Analysis On Communicating Discipline In Public Schools

Abstract

The study investigates the effectiveness of communicating discipline to the students in public school. The research is guided by the idea that there are a lot of incidents affirming, sometimes teachers get personal with their students and they use violent attitude to make their students follow required discipline. The research was conducted by using qualitative technique of data analysis where data was collected by interviewing teachers, students and administrators from different public schools in different cities. It is important to note that schools from different cities were chosen to address the attitude issue because there are a lot of students who are moved to another city school because of disciplinary concerns. This research is a detailed insight into the current practices that are used by the teachers to communicate discipline along with proposed recommendations that are based on the results. These recommendations are a practical approach to improve the effectiveness of communication of discipline to students in public school because a large proportion of diverse students are admitted to the public school and one of the notions associated with the violent attitude of the teacher is personal hatred and biases along with irritation by mischievous students. It is found that the system of teaching discipline to students in public schools is not effective and major considerations both, legal and social are required to address this issue.

Contents

TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u CHAPTER 1 PAGEREF _Toc22144106 \h 4

1.1 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc22144107 \h 5

1.2 Statement of the problem PAGEREF _Toc22144108 \h 7

1.3 Purpose of the study PAGEREF _Toc22144109 \h 7

1.4 Objectives of the study PAGEREF _Toc22144110 \h 7

1.5 Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc22144111 \h 8

1.6 Significance of the study PAGEREF _Toc22144112 \h 8

1.7 Limitations of the study PAGEREF _Toc22144113 \h 8

1.8 Definition of the significant terms PAGEREF _Toc22144114 \h 9

1.9 Organization of the study PAGEREF _Toc22144115 \h 9

CHAPTER 2 PAGEREF _Toc22144116 \h 11

2.1 Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc22144117 \h 12

2.1.1 Modes used in order to communicate discipline to students PAGEREF _Toc22144118 \h 13

2.1.2 Factors influencing Choosing the Right Channel of Communication PAGEREF _Toc22144119 \h 15

2.1.3 The concept of discipline PAGEREF _Toc22144120 \h 16

2.1.4 Conditions hindering the effective communication of student’s discipline PAGEREF _Toc22144121 \h 18

Chapter 3 PAGEREF _Toc22144122 \h 27

3.1 Methodology PAGEREF _Toc22144123 \h 28

3.1.1 Research Design PAGEREF _Toc22144124 \h 28

3.1.2 Target Population PAGEREF _Toc22144125 \h 29

3.1.3 Sample Procedure PAGEREF _Toc22144126 \h 29

3.1.4 Research instrument PAGEREF _Toc22144127 \h 29

3.1.5 Validity of the instrument PAGEREF _Toc22144128 \h 30

CHAPTER 4 PAGEREF _Toc22144129 \h 31

4.1 Data collection procedure PAGEREF _Toc22144130 \h 32

4.2 Data analysis PAGEREF _Toc22144131 \h 32

4.2.1 Response time PAGEREF _Toc22144132 \h 33

4.2.2 Demographic data PAGEREF _Toc22144133 \h 33

Table 1: Demographic details of the teachers PAGEREF _Toc22144134 \h 33

Table II The demographic details of the students PAGEREF _Toc22144135 \h 34

Table 3: Demography of Administrators PAGEREF _Toc22144136 \h 34

CHAPTER 5 PAGEREF _Toc22144137 \h 36

5.1 Results PAGEREF _Toc22144138 \h 37

5.1.1 Strategies used for communicating discipline PAGEREF _Toc22144139 \h 37

5.1.2 Oral strategies PAGEREF _Toc22144140 \h 38

5.1.3 Written strategies PAGEREF _Toc22144141 \h 40

5.1.4 Attitude of teachers towards students while communicating discipline PAGEREF _Toc22144142 \h 41

5.1.5 Awareness about policies regarding teaching students PAGEREF _Toc22144143 \h 43

5.1.6 Approach of school in facilitating the communication of discipline PAGEREF _Toc22144144 \h 44

5.1.7 The ratio of incident happenings as a result of discipline issues PAGEREF _Toc22144145 \h 45

Collation of the responses PAGEREF _Toc22144146 \h 46

Figure 1 Percentage review of observation PAGEREF _Toc22144147 \h 47

Figure 2 Graphical representation of data PAGEREF _Toc22144148 \h 48

Chapter 6 PAGEREF _Toc22144149 \h 49

6.1 Discussion PAGEREF _Toc22144150 \h 50

6.2 Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc22144151 \h 52

6.2.1 Universal school approach PAGEREF _Toc22144152 \h 52

6.2.2 Analyzing policies and bringing them into practice PAGEREF _Toc22144153 \h 52

6.2.3 Create plans for teachers to follow PAGEREF _Toc22144154 \h 53

6.2.4 Incorporating fair play PAGEREF _Toc22144155 \h 53

6.2.5 Physical Activities PAGEREF _Toc22144156 \h 53

CHAPTER 7 PAGEREF _Toc22144157 \h 55

7.1 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc22144158 \h 56

References PAGEREF _Toc22144159 \h 57

Appendices PAGEREF _Toc22144160 \h 59

Research Question for students PAGEREF _Toc22144161 \h 59

Research questions for teachers PAGEREF _Toc22144162 \h 59

Research questions for administrative PAGEREF _Toc22144163 \h 59

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction

Communication is defined as a process of sharing information and meaning. It is evident that communication is not possible without the involvement of two or more people who are willing to share their ideas and information. Communication is one of the tools that has positioned cavemen to a respectable and no doubt a supreme position of this world. It infers that society and its departments cannot proceed and progress without effective communication. According to Witherperspoon and Wholert (2006), communication is one of the modes that can bring about a change. This change can either be social, moral, ethical or something that is associated with the decorum of a place. The same research asserts that the success of any change is highly dependent on the essence and stance of the modes that are used for conveying information. In educational institutions, communication is one of the tools to incorporate progress in numerous academic activities (Hardy, et al. 2015). It is with effective communication that teachers can motivate and bring a careless and dull student to the position of high achievers. It is through communication that teachers can modify a class of naughty students to the most disciplined batch of the school. According to Pandey and Garnett (2006), communication can modify perceptions and opinions, it can bring a shift in a generation by adhering to positivity. Communication is used for the management of the students and maintaining discipline (Milne, et al. 2017). According to Okumbe, (2007), discipline is termed as an action that is usually taken by the management sometimes by the employees such as teachers and the coordinators to enforce the organizational standards. Within an educational institution, there are some codes of conduct and code of behaviors that are taught to teachers to convey to the students to maintain discipline. Issues occur when teachers take discipline a module rather than motivation and reinforcement that can maximize learning and it results in a negative attitude towards a particular student due to continuous disobedience. Also, teachers use the same strategies (punishments and threat) for students to maintain discipline that result in a distorted environment (Hess, et al. 2016). According to Kabandize (2006), effective communication is one of the strategies that can help to manage student’s discipline by facilitating sharing of views between administers as well as students. According to the research by the Annual Gallup Poll of the Public’s Attitude towards the public school, “lack of discipline” is termed as one of the most serious problems that are faced by the educational system nowadays. It is found that every month about 3% of teachers is either abused or physically robbed by students either due to personal hatred or a great imposition of brutality in terms of strictness. Moreover, every year 17,000 student are experiencing a physical injury because of the brutal approach of the teachers to make students abide by discipline (Farrell, et al. 2016). However, the most critical point is, the cases of teacher’s attack that are the product of personalization of discipline by teachers rather than adopting a general behavior towards students. According to Nasibi (2005), teachers can play a primary role in controlling the behavior of the students by creating an environment of teamwork, respect for individuals along with a sense of expression and making students role models for each other. The issue of student discipline is one of the global concerns and a major educational problem that is distorting the educational framework. It is found that the use of communication strategies for influencing and communicating student discipline is not adequate and it is one of the reasons that the issues regarding school management are increasing. They are deteriorating teacher morale along with educational attributes (Gan, et al. 2019).

1.2 Statement of the problem

According to Kindiki, (2010), communication of discipline in public school is one of the contemporary problems that is assumed to be turned into a dilemma that is left unresolved. Discipline is something that can be reinforced and turned negative attitude into positive behavior by the use of some strategies that can not only help students but it can ensure a positive learning environment because peace is something that is necessary to incorporate effective learning. It is not possible to address and curb discipline issues until effective strategies for the communication of discipline are used. This issue seek attention towards the analysis of current strategies that are used by teachers for communicating discipline.

1.3 Purpose of the study

The purpose of the study is to analyze the strategies that are used by teachers or employees in school for communicating discipline because usually, teachers take discipline as something "personal" rather than an attribute and a quality that can ensure positive learning environment. There are a lot of gaps in the strategies and methodologies that are used by teachers and it results in negative attitude of the students not only towards each other but towards the teachers that may result in obstacles in positive learning and growing environment. Research has proven that there is a dire need to improve the modes as well as the mediums that are used by teachers to communicate discipline.

1.4 Objectives of the study

Following are the objectives of the study

Analyze current practices that are used for communicating discipline to the students of public school

Analyzing teacher and students view in terms of communicating discipline

Determining strategies that can be used by teachers for emphasizing and bring positive disciplinary actions

1.5 Research Questions

This research paper addresses the following research questions

What are the strategies that can be used by the teachers for communicating discipline?

To what extent the communication strategies for teaching discipline are effective enough to bring about a positive learning environment?

1.6 Significance of the study

The findings of the study can be of great use to determine and formulate the platform and strategies that can help to communicate discipline to students by maintaining a positive framework. It is observed that discipline is one of the most ignored yet significant issues that can either formulate or destroy the learning environment. There are a lot of cases in which students are found accustomed to harming each other because they see teachers as targeting them. Moreover, a lot of teachers are failed to incorporate a positive attitude towards the communication of strategies and it results in a negative approach to the students who are failed to follow the set code. As a result, teachers target or address specific student that creates misunderstanding and negativity towards teachers as well as institution. The findings of this study will help to address all discipline issues by analyzing the current strategies and propose methodologies and practices that can ensure a positive approach towards discipline.

1.7 Limitations of the study

There are some major limitations of this study that are content-oriented. It is assumed that the teachers might not have shared the strategies that they are actually using and how they are maintaining discipline. It is found that the teachers might not have shared their negative side because of unacceptability associated with it. Moreover, the methods that are used in private schools cannot be used in public school so there were limitations in terms of organizational approach. As this study is limited to the public schools and teachers only, there might be misstated information.

1.8 Definition of the significant terms

Communication strategy refers to a method that is used for presenting information in an understandable way

Discipline refers to the actions that are taken by the management of chosen place or any other place in order to enforce and practice the code of conduct. It includes doing the right thing, in the right manner and right place

Nonverbal communication refers to the process that is used for conveying a message without using a compact model

Student refers to a learner who is attending an educational institution

Teachers refer to a person who is providing education to a learner or a student

1.9 Organization of the study

There are seven chapters of this research that would be explaining the main idea of the research and highlights the effectiveness of the communication strategies that are used by teachers for dictating and communicating discipline, taking into account that usually teachers get personal rather than being generic.

Chapter one comprises of introduction to the study. It includes a descriptive account on communication, how communication can be used in teaching discipline and what is the present overview of communicating discipline. Chapter two contains a literature review that includes prior research that is conducted in teaching and communicating discipline to the students. What are the available modes and what are the platforms and strategies that are currently in practice? Chapter three comprises the methodology that is used for collecting relevant data. Chapter four comprises the procedure of data collection, the choice of the participant and how data was collected. Chapter five entails the analysis of data in order to show the results. Chapter six includes a concise, to the point discussion of the results along with recommendations that can be used to rectify the gaps that student-teacher relationships and help teachers to use positive and outcome-oriented strategies in the school for communicating discipline. Chapter seven would be a brief and conclusive ending to the research paper which will be a flashback to the research and the obtained results.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Literature Review

In terms of a group or an individual, communication can be thought of as a medium for transmitting information and meaning. Researchers have seen communication as a process through which meaning is exchanged. They have also stated that communication is more of a method of exchanging information between two or more individuals (Milne, et al. 2017). Furthermore, this exchange of information is done with the idea of influencing and motivating behavior. Also, communication has been known as a process that is interactive in nature and this would lead to action. One form of communication is internal communication which is usually conducted within an organization and is usually conducted in a formal or informal way (Milne, et al. 2017). Communication is an important aspect of the management process and is considered one of the basic ingredients that make organization possible. in order to play an effective part within an organization such as schools, communication must be effective. Now effectiveness in communication can be defined as a sort of initiated behavior done by the sender through which desired messages are sent to the receiver (Hardy, et al. 2015). This is done in order to extract a behavioral response from the sender. Furthermore, another important aspect of effective communication is feedback. This is considered as a response from someone that has just received a message. (Hess, et al. 2016)

Moreover, the use of effective communication is very helpful in minimizing cases related to discipline within schools. Teachers can use effective communication to control the behavior of their students. This can be done when communication allows for the induction of teachers into the plethora of regulations within their employment. Communication can also be helpful in letting students know the outcomes of their deviant behavior. Furthermore, communication can play a beneficial role in increasing motivation among both teachers and students. This can be done by informing the subjects what they need to do, how well they are working and how their current process can be improved further (Gan, et al. 2019).

According to research done by Hardy, (2015) communication within schools can be defined in four ways. These are persuading, integrating, regulating and informing. Teachers need to be very well that communication is the only way to achieve success while communicating discipline to students and that it should not be taken for granted. Most of the times teachers ignore the communication process and resort to other methods in order to implement discipline within students, even when they are aware of how important communication can be to teachers in terms of promoting effectiveness and efficiency in school activities (Hess, et al. 2016). This is because communication is the only method that can hold together each and every function, individuals, processes, and group together. So, schools need to pay special attention to the important role that communication plays in communicating discipline to students (Hardy, et al. 2015).

2.1.1 Modes used in order to communicate discipline to students

There are several modes of communication available to teachers in order to communicate discipline to their students. The most prominent methods are Written communication, Nonverbal communication, and Oral communication. Oral mode of communication is conducted through the use of the spoken word and be used to effectively inform, praise, please, satisfy, criticize and inquire. This form of communication is advantageous in such a way that it is quick in sending messages, less formal and instant relaying of feedback. According to the research done by Henderson, (2015), the message sent by oral communication many times can be misunderstood. This is because it requires a speaker that is fluent and good else it will have no meaning and will completely lack meaning. Oral communication is the go-to method for teachers in order to maintain discipline within students and adherence to school rules and regulations. This is beneficial in one way as there is immediate feedback on oral communication. This feedback can be swiftly analyzed by teachers or reactions that can be noted once an issue related to discipline is brought forward. (Henderson, et al. 2015)

The second form of communication is Written communication. Now, written communication in the form of communication that is expressed in the form of writing. These include things such as letters, fax transmission, notices placed on bullet boards, memos, electronic mail, and institutional periodicals. This form of communication has an advantage in the sense that it cannot be misunderstood and if there are any facts these could be easily removed by reading the text again (Henderson, et al. 2015). Through written communication a permanent record of all the communication ever done can be preserved for a considerable number of years. Within institutions, written communication is a great way of conveying messages to students regarding how their behavior should be through suggestion boxes and notices. Through written form of communication school rules are usually expressed to students who are just joining secondary schools. However, there are also certain limits to this form of communication. This form of communication is slow and is very much time-consuming. Furthermore, it has no instant feedback and is only useful for people who are literate (Gan, et al. 2019).

Lastly comes Nonverbal communication and this is the process through which a message is conveyed to the receiver without any inclusion of speaking or writing. According to research done by Gan, (2019) the most common form of communication used other than verbal and written communication is nonverbal and is used immensely amongst individuals. Nonverbal communication constitutes human behaviors of a wide range such as body movements, gestures and facial expressions. On the other hand, the presence of nonverbal communication is not only seen in written or unspoken words. In some cases, nonverbal elements of communication can also send a different message than the one that is meant to be conveyed to the other person (Gan, et al. 2019). This makes body behaviors very important and people need to pay extra attention to these body behaviors. While observing body behaviors one needs to be aware of the communication these behaviors portray them. Whereas, it is important to understand that every culture has its non-verbal cues and they differ from culture to culture (Gan, et al. 2019).

2.1.2 Factors influencing Choosing the Right Channel of Communication

According to the research done by Farrell, (2016) which illustrated a number of channels that teachers can use in order to communicate with their students. One factor of influence that research has found is the influence of media. The richness of the media lies in the fact that it can carry large amounts of data and that data conveys some sort of meaning. One way of determining the richness of the channel is by determining the path it took to give its viewers substantial understanding and while doing so it reduces the ambiguity in its message (Farrell, et al. 2016). This is why oral communication is considered a better option in comparison to written communication as it can carry a large amount of information and how it can instantly clearly any ambiguity in the message. In terms of teachers, they choose the most appropriate channel that aligns with the content of their message, the communication task and the requirement of the communication (Farrell, et al. 2016).

The second factor that is able to influence the choice of communication channel is the influence of society. Social influence is important because all meaning and understandings are based and constructed through societal lenses. According to the research done by Jacks, (2019), there is a sort of subjective rationalization in the effect of social influence on the use and choice of communication media. So maximum efficiency is not always guaranteed through communication but can also be used for the creation and preserving of ambiguity when it comes to strategic ends (Jacks, et al. 2019).

Another influence is gender on the choosing of a communication channel. This has led to the emergence of choices that are systematic in nature and related to the expectation and the norms of the process of communication (Hardy, et al. 2015). The structure of the school plays a vital role in the process of strategy implementation and communication. the shaping of the formal communication channels that an organization adopts may be influenced by the structure and can affect the way discipline is communicated to students. It is the structure of the school that can either facilitate or creates a barrier in communication between teachers and students. It can have both positive and negative effects on the behavior of the students (Hardy, et al. 2015).

2.1.3 The concept of discipline

As per the American Heritage Dictionary, the word discipline means to train that results in a specific pattern of behavior or creation of the specified character. According to Wapedia (2009), punishment is termed as a consequence of breaking any rule in educational institutions particularly in schools. Students in schools are trained about the discipline being implemented in a school. According to the research of Okumbe (2005), principles of the discipline could be divided into seven categories that include prior knowledge regarding the rules and regulations of the school, application of the disciplinary actions right after the infraction, consistency applied, and disciplinary action needed to be impersonal, objectivity, avoiding entrapment and allowing filing the appeal. One of the main things in all these principles is teacher communication if the desired results are to be realized. Mostly two types of disciplines are famous preventive and corrective (Henderson, et al. 2015). Preventive discipline means the action taken by the administration for encouraging the members to follow the rules and regulations being made in order to avoid infractions as well stimulating the spirit in students to come up to the expected mark. Corrective discipline points towards the action being taken by the administration following the infraction of the rules and regulations for discouraging further infringement of the rules (Hardy, et al. 2015).

One of the main goals of the school discipline is to ensure the safety of both students and teachers for creating a conducive and healthy environment for teaching and learning. In order to achieve these goals, teacher communication regarding discipline must be effective. According to Okumbe (2005), there are two opposing views of the discipline one is known as Douglas McGregor Theory X and Theory Y assumptions. Theory X assumptions view discipline in a negative sense and points towards those educational managers for whom discipline is limited to punishment only and it is used in both retributive and deterrence of the offenders. On the other hand, Theory Y views discipline is taken in a positive sense and encourages the workers to adopt ethical and polite way for moving uniformly toward the meeting of the educational goals and objectives by aiming to inculcate voluntary self-discipline among all the members (Hardy, et al. 2015).

According to the research work of Cotton (2016), punishment can prove effective only if it commensurate with that of offense. Preventions actions are taken for preventing the situations for mitigating the misconduct of the students. This method needs teacher's attention and participation for avoiding and resolving the disruptions in the very first place. Behavior modification method is used for providing reinforcement such as observing and praising positive behavior (Burke, et al. 2016).

2.1.4 Conditions hindering the effective communication of student’s discipline

The very first step for making communication effective is through the recognition of the prevailing conditions and barriers that may hinder the ways of communication of effective discipline. Communication barriers means anything that filters, distort or blocks the message or cause an interruption in the message during the time of encoding-sending-decoding. There could be found various barriers that affect effective communication. Language is one of the most common and important barriers in the way of teaching effective discipline as language differs in the delivering of the message (Jacks, et al. 2019). In our world, words and meaning matter a lot so it is important for the teachers not to take language for granted; teachers must not treat language as something simple and uncritical. Another major factor that hinders the way of effective communication is the change of perception, and how a language and messages are perceived. Environment of the school will be perceived differently by students and they would be reacting differently towards messages communicated to them depending upon their perception. It is important for the sender to pay full attention toward the message and information that he/she may be communicating (Hess, et al. 2016).

Okumbe (2005) believes that distortion, filtering, selective perception, omission, language and timeliness are some of the barriers to communication. In any educational institution, distortion takes place when the message got altered when it passes from one to the other person. It arises as a result of the imprecise language, social distance between both the sender and the receiver and misinterpretation of the message being communicated (Hardy, et al. 2015). Filtering occur when the sender manipulated the information so that the message that would be receiving message would favor the receiver more. In some of the cases, people intentionally omit some of the detail of the message for avoiding the unwanted consequences or maybe sometimes they omit some of the detail of the message because they could not understand it well, this kind of omission is known as the distortion. The next major factor is a selective perception that occurs when the receiver receives information on the basis of his/her needs, experience, motivation and background while timeliness distortion occurs when the message is not transmitted timely (Hardy, et al. 2015).

According to Nzuve (2009), insufficient communication could be looked upon as another major barrier that may hinder effective communication. This type of barrier occurs when the sender or the receiver may not show any interest in the communication or may not pay attention to the intended audience. A paper that has been submitted to the Bureau of Educational Research Seminar, Wanga because of the poor communication 30% strikes take place. This, in turn, leads to a drastic effect on the performance as it becomes the reason for wastage of time, confusion and mistakes (Farrell, et al. 2016). According to the study done by Castuita (2015) at the training level in the secondary school’s principals reveal that competence of the headteacher matters a lot in the open staff communication for the whole of the school management. The same thing would be applied to the teachers when they would be dealing with discipline related issues, it would be their communication competence that matters the most (Farrell, et al. 2016).

As per the research work of O Relly and Pondy (2002), there are four factors that influence interpersonal communication. These four factors are sender trust on the receiver, sender mobility, influence of the receiver over the sender, aspiration, and norms as well as sanctions to which the sender or the receiver belongs. Another expert Chege (2012) carried out a study on communication barriers and their possible effects on the performance of the school students. According to this research, communication barriers hinder the way of attaining the success of both students and teachers. Communication barriers waste time of the students and teachers in accomplishing the set objectives. However, in this study, the researcher only considered the barriers but this study does not discuss the influence of these barriers on the teacher's communication strategies on the discipline of the students (Brugar, et al. 2016).

School discipline is not a new phenomenon. According to researchers, the notion of ineffective discipline practices can be traced back to the beginning of United States Schooling during the beginning of colonialism (Brugar, et al. 2016). Education has never been a smooth task. Although there are different reasons behind it, still each of the reasons has been effective enough to question the main idea of education to reform and bring prosperity both moral and materialistic. According to Hardy, (2015) in every year, there have been significant examples of unruly and destructive school frameworks. The researcher Farrell, (2016) asserted that a shift has been observed in the school practices at the beginning of 19 century, where the school reformer Horace Mann (2013) has reported that he has seen 328 floggings in a single school in one week only. Moreover, there are a lot of cases of corporal punishment of students that were upheld in 1977 but not completely stopped. It is asserted that problems related to practices and disciplines are not just an abstraction, or they not only exist in a vacuum, in fact, they are the part of developing the sociological landscape (Song, et al. 2018). By 20 century, discipline and positive disciplinary methods and strategies were the prime focus, and it was a reaction to the growing violence among young people especially in the schools (Sabas, et al. 2017). It is also critical to note that school violence is not much highlighted to be considered as one of the epidemic issues, still it is causing huge destruction to the students by reducing attention towards education and increased negative and rebellious attitude towards teachers that have faced violence several times, resulting in physical attacks as well (Sabas, et al. 2017). Moreover, teachers are not giving any attention to the positive means of communicating discipline that make students feel targeted and it empowers the feeling of hatred towards the school and teachers (Milne, et al. 2017).

Hardy, (2015) in his research highlighted, either discipline is concerned with the prevention of misconduct or is it something that is associated with punishment. After an insight, it was concluded that the American Heritage Dictionary of the English language infers both preventions as well as remediation. Under this essence, discipline is both, a product of training that is given to the teachers and meant to reduce the specified patterns of behavior or a controlled behavior that would result as a product of teacher training of communicating behavior (Hardy, et al. 2015). According to Johannes, (2019), discipline is not termed as something that is just a paradigm of positive environment, in fact it is the collection of rules that are formulated to facilitate learning, however educators have failed to understand the real meaning and displacing and they consider it as an approach that is an irritating intrusion into the school life and which is not treated with significance. The scenario is completely changed when it comes to public school because there are a lot of students and a lack of teachers who are trained to address the current requirements and status of student expectation in terms of behavior and attitude (Gan, et al. 2019).

Lael and Wayson (2005) conducted a comparative analysis between private and public schools, addressing approaches for communicating discipline and it was found that there is a vast gap. In public school, there are both internal and external issues that are enforcing students to use negative approach towards students for communicating discipline, while in private school it is the threat or a fear of losing position that motivates teachers to be as harsh as they can but only inside the classroom so that they can prove the efficiency of private school as compared to the public school (Hess, et al. 2016). Although there are a lot of programs that are designed to address discipline issues still they have not proved effective enough to attain the set goals (Burke, et al. 2016).

According to Burke, (2016) today, school discipline is a more tough problem than it was ever because of the increased ratio of distorted families and diverse kids. It is asserted that a lot of public schools are localized in the inner city where there are students who have a violent personality because the environment of the school is formed by the type of people who are living in the surroundings (Burke, et al. 2016). The researcher, Gan, (2019) continued this assertion by sharing the results of a research that was conveyed in a public school that was located in the inner city and it highlighted that there are a 20-25 student who have electronic ankle bracelets, showing them as criminals and it is impossible to control the school environment by staying polite when you have growing criminal minds around. According to Farrell, (2016), it is brought into insight that today's' principals lack the tools that are used for dealing with the unruly kids. Usually, a positive gesture is to call parents and inform them about the attire of their children and it is not always working so teachers have to expel the students from a school that is also termed as a negative approach (Farrell, et al. 2016). However, the policies don’t allow a permanent expel from school so a teacher recognizes the student which takes the form of targeted behavior because a teacher is responsible for the class and the learning that are taking from the school. Another strategy that is brought into practice is, moving a student from one school to another that is again a clear depiction of the distorted and tangled personality book that makes a child-targeted and it is one of the faults of the teacher or administration because a single child can distract the whole decorum of school, turning a school into wrestling ring (Airey, et al. 2017).

Theunissen, (2015), brought another vision that is associated with the communication of discipline to the students, taking into account that students are very well aware of the fact that if a school official will do something wrong they have the right to sue him and at least threaten to do so. It is one of the dilemmas that negate the idea of “teachers targeting students” because they are looking for safe sides (Theunissen, et al. 2015). One of the examples that were quoted by the researcher was of local teacher Jeffrey Gerstel’ who pulled a student out of the class as the student was threatening him to kill him. The boy got collided with the bookcase that was lying by his side and got his back cut (Theunissen, et al. 2015). As a result of this incident the teacher had to face complains and the idea of using him, where the most critical point is the evidence that was presented by the impaired student as victim of this act to be committed by the teacher. Although the case got settled for a year, the teacher has to listen from the student that, “I am going to bring up my mother and she will bring you up on charges” (Theunissen, et al. 2015).

According to the research that was conducted by Staples, (2016) it is asserted that students are not always on the wrong side, in fact, students are targeted by their teachers and it is very devastating. The researcher shared the data from the US Department of Education, the Office of Civil Rights, it is revealed that there is a great difference in the attitude of the teacher towards student when it comes to communicating discipline. According to the UCA Civil Rights Project, about 3.3 million students were issued with school suspension charges and all of them were African American students (Staples, et al. 2016). A general approach towards the communication of discipline highlighted that there is a complete shift in the methodology and strategies that are used by the teachers. Black students are treated more badly as compared to the white students, there is a great ratio of complaints of disruptive behavior against black students as compared to the white students. Moreover, there are 1 in 13 Latinos who are regularly or directly or indirectly addressed and criticized by their teachers because of their inability to adhere to the disciplinary code of conduct (Staples, et al. 2016).

According to Sabas, (2017), the discipline has taken the shape of dilemma in the present time where teachers define it as their ability to scare a student by the pressure of their violent and rude looks. In the systematic flow of these negative emotions and feelings, a teacher is no more a teacher but a jailor who is trying to keep all the persons on the same board without knowing that a classroom comprises of student with different mental abilities and capabilities. They don’t have the same approach to understand the measure of negativity that is released by the teachers. There are a lot of students who find it hard to address while others find it as something opposite to their nature and they try to address it with a more negative approach. While dealing with students, it is somewhere forgotten that a student has self-esteem and a strict or more negative approach can make a student rebellious as such attitude can be an attack on the personality of the students (Sabas, et al. 2017). As a reaction to such attitude, some of the students are left behind in the walk of life while others become rebellious and they try to disturb teacher by their rigidness. This stubborn behavior can make them a targeted population of the class who are considered responsible for any mishap and every disruption in the class.

The researchers, Song, (2018) Sabas (2017) associated discipline and communicating discipline as an approach that is the measure of social and economic background that a student belongs to. It is observed that a student is treated fair if he has a good racial background and a financially stable family that can address all the needs of the child, because any harsh attitude of the teacher may invite a concern from parents (Sabas, et al. 2017). On the other hand, are the students who are either migrated or they belong to some lower class so they are treated badly because there is a general approach of ignorance, negativity and narrowed approach of life associated with the people of different racial backgrounds especially Black. There is another major dimension that is highlighted by Sabas, (2017), according to him, the attitude of teachers in public school is the product of training or education that they are given while teaching at school. The researcher asserted, public schools are meant for public and free education is the catch line that make every not acceptable behavior acceptable because the students are not paying something for the education that they are receiving and it makes them available to all types of behaviors (Sabas, et al. 2017). There is a complication of mindset associated with the public schools which assert that only those student study in public schools who have fewer life resources, they are more toward public education because most of them cannot afford private education. It is also asserted that the students at the public school belong to a less educated background so there are rare chances of reaction from the parent side so there is no need to address discipline with positivity. In a nutshell, negativity is the assumed as a code of conduct (Sabas, et al. 2017).

Another notion proposed by Milne, (2017), in terms of communicating discipline highlights that teachers in public schools are the product of their inner self, their knowledge and the necessities only. Public school’s teachers are not trained and taught like a private school, about treating and teaching a child which is one of the reasons that they are least bothered about what students feel (Milne, et al. 2017). It is asserted that the teachers are not trained reading communicating discipline which makes them practice their will There is a lot of strength and the underlying aim of the teacher is to make students read rather than learn which can only be achieved by scaring children (Milne, et al. 2017). This notion, accompanied by lack of training and awareness regarding the use of effective methodologies and strategies for communicating discipline add fuel to the fire of negative behavior and then teachers target students because they can’t afford time to look for the real culprit. A naughty child is always punished for the mistakes and noise in the class. As a result of this dilemma, a student is grown into a violent rather than an educated student (Farrell, et al. 2016). Moreover, a large ratio of the dropout rate of students in public school is also associated with a lack of embracing from the teacher and a narrow approach towards inclusion. Although the government has introduced a code of conduct and policy framework that can bring about a positive change in the learning environment still, there is a much less emphasis on the practice of those framework which result in a narrowed approach towards students, making them passive to teachers (Jacks, et al. 2019). Moreover, lack of adherence to the policy framework has made a teacher more concerned with the reading of students rather than learning which is highly superficial and devastating. It is also asserted that the lack of strategies that can enforce teacher learning regarding discipline communication is also one of the barriers that invite negative student attitudes (Henderson, et al. 2015).

An overview and critical analysis of the already published literature highlights that there are a lot of dimensions that are proposed by the researchers regarding communicating discipline taking into account that different domains are highlighted as a reason for an approach towards student behaviors. The point of conflict is, there is no research that directly analyzes the efficiency of the methodologies and techniques that are used for communicating discipline. Taking into account the gaps in the past literature, the aim of this research is to analyze the efficiency of the discipline communication strategies and methodologies that are meant for organizing the behavior of unruly students.

Chapter 3

3.1 Methodology

This chapter comprises of research design, the detail of the selected population and, instruments used for research.

3.1.1 Research Design

According to Henderson, (2015) and Jacks (2019), research design is a plan that reflects the problem that is meant to be solved by investigation. This research paper uses qualitative research for collecting data and information in the form of interviews that were taken from the teachers of public schools. Qualitative research is one of the naturalistic inquiry methods that facilitate collecting information within a natural setting (Henderson, et al. 2015) (Jacks, et al. 2019). It is one of the detailed accounts on the facts and figures that are associated with some social problems by highlighting the underlying causes by adhering to “how” rather than “what” factors. In this research qualitative method is used to address all possible “how” in terms of communicating discipline to the students (Hess, et al. 2016). In order to collect the required information regarding the effectiveness of communicating discipline to the students of public schools, interviews are conducted. These interviews helped to collect relative information from the teachers as well as administrative people in order to analyze the communication of discipline. Some of the students are interviewed in order to get an insight into the treatment of teachers towards them while communicating discipline. It is also added that qualitative research is used because it is one of the strategies that can help to get a better insight into the questions and subject by giving the audience an open end to express their opinion and share their views. It is important to note that the students are asked some open-ended questions that can help them to explain what they feel and how their teacher teaches them the discipline.

3.1.2 Target Population

The target population is defined as a group of people or a complex set of individuals who have some common characteristics (Hess, et al. 2016). For this study, the target population was "teachers of public school”, “students” and the “administrators”. These teachers were belonging to the public school in different cities. There were some students as well, both girls and boys belonging to the public school of the same district. There were total of 31 teachers, out of them 20 were available for research, while in students out of 45 students only 38 were willing to take part in the research. However, out of 10 administrators, 5 were willing to take part in the research.

3.1.3 Sample Procedure

Sampling is defined as 10 – 30 % of the population that is chosen for testing or carrying out trial research (Hess, et al. 2016). It is asserted that in order to find an accurate and reliable source of information, it is necessary to undergo some testing and verification in which the participation of the complete population is not required (Hess, et al. 2016). The aim of the sampling procedure is to address the gaps and issues that are faced by the sample is that those gaps can be recovered while addressing the complete target population. In this study, the sample pupation comprises of 3 teachers and 2 students.

3.1.4 Research instrument

The research instrument used in this study was interviews. Interviews are one of the methods of data collection in a qualitative study. It is defined as a procedure of collecting data by getting into conversational style (Jacks, et al. 2019). Usually, an interviewer is either a proactive or a positive environment. Interviews are termed as one of the methods because they can help to get the desired information, as they incorporate both direct and indirect contact (Henderson, et al. 2015). As it was not possible to get to them and meet then, an interview was contacted on the phone. It is asserted that the choice of telephonic interviews was made to overcome the issues and hassle of face to face interviews as well as face time (Henderson, et al. 2015). It is not always possible to go and see the one who is engaged in the face to face interviews.

So, in this study telephonic interviews are used and these interviews were conducted by getting in touch with the teachers and students by making first self-visits of the schools and meeting the teachers, students, and the administrators. Three questionnaires were decided one for the students, one for the administration representatives and the other for the teachers adhering to the need of the hour.

3.1.5 Validity of the instrument

Validity of the instrument is also one of the major concerns, taking into account the role of the efficiency of the instrument for measuring the required results (Henderson, et al. 2015). There will be no future of any of the researches if the instruments would not be arranged and effectively measuring the required results (Henderson, et al. 2015). However, validity can be found through conclusion on the inferences that are made while doing the research. In order to ensure the validity of the instrument, a pilot study was conducted by using 3 teachers and 2 students and 2 administrators by using interviews to get their ideas and views. It is also added that validity is one of the platforms that can be used to notify the existing gaps and make efforts that van help to mitigate concerns and gaps forever (Hess, et al. 2016).

CHAPTER 4

4.1 Data collection procedure

The data collection procedure for the study was both complex and simple spontaneously. In order to select the participants firstly a visit to the public schools in the inner cities as well as other cites was made. In order to improve the credibility of research, it was necessary to collect data from different sources. So, four schools were selected from different cities. From each of the schools, teachers along with one administration representative and students were selected. The administrators, teachers, and students were contacted and they were told about the main idea of the reassert. After that, the participants were finalized and their contact details were taken so as to share the information and ask questions from them. Another important task was the conveyance and awareness of the ethical considerations where everyone of the interviewees selected to stay anonymous. After all the procedures, all the participants, teachers, and students and administrators were provided with a question paper comprising of interviewee questions to reviewed them and jot down their answers so that they can share it over the phone. Moreover, the telephonic calls were recorded to keep a record as well as listen again if required in order to avoid any gap or misunderstanding.

Four to five interviews were conducted each day and all the responses were noted. The interview session was completed within fifteen days. After that, all the information collected from the interviewees was classified and analyzed by adhering to the themes and some common domains.

4.2 Data analysis

Data analysis is defined as a procedure that is used to analyze the facts and figures that are collected from the information obtained from the participants. There are different departments or aspects of the data analysis such as the attitude of the teacher’s response from the students, approach of the teachers, the response time of the participants and the attitude of the teachers and students (Jacks, et al. 2019). It is asserted that the collection of data and then its analysis was preceded by the critical analysis of the factors that are all relevant to the topic of research (Jacks, et al. 2019). After that, the results were made for representation in an understood form. This research study is analyzed by using a qualitative approach that analyses data on the basis of deferent quality domains and each of the fields are represented in the forms of monologues and quotes.

4.2.1 Response time

Response time refers to the approach of the interviewee toward response to the questions of the research. It is observed that the response time was satisfactory because 90% of the teachers responded quickly and effectively while the response time of the students was 100% as each of the students gave the answer to the required questions in time and with maximum expertise that was highly content oriented. According to Hess (2016), the satisfactory response rate is 50% but in this research response time is above 50% which is an exceptional.

4.2.2 Demographic data

Demographics refers to the demographic details of the participant parties, administration representative students and the teachers.

Table 1: Demographic details of the teachers

Age

Frequency

25-30

5

30-45

12

45-50

1

50-55

2

Total

20

Gender

Frequency

Male

13

Female

7

Total

20

Table II The demographic details of the students

Age

Frequency

8-11

7

11-14

6

14-17

18

Total

31

Gender

Frequency

Male

21

Female

10

Total

31

Table 3: Demography of Administrators

Age

Frequency

30-45

2

45-50

1

50-55

2

Total

5

Gender

Frequency

Male

3

Female

2

Total

5

This demographic reflects the facts and figures that are used as a mode of classification and study while doing the research.

CHAPTER 5

5.1 Results

After qualitative analysis of the data that was collected after interviews, the following results are collected

5.1.1 Strategies used for communicating discipline

After interviews, it is highlighted that there are both verbal and nonverbal strategies that are being used by the teachers for communicating discipline. According to a teacher,

“I use both verbal and non-verbal strategies for communicating discipline because discipline is something that cannot be taught by a repetitive approach. For me, discipline is something to practice and as we have diversity in students, there are a lot of students who are very rude and some of them have criminal background so it is very hard to address them. So being very honest I often punish them such as stand on the chair or go outside”

Another teacher said,

“Yes, teaching students discipline is hard because we cannot manage between time and syllabus. There are a lot of students that are the cause of distraction for others because of their attitude so I use both verbal and nonverbal communication. Here verbal communication is the ignorance within a language that can assert to stay quiet while nonverbal modes are pushing them.”

According to another teacher

“Discipline is something very hard to maintain especially when you know that the students are not going to listen to you at once. Within a school environment particularly public school, dealing with student’s attitude is harder than teaching them because teaching is to say what you want to convey while discipline is a complete orientation that is a bit hard to do as we can’t manage to deal with such a massive number of students”

One of the interviewee teachers said,

“Discipline is nothing difficult all you need is to incorporate a positive environment with a positive tribute to the children. I manage my class in a very positive way. I would say that managing students is not the measure of your potential, in fact, it is the measure of your attitude and attention towards students”.

The interview from one of the students,

“Our teachers rarely ask us about how we are feeling and what is our desirable way of learning discipline. Usually, our teacher is in a bad mood and ever someone makes any kind of noise they just ignore us or scold us”

These interviews highlight that there are a large number of teachers who find discipline as something that is external to the school environment and curriculum. Moreover, teachers are not seen as being positive towards discipline, as discipline is not as an addition or compulsion to the course. A passive approach to discipline is one of the signs that indicate that the communication of discipline is not very effective.

5.1.2 Oral strategies

In order to analyze the efficiency of communication of discipline, it is necessary to analyze the oral strategies that are used by a teacher for communicating discipline. Usually and verily, communication begins with speaking (Gan, et al. 2019). It is important to note that the communication of discipline in a positive tone is one of the symptoms of effectiveness. However, the analyses of interviews are bit deferent

According to a teacher serving in public school

“While communicating discipline to the students in public schools, the most difficult thing is guide students through language because we have so many students that it is not sure that the one sitting at the last is listening or not. I say quotes and phrases such as no withering and no taking etc.”

According to an interviewee

“Discipline is something optional for me, yes I can say that it is something very important if I have to lie about my skills and abilities. However, being honest I can say that there I have never sued oral communication to teach discipline because teaching requires time. You shout once, and everyone is silent. This is all sufficient to get the learn everything that is required of them. Moreover, I don’t see myself as someone who can actually incorporate communicating discipline because there is always a clash between the course that is to be taught and the disciplinary communication that is totally a different thing”.

One of the teachers said,

“I do use oral communication to communicate discipline because I think if they are mentally stable and they are learning in a peaceful environment, they can easily understand what is taught to them. education is not just about teaching what is course oriented but it also includes an insight into what is being taught to the students in terms of their moral and ethical grooming. It is also important to note that being a teacher, it is my responsibility to synchronize the goals and objectives that are related to displacing along with a special reference to the use of positive attitude in the teaching discipline."

After analyzing these responses, it can be concluded that discipline is something that is not taken seriously by the teachers, it is just an option that is necessary to adhere to the code of conduct which asserts to maintain silence so that others are not disturbed. Although one response is positive but remaining infers that communicating discipline is not given significance and it is just an option to maintain students’ code of conduct, as well as it is not something to be taught, this highlights the lack of efficiency in the communication of discipline to the students.

5.1.3 Written strategies

Written strategies in terms of communicating discipline refer to the initiatives that are taken by the teachers in order to maintain a positive attitude of the student. These strategies can be observed and seen in a written form. An example of this format is the display of charts and pictures that can communicate discipline through pictures and symbols that are understandable by the students (Hess, et al. 2016).

According to a teacher

Communicating discipline by using written strategies is something that is used to communicate symbolic techniques regarding discipline but it is not very common. One of the issues is, it is public school, there are a lot of students and it is hard for teachers to address disciplinary needs. The prime focus is to teach and, in that case, teaching discipline is left behind. I do use to teach discipline through verbal communication by using charts and flashcards when I think that students are least bothered about discipline but it is not performed regularly.

According to another interviewee,

“Being a teacher, I try to paste the flashcard and chart that can help students to maintain discipline but it is not significant because the charts are limited and confined to boards only. There is no importance of any of the charts because of the negative approach retrieved from surroundings. Moreover, no one enforces this behavior and act so it is a self-initiative that is onboard very rarely”.

According to another teacher

"I see the communication of discipline by written methodologies as something that is a sheer wastage of time because there is hardly time for a student to look around and see what they are supposed to do in terms of learning discipline. Teaching discipline is a positive strategy but it is not something that can be performed the way it seems to be because there are a lot less students who think that teaching discipline is important”.

There is only one teacher who was having a positive approach towards the communication of discipline

According to her

“I use positive strategies such as chart and the symbols to teach students stay quiet. I often let my students undergo an exercise in which they are taught to react and act in different situations. One of the major points is, teaching and communicating discipline is something that can empower the students to go and learn beyond the realms of content and it is the real growth. I gave them homework to write their routine and what they have done in a day so that I can incorporate discipline wherever required and in a better way”.

5.1.4 Attitude of teachers towards students while communicating discipline

Attitude is one of the major sections that deal with the impact that teachers have on students. It is important to note that the attitude of the teacher is one of the reasons that may give rise of disrupted attitude of the students and behoove students to react violently to the teacher (Gan, et al. 2019). It is observed that the issues are out of control when students feel that the teacher is getting personal with them or he/she is targeting them. In order to understand this aspect, it is necessary to understand and reflect on the view of students about their teachers

According to a student

“Yes, it is evident that teachers get personal with the students because they think that the same student is always a culprit. There is a boy in my class, he is always scolded by the teacher for all kind of disruption, no matter if he is the cause of disruption is or not. There are a lot of students who are of the view that the teacher should look for the actual criminal first and then she should react.”

Another student states

“It happens but it is occasionally because there are some students who are always the cause of disruption in the class so the teacher is well aware of the fact that they are the real culprits. However, sometimes I feel that the attitude of the teacher is not positive towards him she doesn’t give her good grades and all his academic flaws are associated with a negative approach to discipline. I know he is hard working but he has a mischievous nature but still, he is unable to get good grades in the subject of that teacher"

One of the most critical responses was

“No, out teacher doesn’t target a single student, she targets the whole class, almost all of us are threatened by our teacher even when we do some minor mistakes because she thinks that we can’t learn and we will never be able to learn discipline. Whenever there is a minor noise, she commands all of us to stand and we study the whole lecture while standing. It is one of the reasons that we don’t like her and there are a lot of students who say that they will beat her son who came to visit the school with her teacher every Friday.

All these responses pose a different yet negative vision about the attitude that the teachers have towards students, taking into account the notion of communicating discipline.

5.1.5 Awareness about policies regarding teaching students

It is a common observation that things can only be improved of a proper channel is brought into contact. Like other policies and procedures of education, there should be some laws and policies designed to teach students about positive attitude and a polite way of communicating discipline to the studies (Burke, et al. 2016). One of the examples could be no-touch policy that is one of the strategies to stop negative attitudes while teaching discipline. Taking into account the context of public schools, it is necessary to address issues and notions from the perspective of the teachers

According to one of the teachers

“No, things are not as simple as they appear to be. Although there are a lot of training and learning programs there is less significance given to the teachings of laws that can help students learn about policy framework that is meant to teach and enforce discipline.”

Another teacher said,

“I don’t know about the policy that is meant for teaching discipline because if there would be one, we don’t have the time to do so. It is hard to recall the names of the student because of the student strength and teaching discipline is far beyond thought. If there would be efforts made by the government, we are not told about it because we don’t bother about teaching discipline it is something that the students will learn by themselves”

One of the teachers says

“We do have workshops but it is all about teaching curriculum, communicating discipline is something very rare. Moreover, discipline is a product of education, A student would learn to do it all by himself so we don’t need training for it, Yes, we have such a massive experience that we can easily manage to handle the discipline of the student because we know how to address the concerns of the student”.

Although there was no direct answer received on it, still it is asserted that there is no concept of awareness regarding the legal framework and the strategies that are proposed on the global level for teaching students how to behave. Communication of discipline is found to be the most neglected aspect in the lives of students

5.1.6 Approach of school in facilitating the communication of discipline

Thinking about discipline assert that there should be an approach to enforce and make student learn discipline by adhering to the code of conduct which can easily be observed and assumed in private school (Farrell, et al. 2016). In the context of public school, the scenario is a bit changed because the title of free education that mitigates and curbs a lot of necessities that a student should be provided with. In order to analyze the self-generated approaches of school to facilitate the teaching of discipline, there are some major aspects to consider which can be understood by the interview answers

According to an interviewee from an administrator,

“in the public schools, we yearn and long for funds that can help us fulfill the educational needs of the students. In such a case, thinking of the school generated approaches for improving discipline seems ambiguous because it is not something that we are actually bound to do. Although it is something that can cast a positive impact on the students by increasing their knowledge but it is not something that should be given due significance because when don’t have enough time’

Another administrator shared

“We try to accommodate the strategies and initiatives of communicating discipline as much as we can but we don’t find it effective because we have a lot of students. Each of the students belongs to a different background. It is not possible that all the students can be treated on the same board of discipline. However, there is something extraordinary because managing the academics is so hard that it consumes all the potentials and resources of the schools. However, we wish that students can be taught discipline with the help of resources that can be guided by a positive vision.”

After analyzing these responses, it can be highlighted and assumed that schools are not seen much committed to the ideas that can help them communicate discipline. In fact, discipline is termed as teaching that is different from education. This idea of teaching discipline also invites attention from the government officials and policymakers to incorporate and include funds that can help to address the behavioral and ethical needs of the students.

5.1.7 The ratio of incident happenings as a result of discipline issues

Another notion that can help to understand the communication of discipline and the approach of teachers towards students can also be addressed by analyzing the incidents that have occurred in the schools. During the interviews, it was asked by the teachers and the students to share the incident that has occurred in the school because of the discipline issues. Although it was something that was not shared by the teachers however students shared that there are numerous incidents that occur very often in the school because of the teacher’s attitude to students when they are failed to meet the disciplinary requirements and as a result student got injured. From the information collected from different schools, and the details shared by the students, there are about 7 incidents that have occurred in different schools and they are a clear proof of the personalization of the teachers with students because beating is not an initial behavior. It is a response to some repetitive behavior.

After the analysis of the information and observations that are collected from interviews, the following collations are made

Verbal and nonverbal strategies

50%

oral communication

35%

Punishment

85%

No use of verbal communication

20%

Written Communication

45%

Chances of a student getting hurt

87%

Unaware of legal policies and regulations

89%

Funds required for training

95%

Complaints regarding the harsh attitude of teachers

89%

Collation of the responses

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 Percentage review of observation

About 50% of the teachers are of the view that they use both verbal and nonverbal strategies to communicate discipline to the students. 20% of the teachers have never used verbal communication, 35% use oral communication while 85% use punishment to communicate, 45% of the teachers use written communication to teach discipline to the students. There are about 87% chances of the student who get hurt and harmed by their teachers when they are not abiding by discipline, 89% of the teachers are of the view that they are unaware about the legal association and the role of policies in incorporating strategies for communicating discipline to the students. 95% of the administrators agree that they don’t have resources and funds that can help them train teachers about communicating discipline to students. About 89% of the students complain about the harsh and rude attitude of teachers towards them in all aspects especially teaching discipline.

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2 Graphical representation of data

Chapter 6

6.1 Discussion

Taking into account the data that is collected from the interviews, it is highlighted that problematic and disruptive student behavior is one of the major issues in almost all schools both private and public but this issue is not concentered in the context of private schools because of the strict policy framework. However, in the case of public school, discipline treated as something that is the responsibility of the parent or it is termed as something that the students would learn with the passage of time. Moreover, teachers have a highly negative approach to communicating discipline to the students. The interview results reveal that no matter what the age of the teacher is, what is the grade and who many students a public school has, none of the school is given the right to threat students in the name of discipline. There is a lack of efficiency in the communication of discipline to the students and it is one of the reasons that the teachers are taking complete advantage of their authorities in treating students as per their will. Though the aim of this research is not to criticize the role of teachers within a school still discipline is doing both, empowering and demotivating students at the same time. As teachers are failed to address the discipline needs of the students in a positive way, student don’t like their teacher, they have a negative approach towards their teachers that include threatening the children of teachers and hate speech about the family member of the teachers as well (Brugar, et al. 2016). It would not be wrong to say, that it would not be wrong to assume that a lot of students who are dropped out of school can somewhere be associated with the gaps in the teaching of discipline to the students. Moreover, ineffective disciplinary communication approach not only inculcates rebellious attitude in children in fact, but they are also seen to be a victim of negative actions such as bullying and teasing particular teaching. According to child psychology, love is the only attribute that can help a student adopt something without causing apparent destruction and it is something that educators need to understand. (Bekiari, et al. 2016)Although the issues in teaching discipline are more like a chain in which different departments are connected to each other, such as, teachers to the administration and administration to the government department that is meant to regulate education and educational reforms. Still, it is critical to address that there is a dire need to impart positive approaches either through direct or indirect ways (Brugar, et al. 2016). Here, direct ways refer to the active participation of government educators and policymakers within school conduct or the provision of resources that would be sufficient to address the needs of the teachers in terms of discipline. It is also important to note that the issues in communicating discipline are also a question mark on the attitude of the teachers who are assumed to be the living reformers (Brugar, et al. 2016). It is significant to assert that teachers should be guided and trained to address the issues of discipline and student’s attitude by incorporating positive reinforcements. It is evident that a violent attitude by the teacher is one of the most demoralizing approaches that mark students become rigid and more reactive. Moreover, many times a teacher gets personal with the students which is something that vanishes the higher space that is governed by a teacher in the society. Although it is the part of the psychology of humans that once caught someone doing something negative, then instinct always directs to the same individual and it is something that a teacher needs to understand. In a nutshell, it is asserted that there is a dire need to make efforts that can help teachers and school administrators to improve communication of discipline within students so that a positive and peaceful environment can be formulated (Brugar, et al. 2016).

6.2 Recommendations

Taking into account the analysis of observations and results that are gathered, there are some recommendations that can be brought into practice in order to improve the efficiency of communicating discipline in public schools

6.2.1 Universal school approach

A universal approach to school highlights that every public school should be given the same importance as that of private schools. This universal approach will help teachers to be responsible for the behavior of students similar to private schools ultimately, equal attention will be given to all the happenings in the school (Bekiari, et al. 2016). It will not only make students accountable for their actions but this approach will motivate a teacher to act calmly because both students and teachers would be directly on-board. This strategy requires special attention from the school administration to incorporate and include universal policies for the students regarding positive behavior of both teachers and students (Brugar, et al. 2016).

6.2.2 Analyzing policies and bringing them into practice

It is important to note that major issues occur when public educators are of the view that there is no one to ask them and there is no external source that is keeping a check and balance on the actions (Bekiari, et al. 2016). Under this recommendation, it is required of all public schools to teach teachers about the policies that are made by the government regarding communicating and teaching discipline along with the liabilities upon failure to address them. This recommendation will not only create awareness in teachers about the legal framework, how it has designed the actual code of conduct but this will also help students to reach out required platform whenever it is needed (Bekiari, et al. 2016).

6.2.3 Create plans for teachers to follow

As teachers shared that there is a conflict between curriculum and the teaching of discipline as two of them are different from each other, it is asserted that the teachers should be provided with a complete plan that can be used by the teachers to follow (Bekiari, et al. 2016). This will include an amalgamation and combination of both discipline and curriculum, simultaneously which will address both (academic and disciplinary) needs of the students. These plans can also be used as a measure of evaluation for the teachers because teachers would already be provided with the plans so there would be rare chances of targeting students or being violent because strategies of dealing with students would be mentioned in that plan (Bekiari, et al. 2016).

6.2.4 Incorporating fair play

Taking into account the role of teachers in regulating the behavior of the students, it is asserted that teachers should be empowered and made to realize about students as their responsibility. Moreover, incorporating fair play would be much effective because it will help teachers to avoid targeting and getting personal with students. Teachers will maintain a neutral attitude towards students that would be void of any discrimination associated with any of the departments of life. (Bekiari, et al. 2016) It is evident that if teachers would be following code of conduct, they will be well aware of their responsibilities towards students and it will help them address their duties with great care and attention (Airey, et al. 2017).

6.2.5 Physical Activities

Physical activities refer to the activities that are used by schools to incorporate critical and moral abilities in the students. It is asserted that it should be mandatory of the public school to make students participate in physical activity. It will help them learn discipline by following the set direction that are given by physical activity. Moreover, discipline would be a retrieved product from the physical activity as it will help students practice what they have learned on the ground and implement it in all the departments and dimensions of life (Airey, et al. 2017).

CHAPTER 7

7.1 Conclusion

The aim of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of communicating discipline in public school taking into account an increased ratio of incidents regarding violent attitude of the teachers and the issue of teachers getting personal with the students. It is asserted that when a teacher gets personal with the students a school is failed in communicating discipline to the student. it is more like a moral deterioration because a child is not fallen from the standards of education but he is pushed many steps away from both academic and moral life. The research proved that the system of communicating discipline is not effective and it is one of the concerns to be addressed on priority. There are several practical strategies that are recommended to overcome this behavior, taking into account the idea that a teacher is successful only if he is successful in influencing and bringing a positive change in almost all the areas and dimensions of the life of children. So, special attention is required not from the public schools, but also from the legal framework as well so that the use of violent behavior as an approach to increase positivity can be curbed and students can be addressed with politeness that can help them grow both morally and academically.

References

Airey, J., Lauridsen, K. M., Räsänen, A., Salö, L., & Schwach, V. (2017). The expansion of English-medium instruction in the Nordic countries: Can top-down university language policies encourage bottom-up disciplinary literacy goals? Higher Education, 73(4), 561-576.

Bekiari, A., & Tsiana, I. (2016). Exploring Instructors’ Verbal Aggressiveness and Students’ Personal Orientations and Reasons of Discipline in Physical Education Class. Advances in Physical Education, 6(03), 158.

Brugar, K. A. (2016). Teaching social studies/history to elementary school students through a discipline-specific approach. Journal of Education, 196(2), 101-110.

Burke, J. J., & Tumbleson, B. E. (2016). Communicating, Collaboration, and Citing. Library Technology Reports, 52(2), 28-33.

Farrell, F. (2016). ‘Why all of a sudden do we need to teach fundamental British values? 'A critical investigation of religious education student teacher positioning within a policy discourse of discipline and control. Journal of Education for teaching, 42(3), 280-297.

Gan, C. C. (2019). The Universities (Discipline of Students) Rules. Journal of Malaysian and Comparative Law, 20, 75-104.

Hardy, I., & Woodcock, S. (2015). Inclusive education policies: Discourses of difference, diversity, and deficit. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 19(2), 141-164.

Hess, J. A. (2016). Strengthening the introductory communication course: An opportunity through better alignment with today’s needs. Basic Communication Course Annual, 28(1), 7.

Henderson, M., Selwyn, N., Finger, G., & Aston, R. (2015). Students’ everyday engagement with digital technology in university: exploring patterns of use and ‘usefulness’. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 37(3), 308-319

Jacks, A. M. (2019). A Study into How Elementary School Principals Across Virginia Reduce or Eliminate Exclusionary Discipline for Students with Disabilities (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech).

Milne, E., & Aurini, J. (2017). A tale of two policies: The case of school discipline in an Ontario school board. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, (183).

Sabas, J. J. O., & Torres, N. G. (2017). Non-verbal communication in language teaching to facilitate students’ understanding and promote oral interaction. Revista Digital Palabra, 4(1), 22-37.

Song, X., & McCarthy, G. (2018). Governing Asian international students: the policy and practice of essentializing ‘critical thinking'. Globalization, Societies, and Education, 16(3), 353-365.

Staples, S., Egbert, J., Biber, D., & Gray, B. (2016). Academic writing development at the university level: Phrasal and clausal complexity across the level of study, discipline, and genre. Written Communication, 33(2), 149-183.

Theunissen, M. H., Vogels, A. G., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2015). Punishment and reward in parental discipline for children aged 5 to 6 years: prevalence and groups at risk. Academic pediatrics, 15(1), 96-102.

Appendices

Research Question for students

What do you want to say about discipline in schools?

Are your teachers good at teaching discipline in a positive way?

What is the attitude of your teachers towards you while communicating discipline?

Is there any incident in which any student got hurt because of the violent attitude of the teacher due to misbehavior?

Research questions for teachers

What are the strategies that are used by you for communicating discipline?

How often do you use verbal communication for teaching discipline?

How often do you use oral communication to teach discipline?

What is the role of your school in molding your attitude towards students in teaching the discipline?

Research questions for administrative

What are the strategies incorporated by the administration for empowering teaching discipline?

Is there any connection and awareness by legal departments regarding school decorum and discipline approaches?

What are the strategies used by the administration to enhance understanding of the discipline?

How much support is granted by the legal authorities in terms of teaching discipline strategies to the teachers?

Analysis Paper

Student’s Name:

Course Title:

Professor’s Name:

University Affiliations:

Analysis Paper

Introduction

Existentialism is a modern form of philosophy that emerged from the words (existence and philosophy). This philosophy was developed in the 19th century by; Nietzche and Kierkegaard. Unlike conventional philosophy which mainly focuses on objectivity, existentialism is open to subjectivity, personal opinions and the aspects of the existence of vast branches of knowledge (John 39). The theme was created in Europe and is often referred to as the modern movement in philosophy. The latter is nowhere close to systematic philosophy rather it is a means of existent where various disciplines are interconnected and studied within their existence. In the pursuit to comprehend the connection between different disciplines, one can identify emerging common themes and shared values. Existentialism can be termed as a core school of philosophy contrary to different to traditional schools of philosophy (Ivanova 43).

Through education, students can get existential awareness in the disciplines they study and in other forms of life. Existential pedagogy is paramount in the study of humanities and other learning disciplines. Lifelong learning and comprehension are promoted by existential philosophies (Kaur 9). The ideology of this paper is to exemplify how existentialism can be applied in varied humanities. This includes in courses such as; philosophy, literature, history, art or a theatre and film course study. This is by considering that the formats of these humanities may be different and also taking into consideration that the study of one humanity may be a link to comprehending another discipline.

Body

Existentialism does not apply relativism or realism, but it supports methodologies of inquiry which are utilized in any discipline (Ivanova 43). The philosophy relies on evident facts and this helps in the identification of shared themes between two humanity disciplines. Existentialism acts as a driving force during the pursuit of connection between different genres of study. Every tool, gesture or technique opens up the world of connection between a literature topic and that of film. A teacher is prompted to present lessons in class in all the possible ways to open up an avenue of diversification and application of knowledge from other disciplines. Students, on the other hand, ought to be trained to learn with an open mind to attract knowledge acquired from other subjects. (Kaur 10) Without the integration of data from various genres, it can be hard to attain outcomes of a particular subject.

Existentialists have constantly believed that; arts, history, literature, and theatre have a source of truth due to their open nature to subjectivity. In these genres, it is easy to find facts and relate them to materials read in class (Stewart 439). However, a genre such as science is highly disregarded due to its vague nature. Integration is highly encouraged in both sciences and humanities to comprehend their nature. Existentialism is wide in its application of efficient strategies in teaching various concepts of humanities and this opens a platform for integration of the genres. Disciplines of humanity have their means of looking at the universe and making meaning out of theories that guide its content (John 39). The approaches utilized are pragmatic and are meant to make students arrive at a certain conclusion. Interpretations and explanations of human subjects are not limited to some form of tradition and this makes it easy to apply existentialism (Stewart 439). For instance, music and literature studies have vast ways of being conjoined when it comes to knowledge and the comprehension of concepts.

In literature, there is a need for characterization which is also applied in the music genre. Themes commonly known to the world are also studied in the two. History has vast knowledge that can be applied in other genres. Students study the topic of racism or gender inequality in humanities such as; art, literature and film studies which are also major subjects taught in history. The aspect of existentialism is a hard philosophy to ignore or segregate like other philosophies (Olafson 22). Its applicability makes it essential in school as well as in other forms of life. Modern pedagogy is promoting the integration of subjects and this makes the philosophy applicable not only in humanities but also in other major disciplines. My learning experience from this course is that there are various ways that you can relate different disciplines despite them being from distinct genres. For instance, knowledge from one humanity can be essential in another. The personal preferences that I picked from the course is that existentialism can be applied not only in school but also in other aspects of life. For example, I can apply aspects of school at home or borrow content learned at work and apply it to making social relationships.

Conclusion

Existentialism is an essential tool in the pedagogy of humanities and STEM disciplines (John 39). A student in theatre or a religion class can apply knowledge attained from a poetry or history class. There is validation of such experiences through the philosophy of existentialism. Students should be allowed to explore and learn from various disciplines without being confined to one area of a subject.

Reference list

Hersey, John M. "Existentialism: An Introduction, by Kevin Aho." Teaching Philosophy 39.1 (2016): 81-85.

Ivanova, Anna. "Phenomenology, Existentialism and Postanalytic Philosophy in Modern Social Cognition: Attitude Positions." International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2018). Atlantis Press, 2018.

Olafson, Frederick. Principles and persons: An ethical interpretation of existentialism. JHU Press, 2019.

Stewart, Jon. "France: Kierkegaard as a Forerunner of Existentialism and Poststructuralism." Volume 8, Tome I: Kierkegaard's International Reception-Northern and Western Europe. Routledge, 2016. 439-492.

Kaur, Navdeep. "Elements of Existentialism in Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha." IJELLH (International Journal of English Language, Literature in Humanities) 7.5 (2019): 9-9.

Analysis Paper

Criminal Judiciary

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

The judicial system in the United States of America is balanced and should remain unchanged.

Either “Guilty” or “Not Guilty”, this is all where it begins from and probably ends at in America. As I do reserve my opinion on "Is judicial system in the United States of America fair and balanced and should remain unchanged." I am of the mind that the justice system in the US is not at all same for all. As per my opinion, it varies and it has flaws which need to be pointed and changed. This opinion of mine is based upon several different opinions and facts.

There are plentiful reasons which clearly depict that the judicial system of the US is not as perfect as it seems to be. The first and foremost reason for this opinion is the selection criteria of the jury. The people who constitute the "Jury Pool" of the judicial system are completely random people of the country. Their being random is not the issue, the major issue is biases. Most of the jury members have no authentic reason for getting such a privilege. Mostly jury does not include the people who are immigrant, this clearly depicts how biased the system is. This is one of the main reasons why most of the minorities are still not getting equal rights. Along with all this, most of the time the decisions of the jury does include racial biases and even ignoring minority citizens ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HB4MR4zM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Is the U.S. Legal System Fair to Most People? - Quora n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Is the U.S. Legal System Fair to Most People? - Quora n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":154,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6hWtnKoy/items/ZIWYX2H3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6hWtnKoy/items/ZIWYX2H3"],"itemData":{"id":154,"type":"webpage","title":"Is the U.S. legal system fair to most people? - Quora","URL":"https://www.quora.com/Is-the-U-S-legal-system-fair-to-most-people","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,14]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Is the U.S. Legal System Fair to Most People? - Quora n.d.). Minorities have issues with the judicial system as most of them do not even qualify to be summoned. Even the jury selection does show racism at times. The idea of "key men" clearly states how racism and biases prevails in the judiciary ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wv0H7ZPF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kaufman 1967)","plainCitation":"(Kaufman 1967)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":160,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6hWtnKoy/items/S32P6B75"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6hWtnKoy/items/S32P6B75"],"itemData":{"id":160,"type":"article-journal","title":"A Fair Jury - The Essence of Justice","container-title":"Judicature","page":"88","volume":"51","journalAbbreviation":"Judicature","author":[{"family":"Kaufman","given":"Irving R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1967"]],"season":"1968"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kaufman 1967).

Another problem with the juror selection is authenticity. No valid and authentic investigation is done while their selection and their words are taken as evidence. Any biased juror can easily serve his case as there is no check and balance upon him. It is totally upon the juror if he wants to plead on the case or not.

Not mere the selection of jurors but even the punishments are given to the guilty. The legal system is filled with racial and economic biases. There are several different cases in which different punishments were given for the same crime and even people were announced "Not Guilty" for the same crime. This is how biased the judicial system is. Judges reserve all the rights for decisions and they do use it in their own favor when they are biased.

Apart from the judges, the police is even worse. For the investigation, they use every possible way to ridicule a person. From torturing him physically to insulting him naked, they have all the rights. And it is possible that after bearing all this, the person is proved innocent. This is how the self-respect of people is brutally ridiculed. Mostly, the people of color are at threat of being victims of this situation. There are even many cases where two different police officers handle the same case differently and this states the height of hypocrisy.

It is quite evident from facts and figures that most of the people who are being affected by this system of the judiciary are the people of color, either brown or black. Many people lose their identity just because of their color and are treated with biases even in the judicial system. Racism can never ever be eliminated from this system as no measures are being taken for its elimination.

Not merely racism on the basis of color is affecting the system, but racism on the base of social status is another factor. If you are white and you have enough money to afford a lawyer, you can easily win the case, no matter whatever the crime you are accused of and if you are brown or black and belong to a middle or lower-class social status, you can never be proved innocent against any white. If you are being provided with a lawyer from the government, the lawyer maybe is just the student graduated from school and if the lawyer is of great name, he might be busy with several different cases and you would not be lucky enough to have his proper attention for your case. This is how useless the facilities of government are for the poor. If you are rich, you can easily get bail and even probation for your desired time but if you are poor and you do not have enough money, you are destined to stay in jail forever and wait until your date comes up. This is exactly how it works.

Several surveys and researches to prove that the decisions taken in the courts of the US are on the basis of gender and race biases. The evaluation basis are biased ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kQVGkqZ4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gill, Lazos, and Waters 2011)","plainCitation":"(Gill, Lazos, and Waters 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":162,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6hWtnKoy/items/CQ8VXVCT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6hWtnKoy/items/CQ8VXVCT"],"itemData":{"id":162,"type":"article-journal","title":"Are Judicial Performance Evaluations Fair to Women and Minorities? A Cautionary Tale from Clark County, Nevada","container-title":"Law & Society Review","page":"731-759","volume":"45","issue":"3","source":"Wiley Online Library","abstract":"Because voters rely on judicial performance evaluations when casting their ballots, policymakers should work diligently to compile valid, reliable, and unbiased information about our sitting judges. Although some claim that judicial performance evaluations are fair, the systematic research needed to establish such a proposition has not been done. By the use of attorney judicial performance survey data from Clark County, Nevada, this analysis shows that objective measures of judicial performance cannot explain away differences in scores based on race and sex. Minority judges and female judges score consistently and significantly lower than do their white and male counterparts, all other things being equal. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that judicial performance evaluation surveys may carry with them unexamined and unconscious gender/race biases. Future research must compare judicial performance evaluation structure, content, and execution across states in order to identify those evaluation mechanisms least susceptible to unconscious gender and race bias.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00449.x","ISSN":"1540-5893","shortTitle":"Are Judicial Performance Evaluations Fair to Women and Minorities?","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Gill","given":"Rebecca D."},{"family":"Lazos","given":"Sylvia R."},{"family":"Waters","given":"Mallory M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gill, Lazos, and Waters 2011).

This stance can be proved by the example of a school teacher who raped six high school students. There was enough evidence against her but she was pleaded not guilty and was even offered a plea deal of 10 years of probation. Whereas, another offender was plead guilty to have sex with a teenager and was sentenced to three-year prison.

I think this example is enough to state and prove my stance on the judicial system of the US as unfair.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Gill, Rebecca D., Sylvia R. Lazos, and Mallory M. Waters 2011Are Judicial Performance Evaluations Fair to Women and Minorities? A Cautionary Tale from Clark County, Nevada. Law & Society Review 45(3): 731–759.

Is the U.S. Legal System Fair to Most People? - Quora N.d. https://www.quora.com/Is-the-U-S-legal-system-fair-to-most-people, accessed April 14, 2019.

Kaufman, Irving R. 1967A Fair Jury - The Essence of Justice. Judicature 51: 88.

Analytical Essay

The Pacifier

Nowadays, most of the films have a certain and distinguished idea of ​​how men and women should act and what kind of roles they should take in society. The women are regarded as the child's caretaker and rely on the men in their lives, while men are considered as the dominant figures who control everything and are the protector of women. I decided to do a rhetorical analysis of the movie "The Pacifier" using Ethos, Logos and pathos from a feminist perspective. This movie is Walt Disney Picture's production and is therefore aimed for the younger audiences between 10 and 16 years. The messages that are presented in this film summons the status of society as in what kind of activities and attitudes are supposed to be done by men, and what kind of role and duties women are assigned as compared to men.

The film starts with the actor Vin Diesel as Lieutenant Shane Wolfe who is on the mission to rescue a man named Howard Plummer from a small group of Serbian rebels who are pursuing Plummer's secret documents for the government. The after-effects of Wolfe's mission lead to his injury and he ends up lying in the hospital. He therefore, does not fulfill his mission of saving Mr. Plummer. Hence, he dies in a deadly encounter. After spending two long months in the hospital, Wolfe than is assigned as a protector of the Plummer's family while Mrs. Plummer leaves to get the safety deposit box, a safe left by her husband. When Wolfe comes to the Plummer house, he is welcomed by the five kids, Seth, Peter, Lulu, Zoe, and little Tyler, as well as a nanny named Helga. Over days, Wolfe had to babysit the kids as the nanny Helga was not home for a couple of days. It was Wolfe's duty to not only protect these children from bad people who were trying to get their father's project but also to clean, to cook food and make sure the children go to school. When Mrs. Plummer comes back home, two North Korean persons who were supposed to be her neighbors, Mr. and Mrs. Chun, take the children in order to search Mr. Plummer's government project which was somewhere in the house.

The project was kept in the fault and after finding it, a fight ensues in which Ms. Plummer drives Ms. Chun out of the office and Claire Fletcher, headmistress of the children's school, forces Ms. Chun out of office. The end of this scene is central and essential because it shows irony when these women save the day before Mr. Wolfe does and the logos appeal here is almost every man is considered stronger than woman, generally because of their physical strength.Wolfe, who is a strong, powerful and controlling man, is in many ways consistent with male hegemony. He is a lieutenant in the US Navy Seal whose job is to deliver services and protect under every circumstance and is supposed to be a role model which is a role most of the men are assigned within this society. This is obvious and is shown in the film that how he tries to save Mr. Plummer from the Serbian rebels which automatically presents Wolfe as the hero or the good guy of the movie, but one should be clear about the fact that it is not always necessary to be strong for saving someone. But in the film, he carries out the mission without fear and is determined to fulfill his duty of bringing Mr. Plummer back home safely to his family. Although Wolfe was not able to complete his duty, he takes a bullet from Mr. Plummer to fire during the encounter which indicates that he is the "ultimate protector" inclined to risk his life in attempt to perform his duty ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"os0U94En","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ebert, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Ebert, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":122,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/9V4VZINT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/9V4VZINT"],"itemData":{"id":122,"type":"webpage","title":"The Pacifier movie review & film summary (2005) | Roger Ebert","abstract":"In \"The Pacifier,\" Vin Diesel follows in the footsteps of those Arnold Schwarzenegger comedies where the muscular hero becomes a girly-man. Diesel doesn't go to the lengths of Schwarzenegger in \"Junior,\" where Arnold was actually pregnant, but he does become a baby-sitter, going where no Navy Seal has gone before.","URL":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-pacifier-2005","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Ebert","given":"Roger"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ebert, n.d.). Many men in the society can look up to Wolfe and try to look like him because of the strong, masculine and fearless traits he shows. In simple words, Wolfe can be considered the perfect ideal man who is charming, powerful and not afraid of anything at all and is a role model for all the men. But On the other hand, Wolfe can also be perceived as turning hegemony when he gets the role of babysitter of the Plummer’s family. The way the movie is depicting masculinity of men Wolfe's babysitting kids is very strange and unexpected. His manliness in the US Navy does not allow him to be the caregiver and a "mom" for the family. In a scene from the movie, Wolfe is insisted to take the kids out. Initially, he refuses but later on he takes Lulu and her scouts to Costco to sell their cookie guide saying “this is how it's going to be, tonight I'm your" dead mother "that means you want to live to see tomorrow you do exactly what I say" (Shankman, 2005).

The reasons that Wolfe presents himself as a "deceased mother" shows that he not only has accepted his role as protector of the family but also thinks himself as a mother figure of the family in the absence of their actual mother. When Wolfe says, " this is how it goes if you want to live to see tomorrow, you do exactly what I say" (Shankman, 2005)", he still assumes the role of male leader which has become a permanent part of his nature. Although he plays a female role, he repeats that he is still a man and that he is the one who has the authority to control and must be obeyed. After such clichéd scene, we see Wolfe takes the two children who are the youngest, Peter and baby Tyler, to a place that appears to be a children's playroom ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aT5J0kxA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(2017)","plainCitation":"(2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":120,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/T8997GH4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/T8997GH4"],"itemData":{"id":120,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Factors associated with pacifier use among children of working women with childcare in the workplace","container-title":"SciELO","URL":"http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-18462017000500654","author":[{"family":"","given":"Sao Paulo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (2017). When Wolfe comes back home from the playground, he looks back and realizes that he has forgotten Peter at the playground. He goes back there and finds Peter playing in the arcade. This incident confirms the hegemony of why women find it difficult to leave their children with men and reinforce the ideology that men are irresponsible. It's a bit surprising and bizarre for Wolfe to give the role of a woman and be put in the position of a "mom". For other men, it may be difficult to identify with, as it is a female role. This aspect of Wolf's character is not the ideal idea for a man, but Wolfe is still maintaining his masculinity even in this position.Seth Plummer, the second oldest child of Plummer, also prevents and rejects the rules of male hegemony and can be considered an anti-model for men. He is a twelve-year-old boy of a normal height and described as an outcast student of his school. At the beginning of the film, Seth is part of the school wrestling team, but not very successful and skips the training. Seth finally leaves the wrestling team and plays music for his community "The Sound of Music". This action presents Seth a weak person in the eyes of all the men who can never think of leaving such a masculine and strong activity for something so common. This is the dilemma of the society that never accepts the soft side of a man and if they do see the soft side, they put him under the category of the loser and characterize him as a woman ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1zjSghBz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Planned Parenthood, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Planned Parenthood, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":119,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/XB26R84N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/XB26R84N"],"itemData":{"id":119,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"What are gender roles and stereotypes?","container-title":"Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc.","URL":"https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sexual-orientation-gender/gender-gender-identity/what-are-gender-roles-and-stereotypes","author":[{"family":"Planned Parenthood","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Planned Parenthood, 2019). He does not let anyone know about his participation in the musical play but one day Lt. Wolfe tries to follow him and finds him rehearsing the music he was supposed to play in the show. The pathos appeal in this movie is that of the character of Seth, who leaves the wrestling team and joins a musical group, disapproves the culture of male authority. When male adolescents in society see this, they regard Seth as unwanted and are not willing to be like him. They consider it as "gay" that Seth has given up male wrestling to be part of a piece of music and do not support or think Seth as an absolute male figure. Also, the movie "The Pacifier" confronts hegemony and can be regarded as challenging for most of the people. Although characters like Shane Wolfe and Seth Plummer break the all the rules and roles attached to men and challenge this hegemony, they still manage to keep a bit of manhood. Wolfe can be an ideal man in terms of posture, looks, and commitment to his career as a US Navy Seal. Seth is not portrayed as the best male model for teenagers in society, nor is he the most desirable male character in the movie. This film has excellently shown that while there are social gender norms practiced in our society, individuals do not have to limit themselves to such mainstream behaviors and actions.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ebert, R. (n.d.). The Pacifier movie review & film summary (2005) | Roger Ebert. Retrieved October 27, 2019, from https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-pacifier-2005

Lara Carpio. (2018). Using rhetorical appeals to credibility, logic, and emotions to increase your persuasiveness. SpringerLink. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40037-018-0420-2

Planned Parenthood. (2019). What are gender roles and stereotypes? Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc. Retrieved from https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sexual-orientation-gender/gender-gender-identity/what-are-gender-roles-and-stereotypes

Sao Paulo. (2017). Factors associated with pacifier use among children of working women with childcare in the workplace. SciELO. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-18462017000500654

Analytical Essay

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The Slave Ship- by Leroi Jones

The Slave ship by Leroi Jones still strikes the reader with its various experimental, stylistic and technical elements as a dramatic content. The experimental dramatic content within this play incorporates a rich texture of smells, overlapping sounds as well as audience participation. The play is neither dialogue-centered, character-oriented nor plot driven but comprises of stage directions which are extremely sound and expressive. The characters in the play try to show how the African-Americans were viewed and treated by the whites in the slavery era as well as the oppressive power structures and the various ways in which the Africa- American have internalized their oppression (Brecht).

The Slave Ship play was first produced during the political phase of Black Nationalist sentiment. The play depicts the slavery and ill-treatment of blacks by the white Americans. The play expresses a Black –Nationalist perspective through the connection of thematic concerns related to the African-American community, African American history and African American identity which is highly expressed by the play’s representation of the African American experience (Reed). The play shows the African American community powers as the black characters hold on to their communal solidarity despites the efforts of the whites to disperse them. This implies that the characters in the play are flat as their persistence of African cultural roots do not change throughout the history of oppression.

Throughout the play, the major themes of emotional and physical violence are shown in a series of evocative images on slavery and which draw audience response from the audience at an emotional level. With less dialogue, the play is heavily relied on lighting, dance and music to created horrible black experiences to the eventual affirmation of black power and beauty. Darkness is used in the play to show the despair of the blacks and the horror of captivity. The play opens up in pitch black for the audience to fully recognize the horrifying environment of slavery. Light only comes during climaxing action.

In conclusion, a strong sense of African-American community identity is shown throughout the play representation of the blacks’ experience. The horror of captivity and the terrible experiences encountered by the blacks is also shown in the play as well as the contemporary struggles for racial discrimination. The play also focuses on exposing the slavery conditions and ill treatment encountered by the Blacks.

Action line

The play shows how the African-Americans were captured from their villages, transported to the United Stated and exposed to slavery and poor living conditions after which they come out strong and united as a black community despite the oppression

Work cited

Brecht, Stefan. "LeRoi Jones'" Slave Ship"." The Drama Review: TDR (1970): 212-219.

Reed, Daphne S. "LeRoi Jones: High Priest of the Black Arts Movement." Theatre Journal 22.1 (1970): 53.

Analytical Essay

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Old Times by Harold Pinter Analysis

The Old Times is such an incredible drama produced by Harold Pinter a renowned professional in the theatre world for his mastery in using silence as a powerful way of expression and prompting imagination to the audience. Old Times playwright has other renowned works that illustrates his prowess in making impressive performances on quite stages considering all the dangers prevailing (Batty). There is so much emptiness in such a stage and can only reveal the vulnerabilities of the acting crew which could make a play go wrong at any time. Even with his death that occurred in 2008, his legally in changing the scene of drama and essence of silence especially with the drama Old Times that premiered in 1971 one that is famously known for its electric silence.

Looking closely on the play it fails to make the case, since it is not a necessity to, that women as smart and sophisticated and emotionally powerful as Kate and Anna would give him the time of day.

Old Times applies much of juxtaposition during the drama in a theatre and continues to accentuate the capacity of Pinter to create meaningful content (Bray 35). Quite impressive is the depiction of prevailing dissimilarities between the issues of feminism and social norms concealed in a broad-spectrum. The drama presentation in the theatre is visual through impressive lighting and resolution to allow the focusing on the subjective objects that are of significance to the play. In any instances of tension when the vulnerabilities are revealed through nakedness, the playwright applies speech to break and help to recreate and turn it to a beautiful experience. Identifying and understanding the needs of the audience is very important. It makes all the difference in the world to know your audience to prevent the possibility of a huge misunderstanding of the playwright script and proper interpretation of the theatre productions.

Work Cited

Batty, Mark.Harold Pinter. Oxford University Press, 2018.

Bray, John Patrick. Can you picture that Using visual media to inspire playwrights.Theatre, Dance and Performance Training7.1 (2016) 32-43.

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Analytical Essay

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May 08, 2019

Analytical essay

Ruby Rae Spiegel’s play “Dry Land” portrays the themes of abortion and female sexuality. It transmits the themes of conservativeness and the typical political landscapes that impose strict restrictions over the females. lack of power to take such bold decisions results in self-destruction that becomes visible in the decision of suicide.

The play uses drama genre by stressing on the lives of young girls who attempt to get rid of their unwanted pregnancies. The drama genre is used to portraying the sadistic aspects of the females who struggle to get rid of the unwanted child. The genre used dark humour for criticizing the conservative role of the society that restricts females from choosing their own lives. The social norms and traditional values prevent them from living a free life.

The rising action becomes apparent when a 16-years old girl Amy signs blue at the tips while Ester punches her in the gut. The girls are talking about abortion and Ester helps Amy in getting her done with the thing. This becomes more visible when Ester sits on Amy's stomach and tries to empty her stomach or by killing the fetus. Antecedent action appears when the friends exhibit their tension over pregnancy. Amy is three months pregnant from her ex-boyfriend.

The climax becomes more discernible when the Ester pushes Amy hard and tries to end her pregnancy. This reflects how young girls are fighting over their bodies and freedom. The attempt of abortion reflects their desire for attaining freedom. This reveals their sadistic state and transmits the dark humour.

The transformation of Amy from a fun girl to a strong woman reflects significant character development. Her journey of abortion makes her witness the realities of the world. She experience real transformation by experiencing harsh realities.

Analytical Essay

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The Ride Down Mt. Morgan

“The Ride Down Mt. Morgan” is one of the most famous play by the American essayist and playwright, named Arthur Miller. The play premiered in London in the later part of the year 1991 and received much appreciation from the audience. The author has shed light on the dilemma of a bigamist, living in a monogamist society. The two wives of the main character believe themselves to be the only wife and got the only chance of confronting each other when their husband became the victim of an accident. They could have spent their whole lives with their false belief if the hospital authorities had not contacted them, telling them about the mishap which their husband had faced. The play has followed the distinctive genre of comedy and the style of the play is dramatic. The author has explored the themes of betrayal, bigamy, monogamy and as well as crucial conflicts of the personalities of the characters. Miller has also presented the play in a well-structured manner, which keeps the interest of the readers intact. Miller, through a well-structured plot of the play, may have tried to highlight the controversies attached with bigamy.

The genre of the play “The Ride down Mt. Morgan” by Arthur Miller is a comedy. The author has tried to present the very first encounter of the two wives of the main character, Lyman Felt in a humorous manner. Felt have been married to Theo for the past thirty years of his life and has a grown-up daughter, Bessie from her as well. On the other hand, he has been married to Leah as well for the past nine years of his life and he has a son from her name, Benjamin. Felt had married Leah on the notion that he would divorce his first wife, however, he has been managing the two families quiet efficiently for nine years prior to the opening of the play. He was a successful insurance agent which provided him with the opportunity of managing the financial needs of the two families, based in New York City and Elmira, respectively. The two wives were not aware of the existence of each other and only encountered each other when they received the news of the accident of their husband. It was also a controversial point for Felt when he had to acknowledge before the two of them that he is a bigamist and the author has presented the encounter, as well as later circumstances in a bit humorous manner (Miller, 10).

Miller has incorporated the dramatic style into the play, in order to highlight the dilemma of the bigamist man, living in a society which is strictly against it. The purpose of using the dramatic style is also to shed light on the controversial practices of the society, as well as highlight the flaws of the charterers which gave rise to such a situation. The style of the play has also provided an opportunity for Miller to explain the choice of Felt of marrying two women at the same time. He has highlighted the point that the first wife of Felt was not able or willing to fulfill his needs, which forced him to look for other means to fulfill his desires and needs. He married Leah for the sake of his personal needs. He had the option of divorcing his first wife, however, he also did not want to part ways with her, just because she was not tending to him anymore. So he adopted a difficult solution to the issue and decided to keep his marriage intact with both of them, without their knowledge. He was able to support the two families, not only financially, but also emotionally and never neglected any of their needs. His work was based in the New York City so he used to spend time in Elmira on the claim of the business trip and he did not face any difficulty for the nine years of his life in managing two families secretively.

In the play “The Ride down Mt. Morgan,” Miller has explored the themes of betrayal, bigamy, monogamy and as well as crucial conflicts of the personalities of the characters. Betrayal is the major theme of the play because all of the main characters of the play were betraying each other in one or the other way. At first, the play gives off the impression that Felt was betraying not only his two wives but his children as well by concealing the fact from them that he had two families to take care off. He was betraying Theo and their daughter that he had to spend time off from them due to his business trips, while he was actually spending that time with another secret family. On the other hand, he was also betraying Leah and their son by making her believe that he had married her after divorcing his first wife and she was the only women in her life at that point of time, while he was actually married to Theo at the same time. The children for both wives also believed that they are the only child of their father, which was not true. The betrayal of the characters did not end there as Leah was also betraying her husband by having a secret affair. On the other hand, Theo had not betrayed him practically, however, she was also at fault for not only neglecting but constantly turning a blind eye to the physical needs and demands of her husband, just because she did not feel the same. Moreover, the pay also highlighted that that colleagues of Felt considered that he has depicted a hypocrite attitude by having two families at the same time, which the author has negated by highlighting their own betrayal towards their families, as they had secret lovers (Miller, 120).

Bigamy and monogamy are also among the most important themes of the play, as the whole play is based on the issue of bigamy. There are a number of societies as well as cultures of the world which do not allow bigamy and require the individual to divorce their partner, before tying the knot with some other individual. The basic purpose of such a practice is that the partners are able to give their best to each other and do not tend to any other individual for their needs and problems. However, most of the people sharing their lives through monogamist marriage often have secret affairs and lovers. If their respective culture or society allows the practice of bigamy, such individual would not have to keep their other relationships secret. The crucial conflicts of the personalities of different characters is also an important theme of the play by Miller because he has tried to show that before blaming Felt for having two families, the characters need to reflect on their own practices. If he had betrayed them, they were also not being true to him and were deceiving him as well. He had only deceived them by not telling them about his other marriage, apart from that he was tending to their emotional and financial needs quite effectively. He was always present for them, whenever they needed him and had not neglected his responsibilities towards them. The author has tried to critique the general practice of monogamy which forces the individual towards having secret relation or affairs if they are not satisfied with their marriage. Divorcing the partner and marrying another person is not the right choice all the time and Felt proved the fact that if the person has enough resources, managing two families side by side is not a difficult deal.

Miller has presented the structure of the play in quite an interesting and engaging manner. The exposition of the play is that the main character, Lyman Felt became the victim of an accident on the icy mountain of Morgan on his Porsche. He received critical injuries and was hospitalized after that. The title of the play is also devised from this accident as the accident own the mountain, disclosed the secret chapters of the life of Felt. The rising action of the play is the admission of Felt in the hospital due to his critical injuries and the decision of the hospital authors to contact his family. It is a general practice in the hospitals that the family of the patient is contacted and informed, in case the patient is not brought by the family members. In the case of Felt, the hospital authorities not being aware of the fact that he was managing two families secretively, they contacted both of them and gave rise to a controversial situation for Felt. The crux of the play is that point when Felt comes to know that both of his families have been informed about his accident, as well as present condition and they are on their way to visit him.

The climax of the play is the point when the two wives encountered each other in the hospital room and came to know the fact that their husband had another family and beside them. Theo was in great shock as she had been married to Felt for thirty years. She never knew that her husband was not going on business trips to Elmira, but the purpose of his visit was to look after his second wife and their son. She felt greatly betrayed that her husband had not regarded her efforts and commitment of thirty years with him and had been deceiving her for not any short time but for the past nine years. He was not having just an affair with any woman, but he had married another woman, which meant he had legalized his relationship with her and also had a son from her. On the other hand, Leah was also in utter shock because of the fact that Felt had also deceived her since the inception of their marriage. He had told her about his first marriage and has also assured her that he would only marry her after divorcing his first. However, he had not fulfilled his promise and had been managing two families, based in two different towns, without the knowledge of the existence of each other (Miller, 58).

The falling action of the play is the point when it is revealed that only Felt has not deceived his spouses, but they have also disappointed or deceived him in one or the other way. Leah was having a secret affair, behind the back of her husband. She was not grateful for the life he had provided her as he tended to all her financial and emotional needs, still, she stabbed him in the back by deceiving him and not staying true to him. On the other hand, it was actually Theo who pushed him into such a situation. They were living a happy married life until Theo faced some changes in her desires and needs and instead of talking about the matter, she started pushing off and neglecting the needs of her husband. Felt was left with no choice of staying true to his wife and instead of having an affair, he chose to marry Leah. He was also not ready to divorce Theo keeping in view all the happy time he had spent with her, due to which he ended up in the dilemma of being a bigamist in a monogamist society. The resolution of the play is the point when both wives realize that they have not been fair to their husband. The antecedent action in the play that comes in the form of revelations is the fact that Felt had promised Leah to divorce Theo before marrying her and he did not do so (Miller, 83).

The development of the characters is basically flat in the whole play as they do not develop dramatically, however, their little secrets are exposed through the plot of the play. The main characters are trying to prove that they have received unfair treatment, however, they had to face the reality that they have also done the same. There is no particular complication in the play apart from the revelation of the two marriages of Felt. In addition to it, there is also no particular reversals in the play as well.

“The Ride Down Mt. Morgan” by Arthur Miller has depicted the ride down of Felt which exposed nine-year-old secret of his life that he had two families. Two marriages at the same point of time were not allowed in his culture and society and decided to go against the customs of the society by not divorcing his first wife when he had to marry another woman for the sake of his personal needs. Miller has presented the play in a well-structured manner while highlighting the important themes of betrayal, bigamy, monogamy and the controversial personalities of the characters.

Work Cited

Miller, Arthur. The Ride Down Mt. Morgan. Dramatists Play Service, Inc., 1999.

Analytical Essay

Analytical Essay

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

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[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Analytical Essay

This analytical essay focuses on the graphic autobiography of an Iranian girl, Marjane Satrapi. This book is the focus of this essay because the novel is a true demonstration of the major changes in gender roles before and after the Islamic Revolution in Iran, acting as the precursor of this masterpiece. The main accounts of the novel chiefly draw the attention of readers towards the prevalent precarity in Iran during the Islamic Revolution in the 1970s. The backdrop of the novel depicts the imposition of strict rules in Iran, ranging from the segregation of male and females students in the schools and colleges and the infliction of strict orders upon women to cover their faces at all times CITATION Gur19 \l 1033 (Gurel, 2019). Satrapi losing her innocence in the wake of unfortunate events taking place in her country has been uniquely explored in the novel and deeply reflects on her transition from an unimpeachable child to a resilient young adult.

The opening of the novel indicates that time in Iranian history when the educational institutions were forced to become sequestered by gender and women were strictly ordered to cover their faces at all times. Although the Revolution was multi-faceted regarding the changes it brought in the country but the major mutations which were relevant can be traced to the relegation of gender roles. The expected appearance of men and women by the extremist authorities and other restrictions especially made the narrator realize that a woman in her society is doomed to be subjugated to an inferior role than her male counterpart or the one she had envisioned in her childhood. Imagining herself to be a prophet or a liberated, educated woman, the author of this memoir finally comes to terms with the understanding that her predestination as a female is entirely dependent on the degree of freedom which the state allows or does not allow.

In the wake of the Islamic Revolution, Iran which was earlier a progressive state, now demands that women follow the discriminatory and oppressive rules. Satrapi sees many things that other people in many other countries take for granted but are now obligatory in her state and are causing problems for women.

The first instance of this grave reality is the wearing of the veil, which for most of the women and younger girls is not a voluntary choice. The primary role of the veil, as implied by the novel, is to not distract men which posed as a restrictive danger and caused harm to many young women living in Iran under the fundamentalist regime.

Before the revolution, Satrapi’s life in her country was liberating for women which is portrayed by the style of the author's conversation with her family and friends. When the state tries to control women, Marjane somehow succeeds to depict her rebellious side. This is evident from many instances in the book e.g. Satrapi showing her hair off, wearing Michael Jackson pins, buying and listening to music tapes which was essentially illegal at that time. During the course of this regime, women are not perceived as equal to their male counterparts. This novel provides a narrative for a secretly ambushed world which many of the readers have only heard about or viewed in the news. Women were scared to speak up against this new regime and were instructed about manners and appropriate behavior in the presence of men. This was because women in the Iranian society who were aware of their intelligence and frequently manifested it was largely ignored and snubbed by their peers or elders. Strict moral codes were set by the governmental authorities, specifically for women.

Even though Satrapi’s family was very modern, providing her with all the necessary information and books to seek the truth, the new governing body instigates a never-ending battle in Satrapi’s brain between the woman she aspires to become, and the capacity she is being relegated to CITATION Gil10 \l 1033 (Gilmore, 2010). This book tries to probe into the possible escape of women from the gender constructs that they have to face under the Islamic Revolution.

The three scenes that have been chosen from the book to be central for this analysis exude violence, oppression and the false hope propagated among youth by permeating heroic nationalism and the rewards of martyrdom. The first and third scenes allude to the oppression experienced by boys and men in the novel when they are forced to go to war and sacrifice their precious lives in the military. At the tender age of 14, the warmongering and negative indoctrination among boys begins to start. Satrapi soon realizes that these young boys being sent to war and essentially being brain-washed and their lives are given no value. To serve the spirit of nationalism, the country adopts a stubborn and warmongering foreign policy which leads to adverse effects of great magnitude CITATION Fri13 \l 1033 (Friedman, 2013). In this particular scene, one of the family's maid attempts to explain while sobbing that her son was given a key in school which was plastic in material but was painted gold and it was symbolic of the idea that this key would get her son to heaven if he was lucky enough to die in war. This led to the maid's inability to believe in religion or anything, in general. The boys are also told about the fantasies of heaven which excited the boys and made them choose the wrong paths in their lives. This scene explains that during the fundamentalist regime in Iran, the experiences of Satrapi in an all-girls schools were strikingly different from the experiences of boys in their school. The boys were promised beautiful women, treasures of diamonds and gold in heaven, but were not being informed about the real and grave consequences of war.

The second scene delineates Satrapi’s mother’s assault by two fundamentalist men. They targeted her because she was not wearing a veil and threatened to rape and throw her in the garbage. This traumatic incident conspicuously shakes Satrapi’s mother and she does not feel well for several days. This scene has been chosen because it highlights the detrimental effects of the veil policy and marks one of those initial instances where the private matters of an individual began to merge with the public affairs. This attitude of the fundamentalist men only indicates mistrust with their own self which is disguised in their policing acts on the street. This scene also implies another socially constructed, false fabricating of the Iranian society that the terrible behavior of men is a result of women’s fault and their choice of clothing.

The dominant discourses that shape the character's understanding of their gender are patriarchal and misogynist in nature. Additionally, this book scrutinizes an extensive range of topics including trans-cultural identity, selective historical traditions, war and expectations from gender roles CITATION Kam19 \l 1033 (Kamble, 2019). These discourses reflect the radical political and religious beliefs of the Islamic extremists as power dynamics between the liberal and the conservative. These discourses also inform the readers about the difference between Satrapi’s modern family and the prevalent Western perception of fundamentalist Muslims. The sexist and misogynistic discourses lead to the character's absolute refutation of the traditional ways of subjugation CITATION Riz08 \l 1033 (Rizzuto, 2008). The narrator of this book chooses to be rebellious against these power dynamics through her choice in music, clothing and enters the practical world with her own ideas and values about the world.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Friedman, S. S. (2013). Wartime Cosmopolitanism: Cosmofeminism in Virginia Woolf's" Three Guineas" and Marjane Satrapi's" Persepolis". Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, 23-52.

Gilmore, L. &. (2010). Girls in crisis: Rescue and transnational feminist autobiographical resistance. Feminist Studies, 667-690.

Gurel, P. (2019). Transnational Feminism, Islam, and the Other Woman: How to Teach. Radical Teacher, 71-74.

Kamble, R. (2019). Marji in Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis: An Un-childlike Child and the Interpretative Fictionalizing by the Child. Alteritas: EFL-U Journal of Literary Inquiry, 107.

Rizzuto, L. (2008). Reversing the Photograph in Persepolis: Metafiction, Marxism, and the Transcience of Tradition.

Analytical Paper

Michael Johnston's democratization theory and Money Laundering

Introduction

Money laundering is transiting money collected from undisclosed sources away from the source territory. Such crimes amount to considerable value and are the cause of brewing new forms of crime throughout the world. Just in Europe, it has been noticed that at the end of the last decade, money laundering estimated to be around US$ 71.5bn ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CnpzwQE2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alldridge, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Alldridge, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1244,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2GKB7P49"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2GKB7P49"],"itemData":{"id":1244,"type":"article-journal","title":"Money laundering and globalization","container-title":"Journal of law and society","page":"437–463","volume":"35","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Alldridge","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alldridge, 2008). Similarly, the amount of money pooled in by other illegal means accounts much more than this. There are financial institutions which work for curbing such crimes but the figures reveal some slight decrease in such percentages. Although not harmful, money laundering sets the basis for other criminal activities and upstream offenses. In such cases, the tax amount is trespassed and some known and reliable channels are used to transmit money from one place to another. Money Laundering and such other crimes related to currency amounts for huge profits which also paves the way for other crimes as well ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DaDki0Ec","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alldridge, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Alldridge, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1244,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2GKB7P49"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2GKB7P49"],"itemData":{"id":1244,"type":"article-journal","title":"Money laundering and globalization","container-title":"Journal of law and society","page":"437–463","volume":"35","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Alldridge","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alldridge, 2008).

Many different methods are used in initiating such illegal practices. Such illegal means vary from one activity to another, but there exist some commonalities in their methods. These commonalities include the use of organized crimes such as looting or other fraudulent means, gambling or the use of cash-intensive means. In this complete process of transferring money from a place to another, gambling houses, fuel stations, the real estate sector or any small kind of business is shown as a legal entity occupied by the offender. In the pretext of such businesses, these people commit such crimes. In some countries, it has also been noticed that some banks and other financial intermediaries are involved in such acts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2KkeJYk1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alldridge, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Alldridge, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1244,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2GKB7P49"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2GKB7P49"],"itemData":{"id":1244,"type":"article-journal","title":"Money laundering and globalization","container-title":"Journal of law and society","page":"437–463","volume":"35","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Alldridge","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alldridge, 2008). As Banks incentivize such activities, therefore every time the anti-money launderers' focus on the banking streams primarily. Michael Johnston’s democratization theory also provides insight into such crimes. In his article titled More than necessary, less than sufficient: Democratization and the control of Corruption, he argues that presumption of accountability and limits on power are central for corruption and crimes related to money ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KE4uUlaS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnston, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Johnston, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1246,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PGIDADJJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PGIDADJJ"],"itemData":{"id":1246,"type":"article-journal","title":"More than necessary, less than sufficient: Democratization and the control of corruption","container-title":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","page":"1237–1258","volume":"80","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"More than necessary, less than sufficient","author":[{"family":"Johnston","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johnston, 2013).

Michael Johnston’s Democratization theory

Johnston’s democratization theory is related in some forms to the democratic ideals of the present world. He has presented a kind of different view about democracy and the control of the authority. In his book, he argues that in a democracy the presumption of accountability and the rule of law are central scenarios in checking corruption. He connects his presumption about the basic tenets of democracy with that of corruption and such other illegal means. He also argues that there are ways democracy strengthens society. According to him the formation of coalitions, the strengthening of civil society, the persistence of freedom, the expansion in the electorate and civil liberties are what democracy is based over ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gEaEteAs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnston, 1999)","plainCitation":"(Johnston, 1999)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1248,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LARXYZSX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LARXYZSX"],"itemData":{"id":1248,"type":"book","title":"Corruption and democratic consolidation","publisher":"Citeseer","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Johnston","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johnston, 1999). But on the other side, he argues that democracy paves the way for some illegal activities also. For example campaign financing, lobbying accuses, market deals and vote buying are some drawbacks of democracy. He believes that such political activities undercut the rights of citizens and also influence the quality of public life.

The debate about democratization theory is just not limited to democracy and rights of citizens or about criminal activities, it also includes the debate about reducing corruption. Johnston argues that reducing corruption in the absence of democratic processes is a difficult task. He presents many arguments in support of his theory ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mHsFiHyL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnston, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Johnston, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1246,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PGIDADJJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PGIDADJJ"],"itemData":{"id":1246,"type":"article-journal","title":"More than necessary, less than sufficient: Democratization and the control of corruption","container-title":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","page":"1237–1258","volume":"80","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"More than necessary, less than sufficient","author":[{"family":"Johnston","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johnston, 2013). For example, he believes that democracy is a transparent system, therefore in such a system, people responsible for misconducts are evident. Opposite to this is strict regimes in which it becomes difficult to hold anyone accountable. The democratization theory of Johnston also argues that democratization is essential for lasting reforms but on the other hand it does not confirm that democratization will control corruption or crimes related to money. For further simplifying his argument Johnston presents the example of India. He argues that despite a history of democracy prevalence, there is corruption and economic mismanagement. He, therefore, sums up the debate about democratization by arguing that democracy may even make some varieties of corruption worse ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fIep2geF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnston, 1999)","plainCitation":"(Johnston, 1999)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1248,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LARXYZSX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LARXYZSX"],"itemData":{"id":1248,"type":"book","title":"Corruption and democratic consolidation","publisher":"Citeseer","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Johnston","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johnston, 1999).

Money Laundering and Democratization theory

Money laundering is not much different from many white collar crimes. In this specific form of activity, it is noticeable that money is transmitted to many systems, as a result, it becomes difficult to trace the exact source of money. Money Laundering is not a new phenomenon, it has existed in its modern form since the last century. As the world has moved toward globalization and things are more sophisticated, therefore the chances of cash leakages have increased. The modern-day criminologist make use of such process and loopholes for transmitting money. This is how money laundering is actually carried on. Although it appears a kind of a harmless crime, its traces have been found attached to drug trafficking and human trafficking. Since drug abuse and human trafficking are categorized as heinous crimes, therefore many financial and humanitarian international organization calls for joint actions against this crime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vVsrYcNt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnston, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Johnston, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1242,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JNTJ83JA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JNTJ83JA"],"itemData":{"id":1242,"type":"book","title":"Corruption, contention and reform: the power of deep democratization","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Corruption, contention and reform","author":[{"family":"Johnston","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johnston, 2014). This is not just the only platform where it helps criminalists but its layered transactions affect many other areas too. A jammed or stacked baking network is also caused by inflowing or withdrawing heavy amounts.

The democratization theory takes this notion from a specific group of people to that of the normal public. Johnston place masses in the helm of affairs by attaching the many forms of crime with that of democracy. As democratization is spreading the norms of democracy throughout the length and breadth of a society, therefore democracy makes a system more divided but linked together by some values. In such a system each representative work individually and without the interference of any other individual (or a system), therefore this increases the chances of criminal activities. Political differences, on the other hand, are the next reason for the smooth occurrence of such activities. For example, since many individuals are included in a democratic process and every individual attempt to trespass others, this is why they pillar their efforts upon such financial activities. As a result, such disorderly and contentious attitude becomes a reason for money laundering and many other financial crimes.

The political system of a country just not breed a single crime (directly or indirectly), rather there are many political activities which pave the way for criminal acts. The self- interested politicians are the notable source of such crimes. As at the present time, money laundering is being carried by the Banks and some other financial institutions, so it is evident that influential personalities can just be a tool for this ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qdxaEzay","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Whitehead, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Whitehead, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1250,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IPQPCEYV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IPQPCEYV"],"itemData":{"id":1250,"type":"book","title":"Democratization: Theory and experience","publisher":"Oxford University Press on Demand","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Democratization","author":[{"family":"Whitehead","given":"Laurence"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Whitehead, 2002). Such self-interested politicians are the tools for laundering and trespassing domestic financial regulations. This formula works in countries with nominal democratic regulations. In the countries where the democratic institutions are strong, the administration is totally kept separate with that from politics. Such division serves in many ways. Other than being efficient, it makes the way for strong legislation against crimes such as money laundering and other white collar crimes. This is referred by Johnston as the disintegration of states and the self-interested politicians.

Politicians are not the only tool incomplete process of money laundering. There are many other actors involved in completing this complete process. The other important sources related to transferring cash from a place to another are financial institutions and open market. Although many countries have abandoned the concept of open markets in many smaller countries they exist till this day. In such countries the role is divided, normally open market acts as the most reliable and transparent source of infusing unknown cash into the mainstream. This is how democratization is linked just not to electable but too many other institutions also.

Johnston democratization theory is based on the pretext that democracy narrows down the way for corruption, white collar crimes, money laundering, and such other malpractices. The critics of him argue that he too narrowly draws the pretext made for the explanation of such crime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5NdA2CKP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Whitehead, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Whitehead, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1250,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IPQPCEYV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IPQPCEYV"],"itemData":{"id":1250,"type":"book","title":"Democratization: Theory and experience","publisher":"Oxford University Press on Demand","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Democratization","author":[{"family":"Whitehead","given":"Laurence"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Whitehead, 2002). They argue that there are proven facts that the democratic institutions have been a tool for money laundering and such other malicious activities (which Johnston himself has also referred to). Therefore, it appears feasible to argue that money laundering is related to more too political processes regardless of whether it is democracy or authoritarianism.

Conclusion

The governance structure inside a country is majorly responsible for the good or bad ruling mechanism. It is evident in many ways that democracy has evolved itself as a kind of more acceptable form of governance. Compared to this authoritarianism is considered good for some and worst for many state institutions. Each system is then judged over its capability of dealing with the societal ills. Money Laundering is one such kind of ill. Michael Johnston's democratization theory is a general explanation of the phenomena that how democracy strengthens or weakens a corrupt system (mainly the financial structure). To sum up this whole debate, one may argue that despite maturing of democracy, there will remain the loopholes which will pave the way for financial malpractices. As like Johnston, many others have argued that a systematic and more general strategy can detach the financial crimes with that from the governance structure.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Alldridge, P. (2008). Money laundering and globalization. Journal of Law and Society, 35(4), 437–463.

Johnston, M. (1999). Corruption and democratic consolidation. Citeseer.

Johnston, M. (2013). More than necessary, less than sufficient: Democratization and the control of corruption. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 80(4), 1237–1258.

Johnston, M. (2014). Corruption, contention, and reform: The power of deep democratization. Cambridge University Press.

Whitehead, L. (2002). Democratization: Theory and experience. Oxford University Press on Demand.

Analytical Paper



Analytical Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Analytical Paper

Introduction

Mass media is a type of communication that is intended to pass on any sort of important information to a large number of people, whether in a specific geographical region or to the whole world (Bala, Strzeszynski, & Topor‐Madry, 2017).

Discussion

As explained earlier that mass media consists of a number of channels through which the news about an event or an occurrence can be conveyed to a large number of audience. These channels include television, radio, newspapers, magazines and most importantly, social media. In the recent times, the controllers at the media centers do not rely on a single mode of communication, and any news or any update is circulated on more than one channel so that it can reach a maximum number of people. One of the most prominent sources of transmission o news and updates, nowadays, is social media. Social media is emerging as the fastest way to convey information across the borders at a global level.

Many examples of such events or occurrences are present, that took place very recently in the United States or all in some other part of the world, and had been highlighted on various channels. Some of these events are happy, while others are not that much pleasing. One of such tragic incident recently took place in Sri Lanka which shook the whole world and immediately became a viral sensation all over the media.

Introduction to the Eventthe details of this tragic incident state that a series of bomb blasts took place at eight different locations in Sri Lanka on 21 April 2019. These locations included three churches and three hotels in the commercial capital Colombo, along with a housing complex in Dematagoda and a guest house in Dehiwala. (Regan, 2015).  The bomb blasts killed a huge number of 258 people, which also included 45 foreign nationals and three police officers. The number of injured individuals exceeded 500. The most tragic thing about these terrorist attacks was that was carried on during the services on an Easter Sunday. All these bomb attacks were proven to be terrorist suicide bombing attacks in nature but the terrorist group or the mastermind behind them was never caught.

Theories to Be Used For Analysis

There are a number of theories in communication and media sciences that can be used to explain the behavior and responsibility of the mass media channels, but the most relatable theories that can be used appropriately in this respect are Group Thinking Theory and Organizational Culture Theory (also known as OCT).

Group Thinking Theory

Groupthink Theory refers to such faulty or defective decisions that contribute to bringing a number of people together and working for the same cause. The cause could be something good and noble or it could be evil in nature, like some sort of criminal activity. In such sort of group decision making processes, the factors of group cohesion and group bonding are considered at the top and they come first in every group (Rose, 2011). These decisions may lead to the formation of a group depending on the nature of decisions.

Organizational Culture Theory

The Organizational Culture Theory or OCT deals with the ways and the procedures and individuals deal with their fellows in a specific setting. As the name of the theory suggests, the setting in the perspective of this theory is an organization or a workplace. It is a well-known fact that the organizational culture is made up of a number of values, norms, and beliefs, which give a unique blend of psychological and social color to every business (Denison, & Mishra, 1995). The values and norms help in the creation and maintenance of a stable and influential environment in the company that helps the employees to work with motivation and give out their best in the interest of the organization.

Meanings Communicated In the Event

There were a number of meanings that could be derived from such a kind of event. As it was a terrorist attack, where suicide bombers took help from the suicide bombs and various other weapons to take the lives of innocent people, it was nothing but a sad and tragic incident. It was an incident where more than 250 people lost their lives to cruel terrorists, so no other message except sadness and grief could be pulled out of the whole scenario.

The tragic incident sent an immediate wave of grief and sadness across the globe and people from all the circles of life were struck with both these feelings. The first and immediate reaction of everyone who heard the news was a state of shock and awe. It was such a piece of news that was enough to put anyone in a state of shock. The reason for this reaction was that it’s a terrorist attack on a very huge level. The incident of bomb blasts at eight different locations in a single day and that also at such an important day of Christmas was not a small thing. The number of casualties and injured people was also a worrying factor, as it had never happened in the recent history that such a huge number of people had died in some incident or accident.

The second meaning of this incident was grief. The whole world was engulfed in a feeling of sadness and grief and cried with the people of Sri Lanka in their pain. The third meaning that was being conveyed to the world was of outrage. After being in a state of shock and passing through various stages of sadness and grief, people started to outrage against this tragic incident. Individuals all over the world condemned the brutal and the senseless attack over the innocent people of Sri Lanka and disturbing the peace and prosperity of not only a single nation but the whole world at an important event of Easter. The meanings conveyed through this tragic incident garnered importance to multiple folds as it was planned and conducted on a very important day of the religious occasion of Easter. The last and the most important message that was conveyed through this terrible and cowardly attack was the message of unity and corporation. It urged not only the whole nation but the whole world to stand united in these times of trial and keep their faiths intact.

Examples of How These Meanings Are Presented

All the above-mentioned messages were conveyed by various channels of mass media in a very effective and efficient way to the general public. Considering the sensitivity of the situation, and the nature of the incident that had taken place, it was the need of the hour for the media to act responsibly and fulfill its duties in a professional manner. In such cases, it is necessary for the media personnel to convey the complete information without adding fuel to fire and by keeping their personal opinion(s) completely out of the whole situation. This exhibition of professional attitude was greatly observed in the case of Sri Lanka blasts here media not only conveyed the information in an accurate manner and controlled the rage within the masses, by giving them lessons of patience and unity.

Insights of the Theories Used For the Analysis of the Event

Both the theories used for the analysis of the currently mentioned event are extremely important and valuable in terms of explanation of the behavior of mass media. These theories help significantly in understanding the role that media channels play during the times of distress and crisis. The Groupthink theory allows the audience to realize that not only happy incidents but a sad and tragic incident can also bring people of a nation or the world closer. The second theory, Organizational Culture Theory helps in understanding the conduct of the people during the times of crisis in a country.

Conclusion

Hence, in a nutshell, it can be concluded that mass media is playing a very crucial role in the dissemination of information to a large number of people. This type of media is not only targeting the populations in the United States of America but people residing all over the world. Through the usage of techniques of mass media, information and updates reach across the globe in seconds and people become completely aware of the details of any event taking place in a faraway place or another corner of the planet.

Considering the example of terrorist bomb attacks in Sri Lanka, on 21st April 2019, the role and importance of mass media can be clarified in a much better manner. Where the tragic incident shook the whole world with grief, anger, and rage, it also put a great responsibility over the controllers of media channels to convey the news of the incident in a mature and responsible manner keeping in mind the sentiments of the general public, at the current moment. The role and importance of mass media can be explained using two important theories of communication: Group Thinking Theory and Organizational Culture Theory. These two theories explain the behavior of the media channels in the various channels according to the nature of the news and type of audience it is going to be delivered to.

References

Bala, M. M., Strzeszynski, L., & Topor‐Madry, R. (2017). Mass media interventions for smoking cessation in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11).

Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness. Organization Science, 6(2), 204-223.

Regan, P. M. (2015). Sixteen million one: understanding civil war. Routledge.

Rose, J. D. (2011). Diverse perspectives on the groupthink theory–a literary review. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 4(1), 37-57.

Analytical Paper IV: Industrial Capitalism & The Environment

Shemia Headen

[Name of Instructor]

Entrepreneur America History

April 12, 2019

Analytical Paper IV: Industrial Capitalism &The Environment

Introduction

Capitalism is an economic and political system that refers to ‘the maximization of goods and services to increased the share of profit in the competitive market'. The system encourages private organizations to achieve impressive productivity through investment in the latest technologies. The capitalist focuses on industrial growth which increases the economic capacities of nations and encourages entrepreneurs to allocate resources reflecting maximum efficiency and growth. The industrial revolution of England in the 18th century and the prominent development of the United States are an evident example of growth achieved through capitalist ideologies CITATION Bau18 \l 1033 (Bauerlein and Gold). Also, the recent economic growth of China through Capitalist terminologies has immensely increased their productivity and exports. However, this industrial revolution that took place as a result of Capitalism has serious consequences for the environment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0589kzP5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Speth)","plainCitation":"(Speth)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":27,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/NUIIP36P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/NUIIP36P"],"itemData":{"id":27,"type":"book","title":"The bridge at the edge of the world: Capitalism, the environment, and crossing from crisis to sustainability","publisher":"Yale University Press","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"The bridge at the edge of the world","author":[{"family":"Speth","given":"James Gustave"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Speth). Nations have achieved industrial growth at the cost of deteriorating natural resources, which has resulted in serious consequences on the environment and climate changes. The paper highlights the importance of capitalism in the economic growth of countries. It also discusses the political impact of capitalism and the free market system, and lastly, it describes the negative impacts of industrial capitalism on natural resources.

Description

Capitalism and Economic Growth

Capatilismenables massive production in order to maintain the economic growth, and balances the consumption patterns of societies. Due to the increasing population, the demand for goods has massively increased during the last decades. Thus, Capitalism's fulfilling the demands of increasing population and has encouraged the countries to adopt the strategies of laissez-faire which entail a free market system. This system enforces the privatization of firms to maximize their production as well as employee maximum personnel which will ultimately reduce the employment. However, the opponents of Capitalism believed that the system has increased consumerism for its existence, and creating a monopoly for bigger industries in the market. Also, capitalism is highly unfair in the fact that it excludes the small industries from the competition and they can not achieve the same growth as the larger firms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"d32KxdEj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Langlois)","plainCitation":"(Langlois)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":29,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/AQ7VUGPT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/AQ7VUGPT"],"itemData":{"id":29,"type":"article-journal","title":"The vanishing hand: the changing dynamics of industrial capitalism","container-title":"Industrial and corporate change","page":"351–385","volume":"12","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"The vanishing hand","author":[{"family":"Langlois","given":"Richard N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Langlois). As Engels describes capitalism as “The middle classes have a truly extraordinary conception of society. They really believe that human beings . . . have real existence only if they make money or help to make it.”  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rKTDikno","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marx et al.)","plainCitation":"(Marx et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":35,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/QYD3A6JL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/QYD3A6JL"],"itemData":{"id":35,"type":"book","title":"Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels","publisher":"Collector's Library","ISBN":"1-905716-73-7","author":[{"family":"Marx","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Griffith","given":"Hugh"},{"family":"Engels","given":"Frederick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marx et al. p.152). The critique is valid in the modern era, that capitalist exploits small workers, as they are not paid enough wages for their work. Companies acquire peasants at very small wages that do not fulfill their daily needs.

Political Impact of Capitalism

Capitalism has impacted both the political and economic spheres, the free market system has developed the economies but it has also formed an uneven system. The critics of Capitalism states that Capitalism encourages uneven arrangement in societies. It boosts the economic potential of some groups while others remain at a very low level. Karl Marx explains the phenomenon Karl Marx as ‘Class Struggle’ between the rich and the poor, where the rich are becoming richer and the poor are becoming poor. There is a struggle between the rich ‘bourgeoise' who possess the capital and control production and the poor ‘proletariat' who provides the labor. The class struggle between the two groups represents the ideology of competing for resources. The proletariat wants to have to say in their lives, they form labor unions and ask for a democratic system, which provides equal opportunities to all the citizens ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IJ1GQLnd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Whitten and Whitten)","plainCitation":"(Whitten and Whitten)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":34,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/3GNTTZ3C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/3GNTTZ3C"],"itemData":{"id":34,"type":"book","title":"The Birth of Big Business in the United States, 1860-1914: Commercial, Extractive, and Industrial Enterprise","publisher":"Greenwood Publishing Group","ISBN":"0-313-32395-X","author":[{"family":"Whitten","given":"David O."},{"family":"Whitten","given":"Bessie Emrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Whitten and Whitten). As Luther Jr suggested that ‘Capitalism does not permit an even flow of economic resources. With this system, a small privileged few are rich beyond conscience, and almost all others are doomed to be poor at some level. That's the way the system works. And since we know that the system will not change the rules, we are going to have to change the system.’ ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"V0CWvfeD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jackson)","plainCitation":"(Jackson)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/9CBCQ9CW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/9CBCQ9CW"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"book","title":"From civil rights to human rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the struggle for economic justice","publisher":"University of Pennsylvania Press","ISBN":"0-8122-0000-4","author":[{"family":"Jackson","given":"Thomas F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jackson p.139).

Impact on the Environment

Considering the limited natural resources, it is important to balance the production and sustainability of natural assets. Higher consumption leads towards greater production, which increases the profits for industries. The production through capitalism is highly uneven as some countries had greater productions and have achieved industrial growth while others lack the resources and technology. These countries such as the United States and China has achieved growth at the expensive of other countries. Both the countries are the top pollutants of the environment by contributing to almost half of world pollution ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oZsDWqJ1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawken et al.)","plainCitation":"(Hawken et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":28,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/L2LJQCJU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/L2LJQCJU"],"itemData":{"id":28,"type":"book","title":"Natural capitalism: The next industrial revolution","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Natural capitalism","author":[{"family":"Hawken","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Lovins","given":"Amory B."},{"family":"Lovins","given":"L. Hunter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawken et al.). The Environmental Protection Act that was formed years later then the Industrial Revolution proposed to limit the carbon emissions. however, the developing countries are of the view that the also should be given the right to freely achieve the industrial growth as incurred by the developed world. As Marx states that ‘…the progress in capitalistic agriculture is a progress in the art, not only of robbing the laborer but of robbing the soil; all progress in increasing the fertility of the soil for a given time is a progress towards ruining the lasting sources of that fertility’ ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5rYHHNEC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marx et al.)","plainCitation":"(Marx et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":35,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/QYD3A6JL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/5651625/items/QYD3A6JL"],"itemData":{"id":35,"type":"book","title":"Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels","publisher":"Collector's Library","ISBN":"1-905716-73-7","author":[{"family":"Marx","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Griffith","given":"Hugh"},{"family":"Engels","given":"Frederick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marx et al. p.234). He suggests that industrialization is not only about production, but also, the resources used for that production, which includes land and labor. The Environment Protection Act asks to end the use of coal by the industries. However, due to the cheap price and easy access to coal, it is forecasted that coal will be largely utilized by developed and developing countries in the future as well CITATION Dav18 \l 1033 (Davenport).

Conclusion

Capitalism has resulted in a massive loss of biodiversity and changes in climate change due to emissions of harmful gases. The fact that the capitalist system is unsustainable for the environment and is dominant in deteriorating natural resources. The very industrialized nations are compromising on natural assets to succeed in the economic struggle. Capitalism's considered as a luxury for the people due to high inequality and social conflict, which will foster social tensions between the groups for computing resources. Thus, countries need to develop democratic structures to cater to increasing inequalities. Economic and political factors play a significant role in the manipulation of the environment through a capitalist system. Thus, to achieve sustainable development, it is essential to focus on the factors of economic production and the extent to which countries are producing. Also, it is very necessary to a built consensus on equal distribution of resources such as labor laws, the utilization of land and mines for production purposes.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hawken, Paul, et al. Natural Capitalism: The next Industrial Revolution. Routledge, 2013.

Jackson, Thomas F. From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.

Langlois, Richard N. “The Vanishing Hand: The Changing Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism.” Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 12, no. 2, 2003, pp. 351–385.

Marx, Karl, et al. Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels. Collector’s Library, 2009.

Speth, James Gustave. The Bridge at the Edge of the World: Capitalism, the Environment, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability. Yale University Press, 2009.

Whitten, David O., and Bessie Emrick Whitten. The Birth of Big Business in the United States, 1860-1914: Commercial, Extractive, and Industrial Enterprise. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006.

Analytical Paper V: Industrial Capitalism & Politics

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Analytical Paper V: Industrial Capitalism & Politics

Industrial capitalism is both an economic and social system in which resources and industry are owned by a few people for the sake of profit. The growth of industrial capitalism was witnessed by America in the early 20th century and late 19th century. Property is owned privately in any capitalistic state and it is shielded by the state's supreme law. As a result of great monopoly, variances in the standards of living, scientific management, and conspicuous consumption, industrial capitalization took a voyage of rising up and up. This paper will discuss what has been the impact of industrial capitalism on politics.

According to the conspicuous consumption theory of Thorstein Veblen, industrial capitalization took a voyage of rising because of the outcome wealth agglomeration to a few people, hence the wealthy advanced more in structure and function as an outcome of having an approach to more services and goods (Dowd). Hence, it aids in arising the difference in the structure of the class (Dowd). Moreover, through the inheritance gentility and wealth, it was further enhanced. Obligatory leisure inheritance came through the inheritance of gentility (Dowd). Hence, people who were born in less wealthy families were outranked by the people who were born in wealthy families. This way, less wealthy people became slaves and people with more wealth became masters. In rising of the industrial capitalism case, to get to a high level from a lower level can take almost centuries (Dowd). This resulted further into an unequal state, It is related to feudalism which brought elevated "primary agglomeration" of investment capital or resources (Dowd).

In history, America's business development was greatly affected by the Civil War. The scope and scale of the conflicts in this period of time pushed the government of America to consider an unusual role economically and forced that there is a necessary in to satisfy requirements for services and goods to achieve long-lasting and productive effects on the businesses of the country (Whitten). Government incentives and legislation encouraged various innovations in finance which further led to more coherent methods of production and advanced the growth in farming output(Whitten). Furthermore, after the war, its impacts also forced industries that existed at that time like railroads, to exponentially grow while assisting to set the foundation for new industries, such as industries of oil (Whitten). According to Whitten, Civil War experience helped people “overcome the hurdles between small-scale and national operations” ( page 17), as well as this experience, was quite instrumental in strengthening the bond between business and government which would be difficult and serious in the rise of big businesses in the time after the war.

Moreover, Whitten also discusses the details regarding forest products that brought visible and eye-widening change in transportation and technology. Fossil products changed the entire concept of industrialization and their discovery opened a gateway of innumerable technological products. A sudden change in technology participated significantly in industrial capitalization. When the Civil War was over, it helped in transforming industries that were dominated by the firms owned by small families into a single categorized by integrated businesses and engaging them in management activities if professional land. Whitten also discusses the struggles of railroads and coal producers as “swept independent mine operators into several large combinations that were themselves eventually forced to combine” (page, 112).

The emergence of the fossil industries came with a lot of pros and cons. Sooner, it was recognized that these industries are a gateway to cause ultimate pollution and global warming. In America, about 75% of the Republican party advocated the regulations of the environment in 2003 (Mayer). To alter that, Frank Luntz was turned by the industry of fossil fuels, a well known political consultant, his memo of "Winning the Global Warming Debate" was leaked (Mayer). In his memo, he described the way conservatives will create doubts regarding climate change through arguing the science, and portraying it as the community of science had yet to come to an agreement regarding climate change's reality (Mayer). The Charles G. Koch Foundation, from 2005 to 2015, gave $230,000 to a climate denier named Wei-Hock Soon. Soon claimed he worked at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. The reality was, Soon did not have any degree in climate science and he only had a part-time and unpaid position. Still, he managed to be a coauthor of a non-peer-reviewed paper that claimed that species of polar bears are not endangered through climate change. After that, Mayer, a climate scientist claimed that change of climate is real and it holds a disaster to many involving the species of polar bears (Mayer).

After experiencing industrial capitalism this world acknowledged a different kind of capitalism that is somehow like financial capitalism. People of America witnessed the entrance to the new age of industrialization which affected the people of America both socially and economically. Furthermore, it specifically affected blacks who were considered as outsiders, they were not accepted in society and there were unable to settle in few places, particularly in the North. Moreover, blacks were not even permitted to own property in a few cases. Industrial capitalism made blacks more sidelined and they got pushed into poverty farther and farther. Industrial Capitalism gathered and condensed resources to consumerism culture and whites that started the new chapter of inequality in America in the 20th century. However, in the times of President Roosevelt, conditions made it necessary for him to make alteration in the policies of pay to bring positive change and improvement in the lives of various poor people who were made poor by the policies of capitalism which delivered the wealth and most of the means of production only into the hands of few.

Work Cited

Dowd, Douglas F. Thorstein Veblen. Vol. 880. Transaction Publishers, 1966.

Whitten, David O., Bessie E. Whitten, and Marcelo Bucheli. "The Birth of Big Business in the United States, 1860-1914." Business History Review 81.3 (2007): 576.

Mayer, Jane. Dark money: The hidden history of the billionaires behind the rise of the radical right. Anchor Books, 2017.

Analytical Paper VI

Shemia Headen

Analytical Essay

22nd April, 2019

Introduction

The financial crisis that began in 2008 is in many ways a landmark event in the global economy. In this regard, let us make an attempt to systemically comprehend the crisis, its causes, nature and hidden mechanisms. The financial crisis that began in 2008 is in many ways a landmark event in the global economy (Guttmann, Robert, 2008). And although a lot of publications have already been devoted to him, the whole idea has not yet been fully formed. In this regard, let us make an attempt to systemically comprehend the crisis, its causes, nature and hidden mechanism. . The President of the Republic expressed himself in very harsh terms, especially in his speech of Toulon in September 2008, to denounce the excesses of capitalism and the excesses of some of its representatives:"

Factors

In this scenario, the crisis affects various aspects of life, ranging from economics to politics, from societal to psychological, and shapes new forms of understanding of the global financial economy (Bresser-Pereira, Luiz Carlos, 2010)

The crisis has involved not only the traditional economic agents, but also the political institutions of all nations. They have been forced to intervene in this unprecedented crisis to support the banking giants (as well as the giants of the industry, in the United States) who succumbed or could succumb under the domino effect and its consequences of the recession World. The crisis can be placed in the category of (global) market failures, even if it also contains elements of public failures, eg , the failure of the regulation of financial markets and their control both locally and internationally.

The media as a "cultural tool", with their way of presenting knowledge and the collective memory of traumatic events with a strong emotional impact Bresser-Pereira, Luiz Carlos, 2010 see also the phenomenon of mass hysteria, Guttmann, Robert, 2010), play a role in the representation of the crisis at national and international level and are important tools for understanding the social and political elaboration of serious events and intensifying thinking about the practices and culture of contemporary capitalism.

In fact, the financial sector and associated markets often dominate the general news media, especially now that Britain is in a recession caused, as many believe, by irresponsible and greedy financial transactions by the big banks.

Explanation

The economic crisis of 2008 clearly demonstrated the main “failure” of globalization as a socio-economic phenomenon of the modern phase of development of capitalist relations - the effectiveness of interaction and integration of national economic systems in the trend of globalization trends manifested, and often idealized by liberal schools, only during progress and extensive growth. At the same time, the negative consequences of globalization, first of all, the imbalance and structural disproportionality caused by it, which were previously estimated as insignificant payment for economic growth, actually turned out to be a time bomb, initiating and spreading economic instability, which, as confirmed by recent statements by leading economies , representatives of the countries of the world periphery (Morgan, Glenn, 2011).

Conclusion

The financial crisis that is shaking the planet is a serious crisis that no one knows yet the outcome. This financial crisis has become a global crisis that is now affecting the real economy, real estate and now all economic sectors and imposing unprecedented interventions on public authorities and finding solutions for the future.

1. Since the end of the XIX century, US capitalism has entered the stage of imperialism. The intensified process of concentration of production and capital continued in the country. Of the various forms of monopolistic associations, trusts that were formed in almost all industries received the most widespread use in the United States. The fierce competition, the ruin of some companies and firms and the absorption of others led to the creation of powerful dynasties of the “kings” of steel, oil, electricity, railway transport.

2. Societies and wealthy households that had been speculating on real estate so far and had reaped lavish profits have pulled out, precipitating the fall in prices. The banks that had placed the credit mortgages in structured products and sold them in bulk (including large European banks eager to return) were at the center of the crisis. Thus, the huge private debt building began to collapse with the bursting of the speculative bubble of the North American real estate sector and was followed by other real estate crises in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Spain, Cyprus, several Central and Eastern European countries and, since 2011-2012, the Netherlands.

3. So, the governments of the countries covered by the current crisis are incrementally carrying out "rescue operations" to get out of it.. Both supporters of state regulation and his opponents in the West and in our country today, more than ever, are unanimous - it is necessary to intervene, and the sooner and bigger the better. The position retreated: the market, they say, will put everything in its place. And indeed, the state, even in the conditions of a normally functioning market economy, has all recognized fundamental functions.

These areas include:

production of “public goods”; their main feature is joint consumption (defense, policing, largely education, construction of public facilities, water supply, garbage collection, etc.);

protection of society from "external effects" of market activity (first of all, protection of nature, air and water environment);

regulation of production in industries where conditions of “natural monopoly” arise (production and distribution of electricity, telecommunications, transport, communications, water supply, etc.);

adjustment of adverse effects of a market economy, giving rise to social inequality, unemployment, poverty;

stabilization of the economy with the help of macroeconomic policy instruments designed to save it from crisis recessions and inflationary price increases

References

Guttmann, Robert. "A primer on finance-led capitalism and its crisis." Revue de la Régulation 3.4 (2008): 1-19.

Bresser-Pereira, Luiz Carlos. "The global financial crisis and a new capitalism?." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 32.4 (2010): 499-534.

Friedman, Jeffrey, and Richard Posner. What caused the financial crisis. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

Morgan, Glenn, et al. "Capitalism in crisis: organizational perspectives." (2011): 147-152.

Analytical Summary Paper 2

Human resource specialist

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Analytical Summary

Important Points of the Article

The article evaluated the appraisal system of the Job observation and Behavior Scale (JOBS) and Opportunity for Self-Determination (OSD) and compared the insights of similar variables with employees with infirmities. The study significantly engrossed on the opinions and insights regarding the quality of work, duties and work-related behavior of the supervisors and the employees with disabilities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a27gges02q7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bennett, Frain, Brady, Rosenberg, & Surinak, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Bennett, Frain, Brady, Rosenberg, & Surinak, 2009)"},"citationItems":[{"id":161,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/C8IPRQZT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/C8IPRQZT"],"itemData":{"id":161,"type":"article-journal","title":"Differences between employees' and supervisors' evaluations of work performance and support needs","container-title":"Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities","page":"471","volume":"44","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Bennett","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Frain","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Brady","given":"Michael P."},{"family":"Rosenberg","given":"Howard"},{"family":"Surinak","given":"Tricia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bennett, Frain, Brady, Rosenberg, & Surinak, 2009). In the study, six different subscales were chosen to compare the alterations of how supervisors evaluated the employees and in what way employees appraised themselves concerning Quality of work. Noteworthy differences were established concerning the quality of performance and the work linked behaviors.

Evidence Supporting Important Points

The diverse scores attained by employees and administrators can be castoff to recognize variations desirable for effective employment to be preserved. Job observation and Behavior Scale (JOBS) and Opportunity for Self-Determination (OSD) has been implemented which is an evidenced-based approach to score workers and supervisors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2e67o6sf0n","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bennett, Frain, Brady, Rosenberg, & Surinak, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Bennett, Frain, Brady, Rosenberg, & Surinak, 2009)"},"citationItems":[{"id":161,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/C8IPRQZT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/C8IPRQZT"],"itemData":{"id":161,"type":"article-journal","title":"Differences between employees' and supervisors' evaluations of work performance and support needs","container-title":"Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities","page":"471","volume":"44","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Bennett","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Frain","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Brady","given":"Michael P."},{"family":"Rosenberg","given":"Howard"},{"family":"Surinak","given":"Tricia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bennett, Frain, Brady, Rosenberg, & Surinak, 2009). Work specialists, for example, could custom these results to generate precise objectives and aims grounded on these valuation results. For example, if a worker stated that his duty was accompanied by a great degree of security, but the administrator stated that it only occurs for a particular time, they both can generate and establish safe job performance. The organization can develop interferences based on the finding to target its objectives. Similarly, the supervisors can implement better interventions supporting the employees to get work done effectively.

Author’s Findings on Problem Based Learning Approaches

The findings presented a significant difference in how supervisors rated the employees. The Type of Support needed by the workers with disabilities was also differently rated. These findings depicted that supervisors have undervalued in rating employees whereas employees may have overrated their strengths in quality-related performance. Workers with disabilities indeed need different types of support while accomplishing their tasks. However, workers with disabilities may have a lack of confidence and minimum self-reliance to perform their tasks effectively. Supervisors should have every aspect of their minds during rating employees with disabilities. Supervisors should only rate the quality of performance delivered by the employees irrespective of their disabilities which is the theme of the problem-based learning approach.

Study’s Underlying Assumptions

The employment evaluations can significantly improve the work-related environment and job-related performance. The transition policies for the workers with disabilities are also significant to improve performance and achieve targets. The study can narrate and show the differences between the performances of the workers with disabilities with those of workers without disabilities. The productivity of the employees will be evaluated by conducting appraisals. The supervisor's and worker's relationship would be strengthened in case studies are performed transparently. The chief idea of appraisals is to evaluate the performance and productivity of the employees. This also suggests whether the employees are suitable for the assigned tasks or not and similarly, where and why transitions are necessary.

Resonating the Idea with Practicing professional

In the human resource department, it is very crucial to implement those policies which can generate effective and efficient outcomes for the organization. And for this particular purpose, performance appraisals are necessary to be conducted. This study has highlighted an important aspect of the workers having disabilities that they can perform duties as well as have the ability to perform tasks successfully. The study has opened a venture that persons with disabilities also need transitions and improvement in the organization based on the support they needed to accomplish their tasks. Further research is required to be conducted in organizations working with individuals with disabilities to strengthen the support they needed as well as to make transitions in organizations.

New Concepts

The new concepts generated by the study were the introduction of the Job observation and Behavior Scale (JOBS) and Opportunity for Self-Determination (OSD) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a4efu2gch8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bennett et al., 2009)","plainCitation":"(Bennett et al., 2009)"},"citationItems":[{"id":161,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/C8IPRQZT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/C8IPRQZT"],"itemData":{"id":161,"type":"article-journal","title":"Differences between employees' and supervisors' evaluations of work performance and support needs","container-title":"Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities","page":"471","volume":"44","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Bennett","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Frain","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Brady","given":"Michael P."},{"family":"Rosenberg","given":"Howard"},{"family":"Surinak","given":"Tricia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bennett et al., 2009). This study has provided an evidence-based approach to evaluate employees and supervisors which was a novel idea in appraisals.

The Research Questions

The study has unlocked the research venture regarding discrepancies that employees with disabilities may also become part of appraisals concerning policy-making and mounting transition in an organization. They can better present how the transitions and new policies should be implemented to get better results for those conversions.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bennett, K., Frain, M., Brady, M. P., Rosenberg, H., & Surinak, T. (2009). Differences between employees’ and supervisors’ evaluations of work performance and support needs. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 44(4), 471.

Analyze Prompt 1

Client’s name

Professor’s title

The title of the course

04 March 2019

BBC HUMAN PLANET video: Every society has a unique design for living

The field of anthropology is basically the study of humans (anthropo means human). Its overriding goal is to learn how people in different cultures understand the world from their particular perspectives. Each culture allows and encourages some beliefs and behaviors, and prohibits and punishes others. Anthropologists spend time in other cultures so they can better comprehend the experiences and perspectives of those who live there. Hence, anthropologists to their very core are people who view the world as a humanist, a cultural relativist, a phenomenologist, and a critical thinker.

As per entailed by the basic theories of anthropology and the BBC HUMAN PLANET video: Every society has a unique design for living, each culture has three basic components of study. The foremost being “material culture” including the physical things that people have, make, and use (buildings, tools, textiles, food, technology, weapons, etc.). The second one being “cultural behaviors” including what people do (customs, rituals, laws, economics, education, dance, music, healing, farming, hunting, etc.). Material and behavioral culture are connotative, but polyvalent and diverse “cultural beliefs” exist inside individuals and thus can‘t be directly observed; their interpretation can only be made from how people talk about and express their beliefs, and this requires interacting with people over time and in depth. I would add #4: “environmental context” because each culture has evolved for group survival in a specific ecological setting i.e. cultural constructionism as shown by the BBC video where individuals adapt and evolve their individual and social identities as they perceive a unique environment.

For these reasons the basic methodology of anthropology is “participant-observation fieldwork”. To understand a culture from the inside, you need to live in it for a substantial period because you’ll need to get far beyond the initial distance and polite treatment generally given to visitors or tourists and indulge in critical thinking instead of mystification. To succeed, you must study the work of other anthropologists who have studied the culture, learn the language of the people, and negotiate arrangements to stay for a considerable period among the sub-group you’ll be studying.

The video in view mainly targets various perspectives in Cultural anthropology i.e. the study of living cultures, usually human, but also those of some other social animals, usually other primates. However, the study basically entails an understanding that a culture is an ever-changing entity, full of contradictions, made up of individuals that only somewhat fit into the paradigm, and their personal choices and life stories. “Culture”, in anthropology, is referred as the mechanisms and behaviors human societies have created in different time periods and places of the planet to interact, appropriate or give meaning to their surrounding and to their everyday reality. A person does not have more or less culture, his or her behavior reflects their society, their education, and the subjective adaptation they have to their context, and that can change. Navigating such an entity is an art, just like the video shows, it actually is a story of human instinct and survival time and again. In fact, the field is very much humanistic in its values since us as humans tend to assign culture to others - not so much to ourselves. We don’t need to stop and think critically about preserving our culture before introducing new technology or idea; we don’t mourn loss of authenticity of our culture after someone has done so. Just like the video titled “A class-divided” shows, our race to protect other peoples’ ‘culture’ somehow became an agent of inequality and it must be abolished. We need to allow them the same perspectives that we use for ourselves. We also need to learn and accept their own perspectives on themselves (and on us). We need to listen to individual persons, not make sweeping statements about ‘culture’. ‘Culture’ is a gross generalization, and that is never good in anthropology.

Even though we still study various local practices, social institutions, means of differing between good and evil, ideas of personhood, local economies, images of the past, ideas for the future, local ontologies, religions in all of their aspects, social structure and authority, family life, personal narrations, management of emotional life, everyday patterns of behavior, moral ideals, personal and social values, expectations of oneself and others, life aspirations; it is essential to reiterate that these variable are only a means to determine our growth from past to the future and deter our individual identities by Cultural Constructionism.

Lastly, to embrace cultural relativism is to understand that aspects of cultures change or are actively maintained relative to subjective, intersecting factors that create cultural realities. For example, colonized people around the world are affected by being colonized in different ways due to their history, class structure, spiritual system, and even geography and access to resources and to embrace such cultural relativism is to not judge others by one’s own cultural contexts. An anthropologist’s job is to document and understand people’s beliefs around the world and through time. Then, we theorize about why people do what they do. Judgment does not serve that endeavor, nor the people being “studied”. For example, some cultures eat foods one might deem disgusting but availability of certain kinds of food, religion, and history all help determine what a taboo is and what is not. Hence, proving that indeed every society has a unique design for living.

Analyze Resilience In Relation To Emergency Management

Analysis of Resilience in Relation to Emergency Management

[Author’s name]

[Institute’s name]

Analysis of Resilience in Relation to Emergency Management

Introduction

           People have to face various forms of calamities at both individual and national levels. The adoption of an appropriate mechanism is necessary to condition to successfully overcome the complex and difficult scenario of any disaster ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"l5EUtzLP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Flanagan et al., 2011)","plainCitation":"(Flanagan et al., 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":456,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/C6DTHIVK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/C6DTHIVK"],"itemData":{"id":456,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of homeland security and emergency management","issue":"1","title":"A social vulnerability index for disaster management","volume":"8","author":[{"family":"Flanagan","given":"Barry E."},{"family":"Gregory","given":"Edward W."},{"family":"Hallisey","given":"Elaine J."},{"family":"Heitgerd","given":"Janet L."},{"family":"Lewis","given":"Brian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Flanagan et al., 2011). It is noteworthy to mention that resilience is recognized as one of the crucial practical aspects referring to the broad approach of emergency management ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CmN8Vbt9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Comfort et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Comfort et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":452,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/7WTBATH6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/7WTBATH6"],"itemData":{"id":452,"type":"book","ISBN":"0-8229-7370-7","publisher":"University of Pittsburgh Pre","title":"Designing resilience: Preparing for extreme events","author":[{"family":"Comfort","given":"Louise K."},{"family":"Boin","given":"Arjen"},{"family":"Demchak","given":"Chris C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Comfort et al., 2010). Today, the application of emergency management can never be imagined without proper delivery of resilience according to the situation of any difficulty. Resilience is a wide-ranging concept that can be defined in the case of various spectrums relevant to homeland security. This paper focuses on critically analyze the approach of resilience in relation to emergency management. 

Discussion

The active influence of resilience can be observed in the case of many different fields such as physics, psychology, sociology, economics, business, etc. It is characterized as an important aspect to apply when it comes to any form of disaster relief. The criteria for emergency management can never be considered complete without focusing on the factor of resilience ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"F7EDjwbk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cutter et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Cutter et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":453,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/FGMYV4ZH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/FGMYV4ZH"],"itemData":{"id":453,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of homeland security and emergency management","issue":"1","title":"Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions","volume":"7","author":[{"family":"Cutter","given":"Susan L."},{"family":"Burton","given":"Christopher G."},{"family":"Emrich","given":"Christopher T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cutter et al., 2010). Today, the institute of homeland security is critically focusing on different domains of resilience to better deals with different challenging threats and potential risks. The practical application of the concept of resilience mainly appeared after the tragic event of 9/11. Various domains of resilience utilized by homeland security to successfully handle the chronic situation after the disastrous terrorist attack.  

The definition of resilience is practically appeared in diverse forms due to plenty of different practical domains. A comprehensive understanding of needs and perspectives is a necessary condition to examine the application of resilience in the broader scenario of emergency management ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"q6EKc4Ak","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Crichton et al., 2009)","plainCitation":"(Crichton et al., 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":451,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/PCBQNVAA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/PCBQNVAA"],"itemData":{"id":451,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management","issue":"1","page":"24-37","title":"Enhancing organizational resilience through emergency planning: learnings from cross‐sectoral lessons","volume":"17","author":[{"family":"Crichton","given":"Margaret T."},{"family":"Ramsay","given":"Cameron G."},{"family":"Kelly","given":"Terence"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Crichton et al., 2009). The variations of defining perspective of resilience made it essential to assess whether resilience should only consider as the broad idea in U.S homeland security or it related to operational policies and programs. A proper understanding of nature and the overall scope of resilience is a mandatory condition to identify its application in case of emergency management. In the spectrum of homeland security, the paradigm of resilience is related to facets of people, communities, organizations experiencing any adverse incident and requires necessary management for returning to functionality ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Wyy6Jcjt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kahan, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Kahan, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":450,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/EIDRVIT4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/EIDRVIT4"],"itemData":{"id":450,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Homeland Security Affairs","issue":"2","page":"1-19","title":"Resilience redux: Buzzword or basis for homeland security","volume":"11","author":[{"family":"Kahan","given":"Jerome H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kahan, 2015). The practical systems of resilience are characterized as flexible and adaptable domains that have the tendency to successfully deals with the concerns of hazards. 

The spectrum of resilience ensures the approach that the system can successfully continue its functioning without any serious disruption. The implications of resilient systems ensure that unexpected circumstances are handled with flexibility by presenting different adaptive actions. The phenomenon of resilience has the capacity to provide specific capabilities under the domain of emergency management that helps to successfully recover from the calamity. Integrated feature of resilience makes it easy to timely measure the intensity of risk and act accordingly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vtgX3KgD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Paton & Johnston, 2001)","plainCitation":"(Paton & Johnston, 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":454,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/T6BCZLUC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/T6BCZLUC"],"itemData":{"id":454,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal","issue":"4","page":"270-277","title":"Disasters and communities: vulnerability, resilience and preparedness","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Paton","given":"Douglas"},{"family":"Johnston","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Paton & Johnston, 2001). The operational prospect of resilience played a significant role in the case of its connection with emergency management. The operational programs under the umbrella of resilience come up with the objective that all the homeland security activities and policies should be aimed with the aim of protecting the country. In the current scenario, resilience is viewed as a strategic principle for successful disaster response and recovery ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vszw9dAj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kendra & Wachtendorf, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Kendra & Wachtendorf, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":455,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/DC8CETQJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/DC8CETQJ"],"itemData":{"id":455,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Disasters","issue":"1","page":"37-53","title":"Elements of resilience after the world trade center disaster: reconstituting New York City's Emergency Operations Centre","volume":"27","author":[{"family":"Kendra","given":"James M."},{"family":"Wachtendorf","given":"Tricia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kendra & Wachtendorf, 2003). The practical application of the resilience system is entirely associated with the inclusion of hard systems such as consideration of required infrastructure and other resources. 

Conclusion

           To conclude the discussion on the important role of resilience in the context of emergency management, it is vital to indicate that consideration of resilience as a national strategic domain is significant. The operational mechanism of resilience is helpful for institutions to successfully recover from the potential hazards of any calamity. A proper preparedness is an essential condition to obtain a desired operational approach of resilience in case of practical ideas of homeland security. 

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Comfort, L. K., Boin, A., & Demchak, C. C. (2010). Designing resilience: Preparing for extreme events. University of Pittsburgh Pre.

Crichton, M. T., Ramsay, C. G., & Kelly, T. (2009). Enhancing organizational resilience through emergency planning: Learnings from cross‐sectoral lessons. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 17(1), 24–37.

Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. (2010). Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 7(1).

Flanagan, B. E., Gregory, E. W., Hallisey, E. J., Heitgerd, J. L., & Lewis, B. (2011). A social vulnerability index for disaster management. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 8(1).

Kahan, J. H. (2015). Resilience redux: Buzzword or basis for homeland security. Homeland Security Affairs, 11(2), 1–19.

Kendra, J. M., & Wachtendorf, T. (2003). Elements of resilience after the world trade center disaster: Reconstituting New York City’s Emergency Operations Centre. Disasters, 27(1), 37–53.

Paton, D., & Johnston, D. (2001). Disasters and communities: Vulnerability, resilience and preparedness. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 10(4), 270–277.

Analyzing Episode Amour Fou The Sopranos

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Analyzing Episode Amour Fou The Sopranos

Critical thinking CITATION McP16 \l 1033 (McPeck) is an analysis specific to every person in the pursuit of objectively evaluating an issue so that a judgment can be put together. One of the essential life skills which are mandatory for a person to adopt in order to survive are thinking critically or to reason. All the nerve fibers and the grey matter of the brain get involved in the process of evaluation and analysis when a person uses reasoning to think critically.

A rational and critical thinker who is fostered by his study and practice:

augments necessary questions, stating them precisely

gathers and estimates relevant information, putting into use ideas of all kinds to interpret it effectively

arrives at well-reasoned conclusions of reasoning and solutions for the problems, scrutinizing them against relevant criteria and standards

thinks broad-mindedly in alternative systems of cognition and comprehension,

communicates efficaciously with all the stakeholders involved in figuring out solutions to complex problems and challenges

Reasoning, or to reason is the peculiar ability to actively and consciously make a rational sense of things, scenarios and ideas. In the process, facts are verified, logic is applied and knowledge is acquired. Reasoning also includes the justification or adaptation of new practices, beliefs and the persistence of institutions. CITATION Har14 \l 1033 (Harman)

There are some elements of reasoning which are rudimentary to the process. These elements are significantly sensitive to the universal phrenic and intellectual standards. The elements of reasoning are discussed in partial and the episode is also analyzed keeping in mind the following factors of reasoning:

All reasoning is based on a specific kind of purpose

Everything in this world or universe is created with a specific purpose or intention. All the activities, which are carried out with a specific purpose in mind, can be achieved with good results. Without a purpose, the efforts can fail or may seem unnecessary. Using one’s common sense or thinking logically, which are synonymous with reasoning in their true sense are also done to achieve some kind of purpose. There is always a specific goal or end purpose in mind when the process of reasoning takes place.

In order to reason credibly, a significant amount of time should be taken to think about the purpose. The purpose should be distinguished and realistic.

If there is a problem in the reasoning process of an individual, the flaws can be traced back to the defective goals or purposes. If the goal is confusing or partially unrealistic, reasoning can be muddled with uncertainty or precariousness. For instance, a causal inference which is a quintessential example of reasoning is drawn which serves the purpose of analyzing the effect on something when the cause is changed.

Reasoning is also done to bargain or deal with the situations in daily-life, which is mandatory for survival. If a student gets a poor grade, he / she can reason with self or with the faculty or even with the parents at home to explain what went wrong and how there is a room for improvement. In this case, reasoning has a distinct purpose for the student: attainment of good grades in near future and getting out of any kind of punishment the student may face.

The episode, ‘Amour Fou’ of the award-winning American TV drama, The Sopranos, CITATION Cre04 \l 1033 (Creeber) opens with just the perfect note of reconciliation and with the portrayal of great symbolism. Staying true to the spirit of post-modernism, where the protagonist of the show is shown as a post-modern gangster, the show is a great source for critical analysis. CITATION Nel06 \l 1033 (Nelson)

The purpose of all the thought process in this episode is to smudge the line between fiction and the real-world truths. The flawed reasoning of the actions of Tony Sopranos and other characters is justified when they are explained from a specific narrative.

All reasoning is an attempt to find a solution to a problem or to figure something out.

There is always a question to be answered or a problem to be solved at the heart of every thought process. Each line of thinking has a closed box to be figured out, which needs logical thinking with sensibility. This has a pre-requisite which needs to be achieved, otherwise the process of reasoning would be flawed. The question, which is to be answered, needs to be formulated properly and accurately. Following points of reference of the question or the problem to be addressed should be kept in mind:

Clarity

The question formulated must be clear and elaboration should be possible.

Precision

The question should have a specific nature and if further details are required, the person posing the question must be able provide the details.

Significance

How much the question is significant and/or central to the core issues? Is the problem at hand the most important one to consider? These are the criteria of significance relating to the question and these must be fulfilled honestly.

Logic

If the question doesn’t make sense or wastes resources of the audience, then it must not be asked or put into action. The reasoning and critical thinking process is a valuable feat of the human mind and the processing time of the mental cognition should not be wasted on questions and problems which don’t make sense. Similarly, if the evidence doesn’t add up to the initial stance, the question must be dismissed.

The question must be expressed in a number of ways to elucidate its scope and importance.

In this episode, the specific question which is put out for reasoning is that in which category of the broad spectrum of human emotions, David’s feelings fall when it comes to the weaker sex. What exactly are his views about women and their emotional needs?

All reasoning is based on assumptions

Assumptions are suppositions or thought premises which are, in most cases, taken to be true without proof. They are given in particular scenarios which have to be accepted. The assumptions can be of the following nature:

1. Clear and unclear

2. Justifiable and unjustifiable

3. Consistent and Contradictory

Just as the case is with the above-mentioned elements of reasoning, here too, if the assumptions are faulty or invalid, it will possibly cause problems in the process of reasoning.

In the currently discussed episode, the basic assumption from which all other derivation and discussion follow, is that there is a striking difference between what Tony thinks he wants or needs and what he actually needs from other people or from life.

All reasoning is done from someone’s specific perspective or point of view

Every person in this world has a specific perspective which is not identical to any other point of view. Every person thinks according to his own prejudices, his biases and inherent thinking. Therefore, reasoning can be tainted by the nature of someone’s point of view. A point of view may be too parochial or it may be extremely broad or flexible which will effect the logical thinking of an individual.

‘Amour Fou’ opens with Carmela, Tony’s wife standing all alone in an art gallery and the camera focuses on her ring. As the episode carries on, the ring on her finger is not present anymore and the storyline gets its stance from her when she openly questions her niche in this marriage. The reasoning is done from one person’s perspective about the ups and downs and the beauty and ugliness of marriage as an institution in the American society.

All reasoning is based on information, data and evidence

This is the pragmatic or verifiable dimension of reasoning. There are always some bits and pieces about the phenomena about which we are critically thinking. If the qualitative or quantitative data associated with the phenomenon is wrong, logical reasoning wouldn’t be possible.

Restriction should be put on the abundant usage of claims. Only those be used which are supported by hard evidence and data.

‘Amour Fou’ literally means ‘crazy love’. This information is fundamental as the relationship of the show’s main characters is explained by the title of this episode which has largely drowned into complacency and is shadowed by physical acts of intimacy.

All reasoning is expressed through concepts and ideas and is also shaped by some ideas

This is the conceptual and conjectural dimension of reasoning. Some of the concepts or ideas which are implicitly or explicitly present in our thought process are as follows:

Theories:

Principles

Axioms and Ideas

This episode describes the idea of the limited time allotted to any person on Earth.

All reasoning contains inferences on which we draw conclusions

There is a distinct process of reasoning and logical thinking where one thing leads to another and a conclusion is drawn. Carrying forward the thought premises to specific logical consequences is a peculiar framework of inference which is vital to rational thinking.

Inferences must be checked periodically to confirm their consistency with each other.

The main inference in this episode is about Jackie Jr., who is notoriously famous for the fact that he cannot stay on a path which is straight and narrow. He always has to indulge in conflicts and this further leads to drawing up conclusions about his personality and his possible interactions with other characters of the show.

All reasoning leads to somewhere, has consequences and implications

Despite stopping or putting an end to our critical thought process or reasoning, there always and surely will be reverberations and sequels to it. With the development of reasoning, statements are also logically entailed simultaneously. For instance, thinking, which has no end goal or serves no purpose has no value. Contrary to this, reasoning has a starting point, an initial base, and commences to somewhere and has both negative and positive implications which an individual has to take into account.

The reasoning involved in this particular episode of ‘The Sopranos’ is of noteworthy importance CITATION Jar02 \l 1033 (Jaramillo) as it sets up a stencil for further exciting episodes and brings two of the three primary story arcs to a close end and all the scenarios and situations regarding most of the characters reach a sort of climax. All the elements of reasoning are greatly involved in this episode and contribute towards plot developments, smoothening grounds for the next seasons of the show. CITATION McC02 \l 1033 (McCabe) One of the universal ideas this episode has revolved around is that, the past experiences and the bygone days related to a person are not erased from his / her memory. Rather they are always there, waiting to arise and swallow the individual wholly at his most vulnerable emotional state.

In the same way, the show plays mind games with its audiences and delivers the message that we human beings, as creatures of desire, don’t always get what we want in the most subtle yet poignant way.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Creeber, Glen. Serial television: Big drama on the small screen. bfi publishing, 2004.

Harman, Gilbert. Change in view: Principles of reasoning. The MIT Press, 2014.

Jaramillo, Deborah L. ""The family racket: AOL Time Warner, HBO, The Sopranos, and the construction of a quality brand"." Journal of Communication Inquiry (2002): 59-72.

McCabe, J., & Akass, K. Beyond the bada bing!: negotiating female narrative authority in" The Sopranos. 2002.

McPeck, John E. "Critical thinking and education." (2016).

Nelson, Robin. ""Quality Television’:‘The Sopranos is the best television drama ever… in my humble opinion…."." Critical Studies in Television (2006): 58-71.

Analyzing The Central The Theme In Homer’s Odyssey

Homecoming in Homer’s Odyssey

Terrica Guy

[Name of the Institution:]

Homecoming in Homer’s Odyssey

The central idea of The Odyssey is centered on the concept of homecoming. The concept of the return of the hero's return to his homeland is often the subject of romanticization with many writers. Homer shows in Odyssey that Odysseus is a changed man when he reaches home. Now, he has not one, but two wives and two places to live. However, the place that he calls home is his birthplace, Ithaca. He prefers it due to his familiarity with the place, as it was the place where he was brought up. However, we can observe that Homer did not make the idea easy enough to understand by the common reader. The idea of homecoming, or "Nostos" as homer calls it, is only possible if the home of the warrior is still the same at his return. Homer emphasizes the fact the charm that makes one’s home attractive is its stability and continuity, not to mention the feeling that home is where all turmoil disappears and one is at peace. Odysseus and his wife, Penelope are reunited because their marriage is rooted in the soil of Ithaca. Odysseus had to go through a stringent test when her wife announces for her hand in marriage, as she did not believe that her husband has returned. Also, he had to bear the opposition of the men that he had to kill in other to convince his wife of his identity. Lastly, we witness Athena saving Odysseus from the angry mob related to the men that he had killed earlier. The appearance of the character of Athena is highly significant in the end. Athena is the Greek Goddess of Wisdom, Courage, and inspiration among many other qualities, and she is cited as a symbol that inspires Odysseus to strive harder for the wellbeing of his homeland.

Analyzing The Impacts Of Poor Maintenance Practices On Aircraft Operations

Analyzing the Impacts of Poor Maintenance Practices on Aircraft Operations

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Analyzing the Impacts of Poor Maintenance Practices on Aircraft Operations

Abstract

The purpose of this project is to examine the main causes of poor maintenance practices on aircraft operations and how human factors associated with aircraft operations. Human factors are considered as one of the biggest threat to the Aviation industry, and the researchers will find out how the numerous technological advancements made within aircraft industry to ensure proper maintenance procedures are being performed and facilitated on current aircraft operations. The poor maintenance practices which are being utilized these days are imposing many problems. Researchers will introduce that what change is required in the technology to improve the poor maintenance practices. Currently, poor maintenance practices are considered one of the leading cause of aircraft accidents. Poor maintenance impacts the aviation industry as a whole. Researchers have the current data on the impacts of poor maintenance practices on aircraft operations and how it is affecting human factors in aviation accidents. There are many variables which have the potential to impact aircraft operations through poor maintenance practices, and this research paper intends on discussing quite a few of them.

Introduction

Since the beginning of the 20th century, it has been observed that most of the incidents and accidents have been caused due to poor maintenance. Poor maintenance has caused many fatalities and injuries during the 20th century. There were about many incidents which were discussed in the report by the national transportation safety board due to poor maintenance of the aircraft operations. The main aspect of poor maintenance was considered as human errors which are responsible for all the incidents happened due to poor maintenance. The errors of humans have been responsible for over half of the entire aviation accidents because they don't perform proper maintenance of the aircraft (Griffin & Young & Stanton, 2015).

There were also many incidents which were because of the system failures which is not considered as a human error, but there has been a massive amount of incidents caused by the maintenance errors in the aviation industry. The aviation industry requires to use quality systems for the maintenance of the aircraft. Researchers have been observing to establish the cost-effective methods which help in aircraft operations to provide effective ways of maintenance to the technicians.

This paper will present the influence of maintenance errors on the aircraft operations. The maintenance policy will be announced in this paper to monitor aircraft operations. Maintenance policy is not only the requirement to reduce incidents, in this paper safety and management policies are also discussed which will help the aviation industry to avoid any causality in the future. The maintenance policy will also discuss the safety of the technicians that they should not be punished for any accident or incident and management should be responsible for any accident or incident.

Background

Over the past years, the strategies for the maintenance of aircraft have been changed due to the history of the aviation accidents which are mostly caused because of poor maintenance of aircraft. The current strategies for the maintenance are helping a lot in decreasing the number of accidents, but technology has brought a lot of changes to the current system of aircraft operations which was increasing the rate of aviation accidents. New technologies in the aviation industry have been increasing rapidly, and it is the requirement of the technologies that technicians must be professional, dedicated and most importantly flexible while performing their aviation tasks.

Aviation accidents are increasing because of the poor maintenance of aircraft. The reasons which were responsible for the incidents were maintenance errors, human errors, engine failures or technical failure. However, the new technology is helping a lot in improving aircraft components and decrease the rate of the accidents. Maintenance errors are one of the major concern for the incidents, but management is also responsible for the incidents because management has to ensure that issues of technicians are being resolved.

The training programs which are managed by organizations are not providing proper knowledge to the technicians. There are no proper measures for the safety of the aircraft set by organizations. The leading cause of aviation errors is poor maintenance which is due to lack of communication, no teamwork, stressful environment, and pressure of deadlines. The higher authority of aviation is responsible for ensuring the safety of the aircraft and providing a strategy which will help in future to avoid any casualty.

Literature Review

The researched resources contain information about the impacts of poor maintenance on aviation operations and causes of aviation incidents due to such failures. Aviation safety is a very important factor to avoid any incident, and it depends on reducing errors in all the aspects of the system. Human error is one of the primary concern for aviation safety which is responsible for many incidents. More attention should be paid towards the inspection and reducing human errors in the aircraft to avoid any severe incident (Latorella & Prabhu, 2000).

Aviation inspection and maintenance tasks are being performed by multiple organizations. The inspection and individual tasks are being performed in a very complex environment where the problems which individuals face are difficult rotating conditions, time pressures, and scattered feedbacks. These problems are the leading causes of human errors in the maintenance of aircraft operations and cause many severe accidents in which many people lost their lives (Latorella & Prabhu, 2000).

The research found out that 20% of all in-flight engine shutdowns are due to poor maintenance practices on aircraft operations. Usually, the maintenance errors occur due to loose objects left in the airplane, inconsistent electrical wiring, wrong installation of the components, Fuel or oil caps and fuel panels are not correctly adjusted, fitting of inaccurate parts, low-quality lubricants, and fairings, access panels and cowlings not fixed properly. All these errors mentioned above are because of humans (SKYbrary, n. d.).

An analysis was made on the maintenance error by United Kingdom Maintenance organizations which found that four categories are involved in the 78% of errors. The categories which involve in these errors were Installation errors (39%), not giving proper attention (16%), and lousy inspection standards (12%) and approved data not followed (11%). Another study found out that installation errors on engines were Borescopes plug not repaired, Engine attachment bolts are inaccurately adjusted, Fire bottle squibs not adjusted, fuel pipes are not reliable, magnetic chip detectors are not fixed, Fuel control units are not fixed and Anti Ice valves locked out (SKYbrary, n. d.).

Maintenance is a very important factor in aviation safety. Poor maintenance on aircraft operations is one of the main reasons for aviation accidents and incidents because a tiny percentage of maintenance and installation tasks are not performed accurately. Some of the examples for the poor maintenance includes were missing parts, the omission of unnecessary checks and installation of parts incorrectly. The mistakes of poor maintenance are very difficult to determine and have the potential to remain quiescent which affects the safety of aircraft operations badly for a very long period of time. While finding out the reasons for poor maintenance, it was also acknowledged that an individual is also responsible for their actions. It must be determined that in most of the cases the maintenance errors are due to bad technicians. It is essential to carefully detect each error and find the reason why an error occurs because it will help aircraft organizations to sort out problems and able to fix the bugs (Hobbs, 2008).

Maintenance errors require an effective countermeasure which includes a systematic approach not only towards low-level issues of work environment and technicians but also to organizational factors which include task scheduling, training, and procedures. Organizations need to take countermeasures which include reduction of the probability of error by improving their equipment’s, training, conditions and most importantly their work environment. It is very difficult for every organization to eliminate all the maintenance errors. However, organizations are required to make their systems more resilient to those poor maintenance errors which are difficult to prevent (Hobbs, 2008).

Human by their nature can make mistakes; therefore a human error will not a big surprise for the cause of the incident. The research found out that 70% to 80% accidents in the civil and military aviation is due to the human error. They also found out that incidents which occurred due to mechanical errors have been decreased from the last 40 years as compared to human errors which are decreasing slowly. Researchers claim that in order to reduce the incidents or accidents, more emphasis needs to be placed on reducing human errors (Wiegmann & Shappell, 2001).

Human errors are considered as one of the main factors which contribute to aircraft accidents. They are main reasons for maintenance problems of aircraft and force a huge financial budget issue on airlines which are main causes of delays and cancellation in flights. Poor maintenance in aviation, maintenance errors or maintenance carelessness are commonly considered as the top three factors of poor maintenance. The research found out that almost 12% of the accidents are because of the poor maintenance of aircraft operations. Failure of aircraft equipment is part of an incident, and one-third of these failures are due to poor maintenance. It was also found out that 50% of engine delays are due to maintenance errors (O’Brien, 2012).

In the United States, poor maintenance has contributed to 42% of fatal airline accidents from 1994 to 2004 excluding the 9/11 terrorist attack. Poor maintenance on aircraft operations is due to failure of the organization processes, decisions, and culture. Aircraft operations are also badly influenced by human factors that present as weaknesses in organizational processes leading to factors which are absence of motivation, time pressures, insufficient skills, Fatigue and stress (O’Brien, 2012).

One of the famous aircraft maintenance failures was of Japan Airlines flight 123 on 12 August 1985. On this day aircraft suffered a maintenance failure 12 minutes into the flight and crashed into two mountains of Mount Takamagahara, Japan after 32 minutes. The aircraft was already involved in an incident which was back in June 1978 at OSAKA international airport. Aircraft was involved in a tail strike in that incident which damaged the aircraft's rear pressure bulkhead. Technicians tried to fix the issue but it was not properly fixed by them, and in the end, it causes the lives of many people due to poor maintenance (O’Brien, 2012). The figure below shows the number of aircraft accidents by years (O’Brien, 2012).

The works and activities on aircraft maintenance can produce such errors which are very difficult to found on the aircraft. The errors which are not visible during aircraft flying are difficult to find and are known as hidden errors. Such errors which are hidden may not cause a bigger problem, but when they combine with another unfavorable event they pose a huge threat to aircraft safety. These type of errors occur due to poor maintenance on aircraft operations. There are many methods and tools which are helping in aircraft maintenance and helping the aircraft technicians to identify the errors in aircraft.

Aircraft maintenance involves the replacement of the components which are not working. It is not easy to perform maintenance of the aircraft as it is a very complex task. A considerable effort is required for the maintenance of the aircraft to make it effective. Planning is also a very important factor in the maintenance of aircraft. It has been noticed out in the literature that about 60% of all repair work during maintenance of aircraft is not planned and not inspected properly. Maintenance which is not planned is not effective and create bad impacts on the aircraft operations. Reliability is very important in the aircraft industry where the safety of the aircraft is a top priority. A proper maintenance strategy is only the option in the maintenance of the aircraft.

Maintenance Perspective

The complexity of maintenance related problems of accident investigations continue to increase because airline operators are moving towards second and third tier outsourcing for their activities of maintenance. Airlines are not taking maintenance as a serious issue they are spending less time in maintenance of their planes, mechanics are also not checking the planes, and the safety of one of the essential transport system of the world is at stake (O’Brien, 2012). However in 2012, there was a significant drop in the fatal accidents, but still, emergency landings due to engine or landing gear maintenance failure are still huge concerns. The airline industry is responsible for fixing these problems, and they need to focus more on the maintenance of the aircraft, otherwise, in future, they can only expect more disasters (O’Brien, 2012).

Maintenance errors do not only create a threat to flight safety but can also force notable financial costs by delays, cancellations, diversions and other problems in the schedule. For example, it was found that cancellation of flight can cause around $140,000 to Boeing 747-400 which is a large aircraft and delay at the gate can cost them around $17000 per hour. From this example, it can be concluded that poor maintenance has a huge impact on aircraft operations and even a small error can involve a significant cost to organizations. Small reductions can have a huge impact on the savings of the company which organizations understand at some point when they are facing financial problems (Hobbs, 2008).

Maintenance technicians work in an environment that is more risky and dangerous as compared to the other jobs in the labor force. They spend more time getting prepared for a task than actually performing that task. Maintenance technicians can require physical strength, but most importantly they require skills and more attention. One of the key activities is to deal with the documentation and maintenance technicians usually spend nearly as much time wielding a pan as they do holding a screwdriver. Mechanical technicians work requires good coordination as well as good communication. However verbal communication will be very difficult for them due to noise levels. Maintenance technicians also have to face a lot of stress in their working environment. Sometimes the impact of errors can be seen immediately and sometimes there is no impact of errors. There is an emotional burden on maintenance technicians whose work has been involved in accidents, and they considered that they had taken their own lives because of their maintenance error.

There are many accidents which are caused due to poor maintenance. One of the accidents in which maintenance was cited as a cause for an accident by the National Transportation Safety Board was in June 1995. In this incident, the right engine exploded as the jet started to accelerate for takeoff. NTSB detected the problem which was a crack in engine fan blade which should have detected four years earlier. NTSB blamed the overseas maintenance facility for this accident. There are many other accidents like these which happened due to poor aircraft operations and also caused many fatalities (FAA, n. d.).

Management Perspective

There is an increasing emphasis on the errors in the management because it is the most important part of the organization safety management system. Proper management for the airline is required to avoid any future incidents or accidents. One of the major concerns that organizations are facing is how they can address the problems which they are facing in maintenance to the management. Maintenance work is less visible to the management team these days despite having large scale knowledge of maintenance issues. Management only focuses on the work of the pilots and air traffic controllers because the pilot works under the security of the recorders by which they mention they work to the management. Similarly, the air traffic controllers are also monitored very carefully, and their errors are visible to both the pilot and the management. However as compared to pilot and air traffic controllers, engineers and technicians who perform maintenance operations were not given attention unless they choose to disclose the problem. It will take years to find out the maintenance error by management team because of not giving proper attention (Hobbs, 2008).

Training of human is also part of the management. First, the goals of the training and the requirements of the specific department training should be identified then the training program must be established to reduce the impacts of human errors. Proper training requires research and but it doesn’t need any assessment because skill levels of individuals were already identified in the industry. The effectiveness of the training will be enhanced by mapping the training content with each topic according to organizational workforce requirements (Operator’s manual human factors in aviation maintenance, n.d.).

Collecting information on daily operations is necessary for the safety of the aircraft operations. It helps in finding the causes for the failures and helps in recovering the loss. (Langer, 2016). Ineffective management can lead to additional errors in the aviation industry. There were 36 unobserved desired states which were not properly managing their aircraft operations. Threats and errors provide valuable information to the organization and help in examining the strategies. In the current aircraft maintenance safety is measured negatively which is based on the number of incidents or accidents. The research found out that maintenance errors are usually because of the organizational problems, so it's better to address these problems than to punish individuals and will help in increasing the safety of the organization. Managers play an important role in the development of the organization, and they can target specific threats which help maintainers recognize the problems and reduce the errors associated with the aircraft operations (Dekker, 2006).

Aircraft maintenance planning and scheduling is also a very complex problem which the aviation industry is facing. There are many components which are involved in the different stages of planning and execution. The current practices problem areas and issues in aircraft maintenance are becoming a huge concern for the organizations. Researchers found in this paper weakness of individuals in management. They conclude key improvements which are required in the planning and scheduling area. Benefits which these improvements will provide in planning include reduction of inventory in spare-parts, less turnaround time and reduction of cost (Samaranayake, 2006).

Every organization requires management which is effective. Similarly, the aviation industry also requires proper management of aircraft maintenance. Most of the processes are not automated and performed by humans in the maintenance of aircraft. An organization needs to manage their staff, technicians, mechanics, and engineers to make their work more effective. For the proper management of the maintenance tasks, work will work in different shifts because aircraft organization requires their technicians 24/7 to ensure the quickest and quality service for the aircraft maintenance.

Managing the availability of the products, components, necessary parts, and raw material is all the duty of management for the maintenance of the aircraft. Many companies these days keep stock of the required items, but for some companies, it is difficult to keep stock because of the financial problems. Another issue which technicians face in maintenance is not the availability of the parts. Management has to provide the parts and ensure that there are no maintenance errors. Managing of tools and equipment's is also not the responsibility of the technicians, management is responsible for the tools and equipment of the company.

Safety Perspective

Safety is becoming a huge concern for airlines. It is the responsibility of the organizations to ensure the safety of the passengers and avoid any serious incident. Organizations should increase aviation maintenance and inspection safety. A system was proposed in the paper which enables an online maintenance assistant platform for technicians to perform maintenance tasks (Liang et al., 2010). The platforms have helped in removing human errors and improve satisfaction with the job. However many computer training programs were introduced in the maintenance industry to avoid incidents. The platform-like online MAP helps a lot to engineers in providing them assistance for maintenance and preventing human errors in the aviation maintenance industry.

The safety of aircraft operations not only depend on human errors, but they also depend on the technical systems, parts, tools, and equipment of the aircraft. However, accidents and incident reports continue to express that maintenance technician sometimes made errors, and the management was unable to sort out these errors and fail to monitor their work effectively. These factors can have very tragic consequences on the organization. Even though everything goes right organization still requires taking safety precautions and performing maintenance on a daily basis. The systems should ensure that every task is accomplished to the highest standard (FAA, n.d.).

Quality systems are necessary for every organization these days in order to improve the processes, products, and services which organizations deliver. The quality system must work independently and perform a daily inspection of the system in order to make sure that all the maintenance is performed correctly. The characteristic of a quality system is to fulfill all the requirements of the airline industry through meeting their requirements and supporting them in all of their aircraft operations. The quality of a quality system must be assured to get the desired outcome (FAA, n.d.).

Despite rapid changes in technology, people are still a concern for aviation safety. Many organizations are investing in the new systems to improve the level of security. From the history of aviation incidents, organizations figured it out that they can't rely on human factors and they need tools and equipment's which can help them in maintenance of aircraft. Many organizations have already moved towards a new system and have implemented new systems which ensure the safety of passengers. Organizations are hiring specialists who can figure out the problems of human errors during the maintenance of the aircraft and built a system for them which eliminate human errors. Implementing new technology will help the organization to reduce the rate of accidents and ensure the safety of the passengers in the aircraft. These tasks may require a lot of effort, but they are essential for every organization these days.

Safety of the aircraft entirely depends on the work of technicians and mechanics. They have to ensure the reliability of their work. Improvements which have been seen from the past years are due to the productive work of technicians. Human factors are considered as the primary cause for the incidents in the aviation industry. Eliminating the human factors from the aircraft is difficult. The purpose of making a safety strategy is to reduce human errors during the maintenance of aircraft which will help in decreasing the number of accidents. Technology can't replace humans completely because systems can fail at any point due to any technical faults while a human can only produce mistakes, but if they are given proper instructions during the maintenance of aircraft, they will not produce any error and ensure the safety of the passengers.

Results

The result of developed technologies for maintenance practices of aircraft operations have brought safety, effectiveness and have also given financial gain to the aviation industry. Many aviation accidents were investigated and able to find that leading causes of the accidents were due to poor maintenance of aircraft operations. The aviation authorities are working on finding the errors which are causing maintenance errors and develop the new quality systems for maintenance of the aircraft considering the factors which are causing maintenance errors. The quality systems which have been developed are based on knowledge of human factors.

The research found out that about 80% of the total aviation accidents were caused due to poor maintenance of the aircraft and human errors while 20% was because of the system errors (Dunham, 2016). There were a lot of incidents which were caused by the mistake of the pilot in the cockpit. Poor technician knowledge is one of the significant factors of poor maintenance. During maintenance of the tasks, many technicians get confused with the failure of the system which don't have any proper instructions or data for the technicians to solve the problem.

Research also found out that management also is having a hugely important role in the maintenance of the aircraft. Managers don't pay attention to the maintenance tasks, and technicians were unable to express the issues to the management is one of the major issues which was seen in the aircraft operations by researchers (Operator’s manual human factors in aviation maintenance, n.d.). Researchers also found out that the quality of the systems is very important for the maintenance tasks as they play a key role in the processes of an organization. It is very important for the organization to ensure the quality of the systems and analyze them on a daily basis. Moreover, it was found from the analysis that management level did have many proper solutions for the poor maintenance of aircraft operations.

Conclusion

Most of the aviation accidents were due to poor maintenance of the aircraft and year by year amount of incidents have been increasing due to maintenance errors. The aviation authority is only focusing on inventing new technologies for pilots, crew members, and people but they are not focusing on poor maintenance practices which are a major cause of the incidents. New technology is the requirement of the aviation industry, but the most important concern for organizations should be resolve maintenance issues.

Many organizations from the aviation industry are using strategies that are helping them in reducing errors. Organizations have introduced training programs for the technicians and mechanics to guide them on maintenance issues. Another major concern for the aviation industry is human error which is responsible for many incidents just like poor maintenance. Organizations are using strategies that have been helping them in understanding the human factors. These strategies are basically about understanding the causes of human errors and finding alterations which can help in the reduction of errors.

New technologies are the requirement of the aviation industry so they must be designed while considering the factors which are causing issues for the aviation industry. They are also responsible for providing the information of each component which will guide technicians during the maintenance of the tasks. Organizations should also modify their current design and tools to reduce human errors. This paper provided information about how organizations can modify their current tools. Similar strategies should be accepted by the higher authorities because these are having a massive impact on the maintenance of the aircraft. Using the strategy and analysis from this paper, organizations can reduce errors in the technical maintenance of the aircraft.

Recommendations

There are many aspects which need to be considered to improve maintenance practices including human errors. Researchers found out the following recommendations for improving the maintenance practices and reducing the impact of poor maintenance on aircraft operations.

Proper Management is essential for the maintenance of the tasks, organizations should emphasize more on the management

Teamwork is a key factor for every organization, and the aviation industry should focus on teamwork because it will help in solving the issues and problems more efficiently.

Organizations should develop training programs for the technicians and emphasize more on the communication skills during the training sessions.

An organization should create an environment which is effective for reducing human errors by considering various factors. Humans usually lost concentration in work and don't have enough stamina to perform maintenance tasks.

Quality systems should be implemented in an organization to analyze maintenance errors.

When designing a strategy, organizations should consider the factors which are responsible for incidents such as human error, system error, mechanical error, and electrical errors.

Organizations should be able to implement the strict policies for the employees in the working environment and not allow them to use any equipment without permission of management.

It is very important for the organizations to reduce the psychological stress and pressure of employees in the working area.

The following aspects should also be considered in future to improve maintenance (O’Brien, 2012):

Organizations should focus on retraining for aircraft technicians

Organizations should develop a more satisfactory mechanism for reporting, investigation of reports and providing legal rights to the people who notify them.

Organizations should more emphasize on human factors training for aircraft operations and their management.

References

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Hobbs, A. (2008). An overview of human factors in aviation maintenance. ATSB Safty Report, Aviation Research and Analysis Report AR, 55, 2008.

O’Brien, J. (2012, May 9). When poor aviation maintenance costs lives. Retrieved from https://www.fiixsoftware.com/blog/poor-maintenance-cost-lives/

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (n.d.). Accidents caused by maintenance. Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/maintenance_hf/library/documents/media/media/accidents_caused.pdf

Liang, G. F., Lin, J. T., Hwang, S. L., Wang, E. M. Y., & Patterson, P. (2010). Preventing human errors in aviation maintenance using an on-line maintenance assistance platform. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 40(3), 356-367.

SKYbrary. (n.d.). Operator’s manual human factors in aviation maintenance. Retrieved from https://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/3274.pdf

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Samaranayake, P. (2006). Current practices and problem areas in aircraft maintenance planning and scheduling: interfaced/integrated system perspective. In INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, Proceedings of the 7th asia-pacific conference in bangkok, UWS, Sidney (pp. 2245-2256).