Aircraft Development

The Trouble with the Dreamliner

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

The Trouble with the Dreamliner

Summary

The case highlighted is of Boeing 787-Dreamliner that had an issue with the use of batteries onboard the aircraft. This led to troubles in the electrical system of the airplane thereby causing a fire in some cases. This ultimately led to the grounding of the aircraft till proper measures were installed in place and an investigation was done.

Problem

The 787-Dreamliner had some major incidents relating to the electrical system that involved the lithium-ion battery installed. It started in January 2013 with the beginning of a fire in the Japan Airline’s 787. Gradually the number of incidents rose and all had a similar culprit and location. One of the airlines had to make an early landing as a result of an emergency due to the reason that the computer systems started giving a warning about a fire in the electrical compartment of the airplane ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"G7cph739","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Song et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Song et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":66,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/QMZDLHAU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/QMZDLHAU"],"itemData":{"id":66,"type":"article-journal","title":"Airworthiness Considerations of Supply Chain Management from Boeing 787 Dreamliner Battery Issue","container-title":"Procedia Engineering","page":"628-637","volume":"80","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","DOI":"10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.118","ISSN":"18777058","journalAbbreviation":"Procedia Engineering","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Song","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Song","given":"Jiashan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Song et al., 2014). The issue was brought to light and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) took notice of the incidents and began investigating the issue.

Safety Measures By Boeing

Boeing proceeded to ground the fleet of 787-Dreamliners in collaboration with the airlines that had purchased the faulted aircraft. The NTSB issued a report stating that the major cause of the issue was a short circuit that actually took place within the battery. The battery was designed to produce more power than its regular counterparts but it could not handle the immense strain that it was put under during flight. The workers at Boeing did a modification on the aircraft by making sure that the battery system is upgraded. The upgraded battery system would ensure that the fire, in case it occurs, would be contained within the battery compartment and not spread through other areas of the aircraft. Though the situation was a lot more critical, the safety measures that Boeing into place were not radical enough

Recommendations

After the proper investigation was carried out, a couple of things came to light. One of them was that Boeing had outsourced some of the functions to a Thales. It is a company from France. The French then proceeded to further outsource some of their functions as the design and development of battery to a Japanese company called GS Yuasa. The main reason Boeing chose to install the Lithium-ion battery was that they wanted more power density. This was due to the fact that the Boeing 787 was designed to be more dependent on electrical systems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MVX3jLqH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Williard et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Williard et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":64,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/2RRU3IGA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WKtM8IGm/items/2RRU3IGA"],"itemData":{"id":64,"type":"article-journal","title":"Lessons Learned from the 787 Dreamliner Issue on Lithium-Ion Battery Reliability","container-title":"Energies","page":"4682-4695","volume":"6","issue":"9","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","DOI":"10.3390/en6094682","ISSN":"1996-1073","journalAbbreviation":"Energies","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Williard","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"He","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Hendricks","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Pecht","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",9,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Williard et al., 2013). Although the battery was powerful enough to produce 10 times the regular power, still it was not put to the test. A simple test of hammering a nail in the battery to see for short circuits was conducted.

Taking all things into consideration, If I was in charge of all the development and design of the 787 Dreamliner, I would have done certain things differently. Since my company is one of the leading in the industry, I would have relied on my own expertise rather than the outsourcing of a small component. No doubt that the manufacturers do tend to outsource because of the massive scale of production, but still small things could have been done in house. Secondly, if I had chosen to outsource, I would have gone deeper into the matter at hand and would have done the proper research. Since my company’s name is at stake, I would have done rigorous testing on the battery since it was not developed under my umbrella. Any parts that I outsource not just the battery would be tested rigorously to keep my company’s name safe. It would ensure that the final product is produced flawlessly and there is little room for error.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Song, T., Li, Y., Song, J., & Zhang, Z. (2014). Airworthiness Considerations of Supply Chain Management from Boeing 787 Dreamliner Battery Issue. Procedia Engineering, 80, 628–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.118

Williard, N., He, W., Hendricks, C., & Pecht, M. (2013). Lessons Learned from the 787 Dreamliner Issue on Lithium-Ion Battery Reliability. Energies, 6(9), 4682–4695. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6094682

Aircraft Propeller Maintenance

Aircraft Propeller Maintenance

Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees

Institutional Affiliation(s)

Aircraft Propeller Maintenance

Propeller of an aircraft is always subjected under more stress than everything else on the airplane, all while being gradually dissolved by sand, downpour, and the intermittent little shake. Tragically, it additionally gets underestimated by general pilots.

Legitimate consideration of your propeller begins with the preflight. Your exposed hands are a standout amongst the best apparatuses around for distinguishing peculiarities with your propeller. Tenderly run your fingers over the main edges of each blade, feeling for scratches, imprints, and the general smoothness of the surface CITATION Har17 \l 1033 (Hartzell, 2017). Dings surpassing one-thirty-second of an inch gouge sufficiently enormous to disfigure the metal around them, crude scratches or breaks are for the most part risky and ought to be taken care of before further flight CITATION Hof12 \l 1033 (Hoffmann Propeller, 2012).

The strategies utilized in propeller assessment are forms of techniques utilized in reviewing the whole flying machine. These strategies have absolutely decided

probabilities that, if a deformity exists, it will be identified. This dependability of recognition of deformities licenses investigation interims to be built up. All investigations, other than

visual, must be directed in a fittingly evaluated fix station. There are also certain levels of inspection of the propellers CITATION Hof12 \l 1033 (Hoffmann Propeller, 2012).

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Guidelines (14 CFR) section 65, area 65.81, explicitly rejects certificated and evaluated airframe furthermore, powerplant mechanics from performing real fixes as well as significant modifications on flying machine propellers. Title 14 CFR section 43, Appendix A, characterizes real modifications and fixes to propellers. Notwithstanding, 14 CFR section 145, area 145.201, gives that a properly evaluated fix station may perform such real fixes or modifications gave the work is done in agreement with specialized information affirmed by the Administrator. Section 145 additionally indicates the workforce capabilities and different necessities appropriate to propeller fix stations. At the point when agreeing to ADs, administration workforce is required to survey every single pertinent producer's administration releases (SB), manuals, and other data on the propeller being examined, redesigned, or fixed, whenever included by reference CITATION USD05 \l 1033 (US Department of Transportation, 2005).

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Hartzell. (2017). Steel Hub Reciprocating Poprller with Aluminum Blades. Propeller Owner's Manual. Retrieved may 11, 2019, from

https://hartzellprop.com/wp-content/uploads/174-0000-R04-AW.pdf

Hoffmann Propeller. (2012). Operation and Maintenance Manual. Rosenheim: Hoffman Propeller. Retrieved may 11, 2019, from

https://hoffmann-prop.com/ServiceDocuments/E492.pdf

US Department of Transportation. (2005). Aircraft propeller Maintenance. Advisory Circular. Retrieved may 11, 2019, from https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC_20-37e.pdf

Airport Operation Managers

Airport Operation Managers

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Airport Operation Managers

Abstract

NextGen represents a fundamental transformation of the aviation industry due to its advanced characteristics and liability to maximize the safety of aircrew and passengers along with enhanced efficiency. NextGen technology provides a fundamental opportunity to reduce the positional uncertainty with the help of trajectory-based control to increase the efficiency of air traffic management. The Next Generation Air Transportation System is beneficial to increase the automation of air traffic management system. The regions of existing near storm turbulence can be determined through diagnosing convectively induced turbulence. The execution of lean maintenance helps in cutting the costs and reducing the non-value waste during an aircraft turnaround. There is an increase in cycle efficiency due to the execution of lean maintenance. The utilization of Value Stream Mapping (VSM) helps in differentiating waste and eliminating them within the process.

Table of Contents

TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc2547058 \h 2

Introduction PAGEREF _Toc2547059 \h 4

Airport Surface Operations PAGEREF _Toc2547060 \h 5

Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc2547061 \h 7

NextGen PAGEREF _Toc2547062 \h 7

Convectively-induced turbulence (CIT) PAGEREF _Toc2547063 \h 10

Turnaround Time PAGEREF _Toc2547064 \h 11

Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc2547065 \h 13

References PAGEREF _Toc2547066 \h 14

Introduction

Operational failures occur in all industries with minor inconveniences to major tragedies. These include errors and disruptions in the equipment, information, and materials causing inadequate equipment maintenance and repair along with coordination problems among management, staff, and customers. It can cause direct harm to customers and employers along with weakening process discipline by distracting employees from value-adding activities. The turnaround time (TAT) is a crucial element to Air Traffic Management performance at the gate or a remote position from the terminal. The turnaround time period is specifically framed by two activities named as ‘On and Off-Block Time.' The ‘On Block Time' is the positioning of the aircraft wheel chocks, while ‘Off-Block Time" is the removal of the aircraft wheel chocks. The Gate Occupancy Time (GOT) has become a fundamental formation paradigm for the terminal design processes of an airport. In the United States, NextGen aims to advance the Air Traffic Management efficiency by transforming to trajectory-based control from current surveillance based control. One of the major paradigms of NextGen technology will be the reduction in ‘positional uncertainty.’ The remarkable diversity in processes characterize the ground handling events which make a turnaround of every aircraft a unique procedure in terms of services, time, and interfacing. Moving an aircraft from landing to takeoff has a significant risk of compromising ramp safety that can be catastrophic for an airline company to maintain its reasonable reputation.

Air traffic control at airport surfaces comprises of the entrance and departure management of runways. It is notable to mention that within the terminal area the sequence of arrival flights is controlled in a systematic way. There is a specified designated taxiing route for the aircraft that are directed at an allocated gate in order to avoid conflict among different aircraft. It is noteworthy to mention that quantifying DCI's impact on fuel costs, accidents, delays, injuries, and cancellations are hard due to the complication in the diverse, asynchronous decision-making processes. Aviation industries are frequently working to reduce the turnaround time and to improve on-time performance without jeopardizing the quality. Visual Stream Mapping (VSM) is a productive instrument in order to distinguish and eliminate the waste within the process to reduce the turnaround time.

Airport Surface Operations

The delay cost per unit time of arrival is relatively higher as compared to the departures due to which the arrival flights often experience less holding time in practice. While taxiing out, departure flights do not turn on all engines in order to consume relatively less fuel per unit time than incoming air travels. Aviation operation managers face difficulties in the departure process as its management is comparably more complex. The aircraft can start to push back from the gate after receiving clearance from the controller (Strohmeier et al. 2014). It is noteworthy to mention that the departure flights are directed to the designated takeoff runway through the taxiway system while arriving into the active movement area. In order to avoid potential conflict with other aircraft, a certain amount of wait time is assigned to each flight at the holding point (Strohmeier et al. 2014). A specific aircraft is provided with a runway clearance once the runway is cleared for next operation. The issuance of runway clearance varies by runway configuration and fleet mix. Aircraft parks in the apron area in order to load passengers.

In an active movement area, conflicts like trailing, head-on, or crossing conflicts are not allowed in order to maintain safe operations. The impact of wave vortex minimizes through a set of spatial separation requirements. Surface congestion and ground delay alter operations at different areas of the air traffic system including airport surface (Rao, 2013). The punctuality of the airlines severely damages at the destination airports due to such delays. It results in adding unpredictability and uncertainty to the connecting flights, which can be catastrophic for the entire aircraft operation. It contributes to excessive fuel emission and burns due to ineffective use of these resources. It also leads to passengers' dissatisfaction and inconvenience. It results in a direct operational cost of airlines and airport. There is a significant inefficiency in the surface operations of particular aircraft. Certain procedures and concepts are established and tested with the intentions of sending the extra taxiing time to the gate. Pushback Rate Control, Collaborative Department Queue Management (CDMQ), and Virtual Queue Departure Management are certain methods that are developed to shift the excessive taxiing time to the gate (Wang & Zhang, 2014).

The decision making in the surface operation management can be supported with Tower Flight Dara Manager, and Spot and Runway Departure Advisor in order to offer terminal automation platforms. SARDA delivers the idea of maximizing the runway throughput by using Dynamic Programming formulation. Airport operation managers can manage the management operations of any aircraft to avoid a conflict between ground vehicle and aircraft using monitor taxi route conformance and taxi route advisories. Such tools provide some reasonable outcomes in terms of reducing fuel burn, associated emission and taxiing times. However, such tools are mainly fixated on queue management. NextGen aims to improve the Air Traffic Management efficiency in the United States' aviation industry by transforming to trajectory-based control from current surveillance based control (Beard, Johnston, & Holbrook, 2014). The trajectory-based operation can potentially improve the safety and accessibility at airports. It will take optimal system performance and operator preferences into consideration in order to improve the safety of aviation operations (Beard, Johnston, & Holbrook, 2014). Regardless of some foreseeable challenges, trajectory-based control can potentially replace the surveillance based control to maximize the Air Traffic Control.

Literature Review

This section comprises of existing literature on the operation management of the airport.

NextGen

According to Strohmeier et al. taxi planning is comprised of taxiway scheduling and route allocation, while the runaway operations planning comprised of runway scheduling, departure queue management, and constrained position shifting. The NextGen possess the liability to increase the performance of the airport traffic management as it converts the surveillance based control to trajectory-based control which is more efficient (Strohmeier et al. 2014). The surface operations are managed by SARDA with interacting schedulers. Optimal throughput is maintained with the help of runway scheduler as it helps in providing runway crossing sequence for incoming flights. A spot is the hand-off point on the surface between tower control and ramp control. According to Qing Wang and Yu Zhang (2014), Spot Release Planner helps in the provision of optimal departure with the objective of improving the runway throughput. They also emphasize that NextGen is valuable for managing aviation operations effectively. The 4-D trajectory-based operations identify the future trend of Air Traffic Control. More realistic aspects and paradigms are proposed in another study which correlates with the local conflicting algorithms (Wang & Zhang, 2014). However, it is demonstrated that the algorithms are not effective to resolve issues for real-time controlling purposes within the instant time.

The optimization model is resolved by combining the runway sequencing, taxiway scheduling and gate pushback controlling as it proposes an effective decomposition algorithm. The airlines are working hard to cut back cost due to the rising fuel charges across the world. According to Qing Wang and Yu Zhang, the airport charges are exorbitant in the modern era due to which airlines are finding ways to minimize the cost. A simpler way of saving expenses is to reduce the turnaround time of an aircraft without compromising quality. According to Dileep More and Rahul Sharma (2014), the smaller and larger adaptations are critical process innovations to increase performance and cut costs. In accordance with Dileep and Sharma, the profitability of an airline company is dependent on the key parameter of turnaround time. Their study demonstrates the application of the process of ongoing improvement with the help of the Theory of Constraint. It is significantly noticed that higher turnaround time can lead to a lot of undesirable consequences including the series of payment crisis, which can jeopardize the survival of a particular airline company.

Kathleen L. Mosier et al. (2013), made a study to emphasize on the pilot-Air Traffic Control communication conflicts. Their research based on the implication of NextGen operation system in order to control the conflicts between aircrews and air traffic control. They have examined the current system in order to determine the problematic areas so that advanced automation and heavier traffic density can help in the enhancement process. Their results describe the situations conducive to communication conflicts along with inappropriate resolution strategies. Moreover, Kathleen L. Mosier et al. provide deep insights into the conflicts and problems that might trigger in the NextGen operations. Their study helps in providing valuable insights about the communication breakdowns through NextGen. Around the major metropolitan areas, the impact of increased traffic flow is apparent. The phases of flight that take place in the vicinity of runways such as arrivals and departures are the highest workload and time pressure zones for controllers and pilots (Mosier et al., 2013).

The flight crews get information from ground communication and Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) in current operations. It is notable to mention that the Air Traffic Control (ATC) mainly relies on the radar displays, communication with flight crews, and ground-based sources of information. According to Weiland & Wei (2018), Informational conflicts are more likely to occur when ATC and flight crews make decisions and requests on the basis of the different version of information or different information. The increase in the data link generation can ease the issues of radio congestion. However, it is noteworthy to mention that these data links are less likely to use in the terminal area of NextGen. Due to the renegotiations of the flight paths, the final phases are advantageous to communication breakdowns (Weiland & Wei, 2018). During the approach and landing phase, the NextGen terminal operations provide beneficial support to the communication process. The NextGen terminal operation helps in managing surface aviation operations when traffic density, workload, and time pressure will be greater. It is obvious the aircrews, and air traffic control shares the same picture. Therefore, changing the flight trajectories will help in increasing the individual aircraft safety along with system efficiency (Weiland & Wei, 2018).

Beard, Johnston, and Holbrook (2013) have made imperial research to examine the efficiency of NextGen operational improvement and how they can maximize human efficiency. It is the core responsibility of the operation manager to supervise the coordination among the aircrew and air traffic control to ensure that all the operations are running smoothly. It is essential for an operation manager to keep the airport functioning properly in order to provide reasonable profitability to the airline company. According to Beard, Johnston, and Holbrook, reducing the airport surface delay is crucial for airline companies to increase the profit. They proposed that departure metering, prior to the release from the spot of from the gate is a critical factor that can reduce the airport surface delay time. The drawbacks of a long physical queue are minimized with the taxi times from the sport or gate release time. They have concluded that the provided idea is advantageous in both environmentally and operationally manner. Naveen C. Rao (2013), in his article, gives an advantageous view of the NextGen along with certain difficulties that it might face in the aviation operation. In his article, he emphasizes on eight concepts of the technology of NextGen including Layered Adaptive Security, Trajectory-based operations, performance-based services and operations, net-centric operations, positioning, navigating, and timing (PNT) services, weather assimilated into decision making, high-density arrival or departure operations, and equivalent visual operations. He emphasizes that the concept of encompassing air traffic management is to achieve greater efficiency along with safety to create a scalable NAS (National Airspace System). It is notable to mention that NextGen offers a fundamental transformation of the aviation industry as it helps airport operation managers in the surface management process. One of the foremost patterns of NextGen technology will be the reduction in ‘positional uncertainty,' which can otherwise affect both air traffic management and aircraft navigation.

Convectively-induced turbulence (CIT)

John K. Williams (2014), demonstrates the diagnoses of aviation turbulence and the efficiency of NextGen. According to his findings, the Next Generation Air Transportation System is incorporated with gridded deterministic and probabilistic now-casts in order to increase the automation of air traffic management systems. Convectively-induced turbulence (CIT) is referred to as the avoiding turbulence associated with thunderstorms. The Diagnosis of CIT (DCIT) helps in determining likely regions of existing near storm turbulence. The probabilistic assessments of DCIT will provide remarkable support to the United States effort of the NextGen air traffic modernization as it helps in providing valuable data required for automating decision making. John K. Williams provides valuable insight into the fully integrated NextGen operation system. It is important to the discussion that quantifying DCI's impact on fuel costs, accidents, delays, injuries, and cancellations will be hard due to the complication in the diverse, asynchronous decision-making processes. John displayed outputs of his research in a graphical way to analyze the spatial and temporal coherence. John K. Williams demonstrates that the information on CIT location can be improved as it is fully integrated with the NextGen. Integration of NextGen in the aviation operations will assist dispatchers, provides safe routes near storms, assist pilots in choosing efficient routes, and will minimize the controller workload along with decreasing the unexpected turbulence encounters.

Turnaround Time

Vythinathan and Yusuf (2017), provides an article about the lean implementation in aircraft turnaround time. Their research demonstrates various aspects that can be critical in reducing the aircraft turnaround time. It is noted that the aircraft turnaround time is a significant aspect of maintaining a reasonable profit margin. They have presented the idea of the execution of lean maintenance in the specific airline industry. They have conducted a series of interviews with technicians and engineers to address the fundamental objective of their research. The execution of lean maintenance effectively reduces the non-value waste during an aircraft turnaround, which helps in cutting the costs. In order to enhance the entire turnaround process, Vythinathan and Yusuf emphasized on constructing the current and future states of value stream maps by differentiating the waste and its sources. They have concluded that the execution of lean maintenance in a specific aircraft can reduce the process duration up to 11.9 minutes and helps in increasing the cycle efficiency that can increase the profitability of an airline company. They evaluated the utilization of Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and concluded that it helps in differentiating waste within the process and to eliminate them. It is recommended that organizations can use VSM to come up with an appropriate solution for turnaround time.

Cox and Cox (2019) evaluate different methods to reduce the aircraft turnaround time in order to increase the safety and exploit the cost-effectiveness of the airline industry. They emphasize on increasing the ramp safety in order to reduce the aircraft turnaround time. They have provided a significant model to eliminate the hazards associated with the engine ingestion and jet blast. It is suggested that an aircraft can maneuver independently on the ground with its engines in order to minimize the time interval between the takeoff and landing of an aircraft. According to their research, the time previously required for an aircraft to wat in the gate area at departure or upon arrival cannot impose threat until jet blast. It is noteworthy to mention that the ramp safety can be improved if there is no potential threat for engine ingestion and jet blast, which can only be possible if the ground maneuvering of an airplane does not require operating its engine. It will help in reducing the turnaround time as passengers can safely disembark along with the detachment of cargo. Moving an aircraft from landing to takeoff has a significant risk of compromising ramp safety that can be catastrophic for an airline company to maintain its reasonable reputation. Cox and Cox’s research suggests that the whole concept of ramp safety is to minimize the turnaround time to increase the profit margin for Airline Company while maintaining high standards of safety for passengers and crew members. Moving an aircraft from landing to takeoff has a significant risk of compromising ramp safety that can be catastrophic for an airline company to maintain its reasonable reputation.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, operational failure occurs in an airline company that can jeopardize the safety of their aircrew and passengers. It can also be catastrophic for the reputation and profitability of that airline company. Turnaround time is a crucial paradigm for air traffic management performance at the gate or remote position from the terminal. Airline companies are giving significant thought to NextGen operation technology due to its liability of reducing ‘positional uncertainty.' The trajectory-based control with the help of NextGen effectively increases the efficiency of air traffic management. Using a particular set of spatial separation requirement can minimize the impact of wave vortex. Different researchers have found the efficiency of trajectory-based operation to improve the safety and accessibility at airports. The possibility of runway throughput can be improved with the help of Spot Release Planner (SRP) in the provision of optimal departure. Turnaround time of an aircraft is a key parameter that determines the profit margin of an airline company. The issue of radio congestion can be resolved with the increment in the data link generation. The NextGen operation technology provides the concept of encompassing air traffic management to achieve maximum safety along with greater efficiency.

References

Beard, B. L., Johnston, J. C., & Holbrook, J. (2013). NextGen operational improvements: will they improve human performance.

Cox, I. W., & Cox, R. T. (2019). U.S. Patent Application No. 10/207,798.

More, D., & Sharma, R. (2014). The turnaround time of an aircraft: a competitive weapon for an airline company. Decision, 41(4), 489-497.

Mosier, K. L., Rettenmaier, P., McDearmid, M., Wilson, J., Mak, S., Raj, L., & Orasanu, J. (2013). Pilot–ATC Communication Conflicts: Implications for NextGen. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 23(3), 213-226.

Rao, N. C. (2013). The Promise and Challenges of NextGen. The Air and Space Lawyer, 25(4), 1.

Strohmeier, M., Schafer, M., Lenders, V., & Martinovic, I. (2014). Realities and challenges of nextgen air traffic management: the case of ADS-B. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(5), 111-118.

Vythinathan, K., & Yusof, S. R. M. (2017). Lean implementation in aircraft turnaround time. In Master Project Symposium on Engineering Business Management, UTM Razak School, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Vol. 13, pp. 10-15).

Wanga, Q., & Zhanga, Y. (2014). Real-Time Integrated Airport Surface Operations Management.

Weiland, L. V., & Wei, G. (2018). Evaluating the impact of NextGen‘s air traffic system on aviation security. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 189, p. 10030). EDP Sciences.

Williams, J. K. (2014). Using random forests to diagnose aviation turbulence. Machine learning, 95(1), 51-70.

ALA Pet Training Techniques

ALA Pet Training Techniques

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

ALA Pet Training Techniques

Learning is an adaptive function in which nervous system changes with response to stimuli in a certain environment. To simply state, learning is the change in behavior resulting from some experiences. As a result, behavioral responses are changed and enable one to function in a new environment. Humans and animals both adapt and change their behavior to the changing environment and the stimulus. There are many ways in which animals learn behaviors and these types of learning include habituation, sensitization, Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Observational learning, Insight learning, and play. This paper seeks to identify the type of learning being used in these pet training scenarios and the rationale for choosing a certain learning type.

Response to Scenario 1

The first scenario is about teaching the dog how to move in a circle by giving the circle command combined with a condition, such as treating the dog with food or a toy. The theory of conditioning in behavioral psychology emphasizes that conditioning can modify the response to an object or stimuli. The most common form of this theory is classical conditioning and an extension to it was made by Skinner as operant conditioning (“Classical Conditioning | Simply Psychology,” n.d.). This technique of learning is an outcome of Ivan Pavlov and based on that the stimulus-response is a common technique of training dogs and animals. In the following scenario, the technique used is associated with operant conditioning, wherein the dog is trained to form a certain behavior for the sake of a reward. Food treat or toy is used to train the dog to run in a circle. For the sake of food or the toy, that is a reward in this scenario, the dog will try again and again and eventually it will be able to learn to move in a circle.

The unconditioned stimulus (US) in this case is the smell of the food or the attraction to a toy that will automatically generate a conditioned stimulus (CS) that is the trainer giving instruction to turn in a circle (“Classical Conditioning | Simply Psychology,” n.d.). The unconditioned response is a natural response to the unconditioned stimuli, i.e. salvation from food or attraction to the toy. Both the stimulus combined will result in a conditioned response, the dog moving in a circle. The repetition of this activity will also result in a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus i.e. simply commanding the dog to move in a circle.

Response to Scenario 2

The second scenario is about teaching the dog how to crawl and it aims to achieve this outcome by saying crawl, holding him/her down with a hand on the back and keeping some food treat in one hand. This scenario also rewards dog on smaller movement and then teaching to cover longer distances. Based on the analysis of the scenario, the learning technique used in the scenario is also operant conditioning. In this type of conditioning, since the behaviors followed by a satisfying event are probably repeated, food treat can be used as a reward and results in a repeated desired behavior. The dog, in this case, will learn to crawl if the behavior is rewarded, later merely by commanding the dog to crawl will result in the desired outcome because the dog will think of the reward.

This training scenario has been classified as operant conditioning due to the presence of rewards and conditional and unconditional stimuli in the scenario. The unconditioned stimulus (US) in this case is the smell of the food that will be tempting for the dog while the conditioned stimulus (CS) is held the dog down with a hand on the back. The unconditioned response will be a temptation from food while the conditioned response will be dog crawling. Both the conditional and unconditional stimulus will create the conditional-response i.e. crawling of dog. This technique utilizes the positive reinforcement that results in repetition of the desired behavior. Dog receiving reward will reinforce to repeat a certain behavior, crawling in the case under consideration.

Response to Scenario 3

The third scenario deals with training the family dog to comply with the commands and learn to communicate what are the intentions of the owner. The technique adopted in this scenario deals with obedience training. The technique aims at developing a relationship between the trainer and dog, after identifying the ways to communicate the intentions of the trainer. Daily obedience is essential as part of good training to develop a relationship between dog and trainer eventually resulting in a happy lifestyle for the dog.

The learning technique observed in this observational learning and this type of learning occurs in which the behavior is learned by observing and imitating others. In this case, attaching the dog with the belt buckle for a day is a way to teach the dog that he has to follow alpha. The idea is to teach the dog that ‘Where the alpha leads I must follow!’ Furthermore, repeating the activity for an hour each day is the condition. The condition associated with this technique is praise, which will make the dog follow certain behavior. The dog will observe and learn that he has to follow the directions of the trainer. This technique can be helpful for training family pets and can be effective in enhancing the relationship between the dog and the trainer.

Response to Scenario 4

The last scenario deals with changing a bad habit of the whining of a dog on leaving him alone. The technique adopted aims at teaching the dog to live alone for a longer period of time without the trainer or the owner. It involves leaving the dog in an area and then assuring the dog that the owner is not leaving him alone. The learning technique that will be teaching this behavior to a dog can be referred to as classical conditioning. In this type of learning, the learner associates events and stimuli that occur together.

As a result, the learner is able to anticipate the event (Lavond & Steinmetz, 2012). In this case, the dog is left at an area and if the dog whines on the owner leaving the trainer are not advised to turn back to avoid blackmail. Then the owner must spend some more time and give him a loud “No” if he whines on owner’s leaving him alone. If he keeps quiet, the owner must appreciate the dog and repeating this activity several times will make the dog learn that the owner is not leaving him anywhere. This technique of classical conditioning does not involve any unconditioned stimulus and the behavior is conditioned with a loud “No” and returning back in order to calm the dog.

These cases and scenarios are examples of how the learning techniques such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Both classical and operant conditioning are examples of associated learning while the later one is linked with observing others. The first two scenarios deal with operant conditioning while the third one deals with observational learning. The last scenario deals with classical conditioning and all the techniques are associated with improving and teaching a desired behavior to the dogs. All these techniques can be helpful in making dogs learn certain behaviors.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Classical Conditioning | Simply Psychology. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2019, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html

Lavond, D. G., & Steinmetz, J. E. (2012). Handbook of classical conditioning. Springer Science & Business Media.

Alabama A&M University Graduate Social Work Program

Alabama A&M University graduate Social Work Program

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Alabama A&M University Graduate Social Work Program

Social work is a noble cause; it consists of resolving social issues faced by the people living in different geographical regions whether it is a country, city or a town. A social worker provides his or her services in their assigned region and tries to resolve the matter either by counseling or providing medical service to the patient.

Social workers deal with a number of social issues on a daily basis. Any problem or issue that creates a hindrance in the way of people to achieve their full potential. These issues include poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, unequal opportunities, racism, discrimination, youth violence, child abuse, and domestic violence. All these social issues are of grave importance and require the social worker(s) to give their full energy and attention, but some problems require much more energy, potential, and concern from the social worker’s side. One of such issues is domestic violence.

Most of the incidents of domestic violence are carried on by the intimate partners and many cases are reported from the suburban areas. Most of the complaints of domestic violence come from the females who are either living with their partners either in a live in relationship or have been recently married (Mullender, 2002). Many victims of domestic violence report that they are beaten up and hurt physically by their partner mostly when they are not in their right mental state. These crimes occur mostly when the abuser is mostly drunk or high on drugs.

Domestic violence and its resolution is a problem for social workers because it is not easy to detect. Many victims are not ready to talk about it because they are either too terrified to discuss it or they want to carry on the relationship even with an abusive partner. In such cases, the social worker has to counsel the victim first that her (and even his) own personal health is much more important than living with a psychopath.

References

Mullender, A. (2002). Rethinking domestic violence: The social work and probation response. Routledge.

Albert Camus

Student’s Name

Instructor‘s Name

Course Code

Date

Stranger" by Albert Camus - 1967

The film stranger by Albert Camus illustrates adaptation tactics by a stranger. Camus asked several questions regarding the human patient and existence. The movie captured the expression of fiction as philosophy which drives different aspects of lives. Camus considered the Absurd as one of the fundamental and states that it defines the characteristics of modern human condition. In the film, he looked into the lives of every human and asked why people keeps passing by and asking questions. Therefore, the two genres illustrated in the film are fiction and drama.

Meursault views death as fictions and never bothered him and to him death is a myth, which exist in the society. When Meursault lost his mother he never expressed any sign of remorse and expected emotions of grief. He acted as if nothing happens. He never viewed the body of his dead mother, drinks and smokes next to the coffin as if there is nothing happening. It is clear that he viewed death different and from his perspective the deaths are does not exist. Meursault responded without any remorse any all events or happenings which people expected him to show some feelings. However, the drama as genre is illustrated in the film through the actions taken by Meursault. Immediately after the burial his mother, Meursault agreed to help his neighbor Raymond to revenge against his Moorish’s girlfriend for cheating. He voluntary wrote a letter to invite Moorish’s girlfriend so Raymond can have sex with her and then spite on her face at the last minute.

However, in the film the genre of fiction is most interested genre highlighted by some of the actions taken by Meursault. The fact that he never showed any emotional feelings when his mother dead illustrates how viewed feelings. He believed there is not death and he does not believe in the God as well. It is also important to point that when he was asked whether he believed in God is said no and the reason for shooting the dead is to get actions. It points out the fiction genre in the film.

Work Cited

https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=sQN76Vv-nVw

Alcatraz The Case Study Of Robert Lipscomb

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Code

Date

Question: What has Robert Lipscomb sentenced to prison for? How did that compare to other people found guilty of the same crime?

Answer: Robert Lipscomb was sentenced to prison for 25 years for possessing and selling 17 fake twenty dollar bills worth $340 that was found at that time. He bought 50 fake bills and only 17 of those were left at the time of his arrest. He was also accused of purchasing automobiles using fake checks and he was also charged with transporting women from Chicago to Cleveland for immoral purposes. Robert writes in his letter to director Bureau of Prisons that he was shocked when he met and read about other counterfeiters who were involved on national and international level. Their punishment ranged from probation to only 10 years. According to Robert, such difference between the punishments of the same crime with less severity is a representation of racial persecution rather than judicial persecution. He was denied of a Parole upon his arrival in leaven worth, but apart from him, all other detainers are now free.

Question: What ideas did Lipscomb harbor?

Answer: Lipscomb was regarded to possess excellent intelligence and writing skills, but he was also regarded as prone to anxiety and depression. He also educated black inmates to act against racial discrimination within the prison system. Even the committee in their impression of him in special progress report believed that this man is one of the finest writer’s in the institution. Using his strong writing and with the help of other inmates, he continued his efforts to obtain funds to use for court and attorney fee. According to the cell house supervisor, Robert was an egotistical individual who fancied himself as a good jail house lawyer. At the time of racial activeness and ethnic equality movements, Robert was a social activist among inmates in order to act against discrimination and prejudice.

Question: Who found those ideas dangerous?

Answer: Mr. D Berman of the subcommittee on constitutional rights had some concern over integration, the idea of which was imitated by Robert Lipscomb. According to him, some southern white Klansman who are considered as white supremacist group had sworn blood oaths to kill him for his civil rights actions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mwlCsfF7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Ppsn2eh2eob9otlqp34ch5rd86---1961 Lipscomb Letter to Director of Bureau of Prisons.Pdf})","plainCitation":"(Ppsn2eh2eob9otlqp34ch5rd86---1961 Lipscomb Letter to Director of Bureau of Prisons.Pdf)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":86,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/UAJIUVZN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/UAJIUVZN"],"itemData":{"id":86,"type":"article","title":"ppsn2eh2eob9otlqp34ch5rd86---1961 Lipscomb Letter to Director of Bureau of Prisons.pdf","URL":"https://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/ppsn2eh2eob9otlqp34ch5rd86---1961%20Lipscomb%20Letter%20to%20Director%20of%20Bureau%20of%20Prisons.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (1961 Lipscomb Letter to Director of Bureau of Prisons). Robert believed that under normal circumstances, it was not an issue but even some officers were southerners by birth and beliefs. Those guards and inmates had a fair understanding with each other and were dangerous for Robert. Once in a protest against racial discrimination, Robert injured his leg and the same day a white supremacist guard kicked him in his back. Then in his report, he said that Robert fell from the stairs due to his injured leg. He feared that the severity of these cases might increase and get him in trouble.

Question: What does the incarceration tells us about the political nature of the incarceration?

Answer: Robert Lipscomb incarceration is a reflection of social behavior at that time. Racial discrimination was at its peak and was present in every field and aspect of life, whether it was cinema, sports, justice system or any other professional or institutional matter. The incarceration of Robert Lipscomb tells us about the political racial discrimination that was a common practice at that time. The implications of some laws that were legal in colonial era were still in place until mid-19th century. Black people were subjected to physical assault and lynching practices at that time because they were considered unequal to white people. Black people were considered less of a human being because of their cultural and social backgrounds. Racism was not about just the color of one’s skin, it was about power relation and control over other people.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY 1961 Lipscomb Letter to Director of Bureau of Prisons.

Special Progress Report Alcatraz 1955-62

Alcoholism

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

Critical Issues in Business: Alcoholism

Alcoholism is one of the most critical issues in almost every society at the moment. It is the most severe form of alcohol abuse and involves the inability of the person using/drinks alcohol to manage his/her drinking habits. The concept of alcoholism commonly refers to as alcohol use disorder in which an alcohol user is involved in abnormal alcohol use. The disorder of alcohol use is mainly organized into three (3) different groups/categories which are mild, moderate, and severe. All of these categories have different symptoms as well as have different effects on the alcohol users and the society and community. The individuals involved in alcoholism or alcohol use fail to perform or function normally and properly. Hence, this leads to different issues such as it impacts personal matters of the users, professional goals, life associations or relationships, overall health and physical condition (Sudhinaraset, Wigglesworth, & Takeuchi, P.P. 41-43). While putting huge effects on the society and community that then requires critical strategies and ways to improve when it becomes a social issue. In addition to it, alcoholism is one of the common social issues around the world.

Thesis Statement

In order to recognize Alcoholism, it would be better to understand its nature, its impacts on individuals, societies, and states, as well as cover current events, significance, and community’s opinion(s) about it.

All around the globe, the issue called alcoholism can be seen with a strong and huge presence among communities. According to the research findings of (Sudhinaraset, Wigglesworth, & Takeuchi, P.P. 41-43), alcoholism currently accounts for more than 3 billion deaths each year or lead to cause 6 percent of all deaths around the world. The inverse and hugely critical effects of alcoholism or alcohol use disorder are almost worst for both the person and the entire community or society. The effects of this social issue are so worst because its effects range from the health risk of the alcohol user to his social association such as friends and family relations.

Alcohol use differs from gender to gender and culture. Around the globe, males use more alcohol compared to females, and females highly developed regions/countries use higher than females in emerging states. Alcohol usage could be allied with several influences ranges from individual-level to entire community characteristics. On the level of community, new researches have recognized a strong association amongst community factors and healthiness.

There many things that have relations with alcoholism as well as put effects on it. Based on this, alcohol deals, sales, and advertising are much planned, individuals have access to an extensive range of alcohol and liquor commercials, specifically in the US as Media publicity supports and impact social norms around alcohol by marketing, advertisement, and product engagements, etc. In this case, most of the opinions of people and communities around the world state that that alcohol commercials particularly affected younger adolescents’ propensity to consume alcohol. As well as convey that the most critical causes of alcoholism include natural habits, social and environmental forces/factors, and one's psychological factors. It means that both (individual and society) play a role in causing alcoholism (Ewing, P.P. 1905). The issue of alcoholism can be improved if states perform their roles as well as the individual works to improve drink habits, avoid some badly affecting drinks, and set a drinking limit and decrease with time.

In terms of the effects of alcoholism on the economy, the concept of alcoholism gets both positive and negative sides. It means that the effects of alcoholism on economy and business may be positive as it leads to increase revenues of some particular businesses in case of selling alcohol products (Ewing, P.P. 1905).

The different laws and regulations that affect alcoholism mainly include the establishment of legal age for drinking alcohol to limit alcoholism up to an extent.

What are the main causes that you think lead alcoholism to critical brain disease?

What can be the critical impacts of alcoholism on the user and society beyond his/her health and social relations?

Work Cited

Ewing, John A. "Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire." Jama 252.14 (2004): 1905-1907.

Faris, Don. "The Prevention of Alcoholism and Economic Alcoholism." Preventive Practices 3.1 (1974): 36-48.

Sudhinaraset, M., Wigglesworth, C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2016). "Social and Cultural Contexts of Alcohol Use: Influences in a Social-Ecological Framework". Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 38(1), 35–45.

Alexander V Us

Alexander vs. Supreme Court

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Alexander vs. Supreme Court

Alexander was considered to be the owner of adult movie theaters and bookstores which offered sexual paraphernalia and pornography for sale. He was convicted on three counts for violating the obscenity laws of the state and twelve counts for violating the RICO act of 1970. His assets of almost nine million dollars were fortified. I believe that this forfeiture was not excessive for the Alexander and he deserved such punishment as court proved that forfeiture did not have any violation against the First and Eighth Amendment.

The forfeiture, in this case, was considered to be the permissible punishment of the criminal. This case showed significantly that distinction between subsequent punishment and prior restraints was grounded solidly (Pilon, 1994). The orders here imposed were not on the legal impediment to the ability of the petitioner for engaging in any expressive activity instead it just prevent the Alexander from financing such illegal activities with his assets which were derived from his previous racketeering offenses. His assets were significantly involved in his previous crimes and violations which was considered to be the main reason for his forfeiture (Johnson, 2000).

His acts and activities could increase the threats involving obscene matter sale, extortion, bribery, robbery, arson, gambling, kidnapping, murder, and dealing in substances. Due to his crimes and activities, he could not be considered as the victim of unusual and cruel punishment. So, everyone before declaring the forfeiture of Alexander to be excessive must be considered the excessiveness of racketeering activities of the Alexander. Moreover, Alexander was also involved in the excessive criminal activities conducted through his huge enterprise of racketeering over a vast period of time, so according to my point of view he must deserve such kind of strict punishment to set a role model as a result of which no other person would dare to involve in such unethical activities (Kim, 1996).

References

Johnson, B. L. (2000). Purging the cruel and unusual: The autonomous excessive fines clause and desert-based constitutional limits on forfeiture after United States v. Bajakajian. U. Ill. L. Rev., 461.

Kim, D. (1996). Asset forfeiture: Giving up your constitutional rights. Campbell L. Rev., 19, 527.

Pilon, R. (1994). Can American asset forfeiture law be justified. NYL Sch. L. Rev., 39, 311.

Alien Life-Out Of This World

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Alien Life- Out of This World

Introduction

A meteorite is basically a solid piece of any given debris from an object that can be an asteroid, comet and also meteoroid. These meteorites basically originate in the outer most space and also it survives its entire passage through the atmosphere in order to reach the surface of a planet that also includes Earth. It is basically a fragment of iron or rock from the outer space and it can quite effectively impact the surface of the Earth. These are thought to be originated in the asteroid belt which is present between the planets of both Jupiter and Mars. The size of the meteorite can vary starting from less than a gram to more or less than 60 tons. There are times when the path of these meteorites objects intersects with the orbit of the Earth and at that time they enter the atmosphere of the Earth at a very higher velocity by effectively causing the luminous phenomena which are commonly called a shooting star and also meteors. There are some other types of meters which are quite bright and they are known as the fireball and they can also be called as bolide if they are linked with detonations and also smoke trains. These events are considered a tremendous force of nature and they can also cause considerable property damage and also health risks to the people (Meslier).

Tasks

The organic compounds that are extracted from the meteorites are very important because these organic compounds hold clues to the beginning of life on the Earth. The water that is present on the asteroids reacts with the rocks in order to form these organic compounds and these are some of the very crucial and important compounds which sparked life in the Earth’s primordial oceans some 4 billion years ago. These meteorites when strike the Earth then various changes occur in the Earth atmosphere along with changes in the microbial community. It has also been noticed that that once the meteorites hit the Earth then it changes the temperatures of the Earth and due to this change in temperature in Earth atmosphere various disasters take place like lava eruption and volcanos etc. Along with these changes various disease eruption also takes place and one of the reasons of this possible disease eruption is due to the changes in the entire microbial community. Over the past few years, many studies were followed in order to develop the idea that what kind of microbial communities develop over the period of the time when the meteorites strike the Earth and more specifically in the fresh volcanic material that erupts right after the meteorites strike the Earth (Tait).

The main and fundamental goals of this research were to identify the primary organisms to colonize lava flows after the eruption and also to identify the changes in the overall community structure with the passage of time. The cooled lava flows often represents sterile environments. The data that is available from the past researches on the microbial community of the meteorites suggest that the composition, the survival rate and also the mode of reproduction of these microbes are quite different as compared to the microbial communities of the Earth and also it has been suggested that the DNA composition and the overall genetic composition is highly different as compared to the microbial communities that are present on the Earth crust (Wierzchos). Also there are high chances that these microbial communities can be highly fatal for the human population on Earth, therefore, it is highly recommended by the scientific community to deal with these microbes very carefully and with high precautionary measures because so far it is not fully known that what kind of disease they can cause in humans if there are any (Tait).

The possibility that the microbial community from these meteorites can have a harmful effect on the animals and also the overall human population is not proved yet but even then the scientists from all over the world agree with the fact that these microbes can cause diseases like skin cancer and also some respiratory issues. Therefore while collecting samples from the meteorites it is very essential to cover the entire body so that any direct interaction with the microbial community of the meteorites is avoided. Most of the scientists suggest that these microbes that belong to the meteorites are completely novel because of the fact that the meteorites have a composition that is totally different from the Earth. However few water traces have been identified on the meteorites and due to these water traces, the microbes from these meteorites can survive on the Earth atmosphere without having much trouble. Having said that till date no such resemblance was found between the meteorites and the Earth environment. Due to all these possibilities it is highly suggested by the scientific community to be extra careful when any such meteorites strike the Earth surface because besides affecting the Earth and its population indirectly it can also cause some direct effect on the human and also animal population (Glavin et al.,).

Sample Material

The sample material was collected from the site area where recently the meteorite hit the Earth. So I and my entire team went to the site with all the precautionary measures we were supposed to take and then we set off to the area. For our study, we selected a single piece of this meteorite that hit the Earth and once the sample was taken it was weighed and its weight was 2.2g.

Experimental Study Design and Methods.Once the sample was collected it was then taken to the lab in order to identify it under a microscope. It was first inspected properly under the microscope in order to properly examine its appearance and physical characteristics. Under the microscope, many amber-colored globules were noted in this steroids. After the microscopic analysis, it was then processed for its amino acid determination. Both the amino acids and also the enantiomer ratios were investigated independently in the meteorite samples. The analysis was done by using similar extraction procedures and also analysis by the HPLC which was then coupled with o-phthaldialdehyde-N-acetyl-L-cystine derivation and also UC-florescence detection. Single parts of the meteorites were crushed into a powder form with an annealed that was kept at 500° for overnight mortar and pestle in a positive pressure that was 1-μm filtered air clean room and after that, they transferred into clean vials. The meteorites were fine-grained therefore they did not require any type of crushing before the analysis.

Another part of the sample was closed in a sterilized and clean test tube with about 1ml double distilled water and then this was boiled for about 24 hours in a bloc\k heating set for about 24 hours at 100°C. The test tubes in which the samples were present were cooled at room temperature and then the outside of these test tubes was rinsed with 95% ethanol along with double distilled water. The test tubes were then opened and they were centrifuged for about 5 minutes in order to separate the particulate H2O supernatant. From this entire supernatant, about 10% was taken and it was then transferred into a new test tube which was dried under the vacuum and then it was desalted by7 using carbon exchange resin before HPLC analysis in order to determine the free amino acids linked with the bulk samples. The leftover supernatant was then transferred into a different test tube and it was then analyzed for the presence of any bulk amino acids in the sample matrix. Once the amino acid was determined and analyzed the samples were prepared for sequencing, PCR and genomic identification.

Results

The analysis of the samples determined that the amino acids were present mainly in the 6M HCl hydrolyzed with hot water extract. The most important amino acids that were determined in these samples were the glutamic acid and also glycine although some lesser amount of aspartic, serine and alanine were also identified. These amino acids that were identified in the meteorites were somehow similar to the amino acids present on the Earth Crust. Along with that, the genomic identification showed that the DNA and also the sequences of the samples from the meteorites was quite different from the Earth samples and it was shown that no native of this sample was present on the Earth atmosphere before. Some carcinogenic effects of the sample were also identified which showed that part from having indirect health hazards to the population of Earth these meteorites can also affect the Earth population directly by causing various diseases directly.

Work Cited

Glavin, Daniel P., et al. "Amino acids in the Martian meteorite Nakhla." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences96.16 (1999): 8835-8838.

Meslier, Victoria, et al. "Fundamental drivers for endolithic microbial community assemblies in the hyperarid Atacama Desert." Environmental Microbiology 20.5 (2018): 1765-1781.

Tait, Alastair W., et al. "Evaluation of meteorites as habitats for terrestrial microorganisms: results from the Nullarbor Plain, Australia, a Mars analog site." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 215 (2017): 1-16.

Tait, Alastair W., et al. "Microbial populations of stony meteorites: substrate controls on first colonizers." Frontiers in microbiology 8 (2017): 1227.

Wierzchos, Jacek, et al. "Endolithic microbial habitats as refuges for life in polyextreme environment of the Atacama Desert." Current opinion in microbiology 43 (2018): 124-131.

All About Props

All about Propellers

Name

Institution

All about Propellers

In propeller family, Reverse-Pitch Propeller is the that interests me most. Extra tweaks, for example, invert pitch propellers (essentially utilized on turbo props), are incorporated into certain propellers to advance their operational attributes. Practically all switch pitch propellers are of the feathering type. A turn around pitch propeller is a controllable propeller and it blade angle can be altered to negative amid activity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ieTPFp5i","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Howe & Rorie, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Howe & Rorie, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":268,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/SHMPNKDK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/SHMPNKDK"],"itemData":{"id":268,"type":"book","title":"Aircraft conceptual design synthesis","publisher":"Professional Engineering Publishing London, UK","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Howe","given":"Denis"},{"family":"Rorie","given":"George"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Howe & Rorie, 2000).

The reason for the reversible pitch attribute is to create a negative edge point that yields push inverse the ordinary forward heading. Typically, when the arrival gear is in contact with the runway in the wake of finding, the propellers cutting edges can be moved to negative pitch (switched), which makes push inverse of the airplane heading and moderates the flying machine. As the blades of the propeller move into negative pitch, engine power builds the negative push. Aerodynamically, such an attribute of reverse-pitch propellers brakes the airplane and diminishes ground move following the landing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UneAGkuW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Howe & Rorie, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Howe & Rorie, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":268,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/SHMPNKDK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/SHMPNKDK"],"itemData":{"id":268,"type":"book","title":"Aircraft conceptual design synthesis","publisher":"Professional Engineering Publishing London, UK","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Howe","given":"Denis"},{"family":"Rorie","given":"George"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Howe & Rorie, 2000). Switching the propellers likewise diminishes the speed of airplane rapidly on the runway soon after touchdown and limits its brake wear.

Auxiliary systems attached with the propeller system of aircrafts includes the following: Pitot static system, fire and oxygen, brakes and wheels, hydraulics and pneumatics and gyroscopic systems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"84KoRd5I","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nicolai & Carichner, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Nicolai & Carichner, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":265,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/BUWTV9KK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/BUWTV9KK"],"itemData":{"id":265,"type":"book","title":"Fundamentals of aircraft and airship design, Volume 1–Aircraft Design","publisher":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Nicolai","given":"Leland M."},{"family":"Carichner","given":"Grant E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nicolai & Carichner, 2010).

Pitot Static system is inevitable for flying an aircraft. So far as safety is concerned during flying then gauging and demonstrating speed, either horizontal or vertical, and altitude are deemed indispensable concerning the safety of flyer and the aircraft ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ebfZFOtA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hanson, 1980)","plainCitation":"(Hanson, 1980)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":266,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/9HW97I9D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/9HW97I9D"],"itemData":{"id":266,"type":"article-journal","title":"Influence of propeller design parameters on far-field harmonic noise in forward flight","container-title":"AIAA Journal","page":"1313–1319","volume":"18","issue":"11","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Hanson","given":"Donald B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1980"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hanson, 1980). Fundamentally, aircraft consists of three pressure gauging tools which are: Speed indicator (Vertical) which designates the variation in static pressure amidst the rate of nosing up or down.

Pitot tube gauge the pressure and it must be given undisturbed forward flow. Static port is also another important port which balance the aircraft if it flies out of pressure. The system is highly consistent and if taken care properly you as a handler would not face any problem.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hanson, D. B. (1980). Influence of propeller design parameters on far-field harmonic noise in forward flight. AIAA Journal, 18(11), 1313–1319.

Howe, D., & Rorie, G. (2000). Aircraft conceptual design synthesis. Professional Engineering Publishing London, UK.

Nicolai, L. M., & Carichner, G. E. (2010). Fundamentals of aircraft and airship design, Volume 1–Aircraft Design. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT

Haitham Aldafari

Enter the name of Instructor

International Politics

July 23rd, 2019

All quiet on the western front- Blog questions

All quiet on the Western front shed light on the brutalities of war. Erich Remarque has artistically illustrated the ferocity of the war throughout the novel. Remarque has denounced the previous conceptions about war. Different to many authors, he believes that war brings no glory. He condemns the ideas of glory, patriotism, and romanticism, which are largely associated with war. ‘All quiet on the Western front’ depict war form the eyes of forces, who were part of the battle. I believe that the major theme of this novel revolves around fear which the author has presented as a synonym to war. Unlike the previous novel about war experiences, Remarque has detached romanticism (in all its manifestation) from war.

The WWI which was ignited on the ideas of nationalism and patriotism, Remarque present a devastating critique. Like many other readers, I also believe that such ideas are hollow from inside. There is no use of such ideas of patriotism and nationalism other than protecting the interests of the ruling elite. In protecting those interests, they use forces as a tool and nothing else. It is the reason that for Remarque, these ideologies are hypocritical. For all such reasons, he criticizes the ruling elite by referring toward the presentation of false images of nationalism and patriotism. Since the WWI was based on such notions, therefore it was the practical manifestation of these ideas. For his readers, he has exemplified this idea when two of his characters Paul and his friends are forced into joining the battalion, but soon they realize that this was a loose deal.

The title of this book illustrates that what appears abnormal is quite different from inside. This can be guessed many times in the book and in the movie too. For example, the author argues that soldiers fight not for the defense of their country and nor for any glory; rather, they fight for their survival. People have started associating this expression of ‘All quiet on the Western Front' with the situation where everything appears very tricky and dismantled, but the inside situation is very calm and quiet. I also share this idea, which I believe is that each soldier remains calm unless there is a dire threat to his survival.

As like many other viewers of the movie, based on the theme of this novel, my favorite scene is when one of the main characters of the movie, Kat dies. It abruptly makes the viewer remember how it is losing a person whom one has spent a great time with. It makes me remember many such incidences of my life as well. The time when Paul carries Kat and tries to bring him at ease, it makes many people sympathetic and sad. It is like losing many things at a single time. It is my favorite scene just because it teaches each viewer a lesson which is not to believe in ideas which are different from one's personal prestige and value.

I have related this book to what is happening today at the international level. War today is much destructive compared to how it was fought decades ago. Still, there is no charm in igniting the war. This book is quite relevant to the world of today. Patriotism, nationalism, war glory, and many other terms like these might have taken a different illustration, but they still play a dominant role in international affairs. ‘All quiet on the Western front’ leaves a hollow impression about such aspects. This book helps in making clear the false perceptions attached with all such ideas.

All-Hazards

ALL-HAZARDS

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

All-Hazards

Critical infrastructure is defined as the backbone or life support system for the efficient functioning of a state ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IjgJX7v8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baggett & Simpkins, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Baggett & Simpkins, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":42,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/HK6IBS3K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/HK6IBS3K"],"itemData":{"id":42,"type":"book","title":"Homeland security and critical infrastructure protection","publisher":"ABC-CLIO","ISBN":"1-4408-5396-7","author":[{"family":"Baggett","given":"Ryan K."},{"family":"Simpkins","given":"Brian K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baggett & Simpkins, 2018). The complex societies of the modern world are highly dependent on critical infrastructures like banks, airports, railroads, security services, and government offices. Since the increase in the terrorist incidents in the world, the Critical infrastructure is at high risk and therefore it is cardinal to protect the Critical infrastructure of every state so that the country can work efficiently for maintaining the standard of living of the people. Therefore this paper aims to list the resources and assets in my locality which are labeled as Critical infrastructure and suggestions for their protection within all-hazard context.

Terrorist attacks, natural calamities, and human negligence are the factors which can be a threat to the Critical Infrastructure. In my locality Airport, railroad, banks, hospitals, and hydropower plants are present which comes under the category of Critical Infrastructure. The buildings and the working of these resources are critical for the people because these resources help in the smooth movement of the people, dealing with financial matters and provide basic facilities to the people.

These assets are subject to threat both by the people and nature. Henceforth following measures should be taken into consideration for the protection of the Critical Infrastructure. In the all-hazard context, the priority is to protect the physical buildings of the Critical Infrastructure. The buildings should be made with concrete so that it can withstand earthquake, tornados or terrorist activities. In addition to this, the entrance of buildings should also be heavily guarded so to reduce the chances of entering of any unwanted person ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6nA2HMdQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alcaraz & Zeadally, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Alcaraz & Zeadally, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":45,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/JYESQ5RH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/JYESQ5RH"],"itemData":{"id":45,"type":"article-journal","title":"Critical infrastructure protection: Requirements and challenges for the 21st century","container-title":"International journal of critical infrastructure protection","page":"53-66","volume":"8","author":[{"family":"Alcaraz","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Zeadally","given":"Sherali"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alcaraz & Zeadally, 2015). It will also protect the life of the people present in the infrastructure. People coming inside the infrastructure should be scanned. Since the functioning of the Critical infrastructure is through the internet, therefore, it is essential to establish effective cyber policies. The data should also be protected from being hacked through the use of firewalls and passwords.

So to conclude, Critical infrastructure is the backbone of the nation, and it should be protected by taking cautious measures so that the state can function smoothly without facing any interference.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcaraz, C., & Zeadally, S. (2015). Critical infrastructure protection: Requirements and challenges for the 21st century. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 8, 53–66.

Baggett, R. K., & Simpkins, B. K. (2018). Homeland security and critical infrastructure protection. ABC-CLIO.

Alvin Ailey

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Alvin Ailey

Alvin Ailey is one of the famous choreographers of the 20th century and his work in the form of ‘revelation’ is his remarkable work. Revelation is the performance that was introduced in 1960 and is a representation of Alvin’s memories of his childhood of worship while living in Texas in his Baptist church. The music is basically a compilation or combination of African-American spirituals. Alvin Ailey once said that the cultural heritage of the Afro-Americans is one of the richest treasures which is sometimes jubilant, sometimes sorrowful but is always hopeful. The display of movement and coherence of body parts with the music explores many places of holiest joy and deepest grief inside the soul (PERFORMANCES). My interest in American-African music and dance moved me to attend Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater for the very first time in person. I came to observe the performance of revelation in opening night at the city center. Each performance that I witnessed had comparatively a different choreographic lineup but all of them included aspects from Revelations.

I attended the show with one of my friends who is more knowledgeable than me in this regard and informed me that Firebird is originally a classical ballet choreographic move. Firebird is actually a movement of a dance jump performed by the performers and is actually the ability of a performer to keep his/her front leg straight while bending the back leg at the angle of 90. Ailey's choreography, Firebird is generally performed by two men and the dances are barefooted throughout the end of the show. The song played was ‘I Been Buked’ and it was an inexplicable rush of spiritual immersive emotions once the performance started to accelerate its rhythm from peaceful movements to organized rapid moves. In the opening segment, 11 men danced while turning their backs to the audience and the scene was very absorbing when a women’s head remained glued to the chest of her partner even as her leg searched his body nooks. All of the performers had amazing body movements with highly-muscled and exceptionally well-toned men and flexible women. The men participants are generally bare-chested while women are dressed with feathered skirts in halter tops.

‘I Been Buked’ is one of the three pilgrims of sorrow that is often played at the beginning of the performance and is primarily rocked-up and choral music of negro spiritual background. At the beginning of a few minutes, the movement was peaceful with slow and peaceful music which then progressively became faster rendering movements of performers fast and articulate in a sense to add a soulful touch to the environment (Kourlas). The performers stand close to each other with their heads leaning backward and they stretch their arms towards the audience while gazing at the sky. Their upper body rotates around their torsos appears as they have been pulled downwards suddenly by an invisible force and the pattern is repeated with many variations (Mendoza). These variations demonstrate the struggle of human beings for survival as my friend informed me. One does not have to be an expert in the knowledge and understanding of dance in order to feel what’s happening. Revelations move from the expression of heartache and oppression to salvation and cultural expression aided by specific costumes and symbolic props like strips of a particular fabric that represents baptism waters and white umbrella for the representation of heaven. A vocabulary of the repetitive vocabulary of the movement, rapid upper body, detailed exquisitely and head isolations and ripples, unison in bouncing jumps, a continuous thigh-slapping and arms spreading like wings created a wordless conversation in a language hitherto unknown to me.

Works Cited

PERFORMANCES, CAL. "2012: Alvin Ailey’s American Dance Theater study guide." (2011).

Kourlas, Gia. Review: Evoking Ailey, a Beautiful Conversation Between Choreographers. 5 12 The NEw York Times. 2018.

Mendoza, Manuel. "Essential viewing: Alvin Ailey's 'Revelations' remains powerfully human." 29 3 2017. Dallas Morning News.

Alzheimer’s

Alzheimer’s

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Alzheimer’s

1a. Hi, I am Mark and I am 80 years old. I have been fighting with Alzheimer’s (Or more commonly known as Dementia) since the last many years (I don't remember the exact number because I have a problem remembering things). I live at a nursing home near my town. It is a quiet place surrounded by greenery covered hills at three side and a lush green forest at one side. There are almost a hundred other people, who live in this nursing home with me, and are mostly patients of various such diseases like Alzheimer’s, Dementia, Diabetes, etc.

It is not easy at all, trust me. I want to remember things but I can’t. My sons and grandchildren come to meet me every weekend and I enjoy quite a good time with them but sometimes it becomes very difficult to sit with them. I cannot find the right words to talk to them, I keep stammering for a long time, and then, after many failed attempts to remember the suitable word, I keep quiet. Once my grandchildren celebrated one of my grandson’s birthday here with me, at the nursing home. I tried to remember very hard that what date it was and when does my other grandchildrens' birthdays fall, but I could not. I want to enjoy these little moments and cherish them but cannot, as I have trouble remembering dates. Sometimes, I even forget the names of my grandchildren and sons.

Although the staff at the nursing home is very friendly and co-operative, still, my biggest fear is loneliness. Loneliness is a big killer for patients of Dementia. We always need constant support and encouragement. Although all the fellows, living in the nursing home are friends with each other, and we have regular meetings and get-togethers as well, I still feel lonely and isolated at times, especially when I feel difficulty in sleeping at night.

2. Alzheimer’s or Dementia is a very complicated disease as the symptoms vary across various patients. The symptoms are not uniform among all the patients and it is a disease or disorder, specifically found in people of old age. The disease makes them forget things, causes interference in their memory and makes the completion of ordinary tasks difficult for them, like solving small problems, making plans and asking the same question again and again.

Being an administrator of a nursing home for the old, I have seen many cases of Alzheimer’s and Dementia. I have been dealing with such cases for a long time and know the very exact conditions through which a patient and their family is going through when a patient is suffering from Alzheimer’s. I have gone through many plans and schemes to implement in my nursing home so that the lives of patients with Alzheimer’s can be made better along with their families. In this respect, the National Plan To Address Alzheimer's disease: 2017 Update has been an excellent framework to address the issue. The best thing about this plan is that is not only focuses on the issues of Dementia patients but also strives to make the life and handling of the patient easier for their families.

After going through the whole document, there are some strategies that I liked a lot and also planning to implement them in my nursing home. Most of these strategies are from part 3 or Goal 3 of the plan. The first one has been listed under Goal 3 as Strategy 3A. The second impressive strategy that I want to implement is also listed under Goal 3 of the plan titled Strategy 3C and the third very good strategy is the very next strategy, Strategy 3D. I want to implement these strategies in my nursing home because they address the issues of both the patient and their families. They have a great value in the near and far future and would be very effective in reducing the number of Alzheimer’s patients in the coming 1 and then the next 5 years.

3. Alzheimer’s (or more commonly known as Dementia) is a very complicated condition in which the patient suffers from memory loss and faces difficulty in carrying on his or her daily tasks. These tasks may comprise of even small things like remembering the dates, keeping a track of time and planning things. It a typically age-related disorder and occurs mostly in the people Alzheimer’s is usually the most common cause of dementia but mostly the symptoms are the same.

There are various stages of this condition; in every stage, the severity of the disease keeps increasing. The disease goes from very low to mild and then severe, and these symptoms progress slowly. With every advancing stage, the severity of the disease keeps increasing and thus the level of difficulty for the patient, as well as the handlers or caregivers increases. Most of the time the persons that have to face the most difficulties is the direct family or the close relatives of the patient.

There are various ways in which a patient of Alzheimer’s can be helped and assisted to overcome the difficulties that are caused by this disease. One of these ways is to become an administrator or caregiver of a nursing home where old patients come to reside. As Alzheimer’s is a disease, typically associated with old age, special care is needed to handle such patients as Alzheimer’s or dementia is not the only issue they are facing. Alzheimer’s is just a mental condition that affects the mental condition of the patient, but old people have also a number of other physical ailments, like Diabetes and Blood Pressure issues, that can make life much tougher for them. As an Administrator of a nursing home, I can make sure that the old people living in my nursing home, especially Alzheimer’s are given proper medical treatment. I can make sure that a medical representative is available all the time in the nursing home so that the various issues of the residents, either mental or physical, are under control. This medical representative may be of any kind; they may be a doctor or a full-time nurse.

Another issue in which an administrator may be of use for the patient of Alzheimer’s is their social engagement. The biggest fear and most probably the enemy for a patient of Alzheimer’s is their loneliness or isolation. The conditions of a patient, suffering from Alzheimer or Dementia worsens if he or she is left alone or in isolation. Thus, in order to decrease or slow down this condition, it is very necessary that such a person is kept engaged constantly in some social and constructive activity like a meeting or a support group. On a personal level, the administrator can also help an Alzheimer’s patient by taking care of the small and basic needs of the patient. The basic need of, not only an Alzheimer’s patient but every human being is food. This need becomes more critical in case of a patient or an old person. So an administrator can make sure on a personal level that every Alzheimer’s patient is getting the right kind of food and supplements in their diet, so that their condition can be handled.

Amazon

Student’s Name

Course Instructor

Course Title

Date

AMAZON

Amazon is one of the greatest technology companies renowned globally. Its headquarters are in the United States of America at a place known as Seattle. It deals with many products some of which include artificial intelligence, cloud computing, as well as e-commerce.

Amazon boasts of being one of the largest technology companies globally. The size of a company is measured in terms of its market capitalization and the share of the revenue it raises. . It is dominant in the e-commerce marketplace and cloud computing platforms. Amazon was founded on July, 5th 1994 by Jeff Bezoz as an online bookshop before venturing into other products like video downloads/streaming, MP3 and audio download/streaming, among other products.

Amazon being a multinational company has different retail online stores for different nations (Emily). The products sold in their various retail stores are shipped to different countries all over the world with more than 100 million subscribed to Amazon Prime.

In terms of size, Amazon is renowned for being the largest company dealing with internet globally. It matters of employment, it is the second largest in America as it employs very many people. Its market capitalization surpassed that of Walmart, one of the largest companies in the world. The Market Capitalization named it the retailer that was valued by many people in the United States. It took over the operations at the Whole Foods Market in 2017 at the cost of $13.4 billion thus increasing its presence immensely as a brick-and-mortar retailer. The taking over was translated as an attempt to compete Walmart in its traditional stores (Emily).

Amazon was listed as a public company in May, 1997, three years after being incorporated by Jeff Bezoz. It delved into the international market in 1998 after being allowed in the United Kingdom, and Germany markets as an online bookseller. The following year it sold more products including, home improvement items, consumer electronics, software, toys, video games, and games.

It later introduced Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2002 to help with the provision of data Web popularity, internet traffic patterns and any statistics that are important to marketers and developers. As AWS grew with the introduction of Elastic Computer Cloud (EC2), leasing computer processing power and simple storage service (S3), that is known to rent data storage on the internet. In 2006, Amazon started a program known as Fulfillment which aimed at managing individual inventories and small businesses selling their products via the internet site of the company (Emily). The company later acquired Kiva Systems to help in the automation of its inventory-management. Five years later Amazon purchased supermarket chain belonging to Whole Foods Market.

Amazon also embraces partnerships with other businesses to promote its products and even gain in terms of wider markets for their merchandise. Having a variety of products in the market is another milestone it sells the name of the company far and wide translating to more sales ("AMZN Income Statement").

Being a tech company, Amazon has invested heavily on machines to make work efficient. With the help of robots, they can handle large quantities of work within a reasonable time, reducing defects, thus resulting in lower prices. Its remarkable success lies in the incorporation of state-of-the-art technology and investing in the right infrastructure.

Constant expansion is another secret behind the organization's rapid growth. The expansion increases the company's capacity to reach more markets translating to more sales and profit.

A look at Amazon’s financial statement gives an impression of a company on the right path. Comparing the metrics of the previous years with the most recent years shows a constant improvement in the amount of total revenue the company is generating, from $135,987 million, in 2016 to $232,887 million in 2018. A steady rise in Income After Tax, from $2467 million in 2016 to $10,073 million in 2018 is a good indicator of a company that’s on the growth path. Even though the Operating Expenses are high especially in 2018, the profit margin is at the peak compared to the previous years. For a steady growth, a tech company must keep with the latest technology in the market, and that is the reason Amazon is rising to the top of the market.

The Financial Statement below gives a complete breakdown of Amazon has been performing in the three consecutive years.

Annual data

(Millions in US $)

2018-12-31

2017-12-31

2016-12-31

Revenue

$232,887

$177,866

$135,987

Cost of Goods sold

$139,156

$111,934

$88,265

Gross profit

$93,731

$65,932

$93,731

Research and Development

$28,837

$72,620

$16,085

SG &A Expenses

$52,177

$38,992

$27,284

Other Operating Expenses

$-296

$-214

$-167

Operating Expenses

$220,446

$173,760

$131,801

Operating Income

$12,421

$4,106

$4,186

Total Non-operating Income/Expenses

$-1160

$-300

$-294

Pre Tax Income

$11,261

$3806

$3892

Income Taxes

$1197

$769

$1425

Income after taxes

$10,064

$3037

$3467

Other Income

-

-

-

Income From Cont. Operations

$10,073

$3033

$2371

Income from Discontinued Operations

-

-

-

Net Income

$10,073

$3033

$2371

EBITDA

$27,762

$15,584

$12,302

EBIT

$12,421

$4106

$4186

Basic Share Outstanding

487

480

474

Shares Outstanding

500

493

484

Basic EPS

$20.68

$6.32

$5.01

EPS –Earning Per Share

$20.14

$6.15

$4.90

As seen in the above table, one can easily see consistent growth in the amount the company generates in revenue ("AMZN Income Statement").. Despite the huge expenditure in the operating expense part, the company is still left with something reasonable in the net income. The money being spent on research is fairly significant, thus shows how the company invests in new technology.

Amazon is on the path of steady growth since for the three financial years covered, there has not been an instance of remarkable contraction. It has not registered a loss in the three consecutive years covered.

One can, therefore, deduce from this analysis that Amazon is in the path of constant growth. The massive investment the company has put on research and development is a clear indicator that it values quality in their products and efficiency on how they serve their customers.

Works Cited

"AMZN Income Statement." www.nasdaq.com/symbol/amzn/financials?query=income-statement.

Emily E. Fulkerson, Ever Wondered How People and Robots Team up on Your Amazon Oder, April 6 2019.

Americam Immigration System

Student name

Submitted to

Assignment

Date

American Immigration System

In recent years, the issue of migration has provoked turmoil and perplexity in the domestic political debate in the United States, giving rise to profoundly divergent views on how to control borders and to deal with immigrants, whether illegal or not, within of the nation. The first part of the immigration history of the United States begins in 1776, with the signing of the Declaration of Independence, from the beginning of the United States as an independent state. During this period, anyone could enter and reside in the United States of any serious restrictions. Moreover, the US government encouraged immigrants who moved to the West of the country. At that time, the West was not a developed territory, so the government intended to settle it with the help of immigrants. However, in 1875, the first legislation was enacted, connected with the introduction of qualitative restrictions on immigration. The US government has created a list of “undesirable immigrants "banned from entering the country. It consisted of criminals, mentally ill, weak-minded, in general, those who could become a “burden for society."

Immigration is a controversial issue in the United States, mainly due to debates about current policies. In the midst of all these discussions, it is important to remember the roots of the American nation. In honor of the celebration of Independence Day, we share this brief lesson about the history of the migration of many cultures and populations to the United States, and why the migrant population has made the country the nation it is today.

It is thought that the first migratory waves to the American continent originated in the Bering Strait, a natural bridge that connects the Asian continent with Asia and North America. This group of immigrants slowly populated the continent and over the centuries was divided into different native groups that settled in the United States, Mexico, Central America and south to reach Brazil. These groups today are called Native Americans. (Lopez 30).

Before the most recent European expeditions and conquests, around 1000 AD, Viking explorers also arrived in the American continent and stayed in the region for at least 500 years, before returning to Greenland. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a good number of English, Spanish and French settlers occupied American territories and established a significant number of colonies, mainly in the north of the continent. America and the United States would not exist without these migratory waves that arrived in this part of the world before the American nation existed as such.

Many of these early colonies, which would later become the United States, were linked to the English crown, which sponsored the expeditions in order to find goods to export back to Europe. The thirteen colonies flourished for several decades, establishing their own government and local elections. England sought to have more control over the colonies and the settlers resisted and fought for their independence in what became known as the American Revolution. This group of thirteen colonials officially declared independence in 1776 and that is how a group of colonial migrants founded the United States of America. The legal figure of slavery was officially abolished throughout the country with the signed Emancipation Proclamation signed in 1865. According to lopez, “ the history of racial prerequisities to naturalization can be divided in to wo periods of approximately 8 years each. The first period 1790-1870 ,when only whites were able to naturalize. After 1890 Black as well as White could naturalize but not others( Lopez 31).

The African-American experience has difficult and painful roots, but its involuntary immigration has created a large and vibrant community. There are currently approximately 42 million African-Americans in the United States, which make up 12.2 percent of the US population. Although the consequences of the slave trade still resonate throughout modern society, the descendants of the nations of the Caribbean and Africa continue to enrich the United States with its culture and traditions. “The different treatment of Mexicans and European immigrants is not well explained by differences in levels of nativism in the general population” (Fox 157).

The second part of the US immigration policy began in 1917, when the large-scale adoption of restriction legislation began. The first law of 1917-imposed entry restrictions on those who did not speak English. From this point on, new laws restricting entry into the United States began to appear: in 1952, the Immigration and Nationality Act was passed, which established a quota system, “entry categories”, reasons for deportation from the country; in 1962, the United States for the first time applied refugee assistance and support policies; in 1965, the Immigration Act was adopted, which established a “system of preferences” and the goal of which was to attract highly skilled workers in the United States. In the 1970–1980s the main directions of immigration policy are the fight against illegal immigration. The tougher immigration policy of the United States arose after the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. According to Ngai, to extent that the “inhabitants in continental America in 1920, constituted a legal representation of the American nation, the law excised all nonwhite, non-European people from that vision, erasing them from the American nationality” (Ngai 388)

Benefits of immigration

The proposed policy is based on a false premise: immigrants are considered not as an economic benefit but as a burden. In doing so, the bill makes a fundamental mistake in not considering that immigrants, particularly new immigrants, are the most productive workers. According to King,” recently , political scientist Clare Sheridan claims that the debate about Mexican immigration in 1929 was one that bore primarily on the “witness” of American identity and citizenship”( King 235)

Moreover, there is a consensus among American economists that the US economy needs immigration to maintain its growth in the short and long term. Precisely, it is the maintenance of a high level of immigration that has allowed the United States not to suffer, like Japan or Russia, the negative effects of the aging of its population. The project proposed by the Trump administration would result in a reduction jobs over the next decade. In doing so, this measure would reduce economic growth. Here again, USA could benefit from the immigration policies put in place by the administration. Many highly skilled potential immigrants who aspired to share the American dream are now encouraged to choose another destination.

Additionally, benefits are not limited to the admission of refugees who previously entered the United States and who will henceforth choose USA as their first choice from a country where security and peace prevail. Indeed, since 1945, USA has distinguished itself by its policy of openness to refugees not only through its political stability and its promotion of human rights, but also by being a place that stands out for its quality of life and its inclusive policy.

While USA's immigration policy has shown great openness to the issue of political refugees, since 1965 it has been unaware of the criteria of race, ethnicity and religion in the selection of immigrants. On the other hand, it focuses on age, education, and professional and linguistic skills as being able to make a significant contribution to American national life. USA can not only continue to capitalize on the core values ​​of inclusion and protection of human rights, but it can find its own advantage. The American dream in the psyche of immigrants. According to Luiselli (2017) “ For sufferers of some crimes, real and horrible crimes , consent to stay in American territory is perhaps, inadequate compensation. But it is better than nothing”( Luiselli 48)

US immigration policy has been developed precisely around the idea that immigrants are at the heart of our economic growth. The benefits are many: the attractiveness of a greater number of brilliant foreign students, increase of foreign investors, improvement of the international status of the country on the world stage. By clearly adopting an immigration policy that is a counterbalance to the measures put in place by the Trump administration, USA enhances its international moral leadership and demonstrates how its policies are governed, not by bigotry, but by a concern for humanity.

Work cited

Fox, Cybelle. Three worlds of relief: Race, immigration, and the American welfare state from the

progressive era to the new deal. Vol. 130. Princeton University Press, 2012.

King, Desmond. Making Americans: Immigration, race, and the origins of the diverse

democracy. Harvard University Press, 2009.

Lopez, Ian Haney. White by law: The legal construction of race. NYU Press, 1997.

Luiselli, Valeria. Tell Me how it Ends: An Essay in 40 Questions. Coffee House Press, 2017.

Ngai, Mae M. " The Invention of National Origin." Fordham L. Rev. 75 (2006): 2521.

American Capital Punishment

Capital Punishment

Name

Course

Date

Capital Punishment

It is unlikely that anyone who has become exposed to the on-goings of the world around them for some time does not know or has not heard what capital punishment is. Capital punishment refers to a provision of the law whereby an individual guilty of committing a grievous crime is sentenced to death and executed as per the procedure outlined in the constitution. In the past, a lot of methods were used to execute offenders including stoning, beheading, crucifixion and burning at a stake. These days things have changed a bit, and we now employ methods like electrocution, lethal injections, shooting, and hanging.

The death penalty has raised lots of controversy in the modern world. Other forms of punishment that were used in the past like corporal punishment have been abandoned as they are considered uncivilized. When it comes to the issue of the death penalty, however, nations differ in their stands where some support and some are against it. Most nations have adopted the alternative of life imprisonment without parole, but the United States is an exception to this. In the US capital punishment is provided for by the federal government and some states while others have abandoned the act. This practice was reinstated in 1977 having been initially abandoned in 1972. From 1977 onwards there have been quite some executions. Other countries with a significant number of executed people include China which in 2008 had 1,718 executions.

Capital punishment in the United States has been currently authorized in 31 states. It has been undertaken by the federal government in coordination with the military. In the recent past, some of the states have come out to abolish the death penalty legislatively. Some of these states include; New Mexico that did it in 2009, Illinois in 2011 and Maryland in 2013 (Zimring, 2004). The death punishment has been replaced with the sentence of life imprisonment with no possibility of parole at any given point of the imprisonment period. However, despite the fact that states like Nebraska are abolishing capital punishment in 2015, capital punishment was reinstated in 2016 through a statewide voting process. It is evident currently that, the states across the country will still continue to have great debates concerning the fairness, reliability, and cost of implementation as other courts like the one in Delaware having termed the capital punishment unconstitutional . Similarly, to the death penalty laws present in various states, the federal government has gone an extra mile to employ capital punishment for various national offenses. Such offenses include the following, the murder of any federal official, any kind or type of kidnapping that result in death, running a huge drug enterprise, as well as treason

Capital punishment is a contentious issue with varied opinions from the public and the advocates for human rights. According to Claire and Manuel, about 2000 Americans of different ages are awaiting execution. The ratification of capital punishment by the federal government leads to the loss of many lives through mechanisms such as hanging and lethal injection. The morality behind capital punishment is questionable. Most supporters of capital punishment argue that this form of retribution is a moral obligation to cater to the safety of the citizens by protecting them from capital crimes such as murders and robbery with violence. Killing capital offenders prevent recurrence of capital crimes in society. The proponents of this form of punishment argue that it is an immoral method of punishing the offender as it denies them the Right to life.

Capital punishment is often seen as one way of deterring crimes (Muhlhausen), and therefore it is beneficial to the States where practiced. Due to the depth and intensity of this form of the offense, the potential crimes are discouraged to perform any capital crime. The potential criminals are aware of the consequences of their actions, and they may opt to change their ways. The executed people serve as examples to others who may have intentions to commit capital crimes. However, the evidence that capital punishment deters crimes is scanty, and some studies have been done to show that capital punishment is an ineffective way to minimize criminal activities (Radelet et al.). However, the possibility of capital punishment to prevent some people to commit capital crimes should not be ignored as the studies stating otherwise may be biased in a great deal. Indeed, according to Muhlhausen comprehensive research done between 1975 and 2008 showed that capital punishment has a deterrent effect on criminal activities. Therefore, it makes it good or punishing the perpetrator's heinous crimes. About 61% of Americans have supported capital punishment as a morally acceptable form of punishing the relevant criminals.

Another argument made by the proponents of capital punishment is that the method may expose an innocent person the severe form of punishment. The number of individuals who are convicted of wrongly is increasing. It is estimated that about four percent of the capital punishments done in the US is as a result of wrongful convictions. (David). The killing of wrongly convicted citizen denies the victim any chance to seek and fight for justice. If for instance a person is wrongfully convicted and life imprisonment instituted instead of execution, there is a chance that the truth may be found later. In this way, the person may be set free, and this is impossible if the individual had already been killed. Also, some studies have shown that capital punishment had promoted racial, ethical, and social bias in our society (Unnever et al. 559). For instance, in the US, most cases of capital punishment occur among racial minority groups such as African-Americans. Almost half of the people who are exposed to capital punishment are African-Americans. Thus, even if it may be seen as an important way of propagating justice within the society, this aspect is usually lost when there is racial, ethical, and social segregation in executing the victims.

To conclude, capital punishment seems to have more beneficial roles in society as compared to the disadvantages. Indeed, most people feel that this method of punishment is morally upright. Some criminal activities are very heinous such that justice can only be restored if the individuals are executed. According to Kant's ethical philosophy exploring the theory of justice, if the action is done for the right reasons, it propagates justice irrespective of the consequences of such an act. The principle applies in capital punishment because the effects of execution may be unwelcomed by a majority of the people. However, it may be considered and concluded that this form of punishment is done for the right reasons of maintaining justice and deterring criminal activities. However, some of the perceived negative consequences include denial of the right to life to the victims.

Reference

Claire, Andre and Velasquez Manuel. Capital Punishment: Our Duty or Our Doom? 16 November 2015. Electronic. 29 June 2016. <https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/more/resources/capital-punishment-our-duty-or-our-doom/>.

David, Von D. More Innocent People on Death Row Than Estimated: Study. 28 April 2014. Electronic. 29 June 2016. <http://time.com/79572/more-innocent-people-on-death-row-than-estimated-study/>.

Radelet, Michael L., and Traci L. Lacock. "Do Executions Lower Homicide Rates: The Views of Leading Criminologists.'" J. Crim. L. & Criminology 99 (2008): 489.

Muhlhausen, David. The Daily Signal. 4 October 2014. Electronic. 29 June 2016

United Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2016. Electronic. 29 June 2016. <http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/>.

Unnever, James D., and Francis T. Cullen. "White perceptions of whether African Americans and Hispanics are prone to violence and support for the death penalty." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 49.4 (2012): 519-544.

Zimring, F. E. (2004). Contradictions of American Capital Punishment. New York: Oxford University Press.

American Hate

American Hate

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

American Hate

Introduction

People have been living with different emotions and beliefs since the beginning of time and tend to associate with people of their own type. Humans have a general instinct or tendency to feel superior or inferior towards other people, especially towards those people with whom they are living and sharing a similar community. It is a natural factor that people feel more empathetic towards the people of their own type, or the people of their own community (Adamczyk, Gruenewald, Chermak, & Freilich, 2014). An example of this can be seen in the form of individuals supporting the people of their own nation and country, even if they are living out of it. One of the most common and frequently seen examples is considering oneself superior on the basis of one’s own skin color. This phenomenon is known as racism.

White Supremacy is a very common form of racism, where people widely believe that the people having white skin are superior to other people and thus should be dominant on them on this basis. This belief is based upon scientific racism and finds its roots in the pseudo-scientific arguments of racism as well. There are a number of white supremacists groups that are active in the real world and practice their beliefs at a large level. They discourage other people who belong to different races and encourage the individuals from their own race, no matter how ineligible he or she is just on the basis of the skin color.

Discussion

Just like modern technology is sweeping over every field and every area is being carried away by the amazing advancements in the field of technology, racists are also taking advantage of these modern advancements. They have taken their hatred for the people of other races or nationalities to a new level and support for their favorite people at a new and advanced level. The world has now moved to the world of the internet. Everything, every function, every task is now heavily dependent upon the usage of the internet. People use the internet to pass on information to each other and the rest of the world in a very fast and quick manner. Racists, especially white supremacists are not far behind in this respect (Ehrlich, 2018). They have also learned the art of utilizing the internet in their interest and for upholding and propagation of their beliefs.

In the beginning, the beliefs and ideas of white supremacists were spread via e-mails to the believers. These e-mails were personalized in nature and directly reached the mailbox of the users. But it was a far-fetched cry. This approach only worked for a limited number of people and the message could be conveyed to a limited number of audience using this approach but since the introduction of social media, the propagation of message has become very easy for the hate groups to spread their message and convey their objectives to a large number of people.

White Supremacy on Social Media

The first social media platform that was used for the propagation and spreading of extremist beliefs of hate groups, especially White Supremacists, was Stormfront. Stormfront was and is still a heaven for white nationalists and White Supremacists (Cohen-Almagor, 2014). This forum immediately became popular among the white nationalist group to share hate comments and derogatory remarks against the people of other races and religions. Stormfront.com is still a largely controversial forum for actively spreading hate especially Islamophobia and has been banned by the Russian, Italian and French Google indexes. The emergence of Twitter in 2006 also served as a blessing for the white supremacist and white nationalists.

White Supremacist Groups or White nationalists Clans working in the United States of America

There are a number of White Supremacist groups or clans working in the United States of America currently. These groups stay loyal to the mission of the group and serve the clan whole-heartedly whether in the real world or the virtual world. One of the oldest and the most prominent group that is largely working not only in the real world but also on social media and defending their far-right objectives is Ku Klux Klan (Parsons, 2015). Other groups whose presence can be predominantly seen in the real world as well as on the internet and the social media are White Power Skin Heads, White Resistance, Aryan Brotherhood of Texas, Aryan Nations, Hammerskins, and Identity Europa.

Contemporary Targets of White Supremacist Groups

Hate groups like Ku Klux Klan and American Skinheads focus on spreading hate for the people who belong to any other race or religion in contradiction to theirs. Members of the hate groups do not consider the fact that whether any individual of the opposite race or religion is giving them any harm or not and target them. Most of the White Supremacists are Neo-Nazis in nature and hold anti-Semitic views.

Justification of their actions

White Supremacists carry the opinion that through their posts of hate and discrimination they are serving the world in a very positive sense. This thinking is clearly portrayed through their posts on social media and the posters or videos that they share online frequently. They justify their actions by givi9ng statements like the White People are the initial residents of the homeland, on the basis of which, the people of other races should not have a right to occupy their space and opportunities.

Recruitments Strategies of Hate Groups, Especially White Supremacist Groups

The recruitments strategies of the White nationalist or White Supremacist groups are very simple and elaborated. The leaders of this type of groups are always hunting and looking for the people who have the same views just like theirs. The usage of social media and the internet makes it much easier for them to find people like them through the comments and likes section of the post (Oksanen, Hawdon, Holkeri, Näsi, & Räsänen, 2014).

Place and role of Women in Hate Groups

Just like their male counterparts, females in the White Nationalist parties play an equal, in fact, a much higher and important role in the group. They try to increase the population of the White Supremacist followers by giving birth to the maximum number of white children as they can. In their opinion, it will benefit the objective and the mission of the clan and more people will be there to carry on the legacy of the clan.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, it can be concluded that White nationalists or White Supremacist groups are working heavily in the United States of America. They are very large in numbers and their number is alarmingly increasing every day. With the advance in the recent Information technology, these hate groups have also found a way to propagate their message and instead at a bigger level. Their mission is much eased by the introduction of social media in the technological scenario. Some of the prominent far-right groups or White Supremacist clans working in the United States of America are Ku Klux Klan, White Aryan Resistance, and American Skinheads. These groups are significantly making use of the World Wide Web and various social media platforms like Twitter and Stormfront. Just like the male members of the group, females are also equally active and play a very vital role in posting and collecting the members for the clan and retain them for a longer period of time.

References

Adamczyk, A., Gruenewald, J., Chermak, S. M., & Freilich, J. D. (2014). The relationship between hate groups and far-right ideological violence. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(3), 310-332.

Cohen-Almagor, R. (2014). Countering hate on the Internet. Annual review of law and ethics, 22, 431-443.

Ehrlich, H. J. (2018). Hate crimes and ethnoviolence: The history, current affairs, and future of discrimination in America. Routledge.

Oksanen, A., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., Näsi, M., & Räsänen, P. (2014). Exposure to online hate among young social media users. Sociological studies of children & youth, 18(1), 253-273.

Parsons, E. F. (2015). Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan during Reconstruction. UNC Press Books.

American Myth Of The Self And Its Communication

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

American Myth of the Self and its Communication

A typical perfume ad genre promotes fantasies but not KENZO WORLD’s ad that is directed by Spike Jonze. It crushes such fantasies with hallucinatory wrath into something that is close to parody. It declares rebellion against the delicate, unrealistic and fantasy genre of perfume ads. It delivers the powerful message of being true in life and the importance of radiating this truth out rather than masking it with something untrue (Donald B. Egolf). Moreover, its tagline “Be free of your daily boring life” firmly capsules everything about the message of this ad (KENZO).

Cinematic fantasy demands a convincing familiarity, so this ad starts with the mute view of Margaret Qualley, who is laughing with the crowd at some formal occasion. This grabs the attention of viewers and makes them insert in, and they do when she leaves. Before she leaves, her face starts expressing different emotions which portray that she is confused, uncomfortable and holding something in. The anticipation of the desired state is prevented, but, by the fact that our star is in the state of amnesia.

The video continues, and Qualley gets into the more erotic mode and reaches out to the sculpture of the head of a man. She licks its nose, tromps off and finds a living body of a dark, tall and beautiful stranger who is talking on his mobile phone. She approaches him with romantic expressions, and the viewers start expecting an intimate moment of these two, but instead, she attacks that man and put him down on the floor. He reaches out for her hand, but she keeps on going without noticing, regretting and being fearless and confident. Suddenly she starts intentionally blasting things with beams of laser that are coming out of her hand and then tries to control her body’s spasms. This reflects that powers and strengths of her true self are out of control. She walks into a theatrical stage, before an auditorium which is empty. She dances with grace and then faints on the proscenium. After that, she teleports herself in the front of a building where she gives a fearless, furious, and energetic burst of fine acrobatic skills before she confronts ominously flower-made floating eye. That eye represents the idea of fragrance ad; the unity of scent and vision is complete only in all-seeing one symbol. Keeping her rebellion soul alive, she bursts right through this flowery eye. The eye keeps shattering into aromatic and perfumed fragments when she touches the ground, disheveled, intoxicated and still possessed, not so much perfumed as enraged to the end.

The main idea that was reflected in an entire ad was to reject what is expected by others and embrace the real self with confidence and fearlessness, there should be no stop to it. One should not be ashamed for radiating the true colors of inner self out. If powers, creativity, and skills of a person are masked for others just to blend in, it will be immoral and unjust. This ad shows the strong rebellion against typical notions and standards that are set by the society and encourages to unmask one’s untrue nature and to reveal true colors that are ready to blossom the life around that individual. KENZO WORLD’s artistic rebellion makes its audience forget that they are another bottle of smell is being sold; rather they learn about the product in a meaningful way. Furthermore, perfume ads generally promote the most desired fantasies of the target market, but this particular ad promotes the strong message of breaking out through dull and boring life and stepping into the world that houses everything that is truly meant to be owned.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY KENZO. KENZO World - The New Fragrance. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABz2m0olmPg. Accessed 21 Mar. 2019.

BETWEEN THEE AND ME: An Introduction to Interpersonal Communication - Donald B. Egolf - Google Books.