Week 3 Discussion

According to PMBOK , the nine components of project planning for software project including ;

Project Integration Management: is probably the most incomprehensible and underestimated area of ​​knowledge in project management, but proper management of it is half the success of the project. So let's look in this post what exactly is project integration and why is it needed.

Scope Management: The scope management strategy is a component of the project or program management plan that defines how the scope will be clear, established, observed, measured, and confirmed.(PMBOK,2013, 109)

Time Management: is the duration of the project that proposed to complete the project. Time management includes the distribution of project operation time in sequential stages of its execution; scheduling of the project and its individual works and observing their compliance.

Cost Management: Cost management encompasses all company plans and actions that are directly focused on identifying, analyzing, identifying, avoiding, or reducing costs. It can be differentiated:

short-term cost management to rapidly improve the company's liquidity and cash flow; and

Long-term cost management to achieve continuing profit and to be competitive.

Quality Management: it includes planning, monitoring, controlling and monitoring a quality process and the outcomes of the procedure.

Human Resources Management: Modern HR management is a scheme of concepts and techniques for the effective construction and management of organizations and projects. HR management activities have a targeted impact on the organization’s employees, focused on approaching to the maximum matching of the personnel’s capabilities and goals, strategies, development conditions of the organization.

Communications Management: In project management, communication management is a field of knowledge in which the processes necessary for the timely and proper generation, collection, distribution, transfer, storage, retrieval and use of project information are applied.(PMBOK,2013).

Risk Management: it is the process of managing and operating an organization, implemented by the management and other staff, and applied to all aspects of the organization's operations (units, processes, customer relationships, etc.), from the choice of strategy. The purpose of risk management is to identify and manage potential events affecting the organization and to keep the risks within the limits of the organization's operations and to reduce uncertainty about the achievement of the organization’s objectives. Risk management is a work to ensure the continuity of the company and the well-being of its personnel. Risk management refers to all actions taken within a company to reduce risks and resulting losses. Risk management is the assessment, planning and practical implementation of situations involving each member of staff in his or her own role. Good risk management is proactive, informed, systematic and systematic.

Procurement Management: Project communications management is a management function intended to ensure timely assortment, generation, distribution and storage of necessary project information. Information is understood to mean collected, processed and distributed data.

References

A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2013) (5th ed.) Project Management

Institute, ISBN-13: 9781935589679

Meredith, J. R. and Mantel, S. J. (2014). Project Management: A Managerial Approach (9th ed.),

Wiley, ISBN-13: 9781118947029. Retrieve from

https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781119128380/cfi/6/18!/4/2/14/20/6/2@0:0

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Replies

1- reply to Brandon M Massingale 

Hello Brandon , thankyou again for an informative post. The linear management structure implies a direct impact on the management process by the line manager, who concentrated all the functions of management in one hand. With this structure, each unit (or individual executor) is subordinate and receives instructions from one higher governing body, which ensures the management of subordinate units, independently performs all management functions.

2. reply to Brian Keef

Thankyou Brian for your interesting post. A work breakdown structure supports the division of a project into more predictable sub-elements. This serves to clearly structure the necessary work in the project - right from the beginning. The work breakdown structure (WBS) is one of the most important plans in project management. He is therefore also reverently called the "mother of all plans". But many project managers do not really trust him. I also have to admit that I could not really make friends with him for a long time.

Week 3 Discussion

Week 3 Discussion

Mark Wrublewski

South University

Prof. King

BUS3055

7/6/19  

Part 1

Liability on Negotiable Instruments

The arguably of Porters Cable that its account should be credited with $9,500 does not make any sense. First, Mr. Smith who made the transfer was allowed by the Porters Cable to make payment and therefore, any transaction made on behalf of the company was not illegal. It is, therefore, means that the transfer of $9,500 to Timkin Bearings' accounts. Though it was unethical and illegal for Smith to make such transfer to steal from the company, the bank did not commit anything wrong. Crediting the account of Porters with the transferred amount would not be possible. The bank, therefore, makes sensibly arguable before Smith was transacting business on behalf of Porter Cable.

Though the amount was transferred from Porters Cable without its awareness and for a wrongful reason, the bank (First Bank) would win the argument. Portals Cable permits Smith to draw checks and make a payment on behalf of the company. It means that by the time Smith transfer the amount of 9,500 to Timkin account nobody could know whether the transfer was a fraud or not. The First Bank, therefore, did not commit any offense CITATION Ron15 \l 1033 (Ablan, 2015). First Bank did not bear any liability regarding the transaction and therefore, cannot be forced by Portal Cables to credit its account with the stolen money. It is the drawer which in this case is Mr. Smith should pay Porters Cable the lost amount, not the bank. First Bank had no liability to address since it does not cover for the drawer of the amount as well. Second, the bank was not aware of the intended fraud and believed that the transaction was a normal transaction like other transaction before, which had been handled by Smith. The liability should, therefore, be handled by the rawer who is Smith.

Discussion Question Part II

Acceptance of checks

Metlink Enterprise intends to create a system where employees are liable to, therefore, actions. The acceptance of check would be done by only one staff and therefore, the same employee would be held liable for any mistake made on the check. The acceptance of check involves counterchecking any check issued to the company and approving for payment and therefore, before goods are issued for the check issued, a specific employee must give the green light for the processing of the products to be done CITATION Shi16 \l 1033 (Goel, 2016). The acceptable of the check will, therefore, be done by an accountant and therefore, the accountant would be held responsible for any problem raised from the check received by the company from clients.

Acceptance of payment by electronic means, such as PayPal

Metlink Enterprise also intends to integrate PayPal as part of its payment platform. Metlink will create a PayPal account and link to its bank account so that clients purchasing products online could make a secure payment through PayPal. The company would also be able to make payment to clients through its PayPal payment platform. PayPal integration would be helpful in facilitating efficient transaction since Metlink would be dealing with online sales.

Prevention of forgery

Prevention of forgery is an essential aspect in business and therefore, Metlink Enterprise must take a serious action to prevent any forgery. The company, therefore, will have watermarks on its financial documents to make it difficult for any staff to forge any of its documents. The financial transaction will also be done by specific employees and the documents are kept confidentially from accessible by any unauthorized staff. It would also be important to establish a system where all documents are countercheck at a different level by the staffs before a payment is issued. This will help in limiting any risk related to fraud.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ablan, R. T. (2015). Negotiable Instruments Law. Commercial Law, 2-31.

Goel, S. (2016). The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: Critical Analysis.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314466023_The_Negotiable_Instruments_Act_1881_Critical_Analysis, 2-35.

WEEK 3 DISCUSSION

Week 3 Discussion

Name

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Week 3 Discussion

Computers and information technology infrastructures are playing the role of utilities in business such as electricity. Each and every organization is relying on computing power to solve complex business and real-world problems. With the complexity of calculations involved in problems, the need for computing resources is increasing at an exponential rate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a5if1kl5uk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pooranian, Shojafar, Abawajy, & Abraham, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Pooranian, Shojafar, Abawajy, & Abraham, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1713,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/4KI46PNT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/4KI46PNT"],"itemData":{"id":1713,"type":"article-journal","title":"An efficient meta-heuristic algorithm for grid computing","container-title":"Journal of Combinatorial Optimization","page":"413-434","volume":"30","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Pooranian","given":"Zahra"},{"family":"Shojafar","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Abawajy","given":"Jemal H."},{"family":"Abraham","given":"Ajith"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pooranian, Shojafar, Abawajy, & Abraham, 2015). Although a modern computer is far more powerful than its earlier siblings, there is always a limit to increasing the computing power of a single computer. The solution to the problem is the use of grid computing or networked computing.

In grid computing, a number of computers are joined to form a pool of resources. Each computing client can access the resources as per the requirement of the task underway. The modern form of grid computing also exists in the form of cloud computing. Large scale organizations are not only using the pooled computing resources, but they are also leasing the computing resources to small and medium-sized businesses such as software as a service and desktop as a service ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"acr3tktmde","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Khan, Nazir, Khan, Shamshirband, & Chronopoulos, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Khan, Nazir, Khan, Shamshirband, & Chronopoulos, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1716,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/RFFXR3XV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/RFFXR3XV"],"itemData":{"id":1716,"type":"article-journal","title":"Load balancing in grid computing: Taxonomy, trends and opportunities","container-title":"Journal of Network and Computer Applications","page":"99-111","volume":"88","author":[{"family":"Khan","given":"Sumair"},{"family":"Nazir","given":"Babar"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Iftikhar Ahmed"},{"family":"Shamshirband","given":"Shahaboddin"},{"family":"Chronopoulos","given":"Anthony T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Khan, Nazir, Khan, Shamshirband, & Chronopoulos, 2017). Although the grid of computers provides enormous processing power and storage capabilities, there are tradeoffs as well.

Resources are shared in networked computers so, it is difficult to maintain the privacy of data stored on a machine. Another challenge is to maintain the participating nodes from occupying the entire pool of resources. It is considered to be a challenge because there are no standards made for grid computing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"anv97e92f8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alkhanak, Lee, Rezaei, & Parizi, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Alkhanak, Lee, Rezaei, & Parizi, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1715,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/ZX52Y3QV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/ZX52Y3QV"],"itemData":{"id":1715,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cost optimization approaches for scientific workflow scheduling in cloud and grid computing: A review, classifications, and open issues","container-title":"Journal of Systems and Software","page":"1-26","volume":"113","author":[{"family":"Alkhanak","given":"Ehab Nabiel"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Sai Peck"},{"family":"Rezaei","given":"Reza"},{"family":"Parizi","given":"Reza Meimandi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alkhanak, Lee, Rezaei, & Parizi, 2016). Many organizations are using proprietary software to harness the power of grid computing. The security of grid computing relies on encrypting the data. To crack the encryption code, a large amount of computing power is required that can be achieved by grid computing. In this way, grid computing can be against its own existence. However, many projects are using the enormous computing power of the methods to explore the universe such as the SETI project.

Link of the project: http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Alkhanak, E. N., Lee, S. P., Rezaei, R., & Parizi, R. M. (2016). Cost optimization approaches for scientific workflow scheduling in cloud and grid computing: A review, classifications, and open issues. Journal of Systems and Software, 113, 1–26.

Khan, S., Nazir, B., Khan, I. A., Shamshirband, S., & Chronopoulos, A. T. (2017). Load balancing in grid computing: Taxonomy, trends and opportunities. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 88, 99–111.

Pooranian, Z., Shojafar, M., Abawajy, J. H., & Abraham, A. (2015). An efficient meta-heuristic algorithm for grid computing. Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, 30(3), 413–434.

Week 3 Marketing

Title page

Marketing

3. Marketing myopia is a short-sighted and inward looking technique used by marketers for acting according to the needs of company not the customers. This marketing is focused on short-term goals such as mass production irrespective of having any knowledge of demand. It does not apply equally and thirty years ago because customers were less aware in the past. Today people have access to internet which increased their awareness and knowledge. Today marketing myopia is less likely to be effective compared to thirty years earlier. Companies that display marketing myopia today suffered losses. Such as Nokia irrespective of addressing customer preferences used marketing for fulfilling company’s needs. This caused Nokia to lose its customers and shares to android and IOS. This reflects the marketing myopia does not work in the competitive twenty-first century because customers are looking for the best product. Companies that are adopting customer-centered marketing are enjoying better shares.

6. The key difference between intentional and unintentional learning is concentration and role of will. In intentional learning a person shows a will for learning things while unintentional learning is accidental learning. This indicates that unintentional learning occurs accidently without the will of individual. Example of intentional learning is a student studying a book for passing exam. He is concentrating on the concepts and tries to grasp them. This reflects that a person exhibits control over learning CITATION Bar17 \l 1033 (Babin & Harris, 2017). Example of unintentional learning is when a student looks around the classroom walls that contain some symbols and meanings. Such a symbol is used for representing men and women. This will allow the child to learn the symbols that are use for representing men and women. This is unintentional learning because the learning occurs accidently against the will of the child.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY Babin, B. J., & Harris, E. (2017). CB (with CB Online, 1 term (6 months) Printed Access Card) (New, Engaging Titles from 4LTR Press) 8th Edition . Cengage Learning.

Week 3 Paper

Week 3 Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Week 3 Paper

Abstract

Rivalry and the level of its intensity are very high even in every industry if few are excluded. Same is the case with the smartphone industry where rivalry among existing firms is very strong and intense. Due to that, the smartphone company called Nokia also has intense competition to face in the industry so, it is very important to evaluate such rivalry. So for the purpose, this paper analyzes the Rivalry Strategy tool which is used by the industry players to control the competition/rivalry they face. The main focus of the tool and paper is on a particular company which is NOKIA.

Rivalry Strategy Tool is a technique that covers the evaluation of the number and relative size of competitors, degree of industry product standardization, the growth rate of the industry, unused industry production capacity, perishable high fixed costs of firms and products, and extent of exit barriers.

Rivalry Strategy Tool

Number and Relative Size of Competitors

Based on the case “Nokia and the Smartphone Industry”, the evaluation and analysis of the rivalry in the industry state that the market share of the smartphone industry has been covered by 4 main and top industry players which are Samsung, Huawei, Apple, and Xiaomi. These top control more than 70% of the market share of the smartphone industry (Anh, 2016). Beyond that, the size of these rivals is relatively large while their presence is also comparatively strong than the presence of industry players of other industries.

Degree of Industry Product Standardization

Based on the degree of industry product standardization, the difference among main or all competitors of the smartphone industry on the basis of pricing of same products can be found very less as well as not a huge amount of smartphone products are sold at the discounts especially the luxurious ones while a bit of discounts have been offered by the firms while offering a special package etc. (Bala, & Singh, 2016).

The customers of the smartphone industry and products are very keen which are highly compatible with recognizing the brands and quality of products they plan to buy. Hence, they make their purchase decisions mostly based on their personal evaluation of brands and products offered by companies (Anh, 2016). Despite this, in terms of the degree of switching cost, it can be witnessed that the switching cost for customers is relatively low and customers can switch from one seller to another with no troubles to face.

Industry Growth Rate

As new products and technology advancements in the smartphone industry can be recognized, the growth rate also takes such a strong and fast pace. The growth rate of overall and industry is very high. It (growth rate) of the industry is high due to two main aspects, one is offerings of new and advanced products by companies and second is the huge number of loyal and potential customers who prefer to buy and use smartphones.

Unused Industry Production Capacity

The unused production capacity of firms in the industry is comparatively strong and high. Based on this, it can be stated that more advanced and innovative products can be offered in the future if that unused production capacity has been used efficiently (Bala, & Singh, 2016).

Degree to which Firms have High Fixed Costs or Products have High Storage Costs of are Perishable

The degree to which firms have fixed costs is comparatively higher because they sometimes produce products without looking at demand while preferring to waste their capacity (Anh, 2016). But here, they should drop down such production or do not take such risks.

Degree of Exit Barriers

Going out the industry or leaving the industry (exit) is not much easy while a firm wants to exit would take several risks and losses as firms of smartphone industry have huge investments like innovative technology and advanced machinery etc. so, exit barriers are much high.

Overall Intensity of Rivalry

After the analysis of Industry Rivalry Tool and overall industry, the results have been captured which states that the overall smartphone industry is enough attractive and profitable. It is so because companies have generated values, power, strong presence, barriers to entry, eliminated threats of substitutes (Anh, 2016). While it should not be ignored that the rivalry in the industry is very intense and high.

References

Anh, H. N. (2016). Smartphone Industry: the New Era of Competition and Strategy. Doctoral Thesis.

Bala, M. R., & Singh, D. P. (2016). Nokia: It’s not over yet, A Come back in 2016. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 6(2), 222-234.

Week 3 Paper

Week 3 paper

Tracy D Minor

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Week 3 Paper

The American media usually report on different products such as automobiles, toys and food. Product recalls are getting common and result in product-harm crises. This result in major financial and human costs. Even the larger companies face the challenges of these crises such as Toyota. The company has dealt with a high product recall. The leadership has done major efforts to overcome the consequences and performed recall efforts. Although, leadership try hard to eliminate the negative consequences of product-harm but recently they are more focused to analyze the stock market reactions in case of crises. Many researchers have evaluated the reactions of companies in response to the crises and how it has shaped their future strategies.

Product-Harm Crisis

Product-harm crises refer to a "well-publicized distinct occurrence in the company where the products are found to be dangerous or detective". They possess greater harm to the company's image as well as decrease the interest in that particular product. A product-harm crisis usually results in product recall, where the companies are removed from the market place until the issue gets resolves. This results in a maximum financial loss for the company to make their product worthy, gain the support of customers and regain their lost image and market place. This study highlights the product recall of Toyota Company due to their concerns of pedal and break. Due to this product recall, the company's sales were reduced and the finances got wasted that were made to manufacturing in the product ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"r37a7Wc2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Andrews, Simon, Tian, & Zhao, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Andrews, Simon, Tian, & Zhao, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":152,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/8EJFSPSF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/8EJFSPSF"],"itemData":{"id":152,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Toyota crisis: an economic, operational and strategic analysis of the massive recall","container-title":"Management Research Review","page":"1064-1077","volume":"34","issue":"10","author":[{"family":"Andrews","given":"Anthony P."},{"family":"Simon","given":"John"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Feng"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Jun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Andrews, Simon, Tian, & Zhao, 2011). However, other impacts included severe damage to the company's image and its reputation. The key challenges to the company were thus to restore the image among their customers. Despite Toyota greater market share and customer's trust, the recall caused great damage to the image and maintain their competitiveness. Over 6 million vehicles of the company were recalled for detects, thus requiring Toyota to adopt safety measures and strategies to regain their share in the automobile industry. Also, it required the leaders to avoid the destruction of investments and customers loyalty in their products.

Identification of the Problems

The Toyota recall draws massive media attention that it was necessary for the government to intervene in the issue. The crises have raised many issues related to the company's image and its openness to the public. The issues kept the company's management in the spotlight and they were required to effectively respond to the situation. The issue was further maximized due to the increasing influence of social media, and the company was unable to control the threat. There were two options either to accept the growing involvement of media and handle it effectively or either suffer the negativity when it is out of the proportion. The first challenge thus to the leaders of Toyota was to overcome the recall and manage the social media effectively. It was a necessary step to maintain the image of top-quality automaker globally. Toyota was the top US automobile industry for almost half a century, it provided low-cost automobile manufacturers and was about to get the position of the market leader ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gCygHPXc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Heller & Darling, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Heller & Darling, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":153,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/Y4VZYHIW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/Y4VZYHIW"],"itemData":{"id":153,"type":"article-journal","title":"Anatomy of crisis management: lessons from the infamous Toyota Case","container-title":"European Business Review","page":"151-168","volume":"24","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Heller","given":"Victor L."},{"family":"Darling","given":"John R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Heller & Darling, 2012). It was also identified that the company had to lose the customers trust. A more the company has a high position, they are more prone to losing form these severe recalls.

Successful and Unsuccessful Organizational Changes

The successful changes were that the company responded to the crises and focused the manufacturing of these vehicles. During the recall in 2010, 2.3 million vehicles were initially placed to check its manufacturing. Eight models were suspended due to reports of sticking accelerator pedal, thus the leaders order to suspend the sales of these models. They also planned to maintain a balance of inventory; thus, several factories were closed. However, the company has lost trust in Japanese manufacturing and they endeavoured to create an American image by designing cares in the American heartland. They also provided direct employment to 35000 Americans in the manufacturing process while 115,000 were indirect employment. The company has invested up to $17 billion in the US. They also greatly promoted the strengthening of communities and societal enrichment. Toyotas immediate response to social media by creating a social media team has helped them to manage the tapping of SNS and all sort of news publishing agencies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BWjo7kFX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hsu & Lawrence, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Hsu & Lawrence, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":155,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/3H59BV9I"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/3H59BV9I"],"itemData":{"id":155,"type":"article-journal","title":"The role of social media and brand equity during a product recall crisis: A shareholder value perspective","container-title":"International journal of research in Marketing","page":"59-77","volume":"33","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Hsu","given":"Liwu"},{"family":"Lawrence","given":"Benjamin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hsu & Lawrence, 2016).

The unsuccessful changes were that the leadership didn’t make sufficient remarks considering the crises that increase the curiosity among the public that Toyota is not loyal towards its customers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DOwfPbMA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Piotrowski & Guyette Jr, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Piotrowski & Guyette Jr, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":154,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/U9HYD3GE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZeEdB6mD/items/U9HYD3GE"],"itemData":{"id":154,"type":"article-journal","title":"Toyota Recall Crisis: Public Attitudes on Leadership and","container-title":"Organization Development Journal","page":"2","volume":"28","author":[{"family":"Piotrowski","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Guyette Jr","given":"Roger W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Piotrowski & Guyette Jr, 2010). The public trust has high impacts on the sales of automobiles. Also, due to the increase in computerized methods to control the performance and optimizing of vehicles that can exploit the SNS and other software. Their quality was also not consistent over time and they have much focused on their market position. However, if your vehicles perform as electronic gadgets, there are a lot of software issues related which poses a threat to such companies.

Recommendations

The company needed to perform voluntary recalls in a timely manner to avoid destructive situations as well as could have developed customers' trust. Toyota also needs to provide a defect-free database that can timely report the issue. As people are rapidly moving towards electronic sources, the companies need to pay much attention to the internet and social media in case of customers priorities. The social media should not be only monitored for publishing reports but should also be analyzed in case of customers loyalty. During the crises, the company just increased its Facebook followers but had not observed its own performance on SNS. The company needs to watch its competitors keenly such as the Hyundai otherwise it will cost it the same loses that were done to Sony. Thus, it really requires to focus on its software issues.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Andrews, A. P., Simon, J., Tian, F., & Zhao, J. (2011). The Toyota crisis: an economic, operational and strategic analysis of the massive recall. Management Research Review, 34(10), 1064–1077.

Heller, V. L., & Darling, J. R. (2012). Anatomy of crisis management: lessons from the infamous Toyota Case. European Business Review, 24(2), 151–168.

Hsu, L., & Lawrence, B. (2016). The role of social media and brand equity during a product recall crisis: A shareholder value perspective. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 33(1), 59–77.

Piotrowski, C., & Guyette Jr, R. W. (2010). Toyota Recall Crisis: Public Attitudes on Leadership and. Organization Development Journal, 28, 2.

WEEK 3 Project

Hypothesis Testing

Name

Institution Affiliation

Abstract

Hypothesis testing refers to the scientific technique of analyzing ideas and claims on a parameter of interests using a particular population. Usually, researchers use the information provided to establish the claim. Regarding the calculations, they are used to provide a solid ground for making decisions concerning the general effects of the factor on the sample. The banking industry uses the Return on Equity ratio to determine the financial performance of the entities. This paper uses a 20 banking institutions in calculating ROE prior to and after the introduction of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The outcome of the calculation is used to determine the ROE of the banks. Additionally, null and alternative hypothesis are stated while at the same time, the various levels f conducting hypothesis are selected. Lastly, the paper analyzes the type 1, and two error stating the type tat occurred and reasons behind their occurrence.

Introduction

Hypothesis testing is a crucial aspect of statistics. Normally, it helps in determining the most correct and accurate statement about a sample by analyzing mutually exclusive statements. In the case of the banking sector, it uses the ROE ratio for performance evaluation (Khadafi et al., 2014). Return on Equity is the ratio of the income to the stakeholders' Equity in a given year.

ROE=Annual net income /Average stakeholders Equity

Net income is the net profit after tax. The average of the stakeholders is calculated by adding stakeholders at the start and end of the year, then divide by two. While the former is from the income statement of the entity, the latter can also be attained from the stability sheet (Kijewska, 2017). Several banks are samples in the paper to help calculate ROE. The years considered include 2001, 2002, and 2003. The period coincides with the time Sarbanes-Oxley (sox) act of 2002 was enacted.

The Act is also known as the Public Company Accounting reforms and Investors Protection Act. The improvement was generated to assist in protecting stakeholders from duplicitous financial reporting by firm. It was meant to be a strict reform to prevailing securities guidelines and executed severe new penalties on lawbreakers. It was a response to the financial scandals in the early 2000s involving companies that are traded publicly.

Calculations

ROE was calculated using the formula

ROE=Annual net income average stakeholders Equity

For example, in the case of BAC Florida Bank in the years ended financial earned 31st December 2003, the net income was $ 174,775 while the stakeholder's Equity on 31st December 2002 and 31st December 2003 was $ 2,868,126 and $ 3,042,901 correspondingly.

Using the method; ROE=Annual net income average stakeholders Equity

ROE= 174,775 / {(2,868,126 +3,042,901)/2}

=174,775 /2,955,513 =0.059 =5.9%

ROE is used in comparison of performance of the corporations in an industry to determine their performance. It is the extent of the ability of the management to produce income from the Equity available to it. Usually, a good ROE range is between 15-20%.

Bank (Financial year)

Stakeholder Equity at the start of the financial year.

Stakeholder Equity at the end of the financial year

Net Income($)

ROE (%)

1

BAC Florida (2000/2001)

$ 9,266,100

$ 2,759,678

$ 92,578

92578/ {(9266100+2759678) / 2} = 62578/6012889

= 0.015

= 1.5%

BAC Florida (2002/2003)

$,868 126

$ 3,042 901

$ 174,775

174,775 / {(2,868,126 +3,042,901) / 2} = 174,775 /2,955,513

= 5.9

2

US bank (2000/2001)

$ 15, 168

$ 16 461

$ 1,706.5

1,706.5/ {(16 461 +15, 168)/ 2}

= 1,706.5/15,814.5

= 0.1079

= 10.79

US bank (2002/2003)

$ 19,393

$ 17,273

$ 3,732.6

3,732.6 / {(17,273+19,393)/2}

=3,732.6/18,333

= 0.2036

= 20.36

3

Jp Morgan chase & co. (2000/2001

$ 20,226

$ 22,440

$ 2,638

2,638 / {(22,440+20,226)/2} = 0.1237

= 12.37

Jp Morgan chase & co (2002/2003)

$ 22,440

$ 23,419

$ 3,535

3,535 / {(3,535+323,419)/2} = 0.1541

= 15.41

4

Federal Financing (2002/2003)

$ 44,177,413

$ 40,649,720

$ 357,335

357,335 / {(40,649,720 + 44,177,413)/2}

= 0.0084

= 0.84

Federal Financing (2002/2003)

$ 40,096,800

$ 35,911,233

$ 856,618

856,618 / {(35,911,233 + 40,096,800)/2} = 0.0225

= 2.25

5

Farm Credit Bank of Texas (2001/2002)

$ 326,000

$ 369,000

$ 24,878

24,878 / {(369,000 + 326,000)/2}

= 0.0716

= 7.16

Farm credit Bank (2002/2003)

$ 369,000

$ 478,000

$ 64,824

64,824 / {(478,000 + 369,000)/2}

= 0.1530

= 15.30

6

Citigroup(2000/2001)

$ 66,206

$ 81,247

$ 14,126

14,126 / {(81,247 + 66,206)/2}

= 0.1916

= 19.16

Citigroup (2002/2003)

$ 92,900

$ 104, 100

$ 9,600

9,600 / {(104, 100 + 92,900)/2}

= 0.0970

= 9.70

7

Anguilla National Bank (2000/2001)

64, 728

77, 062

8317

8317 / {(77, 062 + 64, 728)/2}

= 0.1173

= 11.73

Anguilla National Bank (2002/2003)

$ 127,459

$ 144,836

$ 7839

7839 / {(144,836 + 127,459)/2}

= 0.0580

= 5.80

8

ECHMB (2000/2001)

$ 11,556.104

$ 11,556.104

$ 1,143.147

1,143.147 / {(11,556.104 + 11,556.104)/2}

= 0.0989

= 9.89

ECHMB (2002/2003)

$ 33,172.531

$ 38,957.633

$ 1,484.276

1,484.276 / {(38,957.633 + 33,172.531)/2}

= 0.1883

= 18.83

9

Bank of America (2000/2001

$ 47,556

$ 48,455

$ 6792

6792 / {(48,455 + 47,556)/2}

= 0.1414

= 14,14

Bank of America (2002/2003

$ 54,567

$ 67,453

$ 7543

7543 / {(67,453 + 54,567)/2}

= 0.1236

= 12.36

10

Morgan Stanley (2000/200)

$ 19,271

$ 20,108

$ 3,521

3,521 / {(20,108 + 19,271)/2} = 0.1788

= 17.88

Morgan Stanley (2002/2003)

$ 21,885

$ 24,867

$ 3,787

3,787 / {(24,867 + 21,885)/2}

= 0.0622

= 6.2

11

Wells Fargo (2000/2001)

$ 27,214

$ 30,358

$ 5,710

5,710 / {(30,358 + 27,214)/2}

= 0.1866

= 18.66

Wells Fargo (2001/2002)

$ 30,319

$ 34,469

$ 6,202

6,202 / {(34,469 + 30,319)/2}

= 0.1936

= 19.36

12

Goldman Sachs (2000/2001)

$ 16,530

$ 18,231

$ 3,067

3,067 / {(18,231 + 16,530)/2}

= 0.1764

= 17.64

Goldman (2002/2003)

$ 35,557

$ 40,379

$ 3,005

3,005 / {(40,379 + 35,557)/2} = 0.0079

= 7.9

13

Bank of New York Mellon (2000/2001)

$ 3,482

$ 3,395

$ 1,318

1,318 / {(3,395 + 3,482)/2} = 0.0035

= 0.35

Bank of New York Mellon (2002/2003

$ 682

$ 701

$ 588

588 / {(701 + 682)/2}

= 0.0851

= 0.85

14

PNC financial Services (2000/2001)

$ 6,656

$ 5,823

$ 377

377 / {(5,823 + 6656)/2} = 0.0604

= 6.04

PNC financial Services (2002/2003)

$ 6,859

$ 6,645

$ 1,001

1,001 / {(6,645 + 6,859)/2} = 0.1483

= 14.83

15

HSBC holdings (2000/2001)

$ 48,072

$ 48,444

$ 4,911

4,911 / {(48,444 + 48,072)/2}

= 0.1017

= 10.17

HSBC holdings(2002/2003)

$ 55,831

$ 80,251

$ 7,231

7,231 / {(80,251 + 55,831)/2}

= 0.1063

= 10.63

16

TD Bank (2001/2002)

$ 11,505

$ 12,144

$ 1,090

1,090/ {(12,144 + 11,505)/2}

= 0.92

= 9.2

TD Bank (2002/2003)

$ 12,144

$ 11,396

$ 1,480

1,480 / {(11,396 + 12,144)/2}

= 0.1257

= 12.57

17

Sun trust Banks (2000/2001)

$ 7,501.9

$ 8,073.8

$ 1,375.5

1,375.5 / {(8,073.8+7,501.9)/2} = 0.1766

= 17.66

Sun Trust Banks (2002/2003)

$ 8,725.7

$ 9,083.0

$ 1,332.3

1,332.3 / {(9,083.0 + 8,725.7)/2}

= 0.1496

= 14.96

18

American Express (2001/2002)

$ 7,562

$ 9,471

$ 644

644 / {(9471 +7562)/2} = 0.756

= 7.56

American Express (2002/2003)

$ 13,861

$ 15,323

$ 2,987

2,987 / {(15,323+13,861)/2} = 0.2047

= 20.47

19

Citizen financial (2000/2001)

$ 3,035.07

$ 5,730.24

$ 318.527

318.527 / {(5,730.24+3,035.07)/2} = 0.7271

= 7.27

Citizen financial (2002/2003)

$ 6,544.075

$ 8,633.045

$ 1,253.739

1,253.739 / {(8,633.045+6,544.075)/2}

= 0.1652

= 16.52

20

Charles Schwab (2001/2002)

$ 1119

$ 980

$ 429

429 / {(1,119 +980)/2} = 0.4083

= 40.8

Charles Schwab (2002/2003)

$ 980

$ 1,002

$ 408

408 / {(980 +1,002)/2}

= 0.4117

= 41.17

Average ROE of the 20 companies before the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 is calculating by dividing the total ROE by total number of banks.

=(1.5+10.79+12.37+0.84+7.16+19.16+11.73+9.89+14.14+17.88+18.66+17.64+0.35+6.04+10.17+9.2+17.66+7.56+7.27+40.8)/20) = 233.81/20 =11.6905%.

Average ROE after Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 enactment

=(5.9+20.34+15.41+2.25+15.30+9.70+5.80+18.83+12.36+16.2+19.36+7.9+0.85+14.83+10.63+12.57+14.96+20.47+16.52+41.17) =281.35/20 =14.0675%.

The value of the average ROE before the enactment of the Act was lower than after the passage. Regarding the question, the answer is NO. The value after is higher (14.07%) as compared to 11.69% which was obtained before the enactment of the Act. The passage of the Act led to a affirmative effect regarding the performance of the enterprise. The Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 raised the confidence level investors, which eventually led to an increase in ROE of the different entities. The confidence of level may have grown as a result of improved internal audit control systems in the various companies. The reform ensured that entities were accountable for their operations and on use of the money invested by the investors.

Null Hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis

H0: The Enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 did not have effect on the effectiveness of banks and their Return on Equity (ROE).

H1: the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 has effects on the performance of the banks together with their Return on Equity (ROE).

Significant Levels for Hypothesis Test

In statistics, the significance level is critical in determining the correlation and the association between variables. It measures the strength of the evidence that needs to be available in the sample before rejecting the null hypothesis and concluding that there is statistical significance. Usually, the significance level is determined before experimenting. Researchers’ aim of experimenting is to make a conclusion based on the result of the investigation. The outcome may either lead to acceptance of the hypothesis or rejection. The three levels of significance that can be applicable in hypothesis testing include P-value, critical regions, and the confidence levels.

P-value

P-values is the probability of the researcher obtaining in the impacts observed in the sample in cases where the null hypothesis is correct. The values are determined based on the sample data, and under the assumptions, the null hypothesis is correct. Lower p-values represent more considerable evidence against the null hypothesis, while higher values indicate little proof (Nahm, 2015). Typically, p-values identify the hypothesis supported by the sample data. P-values are always equated to the significance level before making decisions. For instance, when the p-value is greater than the level of significance, the null hypothesis should be rejected a conclusion made on there is statistical significance. Decisions are established primarily based on the evidence of the samples. Thus, it is stronger to cause rejection of the null hypothesis at the population level.

Confidence Level

The confidence level is the possibility of the parameters lying within a particular range of values. It is highly associated with the level of significance. The various levels of significance, together with confidence, include the 0.10 level of significance and a 90% confidence level (Greenland et al., 2916). The level of confidence of 0.05 is interrelated to the 95% confidence level. Last, 0,02 level of importance is associated with a 99% level of confidence. Usually, the rule for rejecting the null hypothesis states that when the p-value is low or equal to the significance level, the null hypothesis should be rejected. However, in instances where the p-value is more than the level of significance, the null hypothesis should not be dismissed.

Critical regions

The critical region is a region of values that corresponds to the rejection of the null hypothesis at particular chooses probability levels. Usually, the shaded area represents the t-distribution curve, which is equal to the level of significance. Typically, the critical values are tabulated, thus obtained from the mathematical student tables. The statistical test either uses a one-tailed or two-tailed test (Nahm, 2017). The type and number of tails are determined by the nature of the null and alternative hypothesis. The critical points are determined either by the t or z test. The essential regions are responsible for determining the level of deviation that is needed for a null hypothesis to be rejected. They are also referred to as the level alpha.

Type 1 error

Both the significance level and the p-value are essential in ensuring the control of the type 1 error in a theoretical test. A type one error happens in instances when a null that is observed to be accurate but still the researcher rejects it (Kaur & Stoltzfus, 2017). In this case, the null hypothesis take up that there were no effects of the Sarbanes-Oxley act on the performance of the banks together with the value of ROE. After an evaluation, it is realized that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has a significant effects on the banking sector, thus a considerable deviation. In this case, there is a possibility of the occurrence of the type 1 error. Tre error can cause severe and fatal effects on the investors who would assume that the Sarbanes-Oxley act did change the banking sector.

Type 2 error

This type 2 error takes place in instances when a null hypothesis that is false fails to be rejected. The likelihood of the mistake occurring is dependent on the ability of the tests and their power. In the case of the explanation, there are no chances for the null hypothesis to be false and eventually be rejected. In the case of incidence, some banks in the industry and under similar law experienced a decline in ROE. Nonetheless, type 2 error is not as dangerous as type 1.

Conclusion

During an experiment, the hypothesis is tested to ascertain the truth or falseness of the assumptions. A researcher can choose to use the various test, including t-tests as well as the z-test. The level of confidence, together with significance level, operate and work together to give a decision wither to reject or accept a null hypothesis.

References

Greenland, S., Senn, S. J., Rothman, K. J., Carlin, J. B., Poole, C., Goodman, S. N., & Altman, D. G. (2016). Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations. European journal of epidemiology, 31(4), 337-350.

Kaur, P., & Stoltzfus, J. (2017). Type I, II, and III statistical errors: A brief overview. International Journal of Academic Medicine, 3(2), 268.

Khadafi, M., Heikal, M., & Ummah, A. (2014). Influence analysis of return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), net profit margin (NPM), debt to equity ratio (DER), and current ratio (CR), against corporate profit growth in automotive in Indonesia Stock Exchange. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(12).

Kijewska, A. (2016). Determinants of the return on equity ratio (ROE) on the example of companies from metallurgy and mining sector in Poland. Metalurgija, 55(2), 285-288.

Kim, H. Y. (2015). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Type I and type II errors in statistical decision. Restorative dentistry & endodontics, 40(3), 249-252.

Nahm, F. S. (2017). What the P values really tell us. The Korean journal of pain, 30(4), 241.

WEEK 3 Project

WEEK 3 PROJECT

Mark Wrublewski

South University

MGT3035

Dr Flores

8/22/2019

Culture in project management

Project management involves structuring one's organization and adapting its operating rules according to the projects to be completed . Each completed task must be a step towards the goal to be achieved. Working in project mode means that the organization and its various departments must change the way they work. New methods and tools are adopted, the different phases of the projects are standardized, as are the control points, indicators and monitoring procedures. Steering a project is a real job and becoming a project manager cannot be improvised. Indeed, you must know and master the different methods and the multiple tools available in order to use them skillfully according to the projects for which you will be responsible. You must effectively manage the human, financial, and material resources available to you to achieve your goals in a timely manner.

What is the project culture?

The project culture is, in a way, the manual for successful projects. It allows to define the type of decisions to take, to guide the actions to be carried out, the way to communicate between the different actors and to determine the behavior and the state of mind of the members of the project team. It encompasses values, norms, symbols, and attitudes that will be embraced throughout the organization to drive projects to success .

Project culture is a powerful and decisive element in project management because it helps to catalyze the organization's strategy and helps to develop team spirit. A strong project culture will guide individual behaviors. The same person placed in different companies will act and work differently depending on the culture put in place.

“Equally important, the organizational mentality of admiring heroic rescues of projects in trouble had to be replaced with administration for doing a competent job from the beginning and time after time. The challenge was to survive during the years it would take to evolve in to a professional project management organization”(Meredith and Mantel,2014, p.127).

Researchers noted some current trends in changing the role, content and quality of business communication. According to Meredith and Mantel, “Mechanisms are built to develop to facilitate communication between PM and top management , the functional area and with the client” (Meredith and Mantel,2014, p.119). Firstly, there is a significant increase in the role of communication in modern life both in our country and abroad, both business and interpersonal. Currently, contacts between people have expanded, especially in the field of international relations. “The role of communication has significantly increased in the process of creating and providing various services” (Shor,2008). Secondly, there is a noticeable weakening of the role of direct communication in connection with the development of electronic communication systems and the virtual organization of labor. Thirdly, the socio-economic and political stratification of modern Russian society has a significant impact on the nature of communication.

How to implement a project culture in your company?

Setting up a project culture within your team or your company is both methodological and managerial. One need to encourage people to think in project mode and give them the keys to success. “To build a project culture, your team must be immersed in the project, know its name, objectives, language and purpose. It must adhere to vision” (Shor,2008). In addition, it is essential that employees are familiar with the principles of project management, the methodologies to be followed and the tools to use.

The basics of the project culture are:

The collaboration

Communication

Involvement and responsibility of each

Respect for everyone's work

Achievement of project objectives

Discover the 4 steps to create a project culture within your organization.

1) Join the teams

From the beginning of the project , define clearly and precisely your vision in order to allow the adhesion, the commitment and the loyalty of the teams as well as the various stakeholders. Determine what are the expectations and objectives to be achieved, mention the limits and risks and do not forget to specify the expected benefits of the project for all (company, teams, stakeholders): overcome competition, increase turnover , reduce costs or hardship, etc. Also specify how participation in such a project is beneficial for your employees (development of new skills, acquisition of new experiences, etc.). This is how you put the first stones of the project culture.

2) Define the roles and the mode of piloting

Determine the role and responsibilities of each team member and define the preferred methods for piloting the project. Train your staff in the chosen method, or even in the new roles they will take on.(Chen,2017).

3) Foster communication and collaboration

Project culture involves transparent and honest communication. As a project manager, you have to tell your team what you expect from them. Praise your employees when they succeed and reframe them with kindness when they are not on the right track. By conveying clear and precise instructions, you will have a successful team that effectively meets the expectations and requirements of the project sponsor. Be available to answer all questions about the project, but also about the operation in project mode. Also promote collaboration between members of the organization. To be effective and productive, employees need to work together and help each other. Project management is a discipline of collective success and collaboration is an integral part of the project culture.

4) Use adapted tools

Gantt chart , time sheets, project calendar, project management software, etc. Project culture requires the use of tools adapted to project management. To simplify your life, the project management software includes all the essential tools to effectively manage all types of projects. Training teams to use this software is part of the project culture.

To summarize

As a project manager, one need to create a culture that the whole company will be proud of and the project culture is an essential element for the success of any project.

References

Chen, L. (2017). Intercultural Communication. Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved from

https://search-ebscohos com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1504955&site=eds-live

Meredith, J. R. and Mantel, S. J. (2014). Project Management: A Managerial Approach (9th ed.),

Wiley, ISBN-13: 9781118947029. Retrieve from

https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781119128380/cfi/6/18!/4/2/14/20/6/2@0:0

A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2013) (5th ed.) Project Management

Institute, retrieve from

https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781935589815?context_token=151d7140-98a3-0137-de54-7a724bb49bb4

Shore, B. (2008). Systematic biases and culture in project failures. Project Management Journal,

39(4), 5-16. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=158342&site=eds-live

Week 3: Environmental Influences

Week 3: Environmental Influences

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Week 3: Environmental Influences

Harley-Davidson Case

Harley-Davidson is a motor company founded by W Harley and A Davidson in the year 1903. The company main function is the production of motorcycles in the region. As the main product of the company is motorcycles, the company had become the largest motorcycle manufacturer with a production of 28,000 motorcycles each year with having dealers in more than 67 countries around the world.

In 2008, the international sales of Harley-Davidson dropped by 13%, and revenues dropped by 30% while the stock price has fallen by70%. This happened due to the bad hit of the Great Recession. The company had not faced any decrease in sales and revenues before this happening. In 2012, the brand was 96th most valuable international brand of Harley-Davidson with 4 billion dollars value which was engaged in sales of different products (not only motorcycles). With the time, company’s loyal customers’ base helped the company in boosting sales up to 5.9 B but the total sales of the company are still lower than the sales before and in 2008 (Harley-Davidson Inc, 2019). Harley-Davidson was expected to be stable from 2013 to 2050, but the company struggled for decades due to the hit of the Great Recession in 2008 while the reputation of bikes also got blamed afterward.

Which Parts of a SWOT Analysis Could Provide the Greatest Value from a Strategic Planning Perspective

Opportunities part of SWOT Analysis usually provides the hugest and greatest value for/from a strategic planning perspective. Opportunities do so because potential opportunities are the things (goals) that every organization or company wants to accomplish. Hence, opportunities assist that how the company or business should do their strategic planning for such accomplishment. Beyond that, each opportunity in this part of SWOT Analysis provides value, based on its potential benefits to the company if company captures it.

Example

The specific example from the case of Harley-Davidson is as follows.

Harley increases its potential opportunities for growth through licensing the brand to merchandisers as well as they can grow by expanding to other products rather than only focusing on motorcycles. So these opportunities in the SWOT Analysis provide greater value to strategic planning (Harley-Davidson Inc, 2019). This means that the company would do strategic planning as they want to accomplish these opportunities.

How SWOT Data could be used To Increase this Organization’s Competitive Advantage

SWOT Analysis logically looks at the external and internal factors that have an impact on the business or company in terms of improving its performance or inversely impacting the organization. Here, internal factors Strengths and Weaknesses while the external factor is the Opportunities and Threats that let the business know what is happening in and outside so that the business take necessary actions. The actions are taken to decrease the inverse impact and take advantage of potential benefits. Hence, below are the ways which show how the data of SWOT can be used to increase the competitive edge.

Data of SWOT can be used to capture the potential opportunity that makes the organization a leading one over the rivals.

It assists in responding to every new and upcoming trend before someone else.

SWOT data help to know external advancements and implement technology accordingly to be on top.

It lets the organization know how competitors deal with changes as well as how you should deal in a better way (Lawler, 2017).

How the SWOT Data Could Be Used To Increase Innovation within This Organization

SWOT data can be utilized in several ways to enhance the level of innovation and creativity within the organization under discussion (Harley-Davidson). Below are the methods/means that how SWOT data can be used to increase innovation in Harley-Davidson company.

External factors in SWOT helps Harley-Davidson to identify the approaches that major competitors use for bringing innovation in their organizations and operations.

The data assist the organization (Harley-Davidson) to identify technological and human resource advancements in the market and industry and implement accordingly (Lawler, 2017).

Internal factors in SWOT can be used to analyze the existing innovation and creativity and related strategies within the organization and explore winning ideas for improving it.

References

Harley-Davidson Inc. (2019). Harley Davidson Case 2008 | Motorcycle. Scribd. Retrieved 13 September 2019, from https://www.scribd.com/doc/149108841/C-A-S-E-19-Harley-Davidson-Inc-2008

Lawler, E. E. (2017). Built to change: How to achieve sustained organizational effectiveness. Strategic Direction, 23(4).

Week 4

Title page

Tracy D Minor

Walden University

French and Raven’s Theory

The power of French and Raven bases include coercive that states that a leader can punish others in case of non-compliance. Coercive leaders are more inclined to use force on others for attaining organizational goals. The common type of punishments that leaders can use include penalties, fines, threats and negative reward schedules. This power is used by the leaders with the aim of influencing people and using them for the best interest of the company. This is commonly adopted by the strict leaders who aims at attaining a common goal. Punishing suggests to adopt strict behavior or treatment against the employees who have failed or neglected to perform their duty. The power suggests that different coercive tools are used by the leaders for limiting the power of the employees. This is effective for controlling the behavior of the people by threatening that they will be fired, denied of privileges or demotivated (Ashby & Miles, 2002). Coercive power states that only a person with superior power or position can use this for managing people in an institute or organization. There are also some negative impacts of this power because too much coercion will cause people to leave.

The second power base explained by French and Raven is ‘Expert’ that claims that a leader require high levels of skills and knowledge. This power states that when an individual has knowledge and skills he can use them for solving a problem. Skills are needed for understanding the situation of offer suggestions. A solid judgment is also the outcome of individual skills and knowledge that allow leader to handle complex situations in appropriate manner. The power of ‘Expert’ also states that it allows an individual to outperform others on the basis of their unique skill sets and capabilities. This also requires an individual to have some ideals and values for performing the role of leadership effectively. The common skills required by a leader for proving expert power base include confidence, decisiveness and rational thinking. A leader who is expert must be able to make efficient decisions by considering alternatives and choosing the right option. Confidence is a common attribute that gives more power to the leader and adds to their power (Gandz, 2005). The skill of rational thinking is also needed for proving the expert power base. It adds to the capability of taking right decisions at right time.

I might use the knowledge of French and Raven’s theory for resolving problems presented in the case study. I can use the basic concepts of leadership for addressing the problems at workplace. Personal power is critical for working in a group because it adds to the power of influencing others. I think different leadership attributes can be used in different situations for attaining best results. Such as the concept of coercive leadership is effective for controlling employees who are neglecting their duties and undermining organizational performance (Gandz, 2005). Punishment will convince them to perform their duties with dedication and avoid non-productive behaviors. Penalties can be used for discouraging negative behaviors at workplace. I think that expert leadership can be used for identifying skills and competencies that helps in building a positive and strong work environment. Similarly the skill of rational thinking allow leaders to think about different options and find the most appropriate solution. Similarly confidence can allow leader to take a bold decision that adds to the best interest of the organization. The knowledge also suggests that managers must be able to choose the right leadership qualities for taking right actions.

References

Ashby, M. D., & Miles, S. A. (2002). Leaders talk leadership: Top executives speak their minds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gandz, J. (2005). “The Leadership Role.” Ivey Business Journal, 66(1).

Week 4

Personal learning network (PLN)

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Personal Learning Network

The personal learning network is regarded as a group of people or colleague, professionals and mentors that an individual connect with so that he or she can enhance learning and also take charge of their professional development. It is a worldwide online community, which allows members to tap into a broad wealth of knowledge and help members to focus on the most essential learning. PLN is very valuable since new ideas and information are changing the world a bit faster. Building a credible and a good PLN requires a good credential and social media. And therefore, in building a better PLN, social media page such as twitter, LinkedIn would be ideal sites for meeting new people and creating connection. I would first open twitter and LinkedIn account and start following mentors and educator of my interest.

The twitter and LinkedIn accounts are essential tool for creating PLN because of the huge professional followers, which exist in twitter and LinkedIn and therefore, creating the two social media accounts would definitely give me an opportunity to meet new people across different professions and also from the same profession CITATION Edo11 \l 1033 (Edosomwan, Prakasan, Kouame, & Watson, 2011). Twitter has millions of users and several professional groups which can offer the best learning platform. For instance, there are corporate, mentorship, institution and inspirational leaders, which various platforms, which can offer the best learning materials in any field. LinkedIn is also an important tool because of the connections, which it offers. Through LinkedIn I would be able to subscribe to various institutions including mentor groups and learning institutions. Study has also established that there are several groups in social media such as twitter and LinkedIn, which offers trainings on various field of studies and especially on management and therefore LinkedIn and twitter would be the best tool.

In order to build a viable Personal Learning Network (PLN) it would be better to connect with human resource and management personalities. The personalities’ twitters and LinkedIn accounts, which would be useful for PLN, are Chris Mobbs, Chris Mobbs is a director Innovation for Growth, specialising in business research, innovation, and business plan. He provides advisers regarding how to develop a good business plan and innovation skills. Besides he offers training on strategic management and marketing research and therefore, following him on twitter and LinkedIn would provide the best opportunity to learn more from him. Since I have interest in innovation and business, it would be a great opportunity to learn from him. Besides Chris Mobbs has over seven hundred thousand followers, which create more opportunity to learn more from his network. I believe Chris Mobbs would be one of the greatest business oriented personality which I would include in my PLN.

I would also follow Prof. David Costa both twitter and LinkedIn accounts. Prof. David Costa is a renowned educationist. He provide online notes and trainings in the field of management, accounting and therefore, being part of his network would be a learning platform in several areas which are essential for career building CITATION Man13 \l 1033 (Manrai & Manrai, 2013). Career building could be achieved through constant learning and therefore, his social media network, I would be able develop more skills in management and especially in strategic marketing which is always his major focus.

However, these group of personalities could be found on the social and therefore, the first step would be to open twitter and LinkedIn account. Once the accounts have been opened, I would invite and follow the personality of my choice. The invite is sent and an individual has to accept the invitation both on twitter and LinkedIn. It is also important to note that the individuals would be invited based on personal interest, profession and career goals. It ensures that the right, correct and learning information is obtained from the individuals on the social media. It is also important to build engagement with people within the network. This would be obtained by positing various notes and articles on the group and my timeline as well. According to Crowley (2018), it helps in building a strong connection with people within the network and therefore, facilitates sharing of notes and other learning materials, which is crucial for personal learning network. Without sharing, it would be difficult for people within the group to understand what some likes and the topics of reading and therefore, it is important to share with group. I will therefore, post at least a note daily and an article weekly to build a strong network.

After creating LinkedIn and twitter accounts, it would be important to keep it active and engage with other people. Therefore, I intend to invite friends and other people whom I admire to be part of my personal learning network. Creating a network with several followers is a good strategy, which could be utilized to enhance learning. Having several people within the network would also be essential in improving the status of PLN and therefore, it would easy attract other admires which can be a great source of learning. In brief, the process of creating a viable PLN starts from creating an account with clear details and then inviting other people. It is followed by joining group which has similar interest and following personalities who I believe is of great importance and I can learn from their platform. I will also like various pages of personalities in the business community, which provide learning materials, mentors and motivation notes.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Crowley, B. (2018). Steps for Building a Professional Learning Network. Social media

connection Journal , 2-15.

Edosomwan, S. O., Prakasan, S., Kouame, D., & Watson, J. (2011). The history of social media

and its impact on business. The Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, , 16 (3), 2-34.

Manrai, L., & Manrai, A. K. (2013). Social Media: Past, Present and Future.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259528201_Social_Media_Past_Present_and_Future , 2-15.

Week 4

Student’s Name

Professor Name

Course Code

Date

Network diagram

Client

Consultant

A

B

C

D

Alfred

100

125

115

100

Barbara

110

135

115

110

Charlie

155

140

140

130

1) Develop a network representation of the problem. You may reference the Network Diagram Template.

A

180 HRS

Charlie

140 HOURS

Barbara

160 HOURS

Alfred

160 HOURS

100

B

75 HRS

125

D

85 HRS

115

110 100135

C

100 HRS

110115

155140

140

130

2. Formulate the problem as a linear program; with the optimal solution providing the hours each consultant should be scheduled for each client to maximize the consulting firm’s billings. What is the schedule and what is the total billing.

Linear Program

Max. 100*HAA+ 125*HAB + 115*HAC+ 100*HAD+ 120*HBA+ 135*HBB+ 115*HBC+ 120*HBD+ 155* HCA+ 150*HCB+ 140*HCC+ 130*HCD

Constraints;

HAA+ HAB+ HAC+ HAD≤ 160 HBA+ HBB+ HBC+ HBD≤ 160 HCA+ HCB+ HCC+ HCD≤ 140 HAA+ HBA+ HCA≤ 180 HAB+HBB+ HCB≤75HAC+ HBC+ HCC≤ 100 HAD+ HBD+ HCD≤ 85; HAA≥ 0; HAB≥ 0; HAC≥ 0; HAD≥ 0; HBA≥ 0; HBB≥ 0; HBC≥ 0; HBD≥ 0; HCA≥ 0; HCB≥ 0; HCC≥ 0; HCD≥ 0;

LINGO CODE:

MAX= (100 *HAA) + (125 *HAB) + (115 *HAC) + (100 *HAD) + (120 *HBA) + (135 *HBB) + (115 *HBC) + (120 *HBD) + (155* HCA) + (150 *HCB) + (140 *HCC) + (130 *HCD);HAA +HAB+ HAC + HAD <= + 160; HBA + HBB + HBC + HBD <= 160; HCA + HCB + HCC + HCD <= 140; HAA + HBA + HCA <= 180; HAB HBB + HCB <=75;HAC + HBC + HCC <= 100; HAD + HBD + HCD <= 85; HAA >=0; HAB >=0; HAC >=0; HAD >=0; HBA >=0; HBB >=0; HBC >=0; HBD >=0; HCA >=0; HCB >=0; HCC >=0; HCD >=0 CITATION And17 \p 1` \l 1033 (Anderson, Sweeney and Williams 1`);

Schedule

Client

Consultant

A

B

C

D

Alfred

-

40

100

-

Barbara

40

35

-

85

Charlie

140

-

-

-

Billing

Client

Consultant

A

B

C

D

Alfred

-

200

500

-

Barbara

250

350

-

450

Charlie

450

-

-

-

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, David R., et al. An Introduction to Management Science: Quantitative Approaches to Decision ... New York: Cengage learning, 2017.

Week 4

The given results reveal that almost all of the employees agree to importance of communication with the supervisor to enhance and develop job skills, organizational understanding, engagement and collaboration is an important aspect. 100% of the employees responded to have necessary job skills and appropriate attitude for their job position. However, this can be a biased opinion from the employees as well. Overall, the responses of the survey reveal that the importance of communication with supervisor, and their coordination is of great significance to develop a positive employee attitude. Similarly, mora than 90% of the employees ensured the importance of job satisfaction for the employees to promote job learning and efficiency.

Worker Engagement is an idea that has advanced throughout the years from Human Resource Management including the totality of a business' capacity to have persistently a representative's reliability, critical and significant commitment to the association's objectives and targets, inspiration to put at the transfer of the organization his key abilities and information and in particular faithfulness to the association.

An engaged worker is an individual who is excited about their work and feels constrained to endeavor towards a challenging objective. Improving representative engagement legitimately impacts quantifiable business results. An engaged worker is 'focused on the achievement of the association, candidly connected and socially included with the association'.

While the expression "Worker engagement" is a moderately new idea in Human Resource Management, many associations universally have rushed to assimilate this as a key component in their management of representatives as it appears "one of the greatest business development openings today is centered around work engagement.

Associations need to build up an adequately remunerate procedure that will pull in reasonable representative as could be expected under the circumstances, to hold the agreeable ones among the workers, and as a reward for the exertion, time, expertise, steadfastness and higher engagement. To guarantee high worker engagement in an association isn't a component of consolidating the best task instruments yet part of human resource management which is worried about staffing, rousing and fulfilling the need of individuals at work.

Most associations put more accentuations on the money related part of remuneration management as the significant propelling variable that expansion representative engagement, duty and steadfastness to the association.

Businesses are continuously understanding that the most essential piece of their associations key resource is the Human Resources. As indicated by the research did, they found critical improvement in a year performance of organizations with profoundly engaged representative's than organizations with low workers' engagement.

As of late, there has been a developing accentuation in human resource messages that reward ought to be used as a key apparatus to manage association performance and representative engagement. Reward management includes the examination and viable control of worker compensation, pay and all advantages. It is an essential component of human resource management. In addition, it is the fundamental motivation behind why individuals work. It is a delicate and dubious part of Human Resource Management that has been generally and exceedingly bantered on. Additionally many managers concur that compensate has an impact on association responsibility, engagement, work fulfillment and occupation inspiration.

References

Reilly, P., (2003). Guide to Workforce Planning in Local Authorities, Employers Organization for Local Government, London.

CIPD. (2013). Strategic human resource management. http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/strategic-human-resource-management.aspx

Khamisa, N., Oldenburg, B., Peltzer, K., & Ilic, D. (2015). Work related stress, burnout, job satisfaction and general health of nurses. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(1), 652-666.

Week 4 Assignment

Business and Management: Week 4 Assignment

Student Name

Walden University

Abstract

A leader must possesses the quality to inspire others. Bertram Raven and John French presented some characteristics that could make a person an inspiring leader. In this study we attempted to implement French’s theory in a case study. This case study proved that possession of power is not the only thing that could stimulate others. It’s the use of power and personality of a leader that made his subordinates devoted, enthused and loyal.

Business and Management: Week 4 Assignment

Legitimate and Reward Bases of Power

Bertram Raven and John French were two social psychologists and they presented their theory of bases of power in 1959. In this theory they discussed different elements and sources that made a person more powerful as compared to others. This theory was of great importance in the study of organizational behaviour. This theory defined its first source of power as Legitimate Power. A person enjoys this source of power when other persons think that he has the right to exercise this power. This power is given to a person by a social or judicial law or by some competent authority ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ARfhafWd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Erchul & Raven, 1997)","plainCitation":"(Erchul & Raven, 1997)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":944,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/REDVY2X9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/REDVY2X9"],"itemData":{"id":944,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social power in school consultation: A contemporary view of French and Raven's bases of power model","container-title":"Journal of School Psychology","page":"137–171","volume":"35","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Social power in school consultation","author":[{"family":"Erchul","given":"William P."},{"family":"Raven","given":"Bertram H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Erchul & Raven, 1997). In the provided case study, Carly was the director of creative department of an advertising company. There were four teams working under Carly and each team was headed by an associate director Jack, Terri, Julia and Sarah. In this situation, Carly enjoyed a legitimate source of power as all four of her associate directors and their member of teams were bound to obey Carly.

In the theory of Raven, the second source of power came when a person could reward others for their efforts and it was named as Reward Power. A person with this power could increase salaries, give promotions or provide with desired assignments. One person’s control over resources enabled him to enjoy power and influence over others ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"y8tSeDy8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lunenburg, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Lunenburg, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":946,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/9RMG5E3X"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/9RMG5E3X"],"itemData":{"id":946,"type":"article-journal","title":"Power and leadership: an influence process","container-title":"International journal of management, business, and administration","page":"1-9","volume":"15","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Lunenburg","given":"Fred C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lunenburg, 2012). In the given case study, Carly was enjoying Reward Power as well as Legitimate Power. Carly had the power over distribution of financial and human resources.

A good leader not only influence actions of others but he also affect the intellectual faculties of others. Legitimate power provides a person with essential bases that are required to influence others. A person cannot influence others by just his position. He needs other powers like reward, expert and coercive powers to inspire others. In fact, it’s the use of power in right direction that can stimulate subordinates and colleagues ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gTJPy9aF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tichy & Devanna, 1986)","plainCitation":"(Tichy & Devanna, 1986)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":948,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/Y9R8BTZM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/Y9R8BTZM"],"itemData":{"id":948,"type":"book","title":"Transformational leadership","publisher":"New York: Wiley","author":[{"family":"Tichy","given":"Noel"},{"family":"Devanna","given":"Marianne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1986"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tichy & Devanna, 1986). A person with legitimate and reward bases of power should exercise these power with an unprejudiced and impartial way. A leader with Egalitarianism and fairness can influence others and can put their efforts in the right direction.

Solving Problem with French and Raven’s Theory

In the provided case study, Carly had to face the problem that two of her associated directors were not happy with her. Both of the associate directors were thinking that Carly’s behaviour was unjust and biased. In their views, Carly was misusing their power of reward. She was providing one of her subordinates with extra financial and human resources. In order to solve this problem and regain the trust of subordinates, Carly had to do two important things. First she had to reconsider her manner of using reward based powers. She should made sure the disinterested and impartial distribution of all resources among all associate directors to remove the misconception of favouritism. Secondly, legitimate and reward power were not enough to influence and inspire the actions of associate directors. Carly must had to possess the powers of Expert and Referent in order to get adoration and veneration from her subordinate. Carly’s Ownership of expert power would inspire subordinate by proving her exceptional level of knowledge and skills. Referent based powers would made Carly’s personality more striking and radiant. Possession of these features and powers will make Carly an inspiring leader.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Erchul, W. P., & Raven, B. H. (1997). Social power in school consultation: A contemporary view of French and Raven’s bases of power model. Journal of School Psychology, 35(2), 137–171.

Lunenburg, F. C. (2012). Power and leadership: An influence process. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 15(1), 1–9.

Tichy, N., & Devanna, M. (1986). Transformational leadership. New York: Wiley.

WEEK 4 DISCUSSION

Initial post for week 4

Top-down planning. When drawing up the budget, the head of the company determines the target values ​​adopted in the strategic plan , and the company personnel involved in the budgeting process should predict the activities of the enterprise in such a way as to reach the target indicators. When budgeting according to this method, planning goes from top to bottom, i.e. from indicators for the company as a whole - to indicators of divisions, services and departments.

Bottom-up planning. Responsible for the preparation of individual budgets, employees plan the initial data on their own based on an analysis of statistics, the market and their expectations. After calculating the resulting budgets, management analyzes the planned results and, if necessary, adjusts. When preparing the budget for this method, planning is from bottom to top, i.e. from department budgets to the budgets of departments and the company as a whole. “Bottom-up budgets should be, and typically are, more precise in the comprehensive tasks, but it is critical that all fundamentals be involved. It is far harder to progress a comprehensive list of tasks when building that list from the bottom up than from the top down” (Meredith and Mantel, 2014, p.283)

Alternatively, indirect costs are alike to fixed costs. They are not directly connected to output. Indirect costs at an industrial plant may contain managers' wages, indirect employment costs, goods, taxes, services, devaluation on buildings and equipment, plant fee, tool costs and patent costs. These indirect costs are occasionally termed production overheads.

References

Meredith, J. R. and Mantel, S. J. (2014). Project Management: A Managerial Approach (9th ed.),

Wiley, ISBN-13: 9781118947029. Retrieve from

https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781119128380/cfi/6/18!/4/2/14/20/6/2@0:0

A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2013) (5th ed.) Project Management

Institute, retrieve from

https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781935589815?context_token=151d7140-98a3-0137-de54-7a724bb49bb4

Replies

Reply to Brandon Massingale

Thankyou for your post. I have found many good points out of your post. A top-down budget requires a clear understanding of the administration’s vital features and the capability to arrange a realistic forecast for at best the period in question. This method confirms the constancy of budgets of distinct divisions and permits one to set standards for sales, expenditures, etc. to measure the efficiency of the responsibility centers.

Reply post Brian Keef

Thank you, I have found your post as informative and interesting. The critical path is the sequence of steps in the Gantt chart that regulates the period of the whole project . Any task lying on a critical path is a critical task. If the critical task is late for one day, the whole project will be finished one day later. Consequently, each task lying on a critical path should have the highest priority for the team.

WEEK 4 DISCUSSION

Question One: Bivariate Regression

BRA is a sort of measurable analysis that can be utilized during the analysis and announcing phase of quantitative statistical surveying. It is regularly viewed as the easiest type of regression analysis, and is otherwise called Ordinary Least-Squares regression or direct regression (Chatterjee & Hadi, 2015).

Basically, BRA includes analyzing two variables to build up the quality of the connection between them. The two variables are habitually signified as X and Y, with one being an independent variable, while the other is a dependent variable.

Employments of BRA incorporate testing basic speculations, especially of affiliation and causality. Thusly it very well may be perceived how much simpler it moves toward becoming to know and anticipate an estimation of the dependent variable having known the independent variable. It tends to be extremely useful to analysts with constrained example data and who hence need to make expectations so as to make key decisions.

Question Two: Types of Regression Analysis

Regression analysis portrays the connection between a lot of independent variables and a dependent variable. There are various kinds of regression models that you can utilize. This decision regularly depends on the kind of information you have for the dependent variable and the sort of model that gives the best fit.

Linear and Logistic Regression Analysis are generally the principal calculations individuals learn in information science (Gunst, 2018). Because of their notoriety, a great deal of analysts even wind up imagining that they are the main type of Regression Analysis. The ones who are somewhat increasingly included feel that they are the most significant among all types of regression analysis.

Truly there are incalculable types of Regression Analysis, which can be performed. Each structure has its own significance and a particular condition where they are most appropriate to apply.

Some of the most commonly used types of Regression Analysis are:

Linear Regression

Logistic Regression.

Polynomial Regression.

Stepwise Regression.

Ridge Regression.

Lasso Regression.

ElasticNet Regression.

References

Chatterjee, S., & Hadi, A. S. (2015). Regression analysis by example. John Wiley & Sons.

Gunst, R. F. (2018). Regression analysis and its application: a data-oriented approach. Routledge.

WEEK 4 DISCUSSION

Week 1 Project

Mark Wrublewski

BUS3055

South Univerrsity

Prof. King

7/20/2019

Part 1: Debtor-creditor

I thinly the Porter Cable’s case provide detailed meaning of debtor-creditor. I agree that Porters Cable is not liable for personal expenses because the company’s policy don’t track personal travel details. This indicates that the company is not liable for personal expenses of Mrs. Ima Krimanel. I think that Mrs. Ima Krimanel is responsible for paying the personal expenses. The liability of the cardholder is also limited under Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1601. This indicates that Mrs. Ima Krimanel will pay for the travel expenses and the company has no liability in this case. The analysis also reveals that the travel expenses were actual, implied, or apparent authority. This is not covered by the company CITATION Ric171 \l 1033 (Chapo, 2017).

Part 2: Discussion

My business is to sell decoration pieces online. The business will require insurance policy because it is a home-based web service. Most of my work is managed alone so I will face business risks. Insurance policy will allow me to secure my business because challenges will expose me to liability. In case of IT-based home business I need to meet needs of the clients from home. I could be liable if the products received by the clients are damaged or broken CITATION Sti18 \l 1033 (Stimmel, 2018). I could also be liable if the broken products cause injury to thee buyers. For covering these expenses I would insure my each product with the amount of $500. This will allow clients to sign the promissory note and make payment later when they receive the product. This indicates that the payment will be in due and client will be liable to pay it later CITATION Leg17 \l 1033 (Legal, 2017). The insurance for each product will assure that client will pay the amount within the desired time.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapo, R. (2017). Liability Insurance for Your Online Business . Retrieved 07 21, 2019, from https://www.socalinternetlawyer.com/liability-insurance-for-your-online-business/

Legal. (2017). Is a Promissory Note Legally Binding? . Retrieved 07 21, 2019, from https://help.legalnature.com/articles/is-a-promissory-note-legally-binding

Stimmel. (2018). Promissory Notes - The Basics . Retrieved 07 21, 2019, from https://www.stimmel-law.com/en/articles/promissory-notes-basics

WEEK 4 DISCUSSION

Institution

Name

Course

Date

ERP and CRM in Business

The solutions of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) are important in streamlining various processes within the company and also increasing the profitability of the firm. Enterprise Resource Planning (EERP) combines the Human resource, finance manufacturing, distribution with among other business departments (Gronwald 2017). These two are important to the company due to the advantages associated. They include improved sales processes, increased accuracy when it comes to product forecasting as well as storage of relevant data in one location. For these reasons ,most manufacturers and sales people are now seeing the advantages of integrating CRM and EPR systems, in order to improve the general functionality of their businesses.

There are various challenges which are accompanied by setting these different kind of systems in a company. One of them is cost. For instance the cost of purchasing the ERP and CRM systems are higher, especialy if there is need of purchasing modern systems, which are even more efficient. Their complexity when it comes to using them is also another disadvantage (Olson et al 2018). Because of this it is essential to have members of various department especially from IT to take time to understand the functionality of the systems and how they should be handled. At some point systems also fail to work especially when overloaded leading to slowing various processes of the firm.

Customers at some point are also affected directly by these systems. For instance, ERP systems enables the company to deliver goods to the customer at a faster rate. The productivity of the company also improves which is advantageous to the customers since they receive all the needs. CRM on the other hand enables the managers to well understand the needs of the customers. This is important in giving them a better opportunity to provide various products which would well satisfy the needs of the consumers (Manthou et al 2016). The customer data are also well managed through these systems making it easier to cooperate.

Refernces

Gronwald, K. D. (2017). Integrated Business Information Systems: A Holistic View of the Linked Business Process Chain ERP-SCM-CRM-BI-Big Data. Springer.

Olson, D. L., Johansson, B., & De Carvalho, R. A. (2018). Open source ERP business model framework. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 50, 30-36.

Manthou, V., Stefanou, C. J., & Tigka, K. (2016). The Evaluation of Business Performance in ERP Environments. In Automated Enterprise Systems for Maximizing Business Performance (pp. 88-96). IGI Global.

Week 4 MBA 6103

Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Week 4 MBA 6103

Introduction

Job discrimination is a type of discrimination which is based on gender identity, sexual orientation, age, mental or physical disability, national origin, gender, race by employers at the workplace. Occupational differentiation or earning differentials are due to the responsibilities and qualifications of employees should not be confused with job discrimination. Discrimination involves unequal treatment with employees working in an organization due to any reason. During the selection and recruitment process these individuals, because of their visibility are treated differently and they face performance appraisal biases, negative treatment, receive low pay and fewer opportunities for modification. The organization may pay a cost of this discrimination in term of low organization, high turnover and poor job performance on the behalf of specific individuals and organization also face negative publicity. In the USA, lawsuits and the number of complaints show the evidence of discrimination, which is gradually increasing with time.

Objective of the study

The objective of the study is to investigate that which individual encounter discrimination during the process of hiring and it creates an impact on their employment expectations, while other potential factors controlling (e.g. dress, attraction, qualification, and ethnicity).  To contribute on discrimination small body of research, this study will contribute to increasing focus of discrimination in the broader definition at workplace because social and legal rules of the USA stop people from doing different treatment with specific individuals, discrimination of traditional form is not very common than other discrimination forms.

Discussion and identification

Discrimination affects the motivation of employee, productivity, turnover rate, and job satisfaction. Discrimination makes the employee feel hopeless, lack of interest in the responsibilities of the job or carrier advancement and creates swear anxiety which may directly affect the productivity (Wright, Henderson, Thornicroft, Sharac & McCrone, 2015). The employee who are discriminated due to their religious beliefs, gender, nationality or physical appearance stop contributing ideas in organizational matters and also feels low self-esteem. Their morale goes down, which may result in lack of motivation to complete deadlines, disregard other’s time and absenteeism. In the context of religion especially, there is a little existence of research on discrimination due to attire at the workplace. Studies of Weichselbaumer (2016) shows that 80 percent of Americans think that their part of lives is religion and according to the report of SHRM 64 percent Human Resource professionals are known by their spiritual diversity in their employees.

Nike has been suited by the former group of female employees and alleged that the company is systematically discriminated against women and raised a hostile work environment. The employer willfully and intentionally discriminated against women for promotions, pays and conditions of employment. Nike harshly judges the women as compared to men and gives fewer stock options, smaller bonuses and lower salaries. The HR was complained by the women about harassment and discrimination, the sexual assault, which was mishandled and ignored. The owner, senior managers, and executives are the leaders of the company they should create and promote a culture or environment which does not tolerate harassment and discrimination in the workplace. The strong policy should be developed by the employers against discrimination, which provides and define the rules and examples for discrimination at the workplace. The policy should have a clear process for employees to claim for harassment and discrimination.  The employer investigation process should be mentioned in the policy. The commitment of the employer should be mentioned in policy to conduct a thorough and immediate investigation and remedial actions of the employers. In 2017, Nike received ‘C’  rating on ‘Ethical fashion report’ which shows no improvement in ranking of 2016. In its supply chain there is low work empowerment initiatives, and poor improving wages.  

References

Weichselbaumer, D. (2016). Employment Discrimination. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, 1-3.

Wright, S., Henderson, C., Thornicroft, G., Sharac, J., & McCrone, P. (2015). Measuring the economic costs of discrimination experienced by people with mental health problems: development of the Costs of Discrimination Assessment (CODA). Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 50(5), 787-795.