by certain researchers, at that point school instructed officers would be relied upon to be less steady of the maltreatment of police expert (Annell, Lindfors, & Sverke, 2015).

The other persuasive factor behind the valuation for professional educations in the police compel is the ongoing examinations that have organised the embodiment of an abnormal state of instruction in many fields. For example, being exceedingly instructed can win somebody a higher position in the police officer over the other uncouth colleagues. Before, the cops capability depended on a close by experience not at all like right now whereby skill picked up from a professional education diminishes the officers' probability to utilise much power and rather rely upon relational abilities as the first choice in picking up consistency. More prominent dimensions of innovativeness and learning and aptitudes in critical thinking have been related to the school graduates dependent on the instruction and preparing offered (Lipsky, 2010).

Law implementation and request upkeep organisations ought to be given the important need with regards to looking after harmony, security, and solidarity in a nation. This is because they are entrusted to connecting and controlling the typical day by day exercises locally and broadly, and since the abnormal state of training has been related with limited maltreatment of power, the school instruction ought to be very energised for the cops. This is because secondary school graduates are viewed as awkward and unequipped for managing complex exercises that require higher edge of training, and in such manner, advanced education is important (Paoline III, Terrill, & Rossler, 2015).

Furthermore, the police division does the officers as well as police professionals and policymakers, and school training stays important in completing such exercises. Policymaking is a perplexing movement that requires the capacity to assemble an assortment of thoughts and feelings from other key partners in an association that can be viable dependent on the dimension of instruction for the included people. Likewise, police specialists in many states, for example, the United States need to seek after a level of policing in a school to upgradeability in directing their exercises, and in such a case, secondary school training is inapplicable (Rogers, & Frevel, 2018). This has prompted the opening up of numerous organisations that instruct policing thinks about and other police-related exercises opening up more open doors for the government employees to seek after further training and become much solid in the public eye.

Additionally, cops should think about measurable science in schools since they likewise give crisis administrations when there are unexpected occurrences that need their help (Bruns and Magnan, 2014). Measurable science accompanies the developing innovation whereby training and fitness in thoughtful work are very esteemed in the advanced world and such manner, secondary school leavers are unequipped for taking care of losses amid serious occurrences. Besides, a portion of the characteristics required to concede a cop to the law authorisation organisations can't be obtained in secondary school training. For example, when the law requires officers enrol the cops, liberal training is viewed as that consolidates information to comprehend and change social, political, and financial conditions, comprehend human conduct, and the ability to convey; having the suspicion of specific good qualities, characteristics of self-control, and propensities for psyche also (Javdani, 2019).

As experienced before and at present, work advancements are completed based on instructive accomplishments in practically all fields as opposed to the aptitude and experience. Considering a situation where the law requirement offices pioneers are making changes and elevating some cops to higher positions, instruction level exceptionally esteemed and considered since it has everlastingly been related to higher skills. Cops are negligible government employees as well as national legislative representatives that need to guarantee viability and productivity in their tasks. Previously, violations and viciousness were only evident in many states around the world (Prenzler, & Ronken, 2016). In any case, by and by, the instances of wrongdoing have quickly dropped dependent on enlistment of specialists and capable people to various approaches of law authorisation. These qualities require an additional mile in concentrates that can't be accomplished in secondary school training, and thusly, this implies as most states are as of now building up, selection of a four or two-year advanced education for the cops is critical.

Psychological Assessment

Various police departments use psychological or mental screening as like one of the instruments that are used to guarantee that they procure the most ideally equipped prospect for the department. The way this testing is carried out is through a multi-faceted enlisting process that can incorporate an intensive foundation examination, necessary capacities for testing a credit check, physical capacities testing, a polygraph test, and therapeutic monitoring (Dunham, & Alpert, 2015). The whole procedure is an array of all the tests that carry in them furthermore tests. The starting point for the test is a pre-test assessment or self-meeting. Subsequently, the progression of various tests and studies based on decisions takes place. The last step incorporates a direct meeting with an analyst, which occurs less frequently, depending upon the case.

Therefore, the last decision is made at the end of the test by the analyst about a candidate, that if or not he is eligible for the police department. This type of assurance normally converses in o different ways, i.e., generally safe, medium hazard, or high hazard for contracting; or worthy, minimal, or inadmissible for procuring. The mental screening is done before the job is used for assessing various attributes of the identity of the person to help figure out about the personality of whether that person would be an eligible candidate or not (Ramey et al., 2017). The qualities of the clinician whose training is worth considerable for the ability in assessing the potential law implementation officers, include, motivation control, judgment, general knowledge, capacity to perform exhausting errands, trustworthiness, sensible fearlessness, trustworthiness, individual inclination or absence of predisposition, what roused the possibility to pick law authorization, capacity to endure pressure, capacity to manage supervision, steadfastness, fitting frames of mind towards sexuality, and earlier use of the medication. The officers recruited for law enforcement departments are held on high moral standards. Therefore, mental test fills in as the methods for screening out the competitors who are not competitive enough fort he challenging job like policing.

On the off chance that a Human Resource Manager incorporates a composed psychological capacity tests as a major aspect of the procedure for choosing new representatives from an extensive candidate pool, the person in question can be practically sure that: the arrangement of workers enlisted utilizing these tests will total preparing all the more rapidly and all the more effective and will play out their centre occupation undertakings superior to anything a lot of representatives chose without utilizing trial of this sort. Psychological capacity test scores additionally foresee results in all occupations including generally work execution, target administration viability, and appraisals of innovativeness. Looking over the aftereffects of frequent assessments of the normal legitimacy of general mental capacity for foreseeing work execution and meta-investigations (rectified for range confinement and validity in the paradigm) is estimated to be .50. The quality of the connection between test scores and execution increments as preparing and employments become all the more psychologically intricate.

Recommendations

The degree of police contemplates in Australian colleges can be deciphered in commonly positive terms. Policing is adequately unpredictable, and of adequate significance to the characteristics of life and freedom, to warrant consideration at the larger amount, and through the educating and research nexus gave by colleges (Cox et al., 2018). The conspicuousness of police thinks about in colleges is additionally genuinely simple to clarify. The open part nature of policing makes it subject to coordinate approach changes by the government. It is additionally moderately simple to use change, for instance, through balanced police enrollment and advancement criteria.

Even though college contribution to police instruction is taken care of contrastingly in every purview, the way that Australian policing comprises of just eight large offices likewise makes for more prominent national consistency. Besides, governments can ingest the extra expenses of college based police training in prosperous nations – like Australia – with high assessment incomes and where policing spending plans are something of a hallowed cow. Likewise, police in Australia have dependably run their institutes with the goal that police preparing never wound up dug in specialised universities.

Regardless of whether capacity measures are related to scholarly and work execution, maybe test scores issue to a specific point. For instance, individuals with especially high scores may not play out any superior to those with just high scores. Under these conditions, the connection between test scores and execution would be curvilinear, and there would be a "roof" on scores past which had a higher score would not relate to expanded execution.

Psychometric tests-which measure an individual's identity, fitness or insight are perceived as authentic indicators of employment execution. Identity tests, for instance, convey a general perspective on a person's propensities, mentalities and qualities. How well a person handles new workers amid their initial three months at work decides if they become beneficial, long haul staff individuals or washouts.

Any association directing a brain research test ought to get that, even though these tests are profoundly powerful, they ought to be utilised in a multi-faceted choice procedure.

Research recommends that even though enrollment can be attempted without mental testing, it is basic; regularly basic to screen forthcoming workers with the assistance of this technique. For instance, certain associations, for example, the Police drive, Government security offices, NASA and so forth have this as necessary determination criteria.

Conclusions

Consequently, the two fundamental changes for the selection process of police officers made by Commissioner Jason DeVillain and the impact of these two proposals for determining the vitality of changes made for recruitment and selection process was analysed and validated in this report. It showed that for excelling, the department of law enforcement needs to protect the common man. Therefore it is necessary to understand the impact of innovations in the department of police. These innovations in the form of removing the psychological testing or not making tertiary education significant for the police is analysed as not a good proposal which goes against the favour of the police department. They need an educated lot for carrying out the procedures efficiently and effectively.

References

Annell, S., Lindfors, P., & Sverke, M. (2015). Police selection–implications during training and early career. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 38(2), 221-238.

Brunger, M., Tong, S., & Martin, D. (Eds.). (2015). Introduction to policing research: taking lessons from practice. Routledge.

Cox, S. M., Massey, D., Koski, C. M., & Fitch, B. D. (2018). Introduction to policing. Sage Publications.

Dunham, R. G., & Alpert, G. P. (2015). Critical issues in policing: Contemporary Readings. Waveland Press.

Green, T. (2018). Down Under Police Education at the Charles Sturt University, Australia. In Higher Education and Police (pp. 247-269). Springer, Cham.

Javdani, S. (2019). Policing Education: An Empirical Review of the Challenges and Impact of the Work of School Police Officers. American journal of community psychology.

Paoline III, E. A., Terrill, W., & Rossler, M. T. (2015). Higher education, college degree major, and professional police attitudes. Journal of criminal justice education.

Prenzler, T., & Ronken, C. (2016). Survey of Innovations in the Development and Maintenance of Ethical Standards by Australian Police Departments. In Contemporary Issues in Law Enforcement and Policing (pp. 89-106). CRC Press.

Ramey, S. L., Perkhounkova, Y., Hein, M., Bohr, N. L., & Anderson, A. A. (2017). Testing a resilience training program in police recruits: a pilot study. Biological research for nursing, 19(4), 440-449.

Roberts, K., Herrington, V., Jones, W., White, J., & Day, D. (2016). Police leadership in 2045: The value of education in developing leadership. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 10(1), 26-33.

Rogers, C., & Frevel, B. (Eds.). (2018). Higher Education and Policy: An International View. Springer.

Analysis Of Supervisory Style

Analysis of Supervisory Style

[Name]

[Institute]

Author Note

Analysis of Supervisory Style

Introduction

Supervisory style can be defined as one’s approach to managing, communicating, and managing employees that he or she have been tasked to manage. Every leadership style is accompanied with its very own set of strengths and weaknesses, each style has its own merits and demits. Thus, there is no leadership style where one style can be used for all methods. A good leader knows what style to use and when to increase efficiency of their team and to use the in a productive manner. In an effort to be a great several skills and traits are required. However, what you need to most is emotional intelligence, integrity, authenticity, and self-awareness above all else in an effort to be a great supervisor. Furthermore, a strong vision and the ability to be constructive in what you mean to say will also take you a long way and enables other to see what you envision ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZVBvIgdd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Friedlander & Ward, 1984)","plainCitation":"(Friedlander & Ward, 1984)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1120,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/FSSPX2XZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/FSSPX2XZ"],"itemData":{"id":1120,"type":"article-journal","title":"Development and validation of the Supervisory Styles Inventory.","container-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology","page":"541","volume":"31","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Friedlander","given":"Myrna L."},{"family":"Ward","given":"Linda G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1984"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Friedlander & Ward, 1984).

Discussion

Expansion of that idea leads to the concept of the supervisor’s role as assisting the supervisee in reaching a level of independence in which their relationship is one of peer-consultation rather than dependency. To create a situation where supervisees can say, “We did it ourselves” (as they provide quality service) seems the ultimate in the supervisory relationship. This conceptualization of the supervisory relationship is in contrast to the descriptive data which identified the traditional approach to supervision. On the other hand, the continuum of supervision is more associated with the type of supervisory practice which is appropriate to the “student’s level of knowledge, experience, and competence” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9w566Rs0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lochner & Melchert, 1997)","plainCitation":"(Lochner & Melchert, 1997)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1121,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/ANSHA7MB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/ANSHA7MB"],"itemData":{"id":1121,"type":"article-journal","title":"Relationship of cognitive style and theoretical orientation to psychology interns' preferences for supervision.","container-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology","page":"256","volume":"44","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Lochner","given":"Bruce T."},{"family":"Melchert","given":"Timothy P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lochner & Melchert, 1997).

Stages of Continuum

The continuum of supervision is based on the assumption that professionals will be involved in some supervisory or consultative experience for the duration of their professional lives and that the expectations and needs of supervisees change throughout this period of time. The continuum is comprised of three stages ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7wmML0sO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brasseur, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Brasseur, 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1122,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/QAB7RPRC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/QAB7RPRC"],"itemData":{"id":1122,"type":"article-journal","title":"The supervisory process: A continuum perspective","container-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools","page":"274-295","volume":"20","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Brasseur","given":"Judith"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brasseur, 1989):

Evaluation-Feedback Stage

Transitional Stage

Self-Supervision Stage

The continuum mandates a change over time in the amount and type of involvement of both supervisor and supervisee in the supervisory process. As the degree of dominance of the supervisor decreases, participation by the supervisee increases across the continuum. As they move into the Self-Supervision Stage, the balance changes to an equal interaction of peers. Each stage and its appropriate style will be discussed briefly here with more detailed discussion to follow in succeeding chapters.

Direct-Active Style

The Direct-Active Style of supervisor interaction is most appropriate for the Evaluation-Feedback Stage of the continuum. It embodies what might be thought of as stereotypical supervisor behavior: telling, criticizing, evaluating. In this style, the supervisor is in a controlling, superior position; the supervisee is in a passive, at best respondent, and subordinate position ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iG5n5tjr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Barrow & Domingo, 1997)","plainCitation":"(Barrow & Domingo, 1997)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1123,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/GL62JNF9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/GL62JNF9"],"itemData":{"id":1123,"type":"article-journal","title":"The effectiveness of training clinical supervisors in conducting the supervisory conference","container-title":"The Clinical Supervisor","page":"55-78","volume":"16","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Barrow","given":"Meryl"},{"family":"Domingo","given":"Robert A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Barrow & Domingo, 1997).

This style at its extreme embodies maximum control and responsibility in the supervisor’s role; dependence and minimal participation in the supervisee’s role. It may be appropriate, depending upon the needs of the supervisee in relation to the client or specific setting. The frequency with which it is used may depend upon the perceptions that both supervisor and supervisee have of their role in the supervisory process. Some supervisors may hold a firm conviction that direct behavior produces greater change in supervisees and, therefore, prefer this style.

Available time is perceived by some as the variable that influences the use of this style by the supervisor more than any other. Those who use this reasoning say that joint problem-solving, which is a characteristic of the Collaborative or Consultant Style, takes time that most supervisors do not have, especially today in settings where billable hour productivity is an important dynamic. Supervisors may feel that it is necessary to be more directive with supervisees in the interest of the client and the bottom line when time is limited. This assumption has not been empirically tested, however, and the ramifications of time in the supervisory process are unknown.

Collaborative Style

The Collaborative Style is the appropriate style for moving away from the Evaluation-Feedback Stage through the Transitional Stage to Self-Supervision. This style is a dynamic, problem-solving process wherein supervisor and supervisee work together to achieve optimum service for clients as well as the professional growth and development of both participants. The supervisor’s role is less direct but not inactive. Both participants assume responsibility and provide input in varying degrees at different times about both the clinical and the supervisory process.

Objectives are established jointly. The supervisor provides feedback but also encourages input from the supervisee, accepts the supervisee’s ideas, problem solves with the supervisee, analyzes clinical behavior, encourages self-analysis and further planning by the supervisee, and recognizes and respects the worth of the supervisee as a professional and as a person. The supervisee, in turn, accepts responsibility for participation in the clinical and supervisory process, provides input, accepts suggestions, questions the supervisor, requests rationale and justification for supervisor statements, engages in self-analysis and problem solving, and works toward independence. The supervisor, though responsible for structuring and facilitating interaction, is not the only responsible individual within the interaction, does not make all the decisions, or provide all the information. Rather, supervision is seen as a joint process in which the supervisor and supervisee share responsibilities and interact as professionals to meet common objectives. As progression continues along the continuum, the amount of participation from each is altered ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wghIzDfz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ryska, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Ryska, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1124,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/3BIQCM38"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/3BIQCM38"],"itemData":{"id":1124,"type":"article-journal","title":"Multivariate Analysis of Program Goals, Leadership Style, and Occupational Burnout Among Intercollegiate Sport Coaches.","container-title":"Journal of Sport Behavior","volume":"32","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Ryska","given":"Todd A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ryska, 2009).

Consultative Style

Following the continuum through to its conclusion of Self-Supervision, the burden of responsibility now shifts to the supervisee. Self-supervision requires a continuing search for professional growth through self–analysis. It suggests a peer relationship between supervisor and supervisee. This interaction has been developing throughout the previous stages of the continuum and the supervisee is now empowered to make decisions about his or her own needs and can proceed to find solutions. The pre-professional or professional who reaches this stage will be able to self-identify strengths or weaknesses, make appropriate behavioral modifications, and seek assistance or further knowledge when appropriate. Although this knowledge may come from other sources-peers, in-service or course offerings, readings, or creative problem solving-the supervisory relationship remains important, even though supervisees now have the major responsibility for initiating consultation, even it is not automatically made available to them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"J0nurR7b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dublin, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Dublin, 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/X9R4SDPG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/X9R4SDPG"],"itemData":{"id":1126,"type":"book","title":"Supervision and leadership styles","publisher":"SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA","ISBN":"0037-7678","author":[{"family":"Dublin","given":"Richard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dublin, 1989).

As with the other stages, Self-Supervision is not time bound, and therefore, the Consultative Style may be utilized at appropriate times in the educational program, the off-campus or CF experience, or the employment setting. The supervisor may serve in this capacity when the supervisee no longer needs continuous monitoring. This style may be used when supervisees are working with certain types of clients with which they have developed expertise while, at the same time, the supervisor may be utilizing a Direct/Active Style with the same supervisee while working with another client. In the employment setting where supervisors are probably less available, supervisees may find it necessary to be specific in their requests for help.

Analysis of Supervisory Style with Examples (Dialogue)

S. No

Dialogue

Affiliate Supervisory Style

Reason

1

Supervisor: “Well, maybe I can give you some help. I’m sure that I can think of some strategies that would work with Johnny… After all, that is a part of my job… to help you so you can be more effective with Johnny.”

Supervisee: “Oh good. It’s kinda hard for me because all this is so new to me.”

Direct/Active Supervisory Style

The supervisor, in this context, is directly telling the supervisee that if help in needed, it can be provided. There is no need for subtlety in this text. The conversation is straightforward and asks for a straight forward answer in response.

2

Supervisor: “Not anything specific… I just know that I ought to be able to modify my plan so that I can increase the probability of getting correct responses.”

Supervisee: “Um, I’ve shown him these pictures and asked him to say the words… But when I do that, he omits the final sound.”

Direct/Active Supervisory Style

Again, the question asked is to the point, conveying what is needed in the easiest of manner, with finesse so that the point of the conversation is clear.

3

Supervisor: “Can you give me an example of informative feedback, so I know that this is clear to you?”

Supervisee: “If I model the word mice and he responds “mi__”, I could say, “No, Johnny, you forgot to say /s/ at the end of the word. Watch me say “mice”… You know, emphasize the /s/.”

Direct-Indirect/Collaborative Supervisory Style

This type of supervisory style is vastly different than the one before. Here, both parties are having a direct conversation, where information is being conveyed in a straight-forward manner. However, in the second have of dialogue, both parties discuss the matter at hand in a collaborative manner.

4

Supervisor: “Okay. What kinds of strategies do you think might facilitate correct production of /s/ in final position words?”

Supervisee: “I don’t know… I’ve tried everything that IU can think of. Do you have any ideas?”

Direct-Indirect/Collaborative Supervisory Style

Again, the dialogue shows how the two parties are coming together to find a solution to the problem. They are both clear with regard to what they want and just how they want it. The second half also present how different a direct and a collaborative supervisory style can be.

5

Supervisor: “I can tell you’re frustrated… and it is frustrating when you think you’ve got the super plan, and then for some reason things don’t quite work out the way you planned. Let’s see if we can figure out some things that might help Johnny produce /s/ correctly in the final position words.”

Supervisee: “ I don’t know… I’ve tried everything that I can think of. Do you have any ideas?”

Indirect/Collaborative Supervisory Style

This is an ideal example of indirect/collaborative supervisory style because of the manner of conversation taking place the conversation is completely relaxed, with both parties finding common ground and a solution to the problem at hand.

6

Supervisee: “Well, I have shown him these and asked him to say the words. Um… but when I do that, he omits the final sound.”

Supervisor: “Okay… so you know one thing about Johnny… You know that showing him a picture card and asking him to say the name doesn’t work at this point.”

Indirect/Collaborative Supervisory Style

Here, once again it is evident that a direct/collaborative supervisory style is being employed. This ensures that the matter is being taken care of in a manner that aids the entire process with both parties giving input.

Analysis of Supervisory Style (Talk Time)

The three mentioned supervisory styles in this context i.e. direct/active. Direct-indirect/collaborative, and indirect/consultative all vary in terms of talk time. This is because as the style of supervisory, as the relative conversation changes, so does the number of words used and the time taken to convey the reason behind what is being said. The rule of the thumb states that if a conversation is direct, the process of communication takes a shorter amount of time, especially when compared to a conversation that takes place indirectly. This ensures that the various factors associated and involved in the conversation are being taken care of in a proper manner and the issues are being addressed.

Direct/Active Supervisory Style

Given that this type of supervisory style demands that the supervisor is upfront, direct, and to the point with the supervisee, the conversation remains crisp. Such conversations tend to a lesser number of words, however, every word that is used in such a conversation counts and holds significance. If we use the appendix 2 provided at the end of the chapter, the supervisor asked questions or made inquiries around 15 times. On the other hand, the supervisee responded 14 times.

Furthermore, in this instance, both the supervisor as well as the one being supervised speak about the same amount, on an average. The questions being asked by the supervisor are interrogatory and exploratory in nature. Both parties are trying to get to the bottom of the subject being discussed in the most efficient manner possible.

Direct-Indirect/Collaborative Supervisory Style

The Direct-Indirect/Collaborative Supervisory Style is one of the most used and most preferred of all three supervisory styles. This is probably because it allows the participants to be as efficient in their conversations as they would like to be. On the other hand, it is flexible enough to cater to the nuances of the situation and cater to it in a manner that produces constructive results. Considering the manner and the approach of speaking that is adopted in this style, the supervisor and the supervisee tends to hand a lot to say.

Each member, on the basis of the appendix provided, had 24-25 instances to speak in the particular manner. This shows that despite the fact that both parties were trying their hardest to be as direct with one another as possible, what remains is the fact that both parties were trying to collaborate to find a solution, instead of one part dictating the solution and other following it, which has made the conversation far longer than the one carried out in the earlier instance.

Indirect/Collaborative Supervisory Style

The Indirect/Collaborative Supervisory Style is also a frequently employed style of supervisory, however it is time consuming and lacks the efficiency that the other two styles possess. This style is detailed, with both parties getting into the nuances of the subject in an effort to find a collaborative solution which bodes well with both the parties involved. However, it cannot be frequently used and be only employed when solutions customized to a situation are needed.

Here, both the supervisor and the supervisee spoke an equal number of sentences, however, the length of the sentences and the responses involved are far longer than the earlier styles, which adds to both the length and the time of the session being carried out. This type of conversation is more exploratory by nature and tends to be very detailed.

Conclusion

Some supervisees may not reach the independence of the Self-Supervision Stage across the spectrum of age and disorders for which they must be trained to provide services, or they may not reach independence in relation to certain aspects of it despite the efforts of the educational training program. In other words, supervisors in all situations must be aware of the continuum as they determine the appropriate style for each supervisee. Additionally, they must possess the flexibility that will enable them to adjust their behaviors as they move back and forth on the continuum with their supervisees.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Barrow, M., & Domingo, R. A. (1997). The effectiveness of training clinical supervisors in conducting the supervisory conference. The Clinical Supervisor, 16(1), 55–78.

Brasseur, J. (1989). The supervisory process: A continuum perspective. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 20(3), 274–295.

Dublin, R. A. (1989). Supervision and leadership styles. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.

Friedlander, M. L., & Ward, L. G. (1984). Development and validation of the Supervisory Styles Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 541.

Lochner, B. T., & Melchert, T. P. (1997). Relationship of cognitive style and theoretical orientation to psychology interns’ preferences for supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44(2), 256.

Ryska, T. A. (2009). Multivariate Analysis of Program Goals, Leadership Style, and Occupational Burnout Among Intercollegiate Sport Coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 32(4).

Analysis Of The Effects Of Population Growth: Liberia

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Analysis of the effects of population Growth: Liberia

Introduction

Climate change is a growing concern in the contemporary world. Global warming is increasing at an ever increasing pace which is alarming not only for resources and but also for earth and its inhabitants including human beings. United Nations is taking the matter seriously and demands a report explaining the phenomena of global warming, its affects, causes and possible solutions especially in developing countries in the world. The paper is divided into three sections including background of the problem and economic, political, and security challenges caused by these emissions especially in the developing countries of the world. Third section of the paper explains causes of increasing global warming and possible solutions to mitigate or minimize the problem. The country selected for analysis or as a case study is Liberia which is situated on the West African coast sharing borders with Guinea to its North and Sierra Leone at its northwest. The solution is artificial forestation and discouragement of deforestation and emission of carbon dioxide due to the burning of fossil fuels for different purposes.

Background

To understand the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming, it is essential to understand what a greenhouse gas is? It is a gas that emits and absorbs radiant energy within the range of thermal infrared. These gases cause the greenhouse effect which is the process of warming the surface of the planet Earth through these radiations. Examples of primary greenhouse gases on Earth include Carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), Nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AjmQ0QYf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}CO2 Emissions by Country\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“CO2 Emissions by Country”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":415,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5OlhLovK/items/KCSX5ICQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5OlhLovK/items/KCSX5ICQ"],"itemData":{"id":415,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Which country is the largest producer of carbon dioxide? This statistic shows the countries with the highest carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2017, based on their share of global energy-related CO2 emissions.","container-title":"Statista","language":"en","title":"CO2 emissions by country","URL":"https://www.statista.com/statistics/271748/the-largest-emitters-of-co2-in-the-world/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“CO2 Emissions by Country”). Out of these gases, carbon dioxide is more common and has been used as a measure or benchmark for the things which are responsible for warming the atmosphere. The Environmental Protection agency in the United States has considered CO2 as a standard because of its ubiquity or universality and has assigned it a Global Warming Potential of 1. Earth receives and absorbs radiations from the sun as it is the primary and main source of energy. The absorbed energy is reflected back as light or either radiated to the space as heat. The temperature of earth’s surface is dependent on the balance between outgoing and incoming energy. The disturbance in this balance results in cooler or warmer surface leading to climate change. Greenhouse gases absorb the radiated energy from the earth and reflect them back towards the lower atmosphere which causes the energy/heat retention on the surface of the earth causing global warming. Based on this principle, some of the greenhouse gases remain at the earth’s surface for decades and some for even centuries affecting the energy balance of the earth.

How Emissions Cause Problems for the Developing World

As stated in the above section, greenhouse gases are responsible for global warming and climate change. Several human inventions and man-made processes are responsible for the emission of these gases. According to reports, China has been producing the biggest amount of greenhouse gases and specifically 27.52 percent of carbon dioxide due to the consumption of coal for electricity. Other producers of CO2 are The United States, India, Russia, Japan, and Germany (from high to low production of CO2).

The contribution of Liberia in global greenhouse emissions is not very significant, however, increase in global warming will have a direct impact on the economy of the country as well as result in many health challenges. Liberia is basically a low-income country where economy is mostly dependent on mineral resources, water, forests and agriculture. The country has favorable climate for agriculture and plantation which suggests that global warming and climate change will directly affect the economy of the country.

Climate change and global warming are directly linked with the security challenges and risks in West Africa in general and Liberia in particular. Change in temperature and volatile patterns of weather have the capability to restructure the landscape leading to scarcity of energy, food, and water (Wood). One considerable aspect of climate change is natural disasters that can cause conflicts as a result of unregulated and destabilizing movements of the population. This factor may result in a clash of groups while engaging in a competition for supremacy or survival.

In the wake of this issue, political challenges cannot be underestimated in Liberia. One of the challenges as described above is the conflict between different groups due to relocation or migration as a result of natural disasters. Also, some campaigners make a clear move to invest in relevant climate negotiations to gain political benefits by creating a place for serious compensation on GHG emissions.

Greenhouse Gases Causes

Greenhouse gases are produced due to agricultural practices, livestock manure and some of the other natural processes including the burning of fossil fuels including gas, oil and coal. As discussed, carbon dioxide is one of the most common greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and is the second cause of global warming and climate change. Carbon dioxide is also produced as a result of artificial or man-made processes like the consumption of coal for the generation of electricity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"o1gfO80b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Liberia Set to Launch National Policy & Response Strategy on Climate Change - Liberia\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Liberia Set to Launch National Policy & Response Strategy on Climate Change - Liberia”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":419,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5OlhLovK/items/7C3XWDVJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5OlhLovK/items/7C3XWDVJ"],"itemData":{"id":419,"type":"webpage","abstract":"English News and Press Release on Liberia about Climate Change and Environment; published on 13 Aug 2018 by UNDP","container-title":"ReliefWeb","language":"en","title":"Liberia set to launch National Policy & Response Strategy on Climate Change - Liberia","URL":"https://reliefweb.int/report/liberia/liberia-set-launch-national-policy-response-strategy-climate-change","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Liberia Set to Launch National Policy & Response Strategy on Climate Change - Liberia”). The excess release of carbon dioxide is responsible for deforestation as indicated by a research which was published by Duke University. Trees inhale carbon dioxide for the process of photosynthesis and exhale oxygen in the atmosphere. Do due to deforestation and wood consumption for goods or heat, an excess CO2 is released that was stored in them for photosynthesis. Wood consumption is increased due to industrialization which catalyzes deforestation and hence increased emission of CO2 which is a greenhouse gas. Population increase is also related to global warming as more population demands an increment in such activities to meet the resources. While studying the causes of the greenhouse effect, factors that affect and influence global warming must also be considered. These factors are global warming potential which is a measure of heat relative to CO2, the duration of its stay in the atmosphere in a specific time horizon and its relative abundance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3A7Xp1lk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Does Population Growth Impact Climate Change?\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Does Population Growth Impact Climate Change?”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":417,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5OlhLovK/items/G7ISDKWG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5OlhLovK/items/G7ISDKWG"],"itemData":{"id":417,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Does the rate at which people are reproducing need to be controlled to save the environment?","container-title":"Scientific American","language":"en","title":"Does Population Growth Impact Climate Change?","URL":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/population-growth-climate-change/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Does Population Growth Impact Climate Change?”).

Plantation of trees by introducing artificial forestation is one of the remedies to bring the concentration of greenhouse gases down. Global warming is also responsible for raising temperature of major water bodies of the world causing threats of natural disasters and hurricanes and massive sea storms. Forests are important to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases but they cannot accommodate or sequester all of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Hence it is also very important to reduce the consumption of forests and burning of fossil fuels on an urgent basis to reduce the buildup of the greenhouse effect and global warming.

Conclusion

It has been observed from many researches and studies that global warming has considerable economic, political and environmental challenges. United Nations should make plans to ban unnecessary deforestation, especially in developing countries. A thorough policy must be developed to make regulations regarding burning of fossil fuels so that emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases must be controlled at international level. Also, UN must give provision of funds to developing countries for artificial forestation in order to minimize climate risks associated with greenhouse gases and global warming.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “CO2 Emissions by Country.” Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/271748/the-largest-emitters-of-co2-in-the-world/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.

Brown, O., & Crawford, A. (2008). Assessing the security implications of climate change for West Africa: Country case studies of Ghana and Burkina Faso.

“Does Population Growth Impact Climate Change?” Scientific American, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/population-growth-climate-change/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.

“Liberia Set to Launch National Policy & Response Strategy on Climate Change - Liberia.” ReliefWeb, https://reliefweb.int/report/liberia/liberia-set-launch-national-policy-response-strategy-climate-change. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.

Works Cited

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Title of the Book Being Referenced. City Name: Name of Publisher, Year. Type of Medium (e.g., Print).

LastName, First, Middle. “Article Title.” Journal Title (Year): Pages From - To. Print.

Analysis Of Theoretical Debates Relevant To Human Service Organisations

Analysis of theoretical debates relevant to human service organizations

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Analysis of theoretical debates relevant to human service organizations

Discrimination can be described as the prejudicial treatment of various categories of people based on race, gender, sex or religion. Despite living in the 21st century where almost every country in the world allows citizen a right of free will and freedom of speech, yet the topics such as discrimination is always on the rise. Whether it be schools, offices or even hospitals people face discrimination based on their ethnicity. Specifically talking about hospitals, the discrimination is not only based on cultural differences, but also on the social status basis. For instance, nurses are considered inferior to physicians. Also, the discrimination in hospitals not only occurs between the staff but the patients are also involved in this process. Many patients discriminate the health professionals based on their ethnicity and many patients are treated differently by the health professionals (Henry & Mooney, 2004).

Due to the multiple waves of immigration, the diversity in the population increases significantly. Europeans were the people who classified people based on their looks and considered blonde hair and fair skin people superior to the people having dark skin and dark hair. In 1788 after the arrival of British settlers the colonization began in Australia. Soon after the colonization, a new wave of discrimination against the indigenous people of Australia started. Even today this issue is prevailing in our society. According to the survey conducted in 2010 by the University of Sydney, the racism against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders was four times more than the non-Aboriginal people's face. Many laws were made to protect citizens from racism such as the Racial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001 according to which publishing anything that promotes hatred towards the specific community or baseless accusations against any religion was considered illegal. Additionally, under the Equal Opportunity Act 2010 it is prohibited and considered illegal to discriminate against people based on their nationality, colour, or ethnicity (Baird & Heron, 2012). While discussing the workplace discrimination many laws such as Fair work Act 2009 and Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012 were made according to which discrimination based on gender or ethnicity were considered illegal and punishable also equal opportunity should be given to the people without focusing on their gender (Secretariat, 2016). However, despite these laws, people still, face discrimination widely.

Health care institution is responsible for providing treatments to the patients, with the help of specialized staff and equipment is called hospitals. Due to several environmental issues such as pollution and natural disasters people have a close relationship with the hospitals. However, discrimination against patients in the hospital is a common issue. The discrimination can be of many types, typically, when going to the hospital for any medical emergency everyone expected to be treated equally like other people yet some hospitals deny certain treatments based on religious grounds or based on gender and ethnicity. Generally, most of the Catholic hospitals deny certain treatments like abortion even when it is not possible to give birth to a healthy baby or due to complications that could be fatal for the mother. Similarly, discussing the transgender community many hospitals deny the transition operations that is sex reassignment surgery. Almost 42% of the transgender people reported being verbally abused by the health care professionals and denial of treatment even in case of severe medical emergency just because they are gay. Additionally, it is the responsibility of the doctor to treat the patient equally without judging there past or present however many patients having criminal contexts are discriminated at hospitals and are not able to access health care facilities.

The patients’ discrimination starts when they enter any health care facility. Every hospital requires patients to fill a form known as a patient profile in which they have to list every detail such as gender, race financial status and, etc. Even after the birth parents are required to identify the gender of the baby as male or female thus starting the discrimination process.

In contrast, many doctors also face discrimination from their patients. This is very common for doctors who are immigrants and are of different ethnicity. Many patients deny being treated by the doctor who belongs to a minority or immigrant community and often rates the physician bad during the patient satisfaction survey causing them serious consequences. Many doctors have reported losing their job because of the discrimination as well as they suffer from many mental disorders such as depression (Sundararajan & Allotey, 2007).

While discussing the discrimination in the hospitals the discrimination not only occurs on the patient-doctor level but also within the staff. The doctors belonging from minority or immigrant communities often face discrimination by their fellow doctors. This happens when the fellow doctors speak rudely or pass inappropriate remarks based on the accent, way of dressing and culture of the doctors who belong to the minority. Many doctors face discrimination based on their religion as well and singled out during any celebration and tease them by the things that are prohibited in their religion. Even the hospitals' administration targets the minority and immigrants physicians as they are often evaluated by the administration than other physicians and are paid less (Johnstone & Kanitsaki, 2009). Also, the administration even says them harsh things based on their races. Not only based on ethnicity many health care professionals face discrimination based on their physical disability. For instance, a physician who has a walking disability in one has to face the hate remarks based on his or her disability. Also, despite disabling quota allotted by the government, many hospitals are not willing to hire doctors or nurses who have any disability and often hire other doctors on this quota.

In hospitals, an issue that is often neglected is the discrimination against nurses. Most of the physicians consider nurses as inferior. They have to work more than their shifts and are often paid less than the work they do. Not just by the administration or physicians they face discrimination from patients as well. Patients consider them as their servant who is responsible to take of them although a nurse must help patients yet the verbal abuse they face by the patients is intolerable (Kouta & Kaite, 2011). Specifically, nurses who do not belong to the local community and are immigrants or are of a different race are the most targeted ones. They are overlooked for promotion just because of their race and are often paid much less than other nurses (Allan & Smith, 2009).

Health care facilities are also not immune to gender discrimination. Several cases show that people in hospitals were discriminated based on gender. For instance passing by a shop someone collapse people run to provide CPR and take the person to the hospital however in case if that someone is female people often feel resistant to perform CPR even when any female enters in the hospital for immediate treatment male nurse also resist to treat them rather they call female nurses to treat them. This discrimination occurs widely. Although one reason is the stereotypical society yet another reason that is often neglected is gender discrimination. Men are likelier to get immediate treatment as compared to females (Johar & Stavrunova, 2013). Even most of the health professionals are male. However recently after waiting for as long as 60 years females have outnumbered their male colleagues yet still the discrimination does not stop. On the other hand, not only females but males also face discrimination in many in the health care facilities. However, there is a huge pay gap between male and female doctors and specialists. Most of the male doctors and staff are paid more than females. In the context of nurses, many male nurses have to face discrimination and humiliation daily based on their career choice (Heikes, 1991). The Australian human rights commission received almost 93 complaints from male nurses under the Sex Discrimination Act. However, the number of nurses that did not register a complaint against discrimination is way high. Due to the stereotypical society norms and values males in the nursing profession are highly disgraced even the nursing profession is associated with females only and people are used to getting care by female nurses (Priceman, 2019). Due to this reason, they reject male nurse and pas derogatory comments. Additionally, male doctors in the field of gynecology also face this gender bias are discriminated based on their profession. Even other fellow doctors ridicule them because of their choice of career.

Due to discrimination several other issues also arise such as harassment and bullying in the workplace. Therefore it is important to finish the discrimination to avoid all these issues that are negatively influencing our society. Although, recently many people are in the favour of women empowerment are organizing events and movements regarding discrimination in the workplace. People especially females and transgender are more aware of their fundamental rights due to which they are speaking against the discrimination. However, hospitals must make committees that deal with issues like discrimination so that the people can be identified and punished who are discriminating against other people. Also, there is a need for government intervention in hospitals and reforming old policies and laws to vanish the discrimination and create equal opportunity for people regardless of their race, religion, gender, and ethnicity. 

References

Allan, H. T., Cowie, H., & Smith, P. A. M. (2009). Overseas nurses’ experiences of discrimination: a case of racist bullying?. Journal of nursing management, 17(7), 898-906.

Baird, M., Williamson, S., & Heron, A. (2012). Women, work and policy settings in Australia in 2011. Journal of Industrial Relations, 54(3), 326-343.

Heikes, E. J. (1991). When men are the minority: The case of men in nursing. The Sociological Quarterly, 32(3), 389-401.

Henry, B. R., Houston, S., & Mooney, G. H. (2004). Institutional racism in Australian healthcare: a plea for decency. Medical Journal of Australia, 180(10), 517-520.

 Johar, M., Jones, G., Keane, M. P., Savage, E., & Stavrunova, O. (2013). Discrimination in a universal health system: explaining socioeconomic waiting time gaps. Journal of health economics, 32(1), 181-194.

Johnstone, M. J., & Kanitsaki, O. (2009). The spectrum of ‘new racism’and discrimination in hospital contexts: A reappraisal. Collegian, 16(2), 63-69.

Kouta, C., & Kaite, C. P. (2011). Gender discrimination and nursing: α literature review. Journal of Professional Nursing, 27(1), 59-63.

Priceman, P. Male Nurses: Overcoming the Stigma.

Secretariat, C. (2016). Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012, Australia.

Sundararajan, V., Reidpath, D. D., & Allotey, P. (2007). Ethnicity, discrimination and health outcomes: a secondary analysis of hospital data from Victoria, Australia. Diversity in Health & Social Care, 4(1).

Analysis Of Theoretical Debates Relevant To Human Service Organizations

Analysis of theoretical debates relevant to human service organizations

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Introduction

Bullying and harassment occur when few or number of students cause other students to feel fearful, disable, degraded or less safe in school. Bullying is also termed as an imbalance of power or resources that include different actions that could be verbal, psychological and physical. There are different sources of bullying and harassment such as social media, and communication (Welles, et al., 2018). Harassment is a more specified form of dilemmas in human services organization that lead to some immoral actions. These actions can be so pervasive, targeted or severe that they can hamper a student’s ability to get an education. The severity of these actions can be analyzed from the fact that usually, students harm themselves when they get bullied. According to research, harassment and bulling is particularly harmful when students are bullied due to some particular or perceive characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, religion, disability or any sexual orientation (Kelly, et al., 2019). In accordance with a study conducted in 2018, it is estimated that about 30.8 percent of the youth in the United States is physically bullied, where 53.6% is bullied verbally and 51.4% are socially bullied. Moreover, it was found that within the time span of two months about 13% percent youth is bullied by using social media.

This research also determines different types of bullying (Kelly, et al., 2019). Physical bullying is related to aggression and dominance that is more common in boys as compared to girls. It includes different type of behaviour such as threatening, violence, hitting and kicking. The second type of bullying is relational that involves the manipulation of reputations as well as social standards (Kelly, et al., 2019). It is commonly found in girls as compared to boys taking into account that it is not physical. It includes behaviours such as social exclusion spreading rumours and associating false relations. Cyberbullying is a third and electronic form of bullying that is more harmful because it is hard to trace and overcome. Moreover, the preparators are even harder to identify (Kelly, et al., 2019). According to research by Nickerson, (2019), this type of bullying is worst because it is more impulsive and can spread to a large number of audience and more impulsive moreover, it is not easy to erase physical evidence from the cyberspace. It is also found that the victims of cyberbullying are also found to be a victim of traditional and offline bullying. Another research conducted in 2011, quoted by Peguero, (2019), highlights that bullying an age of 14 can cause violent between 15 to 20 years, self-reported violence in the age of 15 to 18 and the same population is found to use drug at 27 to 32 years of age. A recent study highlights that within one month, 20% of the girls are bullied, 25% boys are bullied and the same population also reported of bullying others (Cross, et al., 2019). In the case study by Goodwin, (2019), it is found that 90% of 3rd to 5th-grade students are of the view that they feel sorry for the students who are bullied but directed to continuous external reinforcement, they are not able to trace it into actions.

The same research highlights some major biological and health concerns as an outcome of bullying taking into account that a bullied student is found to be a victim of numerous diseases that have no direct relationship with the people of this age. Such consequences include syndromes, mental disorders and a negative approach towards life (Goodwin, et al., 2019).   According to research by Sondergaard, (2018), 70.6% of youth are the bystanders of bullying. According to the United Nation World Report on Violence against Children, it is highlighted that bullied students may develop into adults who are more passive, aggressive and over-cautious. Moreover, it is found that bullying and harassment in school are at its peak when students are in their late childhood as well as the time of early adolescence. It is found that there are numerous cases recorded in middle school as well but the condition is, such incidents take place in unstructured settings such as playgrounds, different hallways and cafeterias (Søndergaard, & D. M, 2018).

Discussion

Taking into account the research that asserts that bullying may result in aggressive behaviour and any behaviour that would be intentional and mean. Moreover, that aggressive behavior would be repetitive and it would reveal the imbalance of power. It is stressed that bullying is different from conflict because both have a similarity of aggression. Moreover, conflicts are occasional and they are limited to a particular cause or some kind of stress that challenges strength towards something. There are different examples of subject human services dilemma in a social context. One of the most prominent examples is of Rebecca Sedwick. She was picked everyday socially as well as physically through cyberbullying. She was only 12 years old when she committed suicide in Florida, taking into account that she was bullied by two young girls who were her classmates. The impact of bullying was so strong that she preferred death over distressing life. Research reveals that it was aggression that made two girls bully another girl, i.e. Rebecca and it was also aggression that Rebecca killed herself she was having an imbalance of power and it degraded her to death (Welles, et al., 2018).  Another example is of a boy who was 8 years old and he wrote a letter to Santa Claus sharing the story of her sister. He shares that her sister got bullied because she was overweight. According to reports the letter was,

“Dear Santa,

I wanted a car that would be a remote control, as well as a helicopter but I don’t want them anymore. You know, kids are bullying and picking on my sister that is not fair. I wish that they would stop doing it and I need you to help me” (Brewer, et al., 2018).

Here the girl is bullied but it is a kind bullying that doesn’t involve intense aggression. Another example of bullying and harassment at school is Mary Kate. She is the student of 10 grade at Central High school. She is one of the best students who maintain a grade in almost all subjects. Her one of the peers, Lisa don’t like her because of some reasons and she used to say terrible things to her in class as well as groups of friends. One day in school Mary drops a pile of books and when she bent down to pick her books, her skirt slid up. Taking advantage of the moment, Lisa took her snaps. By evening the pictures were shared with almost everyone on Facebook and Twitter. The next day everyone was staring sneering and even thumbed up to her. When she came back to home, she viewed the photos and there were about a thousand comments on them. Mary almost lost her senses and by that day everyone started making fun of her that tormented her.

It resulted in leading her to depression at a very small age (Manzella, & J, 2018). It is an example of cyberbullying driven by personal hatred that almost destroyed the reputation of very intelligent student. All these examples demand serious implication so that these incidents can be overcome and mitigated. In accordance with the research that associated biological complications and consequence with bullying found that bullied students are more towards physical health consequences as compared to those who are not bullied. Certain somatic symptoms are also discovered in students who are bullied, leading to gastrointestinal concerns, sleep disorders and chronic pain. Neuroendocrinology stress is another biological aspects that are associated as an outcome of bullying because an individual’s stress stem is activated and it can lead to both, long term and short term consequences (Manzella, & J, 2018)

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Conclusion

               Taking into account an increased ratio of conflict and violence in schools, leading to bullying and harassment, there is a dire need to outline and create a safe and positive school environment along with learning activities. As research associate harassment and bullying with decreased educational performance, laws should be applied practically so that bullying and harassment could be addressed. As there is no community that is saved from being bullied, initiatives need to be incorporated in practical grounds. Research regarding bullying clearly assert and decipher evidences regarding the factors that can contribute to bullying as well as the nature of bullying, that can be academic, social physical and mental complications.

Research asserts that effective prevention strategies should be introduced and students should be taught to reach out to the mitigating platforms so that this issue can be addressed from its roots (Manzella, & J, 2018). Moreover, this issue also invites cooperation from different legal, social and educational authorities to take steps that can help generations realize the drawbacks of bullying so that this dilemma can be addressed. Although legal framework has also highlighted this issue as something complex with both long term and short term consequences, the need of hour is to overcome it by taking some string steps because bullies in school are not of enough age to be punished by adequate legal channel, still it requires some steps to ensure bullying and harassment-free environment so that students can feel secure and try their best to get maximum from the learning environment.

References

Brewer Jr, S. L., Brewer, H. J., & Kulik, K. S. (2018). Bullying victimization in schools: why the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child model is essential. Journal of school health, 88(11), 794-802.

Cross, D., Runions, K. C., Shaw, T., Wong, J. W., Campbell, M., Pearce, N., & Resnicow, K. (2019). Friendly schools universal bullying prevention intervention: Effectiveness with secondary school students. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 1(1), 45-57.

Goodwin, J., Bradley, S. K., Donohoe, P., Queen, K., O’Shea, M., & Horgan, A. (2019). Bullying in Schools: An Evaluation of the Use of Drama in Bullying Prevention. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 1-14.

Kelly, E. V., Newton, N. C., Stapinski, L. A., Conrod, P. J., Barrett, E. L., Champion, K. E., & Teesson, M. (2019). A Novel Approach to Tackling Bullying in Schools: Personality-Targeted Intervention for Adolescent Victims and Bullies in Australia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

Manzella, J. (2018). Are states winning the fight? Evidence on the impact of state laws on bullying in schools. Economics of Education Review, 64, 261-281.

Nickerson, A. B. (2019). Preventing and intervening with bullying in schools: A framework for evidence-based practice. School mental health, 11(1), 15-28.

Peguero, A. A. (2019). Introduction to the Special Issue on the Significance of Race/Ethnicity in Bullying.

Søndergaard, D. M. (2018). Bullying in Schools. In Sage Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies (pp. 1-3). Sage Publications, Inc. Sage Publications Ltd.

Welles, M., Julia, B., & Seyferth, E. (2018). An Educational Model to Change the Culture of Bullying in Schools.