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PSYCHOLOGY JOURNAL ARTICLE REVIEW

Title

Name

Institution

Psychology Journal Article Review

Introduction

Emergencies are part of life and also they are unavoidable but fortunately they do not exist on daily basis. It has been observed previously that when emergencies like murder or snatching something from people occur then at that time people prefer not to intervene in that situation. Previously it was noted that when murdering someone around a residential area a murderer came and easily killed the victim and then vanished. What is more surprising in this situation is that, most of the people in that vicinity were watching all that situation but all of the spectators prefer to stay away from it. There are multiple reasons that people choose to stay away from situation, the fear about what will happen to the person who will intervene, public embarrassment, police procedures involvement, lost work days and jobs and also some other unknown dangers. In other cases, when the observers feel that other people are also watching the incident then at that time the responsibility to interrupt and help the victim diffuses among all the bystanders and all of them start to think that other observers might help so this way they guilt is reduced and they become satisfied with their silence and not helping the victim. If there is only one observer in that scene, then the responsibility to take action is focused on that individual although he might choose to ignore the entire situation but at that time the pressure to interrupt only unique to him. When there are multiple observers then at that time it is no longer a unique one, the responsibility to help is shared thus no one helps. All the bystanders might think that the others might be doing something to help thus no one really plays their part in the entire situation. Such assumptions lead to the hypothesis that the more bystanders mean very little chances are there that anyone of them will take action and provide aid to the victim. More observers mean that the responsibility to help is no more concentrated in one person it is diffused among all the observers therefore help comes from nowhere ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YIMGWypl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Darley & Latane, 1968)","plainCitation":"(Darley & Latane, 1968)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":705,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/FFNESATT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/FFNESATT"],"itemData":{"id":705,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.","container-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","page":"377-383","volume":"8","issue":"4, Pt.1","source":"Crossref","DOI":"10.1037/h0025589","ISSN":"1939-1315, 0022-3514","shortTitle":"Bystander intervention in emergencies","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Darley","given":"John M."},{"family":"Latane","given":"Bibb"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1968"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Darley & Latane, 1968).

Methodology

To proof this hypothesis a situation was created in which a realistic emergency could plausibly occur. During the emergency each one of the participant was blocked to communicate with others to find out their behavior during the emergency situation. So for this experiment a college student was ushered into a room where with the help of a communication he was allowed to talk to other participants. He was directed to discuss personal problems in college life with others and the discussion was carried out on intercom to hide the identity of the participant. During the discussion one of the participant had seizure similar to epilepsy. During the process it was difficult for the participant to find out that what the other correspondents are doing about the emergency. In this case the dependent variable was the speed with which the participants reported the situation to the ones who were conducting the experiment and the independent variable was the number of participants who were present in the discussion room. A total of fifty-nine females and thirteen males participated in this experiment. All of them directed to communicate each other on phone so when a person was talking only his microphone was on and the rest of them could only listen to him for two minutes so when the participant had seizure that time only his microphone was on therefore it was impossible for the rest to determine that what each one of them was doing. They were also unable to discuss that might have happened and how to find out a way to help the affected person ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PDhlxi7l","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Darley & Latane, 1968)","plainCitation":"(Darley & Latane, 1968)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":705,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/FFNESATT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/FFNESATT"],"itemData":{"id":705,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.","container-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","page":"377-383","volume":"8","issue":"4, Pt.1","source":"Crossref","DOI":"10.1037/h0025589","ISSN":"1939-1315, 0022-3514","shortTitle":"Bystander intervention in emergencies","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Darley","given":"John M."},{"family":"Latane","given":"Bibb"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1968"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Darley & Latane, 1968).

Results and Conclusion

Although the fit was not real but it was stimulated in the participant but by judging the participant’s nervousness when they reported the situation to the experimenter it can be concluded that all of them perceived as the situation was real. The total number of bystanders the participant felt that are present in the room had a major impact with which the participant will report the entire situation to the experimenter. Among the participants 81% of them realized that they are the only ones who know about the situation reported the incident but 31% of those who knew that other people also know about the situation kept silent thinking that others will respond to the situation. Having said that it is not right to say that they are being indifferent or insensitive rather they are indecisive while other participants resolved the conflict by reporting the situation but they chose to retain the conflict by simply keeping silence. Such people are often referred to as insensitive or unkind but the reality is they do not understand the nature of the entire situation therefore they become indecisive. Or they become confident that it is not only their responsibility to handle such situations others can do as well therefore they do not intervene ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a9DyXzFl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Darley & Latane, 1968)","plainCitation":"(Darley & Latane, 1968)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":705,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/FFNESATT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/FFNESATT"],"itemData":{"id":705,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.","container-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","page":"377-383","volume":"8","issue":"4, Pt.1","source":"Crossref","DOI":"10.1037/h0025589","ISSN":"1939-1315, 0022-3514","shortTitle":"Bystander intervention in emergencies","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Darley","given":"John M."},{"family":"Latane","given":"Bibb"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1968"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Darley & Latane, 1968).

Limitations

The number of male and female participants are not uniform in this experiment, as women are mostly quite indecisive in certain situation while males are quite responsive and they take decisions under pressure instantly, therefore the results of this study would be quite different if uniform number of male and female participants were involved. Another limitation of this study is the time taken by the participants to report the fits situation, the experimenter estimated the based on his own calculation, therefore the response time is highly doubtful which are included in this experiment. As the participants are seated in rooms that are located close to each other so it may be possible that they heard about the response of other participants and therefore some of them chose to stay quite because somehow they might have the idea that others are taking action. So based on these points it is not appropriate to conclude that around 31% of the participants were insensitive. For future experiment to have more reliable and realistic results it is important to choose equal participants and then to create more realistic situation only then realistic and reliable results will be obtained.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4, Pt.1), 377–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025589

Quantitative Analysis & Decision Making

Title page

Quantitative analysis

Methods that can be used for forecasting sales include opportunity stage forecasting, length of sales cycle forecasting and pipeline forecasting. In opportunity sales forecasting sales are estimated at different stages and it is conducted either monthly, quarterly or annually. Sales are calculated when each specific milestone is reached. Probability associated with each opportunity is calculated for determining the accurate sales CITATION Aja19 \l 1033 (Frost, 2019). Length of sales cycle forecasting is used for calculating individual opportunities and encompass different sale cycles. This method can calculate sales at least after six months. This cannot be used for quarterly estimation of sales. Pipeline forecasting another common method that calculates sales monthly or quarterly. These methods exhibit some differences and are selected according to the requirements of the organization.

The most appropriate method for given scenario is pipeline forecasting because it allow monthly estimation. This will be appropriate for predicting the sales with different marketing mix strategies.

I will choose time-series forecasting method because evidence states that it is most suitable when historical data is available. Predictions can be made on the basis of historical data about future prospects CITATION And173 \l 1033 (Jebb & Tay, 2017).

The factors that impacts the reliability of forecasts include; changes in disposable income, fluctuations in oil and gas prices. Changes in dollar prices also impact sales. Raw material costs and level of production also influence reliability of forecasts.

Time-series forecast offers a reliable measure when dollar rate are stable, there are no fluctuations in prices of oil and gas and prices of raw material also remain stable.

Time-series is currently most common and reasonable method because companies use historical data.

Time series forecast can improve by combining aggregation and clusters CITATION Tia18 \l 1033 (MendesDantas, Luiz, & Oliveira, 2018). By testing based on different techniques accuracy will be maintained.

I would select forecasting methods, their reliability and their need in businesses. I would use forecasting methods in my career for estimating sales. I would also consider how reliability can be maintained by choosing time-series data.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Frost, A. (2019). The Ultimate Guide to Sales Forecasting . Retrieved 11 23, 2019, from https://blog.hubspot.com/sales/sales-forecasting

Jebb, A. T., & Tay, L. (2017). Introduction to Time Series Analysis for Organizational Research: Methods for Longitudinal Analyses . Organizational Research Methods , 20 (1).

MendesDantas, T., Luiz, F., & Oliveira, C. (2018). Improving time series forecasting: An approach combining bootstrap aggregation, clusters and exponential smoothing . International Journal of Forecasting , 34 (4), 748-761 .

Quantitative Analysis & Decision Making

Name

Professor’s Name

Course Number

Date

In a world of increased demand for goods and services, humans have come up with ways to satisfy the increased population needs either for-profit or non-profit purposes. In the process of providing the best services and quality goods, an individual or a firm is faced with the need to identify the target market. This is where the aspect of data analysis comes in. Collection, analysis, and interpretation of data are important for decision making to maximize the provision of goods and services. There are two major types of data mainly qualitative and quantitative. Depending on the data collection method, one can analyze data numerically using mathematically based methods. On the other hand, qualitative data are based on people's opinions and references. How well and accurate the data collected is analyzed determines the quality of decisions made and consequently the quality of actualizations of the outcome desired.

Data is the particular statistics and facts collected for analysis. It consists of numerical quantities or qualitative details that are used to form the basis of a reason or a mathematical calculation. There are various ways data is collected. For instance, there's an observation method whereby the data is collected by observing. Interview method the data is collected through conducting a questioning session with the target group about their knowledge and opinion about the specific subject at hand. Also, there is the sampling method that involves the selection of a specific member of the population with the assumption that each member of the population has an equal probability to be selected.

Information is the details or the particulars deduced or provided about someone or something. These are facts which have been derived from certain observation and analysis of raw data. Information can be in the form of visual presentation, sound or in written form.

Knowledge is the understanding of the information at hand. Knowledge is the final product of the data analysis process. After data has been transformed into information, the people involved get an understanding of the outcome and sometimes educate relevant stakeholders to use the knowledge for the right decisions to take. Knowledge is therefore used as the guidelines for decision making.

Meaningful and correct data analysis is very vital in decision making. Pure data in itself cannot be of any relevant without the right interpretation of useful information. For instance, in a market survey scenario, only the right conclusion would lead to identifying the target market and if the data collected is interpreted correctly that means finding prospect customers and consequently increased profits. Onto the other hands, if data analysis is wrong, there would be no prospect customers for your services or goods and hence decreased profits

Ratio data is what I would use for this data analysis. This because it involves different comparisons of the four areas of sales. With ratio data, one can show the differences in profitability, sales volume, marketing expenditures, and their changes. I would incorporate the use of bar charts because it presents individual data graphically which is vivid and easy to separate the four areas with distinctive bars each showing independent quantities

To quantify the average sales of each store of the grocery chain store I would use the means sales because the mean is the average value where you add up the sales from all the scores and divide by the number of the stores available. On the contrary, the median takes into consideration only one store and disregarding the rest.

References

Introduction to Statistics(Jim Frost Ms,2013)

Quick Trip Case Study

Quick Trip Case Study

Ida (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Introduction

QuickTrip commenced its business in 1958 in Tulsa, Oklahoma by the two friends. One of them, Cadieux wanted to start his own business and after finding his right partner in Burt Holmes he started his business. Initially Quick Trip only sold few groceries and Cadieux used to work alone in the night shift. Under his leadership, the company went through massive expansion into other cities of the United States. After a few decades, QuickTrip became the best convenience, gasoline, and food retailer in the community. The success of the company can be attributed to many factors such as their core values, labor practices, effective strategies, leadership, and effective decision making of leadership. This paper seeks to analyze some of the strategies of QuickTrip and their effectiveness for maintaining sustainable growth and a large base of satisfied customers. The effective strategies adopted by QT has assisted the company to achieve sustainable competitive advantage and enabled it to increase customer satisfaction, value creation, and enhancement of quality in the services it provides.

QuickTrip operations strategy and the way organization seeks to gain a competitive advantage in terms of sustainability

An operational strategy is a plan of action, which guides the ways in which an organization will spend its resources in order to support its infrastructure and growth (Ton, 2011). It is typically driven by the overall strategy of an organization, which is aimed at maximizing the effectiveness of its operations and minimizing cost. QT analyzed the opportunity of growth in and scope in the operations as US-based seven to eleven stores operated about 32000 stores in different states, some of them selling the fresh food items while some of them also offered dining facilities, and shared space with other retailers. QT had the vision to become one of the best gasoline retailer selling good food (Ton, 2011).

QT was focused at its long-term goals and due to this; it was ready to take the burden of short-term financial losses and took small and big investment decision as well. Realizing the factor, that clean bathroom is something that will attract most of the customers it invested about $12million over three years for the sake of making them innovative. It also maintained the "family environment" by eliminating the keeping of pornographic magazines (Ton, 2011). Before 1990 the company sensed that it is not achieving the operational excellence and in 1995 it launched a major effort to re-engineer. Jeffers, director of operations at QT worked with 13 store managers to reevaluate QT processes and policies. All the store operations were mapped and standardized after talking to customers about what they valued. In addition, standards were also made regarding the looks of store managers. To achieve the operational excellence QT established new policies and procedures related to storing appearance and layout, employees' appearance and daily activities worksheet, and customer services as well.

One of the major parts of this reengineering effort was to integrate employees in process improvement. Resource groups were created for every position whose members were designated to discuss and improve issues in stores and tap improvement opportunities. The redesigning of business operations helped QT achieve sustainable competitive advantage as all of its reengineering efforts were aimed at satisfying the needs of customers (Ton, 2011). QT believes that it was best in choosing the store locations and its people that evaluated the demographics, crime rate and vehicle traffic of a location. Customer service at QT is also one of the sources of its competitive advantage. Fast and quick service, friendliness, cleanliness, and product offerings distinguished QT from other convenience retail stores and store layout was also designed to assist customers in finding products very easily (Ton, 2011).

Daily activity worksheet was also introduced to aid managers in making sure that everything is done on time. In addition, to assess the customer feedbacks company employed mystery shoppers to evaluate every element of customer service. Each store was managed by a store manager assisted by three other managers to achieve efficiency according to the customer traffic at stores. Effective employee management resulted in making QT one of the best places to work among the Fortune 100 best companies (Ton, 2011). Another strategy that has helped the company in achieving sustainable growth is its investment in the Phoenix-area and Dallas area markets.

operation management activities affect on customer experience and operation management challenges with the solutions for confronting them

The operation management activities play a key role in increasing the operational performance of organizations and ultimately enhancing the customer’s experience. Some of the operations management activities such as operations scheduling, service delivery and processes and logistics capabilities have a direct impact on a company's efficiency. In today's competitive business environment, it is essential for the top management of different companies to pay attention to operations management activities. For service organizations, it is imperative to manage the service process in order to achieve operational efficiency. OM related activities are a better predictor of quality and efficiency in service organizations (Prajogo & Goh, 2005).

From the case of QT, it is witnessed that operation management activities such as reengineering of processes and procedures were helpful in achieving customer satisfaction as observed by the mystery shoppers. Clean bathrooms, quick and fast services, ease for a customer in finding the right products, entering fresh foods market, and friendly staff are some of the operations management activities that have helped QT in boosting customers’ experience at QT stores and ultimately enhancing customers’ satisfaction (Ton, 2011). One of the company’s policy, “Three to one stand” is also an excellent example of enhancing customer’s experience via improving operations efficiency.

Operations management nowadays several challenges and these challenges, two of them are maintaining sustainability and maintaining ethical conduct. Sustainability is the process of maintaining continuous growth without putting future resources at a risk. The challenge is not to achieve growth but sustainable growth, and the operations managers can achieve sustainable growth by considering all the three pillars of sustainability that are economic, environmental, and social. By implementing the best practices for all three pillars, sustainable growth can be assured. Another challenge is to ensure that the business activities are not damaging to the society and community. Unethical behavior is the reason for the demise of many successful corporations and it must be eliminated. Operations managers must ensure that the business operations are safe for the environment, community, and people.

Examine the QuickTrip value chain and evaluate its effectiveness to operations in terms of quality, value creation, and customer satisfaction.

The value chain of an organization comprises of activities that are necessary to perform the business operations. It consists of all the activities which help in providing the customer with the end product or service of an organization. A value chain consists of some primary activities and some support activities, including inbound and outbound logistics, technology, procurement, Human resource, service, and marketing and sales (Ton, 2011). The value chain activities of QT consist of all those activities, which help, in providing the end service to customers. The products at the stores arrive from their distribution centers and QT kitchens, kitchens are made to deliver fresh food in the stores. QT has focused on the store and employees' appearance, and it has also focused on quick customers. All of its activities are aimed at providing its customers with quality products, value creation, and customer satisfaction (Ton, 2011).

The company closed the stores that failed to support the pumping stations and it earned a reputation as a brand selling high-quality gasoline at very low prices. The human resource of the company on making investments in hiring, training, and management of employees that could offer quality customer service. The division manager was involved in the hiring of people and employees were evaluated on the basis of predictors of exemplary service. Once hired, employees were trained in about six training sessions (Ton, 2011). Employees were also trained after promotion to a new post. Being a service organization, QT put a lot of emphasis on offering the benefits and benefits to the employees so that they can provide exceptional service to the customers coming at QT stores. The benefits included financial benefits, vacation benefits, insurance benefits, and many others. Delivering fast and quality customer service is the crucial responsibility of every employee (Ton, 2011).

The services at a store such as parking and innovative bathrooms, very quick service to customers, aimed at creating value and quality in its service to satisfy all the customers who visit QT store. It has more focus on its human resource because they have a direct influence on good and poor quality service provided to the customers. The staff is very quick and they do not rely on the whole process of scanning the products and wasting the time of customers who are always on the go. Instead, they focused on fresh and quick food to save customers time.

Different types of performance measurements that can be used to measure QuickTrip service-delivery system design.

The service delivery system is the set of processes and procedures, which guides the employees in delivering consistent customer experience to a set of customers. Measuring the QuickTrip service-delivery system is to assess the quality of the service provided to its customers. The performance measurement of the service-delivery system can be assessed using the standards that have already been developed in order to maintain the quality of service provided to customers. Objective measures can be used to determine the quality of service when the staff is delivering it. QT has already developed some standards such as “Three to one standard”, standardized mystery shoppers’ questionnaires, based on the wants of hundreds of customers’ expectations. Its standards include the customer service delivery evaluation based on eye contact, charging correct prices and a proper thank you etc. (Ton, 2011).

Managerial Observation is another technique that can be applied to assess the service quality, and it can simply be done by looking around what is happening. A model has been developed by A. Parasuraman to measure the quality of services provided to its customers. This model is known as SERVQUAL, which measures the quality of service on five different dimensions i.e. tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy (Seth, Deshmukh, & Vrat, 2005). One more way to assess the quality of the QuickTrip service-delivery system is to monitor customer experiences when it is taking place. It can help in identifying and improving the system failures, which can affect the quality of service, delivered in a negative way. The strategy of mystery shoppers of QT is also very beneficial in measuring the service delivery system of the company.

Two best ways that can be the most beneficial in determining the quality of the service is the use of the SERVQUAL model and measurement against the delivery standards that have been determined by the company. The SERVQUAL model offers evaluation from many dimensions and can be helpful in assessing quality from different perspectives; in addition, this model has also obtained support from various researchers (Seth, Deshmukh, & Vrat, 2005). Measuring against the performance standards is also a good practice because standards are developed based on customers’ expectations, and it can determine if the service quality is according to customer expectations or not.

The different types of technologies applied to QuickTrip service operations and the ways technologies strengthen the value chain.

Technology plays a key role in increasing the quality of service operations. QT ensures that the equipment' used at its gas stations and stores are working properly and for this purpose, they have their own support staff. The case does not reveal the use of innovative technologies in their service operations, instead, the staff believes in mental math. They are more focused on the quick customer experience, which is of three to four minutes between entering the store to the departure. Stores were aimed at few products but enhanced customer experience in the form of quick service, friendly staff. However, they have focused on clean and innovative bathrooms, which is the key point of attraction for most of the customers (Ton, 2011).

Technology plays a vital role in improving the quality of the work done and it enhances the efficiency of business processes. The value chain activities can also be enhanced by making use of the right technology. Technology allows the business to have a direct link with the customers and reduce errors in record keeping and inventory management. The staff at QT tried to reduce the customer waiting time by eliminating the scanning process and use speed keys, however, bar code scanning reduced the chances of inefficiency and improves the accuracy of records (Ton, 2011). To increase the speed of service, technology can help well. Advancement in technology has enabled the employees to communicate with each other and produce better outcomes for the patients.

Technology is one of the primary activities in Porter's value chain model, and it affects almost every other activity of the value chain. Changes in technology can also influence the value chain activities and possible configurations can be made to achieve a competitive advantage. Technology can be used in material handling, transportation of goods, and implementation of information systems, order processing, designing operations, communication, marketing, and advertising, in-store promotions, customer loyalty programs, and enhanced and improved customers management. Moreover, technology makes a connection between all the value chain activities that cannot be performed in isolation. Service organizations must make use of technology to enhance their competitive advantage by employing technology in their operations.

Conclusion

To sum up, the operations management strategy plays a vital role in the success of a company and assists it in achieving a competitive advantage. QT started in 1958 in Tulsa by two buddies and it went through a massive expansion in a few decades. QT became the best convenience, gasoline, and food retailer in the community and its success is attributed to their core values, labor practices, effective strategies, leadership, and its effective OM strategies and activities. Companies also face some challenges such as attaining sustainable competitive advantage and putting ethics at the heart of operations management activities, however, operations managers can tackle these challenges by adopting some simple strategies. The value chain activities of QT also makes a contribution to its service quality, value creation, and customer satisfaction. Implementation of technology can enhance the effectiveness of value chain activities of QT.

References

Prajogo, D. I., & Goh, M. (2005). Impact of Operations Management Activities on Operational Performance in Service Organisations. Department of Management, Monash University.

Seth, N., Deshmukh, S. G., & Vrat, P. (2005). Service quality models: a review. International journal of quality & reliability management, 22(9), 913-949.

Ton, Zeynep. "QuikTrip." Harvard Business School Case 611-045, March 2011. (Revised June 2011.)

RECOGNIZING CHILD ABUSE

RECOGNIZING CHILD ABUSE

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

RECOGNIZING CHILD ABUSE

Child abuse is a serious issue in the United State. It was discovered in 1874 but forgotten because people thought that child abuse especially sexual abuse is a rare case. Latest researches indicate that child abuse has been increased so much that nearly five children die a day become of it. It is also reported that about one lac children die every year because of sexual abuse every year wherein 65% cases they are abused by family members. It is important to rediscover the issue because the perpetrators are always an acquaintance that means he can be blood relative, neighbor, caretaker, teacher, parent's friend or step-parent. It is also important to rediscover the issue because it affects the psychological and physical development of the child. Researches indicate that child who becomes a victim of child abuse get more risk of heart disease, lung cancer, anxiety, depression and even suicidal ideation in later life. Therefore, it is important to identify the problem and spread the awareness for the protection of children as they are the future of the nation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CBqsBhkX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Read \\uc0\\u8220{}Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect\\uc0\\u8221{} at NAP.edu}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Read “Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect” at NAP.edu, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":717,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/AS6E9RKD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/AS6E9RKD"],"itemData":{"id":717,"type":"book","title":"Read \"Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect\" at NAP.edu","source":"www.nap.edu","abstract":"Read chapter 5 PREVENTION: The tragedy of child abuse and neglect is in the forefront of public attention. Yet, without a conceptual framework, research...","URL":"https://www.nap.edu/read/2117/chapter/7","note":"DOI: 10.17226/2117","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Read “Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect” at NAP.edu, n.d.).

The basic cause of child abuse is the carelessness of parents or guardian. When parents do not keep their eye on the child, the perpetrator finds the way to please himself by abusing the child emotionally, physically, or sometimes sexually. Physical and emotional abuse can be due to the economic and social condition of the family. When a family faces financial crisis their elders often beat their children or shout on them, and even neglect them without any reason which affects children physically or psychologically. In addition, in the case of a single-parent child often molested or sexually abused by the partner of the parent that is stepfather/stepmother or parent's boyfriend/girlfriend. In short causes of child abuse include; the history of child abuse, depression, anxiety, poverty, lack of parenting skills, personal mental health issue and substance addiction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kIInNReR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zaken, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zaken, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":718,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/TS2AHLML"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/TS2AHLML"],"itemData":{"id":718,"type":"webpage","title":"Preventing and identifying signs of child abuse - Child abuse - Government.nl","genre":"onderwerp","abstract":"The government has introduced measures to put a stop to child abuse. It is important that signs of child abuse are identified sooner, so that steps can be taken to stop the abuse at an earlier stage and limit the harm to the child.","URL":"https://www.government.nl/topics/child-abuse/strategy-against-child-abuse/preventing-and-identifying-signs-of-child-abuse","language":"en-GB","author":[{"family":"Zaken","given":"Ministerie van Algemene"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",6,8]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zaken, 2016). Child abuse prevention is necessary to reduce the death rate because of it and for the positive physical and psychological development of the children. The first step to prevent child abuse is to spread awareness about the issue. Public information campaign can be helpful so that people can identify the cases of abuse around them. Healthcare providers including the physician, nurses and other staff should acquire knowledge and education related to child abuse. The best way to teach professionals is to add the subject of child abuse within the academic programs. Another way to prevent child abuse is the mandatory reporting code. Healthcare professionals, teachers and parents should report about the case immediately after they discover it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VhYfVM3Y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Child Abuse Prevention Is Still As Important As Ever,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2016)","plainCitation":"(“Child Abuse Prevention Is Still As Important As Ever,” 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":715,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/VJKPF6FR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/VJKPF6FR"],"itemData":{"id":715,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Child Abuse Prevention Is Still As Important As Ever","container-title":"Childhelp","abstract":"Nearly five children in the United States die every day as a result of child abuse, according to Childhelp, a national organization dedicated...","URL":"https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse-prevention-still-important-ever/","language":"en-US","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4,20]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Child Abuse Prevention Is Still As Important As Ever,” 2016).

People often hide the cases of child abuse because they feel shame to discuss it or to put their children for trial. Therefore, the government has provided rights to the child while facing the courtroom trial so that more people report the cases. Rights include the protection of identity and personal information, non-physical appearance in court, and the use of multi-disciplinary child abuse teams. It means it is not necessary for the child to be present in the courtroom instead; guardian or parents can attend the trial. In addition, their identity remains protected so that people do not hide the issue. In addition, multi-disciplinary child abuse teams consist of the law enforcement officer, doctors, lawyer, therapist and caseworkers who help the family to get justice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TgNB0WaI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Rights Of Child Victims,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2015)","plainCitation":"(“Rights Of Child Victims,” 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":716,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/SI34M3SU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/SI34M3SU"],"itemData":{"id":716,"type":"webpage","title":"Rights Of Child Victims","URL":"https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/rights-child-victims","language":"en","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",5,26]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Rights Of Child Victims,” 2015).

In the video one type of child abuse that is sexual abuse has been discussed. The video identifies the characteristics, reasons, and facts of child abuse. The video is helpful to find out the signs of sexual abuse. The video is also important to spread awareness about the issue and to develop confidence in parent to report the case and discuss it with child care providers as the video has discussed in detail how the care provider handles the case and help the child to recover from the problem.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Child Abuse Prevention Is Still As Important As Ever. (2016, April 20). Retrieved July 13, 2019, from Childhelp website: https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse-prevention-still-important-ever/

Read “Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect” at NAP.edu. (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.17226/2117

Rights Of Child Victims. (2015, May 26). Retrieved July 13, 2019, from https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/rights-child-victims

Zaken, M. van A. (2016, June 8). Preventing and identifying signs of child abuse - Child abuse - Government.nl [Onderwerp]. Retrieved July 13, 2019, from https://www.government.nl/topics/child-abuse/strategy-against-child-abuse/preventing-and-identifying-signs-of-child-abuse

Reconstructing Crime Scenes

Reconstructing Crime Scenes

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Reconstructing Crime Scenes

Crime Scene Investigator’s Procedure

The circumstances encountered by investigators signify crime scene investigation because different steps and sequences are used for different cases. There are seven basic steps that outline crime scene investigation. (Singh, 2018).

Scene Dimensions and potential safety and health hazards

It refers to the identification of “focal point”, highlighting and pointing out the area of disturbance. It may be the place where the victim was found or the area with physical evidence. Safety is another paramount concern to address, because weapons, chemical, and biohazard would be a threat to the investigator as well. (Shebaro, et, al. 2019).

Establishing security

It is quoted, “Any individual entering or exiting from crime scene adds or subtracts material from the crime scene, compromising the security of crime area”. (Singh, 2018). Crime area should be cordoned off with crime scene tape etc. along with the documentation of people entering or exiting the crime scene. (Shebaro, et, al. 2019).

Plan, coordinate and communicate

Investigators should develop the theoretical framework of the crime scene because the type of crime justifies the evidence that could be presented. Information should be collected from witnesses and then evidence collection strategy would be formulated adhering to an atmospheric or physical condition such as time, date and any event, etc. (Regensburger, et, al. 2019). 

Conducting primary survey

It is meant for the collection of valuable evidence and information in the form of notes and photographs. It includes conditions such as presence of light, and the position of furniture, etc. (Regensburger, et, al. 2019). 

Documentation of scene

Scanners, cameras, diagrams, and sketches are used for the documentation of the scene because biological evidence is vulnerable to destruction but physical evidence are a major tool to justification. (Singh, 2018).

Conducting secondary survey

It is about validation or authenticity of the primary survey.

Record and preserve evidence

It includes the formulation of an inventory log that is used to collect and keep a record of the evidence collection, accompanied by a description of crime scene with respect to evidence. (Shebaro, et, al. 2019).

Crime Scene Reconstruction

The process of working with the sequence of events before, after and during a crime is called crime scene reconstruction. It is one of the basic and underlying aspects of forensic science as it is the most controversial and critical point of crime investigation. It is significant to note that the victim is the focal point of crime scene reconstruction. It would not be wrong to say that reconstruction is a scientific fact gathering procedure that involves five different stages, particularly utilized in crime reconstruction. (Regensburger, et, al. 2019). 

Data Collection

It refers to the collection of information either obtained from the place of crime, any witnesses or the victim, referring to proper documentation. There are different conditions of data collection involving obvious impressions, patterns and the condition of evidence that is reviewed organized and documented. (Shebaro, et, al. 2019).

Conjecture

This step involves a detailed analysis of the evidence that is obtained relevant to the crime scene. Conjecture also includes a possible explanation of the events, taking into account that it is treated as a possibility only, where there is a space for more explanations. (Regensburger, et, al. 2019). 

Hypothesis Formulation

It refers to the accumulation of data on the basis of examination of physical evidence and extended investigation. A hypothesis is formulated on the basis of scene examination and analysis of physical evidence such as analysis of impression patterns, fingerprint, and bloodstains. This process also refers to the formulation of an educated guess. (Regensburger, et, al. 2019). 

Testing

Testing is done to approve or disapprove the interpretation of specific aspects of the hypothesis. This stage includes a comparative analysis of samples. It also includes controlled testing and experimentation of recorded physical activities. (Regensburger, et, al. 2019). 

Theory Formation

Theory formation refers to the additional information that could be acquired for the investigation of the condition of the victim or suspect. It also includes activities such as experimental results, activities of individuals and narrative accounts. (Shebaro, et, al. 2019).

References

Regensburger, D. (2019). Criminal evidence: From crime scene to courtroom. Aspen Publishers.

Shebaro, B., & Fisher, C. P. (2019). Crime in the 21st Century: A Co-Teaching Experience. The Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 54.

Singh, S. (2018). An evaluation of the role of forensic science in crime scene reconstruction (Doctoral dissertation).

Redefinition Of The American Dream

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Redefinition of the American Dream

The American dream is a belief that any person can attain success and upward mobility in society regardless of who they are, what their sexuality is and what class they belong to. This dream can be achieved through hard work, tolerance, and sacrifice. However, to achieve the dream there are certain barriers such as gender discrimination and sexual discrimination that as a citizen of America we need to pass through. According to the US constitution, every citizen has the right of free will however despite many laws that are made to protect the Women and LGBTQ community they have to face the discrimination and their voices are suppressed by making certain excuses such as religion and cultural excuses.

The process of discrimination starts at birth. When a child is born parents are required to fill a form that required them to mark the gender of their child. Likewise filling a form for any job or registration in the educational institute the first and the foremost requirement is to provide the information about your gender and in that too there are only two options male and female. There is a concept of gender neutrality. This classification further leads to the roles that each gender had to perform. For instance, females are required to do household work while males are required to be bread wiener (Zeher). In the US society shows flexibility when it comes to acting upon the gender-defined roles as many women are working in the offices and outside their homes while men are taking care of the house. However, gender identity depends upon the perception of a person rather than what he was born as.

 Specifically discussing gender discrimination in the US this issue has been prevailing throughout history. This includes occupational segregation, Unequal household work distribution, difficulty in accessing education and political representation. Additionally, the inequality faced by transgender women and the violence against these individuals is still prevailing in US society. In the past women were used in many rituals in the witchcraft against their will also they were forced to marry or engage in a sexual relationship and were subjected to extreme violence and torture. They were not even given the right to vote. In the year 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft in her published work “Vindication on the rights of women” advocated about equality of the sexes. She demanded that girls should be able to access education on the same footing as boys, also the prejudice against women should be ended and they should be evaluated on their achievements rather than based on their partner’s achievements (Wollstonecraft). The past 200 years does mark improvements and women all over the world do possess some rights and can access education easily as compared to the past yet discrimination is still not fully eliminated. According to the survey conducted by the international center of research on women in 2014 in parliament, only 23% are women while others are males. Also, working women are paid less than men making it difficult for them to access necessities of life such as health care and dietary resources. The field in which women face discrimination differs from country to country such as in India or Pakistan a son is preferred over daughter to an extent that people living in rural areas often kill daughter after their birth. In the US although the preference of son over a daughter is less yet still many people believe that sons are better than daughters.

Moving towards the transgender community the discrimination against them is still prevailing in our society. Although in the US according to the constitution all forms of gender discrimination against the LGBTQ community are considered illegal even in the workplace or during the hiring process discrimination transgender people is illegal (Bartholet). After the Stonewall riots in which the police entered a gay bar and captivate many people the crowd retaliated causing riots (Matzner) and giving birth to several movements and the formation of gay liberation front. However, many years later on April 2012, EEOC determines the gender identity clause in the Title VII policy according to which discrimination against gay people in public places or workplaces is considered illegal (Sape). However, still, gay people are often discriminated publicly. People have different opinions about transgender people and especially same-sex marriage. Although the US constitution permits same-sex-marriage yet there still are many states that do register these marriages and transgender are also not allowed to adopt a child just because of their sexuality. This causes extreme hurdles for them as since their revelation as transgender the face bullying and discrimination in almost every field of life.

However, the world would be far more beautiful if the non-discriminatory, gender and sex-neutral American dream comes true. As when the people will tolerate each other and accept their differences many new opportunities will arise that would benefit the society both socially and economically. There are many examples that proves that if women get the opportunity to show their skills they can also achieve success not only for themselves but for their country such as Serena Williams who holds the title of winning most grand slam, Hilary Clinton who became the first women to be nominated for the president of the US and Peggy Whitson who broke the record of spending most days in the space by any NASA astronaut. Similarly, Lynn Conway is known for his VLSI invention and Jennifer Finney who is a political activist and a renowned author are the people of the LGBTQ community who have made their name in their respective fields. The American dream revolution will not only benefit females but also the LGBTQ community.

Despite being living in the 21st century there still are people who oppose the American dream revolution. Specifically, more people opposed LGBTQ movements by making religion as the basis of opposing. The reforms in gay rights also include the removal of the prohibition of gay marriages causing many religious organizations to perform these marriages which according to them is the violation of their freedom of speech and practice religion. On the other hand, many people are against the feminist movement argue that these movements are against the religious teachings as most religions have identified the role of homemaker to the women due to which women working outside the home is considered against the teachings of religion causing harm to the religious sentiments of many people. However there still are people who are in supporting women rights as well as the gay community rights as according to them empowering women will help them be independent and will make their access easier to the basic necessities of life which will in turn benefit children as an educated mother can be more fruitful in the development of the child. Additionally, many people are in the favor of including topics such as female rights and sexual diversity in the curriculum so that people can learn more about the issues prevailing in our society and helps in reducing them. Furthermore, the advertisement culture should also be changed by showing diversity and programs that empower women rather than making an object of gratification. Also discussing the LGBTQ if they are given their fundamental rights they could progress in their life and this will also end the violence against them (Kattari). When all the people will have equal rights the country will be balanced and people altogether work for their prosperity as well as play a significant role in national prosperity.  

Works Cited

Bartholet, Elizabeth. "Application of Title VII to jobs in high places." Harvard Law Review (1982): 945-1027.

Bobbitt-Zeher, Donna. "Gender discrimination at work: Connecting gender stereotypes, institutional policies, and gender composition of workplace." Gender & Society 25.6 (2011): 764-786.

Kattari, Shanna K., et al. "Policing gender through housing and employment discrimination: comparison of discrimination experiences of transgender and cisgender LGBQ individuals." Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research 7.3 (2016): 427-447.

Matzner, Andrew. "Stonewall riots." GLBTQ Archive (2015).

Sape, George P., and Thomas J. Hart. "Title vii reconsidered: The equal employment opportunity act of 1972." Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 40 (1971): 824.

Wollstonecraft, Mary. "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. 1792." The Works of Mary Wollstonecraft 5 (1992): 79-266.

Reflective Analysis Of Role Play

Reflective Analysis of Role Play

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Reflective Analysis of Role Play

Introduction

A diverse range of professional, social, emotional, and cognitive skills are required for social work. It seems to be a simple task, but it is a complex thing to do. A social worker possesses many skills and needs to become a life-long learner, helper, and communicator. Social work is a challenging task in which the social worker is responsible for helping families, individuals, and other groups of people in different matters of their lives ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6ji0hzZD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Karpetis, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Karpetis, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":105,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/QKFDEPPX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/QKFDEPPX"],"itemData":{"id":105,"type":"webpage","title":"(PDF) Social Work Skills: A Narrative Review of the Literature","container-title":"Research Gate","URL":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318796235_Social_Work_Skills_A_Narrative_Review_of_the_Literature","author":[{"family":"Karpetis","given":"George"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Karpetis, 2017).

Haseeb is acting as a social worker in the video. He has created an appropriate environment and communicated to the woman following the code of ethics and core values. He has interviewed a woman seventy-two years old. The woman is a widow who spent thirty years of her life with her husband in a farmhouse, quite away from the city. After the death of her husband, her children forced her to be settled with them in the city as she was left alone on the farm. The woman is facing difficulty in adapting to the new environment. She is feeling depressed and isolated. Haseeb tries to help her by interviewing her and discussing all her problems and difficulties making a comparison of her life at the farmhouse and in the city.

Skills used by the Social Worker

A social worker has many qualities and skills that he uses to bring peace and justice to the society. A social worker should be an active listener, a critical thinker, and an empathic person. He should be tolerant enough to listen to the other person carefully and patiently. Moreover, he should have the ability to communicate effectively in various ways. Communication is an essential skill in every field of life. It is the most important thing in helping others to cope with their problems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zSD3qnbz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dunk-West, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Dunk-West, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":107,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/HHFAU47K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/HHFAU47K"],"itemData":{"id":107,"type":"book","title":"HOW TO BE A SOCIAL WORKER - PRISCILLA DUNK-WEST - Google Books","publisher":"Macmillan International Higher Education","number-of-pages":"202","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9kJmDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=how+does+a+social+worker+help+people+fight+depression&ots=3Ib4Ky_cZ_&sig=S-LkByapR2MnpSJnpEnILsN2lIQ#v=onepage&q=how%20does%20a%20social%20worker%20help%20people%20fight%20depression&f=false","author":[{"family":"Dunk-West","given":"Priscilla"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dunk-West, 2018). He should be able to gather a lot of information about the individual and his physical, mental, emotional, social, and environmental life. A healthy balance of relationship between the worker and his client should be created by setting boundaries. It proves to be helpful in establishing and maintaining professional relationships without any emotional stress ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bP5sMlE1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rothman, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Rothman, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":120,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/PTEZQVF4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/PTEZQVF4"],"itemData":{"id":120,"type":"book","title":"Social Work Practice Across Disability","publisher":"Routledge","source":"www.taylorfrancis.com","abstract":"This book will help prepare the reader to work across disabilities by providing knowledge and training grounded within the ecological framework in four","URL":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315178028","ISBN":"978-1-315-17802-8","note":"DOI: 10.4324/9781315178028","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Rothman","given":"Juliet"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",3,13]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rothman, 2018). A social worker is the voice of his clients. Advocacy should be used which means speaking out or acting out for the benefit of clients. Social workers should advocate new programs or expand current programs for the best interest of their clients to bring positive changes in the lives of people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Grzfem1W","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Berzin, Singer, & Chan, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Berzin, Singer, & Chan, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":133,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/CDHPISL6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/CDHPISL6"],"itemData":{"id":133,"type":"article-journal","title":"Practice Innovation through Technology in the Digital Age: A Grand Challenge for Social Work","page":"24","source":"Zotero","abstract":"Information and communication technology (ICT) has the potential to dramatically shift and enhance social work practice in the coming decade. Integrating technology into social work and creating practice innovations through ICT will make transformative social change possible. Technology integration can create practice that includes flexible, on-demand, personal, and individuallypaced services. Potential integration of specific technologies, including gaming, gamification, mobile technology, social media, robotics, the quantified self, and wearable technologies represent tremendous potential for practice gains. Beyond specific technologies, there is the opportunity to transform the social work profession to be ready to respond to and leverage any technology that becomes available. This paper delineates these possibilities and the specific goals for achieving this challenge.","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Berzin","given":"Stephanie Cosner"},{"family":"Singer","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Chan","given":"Chitat"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Berzin, Singer, & Chan, n.d.). Clients with several issues and problems approach the social workers. It is one of the major qualities of a social worker that he can understand and solve conflict solutions. He should show a high level of responsibility while dealing with such cases. His courage and passion for work prove to be helpful in handling such conflict and complex situations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4CIwB0Xf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Howe, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Howe, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":111,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/HIBASPZI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/HIBASPZI"],"itemData":{"id":111,"type":"book","title":"An Introduction to Social Work Theory","publisher":"Routledge","source":"www.taylorfrancis.com","abstract":"Social workers need to recognize the critical role that theory plays both in the way they make sense of what is going on and in the way they order their work.","URL":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315262659","ISBN":"978-1-315-26265-9","note":"DOI: 10.4324/9781315262659","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Howe","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,2]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Howe, 2017).

Haseeb acted as a social worker and tried to use all the skills effectively. Haseeb is an active listener as he gave full attention to everything that the woman in the video said. He developed an effective communication with the woman by making her feel comfortable in the environment. He had prepared questions that were related to the past experiences of the woman in her farmhouse and her present experiences in the city. While the woman answered, he carefully noted down every necessary detail so that it could be analyzed further, and it even gave the woman an impression that her life events and problems are important to her social worker. Haseeb also showed empathy towards the woman and tried to tell her ways to cope up with the issues she had faced and is facing in her life. In the beginning of the video when Haseeb introduced himself and asked the woman’s name, on her answer he praised her name in a sweet and friendly way, “Oh Kath, that’s beautiful name.” This shows that he was trying to make the woman feel comfortable during the discussion. It is very important to make the subject feel relaxed in front of the social worker, as he needs to have a proper communication regarding the person’s issues ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PqWG2JXn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(G. Reamer, 2015)","plainCitation":"(G. Reamer, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":130,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/NY88J4Y4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/NY88J4Y4"],"itemData":{"id":130,"type":"article-journal","title":"Clinical Social Work in a Digital Environment: Ethical and Risk-Management Challenges | SpringerLink","container-title":"Springer Link","page":"120-132","volume":"43","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"G. Reamer","given":"Frederic"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (G. Reamer, 2015). It can be seen in the video that this sentence said by Haseeb made the woman feel more confident and comfortable. Social workers use such attitudes to build confidence in the clients so that they interact comfortably during the session.

An interactive session can only take place when the subject gives appropriate and honest answers to the social worker. This can only be possible when the person trusts the social worker, only then he would give honest answers to the questions asked. Haseeb was able to build trust in the woman as the video shows that he assured that the information told by the woman would be confidential and it would be used just to analyze her problems so that some solutions can be suggested. As Haseeb says, "Before we proceed, I am going to inform you that the information you are going to share with me that is... that will be totally confidential because I am social worker and you are my client so ethically that's my responsibility and that you don't need to worry about that one. That will be totally confidential and I am also making some notes that will be helpful for me and later on I will discuss with you." The social worker is newly introduced to the client which makes it difficult for the client to trust the stranger easily. People hesitate to tell their personal experiences to the social workers but if the worker builds a relationship of trust in his client, things become very smooth and the discussion becomes easygoing. In this interview, Haseeb builds his trust with the woman and she tells him all the required details about her past and present life. He asks the woman about her life at the farm, her life in the city, her husband, her kids, her issues with the environmental changes, and the woman without any hesitation answers all. This trust-building is very important and useful in every problem-solving case. Since the social worker would not know about the details of the client and his life, he would not be able to analyze the case and look for appropriate solutions.

Empathy refers to the emotions and feelings of the social worker towards the problems of the client. When the social worker thinks emotionally by imagining himself at the place of his client to analyze his issues and problems carefully. This helps in problem solving, as the worker gets involved in the client's situation through imagination and feel how the client might be feeling ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zWSnOqRQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stanley, Mettilda Buvaneswari, & Meenakshi, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Stanley, Mettilda Buvaneswari, & Meenakshi, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":114,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/27URALKF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/27URALKF"],"itemData":{"id":114,"type":"article-journal","title":"Predictors of empathy in women social workers","container-title":"Journal of Social Work","page":"1468017318794280","source":"SAGE Journals","DOI":"10.1177/1468017318794280","ISSN":"1468-0173","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Social Work","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Stanley","given":"Selwyn"},{"family":"Mettilda Buvaneswari","given":"G"},{"family":"Meenakshi","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",8,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stanley, Mettilda Buvaneswari, & Meenakshi, 2018). Haseeb shows the feelings of empathy towards the woman in this video. He maintains eye contact with the woman throughout the video listening to her carefully and paying attention to the information told by her. When the woman tells that, she spent a good time at the farm because it was a hilly area and she likes hilly areas Haseeb says, "Oh! Yeah, yeah! I also like hilly areas." The woman's reaction after hearing this can be seen in the video, as it is clear that she felt happy upon hearing that the social worker interviewing her also has the same interest as she has.

Haseeb has used an effective communication with the woman. Throughout the conversation, he kept showing interest in the woman’s information, which encouraged the woman to engage in the discussion more confidently. A good eye contact was maintained by the social worker, the questions that he had prepared were also appropriate and it let the speaker express her views, opinions, and feelings confidently and easily. At every answer given by the woman, Haseeb gave related expressions, sometimes through smiles, sometimes through giggling, and at other times through short phrases like “Yeah” “Good” “Very good” “Oh” “Ok” “Alright.” These expressions give an impression to the speaker that the social worker is listening to him/her carefully and he has an interest in helping the individual solve his/her problems.

Identification of complex problems and finding appropriate and helpful suggestions for them is an important skill of a social worker. He should be a complex problem solver as he works for the benefit and improvement of the society. In this video, Haseeb has proposed effective problem-solving techniques to help the woman cope up with her isolation and depression. The woman expresses her problem that her body conditions are not adapting to the new environment due to which she suffered from fever twice in the previous two months. Haseeb listened to this issue very attentively and communicated through expression during the whole discussion. At the end, he gave a card to the woman saying, "If you don't mind I give you a card and this is the detail card so you can contact them regarding your health issues and if you face some problem so you can contact me I will help you also." This is how he helped her regarding her health issues. The woman also tells that she does not know any of the places or clubs where she can interact with new people and try to make new friends. Haseeb solves this problem as well by saying, "Yeah there's a lot of communities- social communities and social community clubs which help the people, especially old peoples and don't worry about that one. I will check all of that then I will discuss with you…" Here he solves the mental or psychological problems that the woman is dealing with. The problem-solving technique of Haseeb solved the physical, mental, emotional, and social problems that the woman was facing in her life.

Areas where improvement is required

Haseeb has tried to communicate and solve the problems of the woman effectively. He possesses skills and qualities of a social worker such as empathy, flexibility, respect, trust and confidence building, effective communication, etc., but some of the things need to be improved to make him a more skilled social worker. He followed all the core values and principles required for the problem solving and help of his client. There was an appropriate atmosphere; he made the client comfortable, built his trust to make her feel confident and showed empathy towards her issues. All these led to a healthy discussion between the two and the worker was able to give good suggestions for her problem solving after she answered everything that was asked. However, there was a lack of organization in the discussion. Haseeb had prepared very good questions to ask, but the interview was not organized. One question was asked from the past and the very next moment a question related to the future was asked. Though this sometimes proves to be effective as the person goes into a stream of consciousness and easily relates past experiences to the present ones, but for the people like Kath who are already going through depression and isolation, this technique creates confusion and the person is not able to discuss further. Another major improvement that is required in the skills of Haseeb is the use of language. His speech was not organized; there were a lot of mistakes in his use of language which the woman might not be able to understand properly. The use of tenses and appropriate verbs is very important so that the listener understands the discussion or questions and is able to answer properly. Haseeb asked many questions that were incorrect such as, "When did you partner passed away?" "How you manage your farm after demised of your husband?" "What are the your main interest and hobbies?" "What was the main thing that push you to move in town and left your farm and move here?" "Have you facing any health issue?" "Did you found any social place in the town?" This inappropriate use of language make the other person unable to understand the conveyed message or the asked question. Haseeb needs to improve his communication skills as communication holds great importance while interviewing the client and solving his or her problems. If the client of Haseeb would not have been able to understand his questions, there interview would have been wasted and he would have been unable to suggest any solutions for her problem solving. The data also needs to be organized as it is mentioned above that Haseeb’s information and questions were appropriate and helpful, but they were not organized properly. If his client had been confused, she would not have been able to give all the answers or remain engaged in the conversation with him. A social worker’s job is very important in the lives of other people to live and progress in the society, therefore, the skills of the social worker should be used affectively and helpfully.

Critical Self-reflection

Critical self-reflection is very important in every task as it helps the individual develop his skills and question his progress positively so that it can be decided how it could be made better in future. My role-play as a social worker was a mixture of good and bad. I performed very well, while a few of the things need a lot of improvement in order to become a good social worker in few things. Social work requires many skills and qualities such as empathy, patience, trust, organization, objectivity, persistence, flexibility, and effective communication skills ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qqvRwYwh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kapoulitsas & Corcoran, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Kapoulitsas & Corcoran, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":125,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/JC78W4ML"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/JC78W4ML"],"itemData":{"id":125,"type":"article-journal","title":"Compassion fatigue and resilience: A qualitative analysis of social work practice","container-title":"Qualitative Social Work","page":"86-101","volume":"14","issue":"1","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Compassion fatigue is a term used to describe behaviour and emotions experienced by those who help people who have experienced trauma. It is viewed as a potential consequence of stress related to such exposure and is understood to be influenced by the practitioner’s empathic response. The aims of this study were to obtain greater understanding of social workers experience of working with distressed clients; examine what develops personal, professional and organisational resilience; and explore ways in which workers can be better protected from compassion fatigue. The research design was qualitative using semi-structured interviews involving six social workers presently working with distressed clients or clients known to have experienced distress. Four major themes were identified using thematic analysis: (i) the complexities of social work, (ii) supportive and unsupportive contexts, (iii) promoting personal well-being/self-protection and (iv) resilience as a changing systemic and complex process. The findings provide important insights into the participants’ experiences of working with distressed clients and, more specifically, their experience of compassion fatigue and stories of resilience. The research provides clear direction for future research at organisational, educational and interpersonal levels.","DOI":"10.1177/1473325014528526","ISSN":"1473-3250","shortTitle":"Compassion fatigue and resilience","journalAbbreviation":"Qualitative Social Work","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Kapoulitsas","given":"Maryanne"},{"family":"Corcoran","given":"Tim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kapoulitsas & Corcoran, 2015). I developed a good communication with my client from the beginning of the video. After she told me her name, I praised her name that made her feel confident during the session. I also asked if she had any difficulty reaching my place, which showed my concern and made her feel that she could rely on me. Throughout the conversation, I listened to her attentively and carefully, which I showed by maintaining eye contact with her and giving expressions on every information she gave. A social worker should show feelings of respect towards the dignity of the client ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rFHc5usU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Oxhandler, Parrish, Torres, & Achenbaum, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Oxhandler, Parrish, Torres, & Achenbaum, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":123,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/P7JTX7ZK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/P7JTX7ZK"],"itemData":{"id":123,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Integration of Clients' Religion and Spirituality in Social Work Practice: A National Survey","container-title":"Social Work","page":"228-237","volume":"60","issue":"3","source":"academic.oup.com","abstract":"Abstract. This article describes the results of a cross-sectional study of licensed clinical social workers’ (LCSWs’) views and behaviors related to integratin","DOI":"10.1093/sw/swv018","ISSN":"0037-8046","shortTitle":"The Integration of Clients' Religion and Spirituality in Social Work Practice","journalAbbreviation":"Soc Work","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Oxhandler","given":"Holly K."},{"family":"Parrish","given":"Danielle E."},{"family":"Torres","given":"Luis R."},{"family":"Achenbaum","given":"W. Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",7,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Oxhandler, Parrish, Torres, & Achenbaum, 2015). I was successful in this area as I showed full respect and dedication towards her dignity. Trust is the major thing that needs to be built while such discussions as the client should be able to answer every question and deliver all information without any doubt of having the information leaked by the worker. I built my trust in the woman by assuring her that whatever she tells me would remain between us and it is being written only because of further discussions on solving her problems. I showed empathy to my client, which created a feeling of confidence and trust in her. I expressed that I can understand her pain and issues. I was patient and flexible throughout the discussion, and I let her speak and listened to her calmly. While discussing about her social inactiveness she showed me a feeling of fear and lack of confidence by asking if the people in the social club would have the same interests as she has. I felt a feeling of nervousness in her, which I controlled by saying that I would look for clubs and would introduce her to people who have the same interests and hobbies like her. It made her much relaxed and all the nervousness that I saw on her face was gone. This was an effective thing to do because she was showing lack of confidence and hesitation in interacting with some new fellows.

My organization of data was not up to the mark as I was unable to organize data and ask questions related to the past first, then related to the present. My client could have got confused because of this but thankfully, she was able to answer the questions carefully. However, this needs to be avoided in future so that my clients do not get confused while discussion ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"guhSnl0f","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Yahaya & Ebrahim, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Yahaya & Ebrahim, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":118,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/NUDYBZ4Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/NUDYBZ4Y"],"itemData":{"id":118,"type":"article-journal","title":"Leadership styles and organizational commitment: literature review","container-title":"Journal of Management Development","source":"www.emerald.com","archive_location":"world","abstract":"– The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between Bass’s (1985) leadership dimensions (transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire) and several outcome variables (employee extra effort, employee satisfaction with leader, leadership effectiveness) and organizational commitment. , – This is a systematic literature review. , – This review briefly discusses the conceptual framework and the Full Range Leadership Model (Bass, 1985) which include transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and laissez-faire leadership. Also discussed in this section were the abilities and the characteristics of transformational leaders. The leadership section was concluded with discussion on previous researches on transformational leadership. This review also provides a literature review on organizational commitment. , – Described in this paper are the various definitions of organizational commitment and the three-component model of commitment. This paper also described the antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment obtained from previous researches. This paper concluded with a discussion on the impact of transformational leadership on employee organizational commitment.","URL":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JMD-01-2015-0004/full/html","DOI":"10.1108/JMD-01-2015-0004","ISSN":"0262-1711","shortTitle":"Leadership styles and organizational commitment","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Yahaya","given":"Rusliza"},{"family":"Ebrahim","given":"Fawzy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",3,7]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Yahaya & Ebrahim, 2016). Another area for improvement is my inappropriate use of language structures. There were many structural and grammatical mistakes in my speech that should be avoided as it makes the client unable to understand the exact meaning of what the worker is trying to ask. Maximum self-determination should be fostered in the clients, as it is the main aim of social work and the major responsibility of the social worker. However, I was unable to properly foster self-determination in my client. Instead of giving suggestions, I was making her rely on me. I provided her with a card for the medical center and even told her that she can use my reference in the hospital. Also asking about her social life, I told her that I would look for some social clubs for her. I would have let her find new things, new places, and new people by herself. This would create confidence and self-dependence in her and she would have come out of her isolation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iKAwWVC9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(George, 2015)","plainCitation":"(George, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":109,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/69J7RNI4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/69J7RNI4"],"itemData":{"id":109,"type":"article-journal","title":"Working with Norms in Social Work Practice: Introjection, Discipline, and Self-Determination","container-title":"Psychoanalytic Social Work","page":"108-125","volume":"22","issue":"2","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"Since its beginnings, social work has emphasized the ways in which environmental factors and internal dynamics influence individuals. I propose that practitioners continue and strengthen this emphasis by exploring the role that norms play in conflicts and choices. Contemporary and longstanding concepts from sociology and psychoanalysis concerning norms can help us explore what we can change in ourselves, what norms might be outside our capacity to influence, and what change can be undertaken through advocacy or another method. In considering norms, I discuss the introjection process, research in sociology, and the role that discipline and self-determination (including external and internal freedom) play in our choices.","DOI":"10.1080/15228878.2015.1012682","ISSN":"1522-8878","shortTitle":"Working with Norms in Social Work Practice","author":[{"family":"George","given":"Laura J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",7,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (George, 2015). Decision-making is also useful for every individual. Whether a person is in depression, or excitement, happy or sad, he should be able to make his own decisions according to his interests and needs. I would have prepared some questions that would clear whether my client is able to make her decision herself. It would have been helpful for her self-reflection and for my study and analysis as well. In other words, I was lacking confidence that made me uncertain of what I can and what I should do ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"c2mheUE8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(De Jong & Miller, 1995)","plainCitation":"(De Jong & Miller, 1995)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/NIZIECHW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/NIZIECHW"],"itemData":{"id":116,"type":"article-journal","title":"How to Interview for Client Strengths","container-title":"Social Work","page":"729-736","volume":"40","issue":"6","source":"academic.oup.com","abstract":"Abstract. The profession is witnessing a growing interest among practitioners and educators in finding ways to discover and mobilize client strengths in social","DOI":"10.1093/sw/40.6.729","ISSN":"0037-8046","journalAbbreviation":"Soc Work","language":"en","author":[{"family":"De Jong","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Miller","given":"Scott D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995",11,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (De Jong & Miller, 1995).

Conclusion

Social work is not a process, rather it is an art or a skill helpful for people in strengthening their future and making them able to come out of the crisis they are facing in life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZKbI1P7x","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Paul, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Paul, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":128,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/Q6HTREXW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/Q6HTREXW"],"itemData":{"id":128,"type":"webpage","title":"Critical Thinking and the Critical Person","container-title":"Thinking","abstract":"Education is training in HOW to think rather than in WHAT to think; it is a confrontation, a dialogue between ways of assessing","URL":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/","note":"DOI: 10.4324/9781315802015-27","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Paul","given":"Richard W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",10,24]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Paul, 2018). Some of the qualities that asocial worker should have are already possessed by some people for example sometimes a person is naturally empathic or flexible. Such people can understand the feelings of others very well; still these qualities need to be practiced. A social worker is a very important part of the society as he is responsible for the issues caused by domestic violence, abuse, parental substance abuse, and neglect. They even deal with people suffering from mental, emotional, or psychological issues. It is an important commitment and a challenging job that requires a great deal of physical, mental, and emotional energy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yTDt1ja9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baldwin, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Baldwin, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":126,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/F265IGH3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/F265IGH3"],"itemData":{"id":126,"type":"book","title":"Social Work, Critical Reflection and the Learning Organization","publisher":"Routledge","number-of-pages":"220","source":"Google Books","abstract":"A critical characteristic of human service organizations is their capacity to learn from experience and to adapt continuously to changing external conditions such as downward pressure on resources, constant reconfiguration of the welfare state and rapidly changing patterns of social need. This invaluable, groundbreaking volume discusses in detail the concept of the learning organization, in particular its relevance to social work and social services. Contributors join together from across Europe, North America and Australia to explore the development of the learning organization within social work contexts and its use as a strategic tool for meeting problems of continuous learning, supervision and change. The volume addresses a range of important topics, from strategies for embedding learning and critical reflection in the social work learning organization, to the implications of the learning organization for the new community-based health and social care agenda.","ISBN":"978-1-317-05326-2","note":"Google-Books-ID: iebeCwAAQBAJ","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Baldwin","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baldwin, 2016).

References ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baldwin, M. (2016). Social Work, Critical Reflection and the Learning Organization. Routledge.

Berzin, S. C., Singer, J., & Chan, C. (n.d.). Practice Innovation through Technology in the Digital Age: A Grand Challenge for Social Work. 24.

De Jong, P., & Miller, S. D. (1995). How to Interview for Client Strengths. Social Work, 40(6), 729–736. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/40.6.729

Dunk-West, P. (2018). HOW TO BE A SOCIAL WORKER - PRISCILLA DUNK-WEST - Google Books. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9kJmDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=how+does+a+social+worker+help+people+fight+depression&ots=3Ib4Ky_cZ_&sig=S-LkByapR2MnpSJnpEnILsN2lIQ#v=onepage&q=how%20does%20a%20social%20worker%20help%20people%20fight%20depression&f=false

G. Reamer, F. (2015). Clinical Social Work in a Digital Environment: Ethical and Risk-Management Challenges | SpringerLink. Springer Link, 43(2), 120–132.

George, L. J. (2015). Working with Norms in Social Work Practice: Introjection, Discipline, and Self-Determination. Psychoanalytic Social Work, 22(2), 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228878.2015.1012682

Howe, D. (2017). An Introduction to Social Work Theory. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315262659

Kapoulitsas, M., & Corcoran, T. (2015). Compassion fatigue and resilience: A qualitative analysis of social work practice. Qualitative Social Work, 14(1), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325014528526

Karpetis, G. (2017). (PDF) Social Work Skills: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Retrieved October 11, 2019, from Research Gate website: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318796235_Social_Work_Skills_A_Narrative_Review_of_the_Literature

Oxhandler, H. K., Parrish, D. E., Torres, L. R., & Achenbaum, W. A. (2015). The Integration of Clients’ Religion and Spirituality in Social Work Practice: A National Survey. Social Work, 60(3), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swv018

Paul, R. W. (2018, October 24). Critical Thinking and the Critical Person. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315802015-27

Rothman, J. (2018). Social Work Practice Across Disability. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315178028

Stanley, S., Mettilda Buvaneswari, G., & Meenakshi, A. (2018). Predictors of empathy in women social workers. Journal of Social Work, 1468017318794280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017318794280

Yahaya, R., & Ebrahim, F. (2016). Leadership styles and organizational commitment: literature review. Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-01-2015-0004

Reflective Journal B

Foundations for Population Health in Community – Lauderhill, Florida

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Foundations for Population Health in Community

Date of Survey:

Community Name and Location Assigned in Clinical Survey: Zip Code 33311, North West 33rd Terrace, Lauderhill, Florida

History of the Community

Lauderhill was established in 1959 in Broward County edge of the Everglades in its dairy farm country. In 1959, Florida was poised for change, with Fidel Castro entering Havana. At this point, thousands of Cubans needed a place to immigrate. Furthermore, NASA’s space program, based in Florida’s Cape Canaveral, was racing to compete with the Soviet space program. They had just launched their very first satellite called Sputnik in 1957 and it was a matter of concern for the USA. A New York-based developer by the name of Herbert Sadkin recognized the huge potential for growth in Lauderhill, Florida. He was already well known for not only designing but also building the typical American House, which drew international attention, as the focal point of the American National Exhibition in the Soviet Union in 1959.

At the exhibition, Vice President Richard Nixon and the Soviet premier, Nikita Khrushchev held the kitchen debate. They sparred over the facts that whether this model home, with all its modern conveniences, was truly affordable for the average American. Herbert Sadkin brought that prefabricated modern ranch-style house design to Lauderhill. The very first homes were located near what is now called the Herbert Sadkin Community Center and Walt Park. These homes were sold for 12,000 US Dollars. Financing of these homes was advertised at $30 down and $30 a month.

By 1966, hundreds of homes had been built. Herbert Sadkin had plans to name this new Florida Community “Sunnydale”. However, his friend, a New York Times journalist by the name of William Safire, thought that it sounded too much like a neighborhood in Brooklyn. Instead, Safire focused on the wordplay between Hill and Dale and the name Lauderhill was born, despite there being no hills in the area. They called it a product of the cold war and the city of Lauderhill, Broward County, Florida, was born.

Initial Windshield Survey of the Community

Place

Lauderhill, Florida is a community with manmade borders. It is a part of Broward County. It encompasses an area of 8.5 square miles and contains a number of multi-family, single-family, and townhouse households CITATION Flo16 \l 1033 (Florida, 2016). It has a number of healthcare facilities, schools, community centers, emergency services, shopping centers, recreational activity centers and various other business complexes vital to a thriving community. Everything that you are going to need is available in the area and easily accessible by car, public transport, and other services.

Open Spaces and Environment

The locality is lush and green, with well-kept grass lining the streets especially in the residential areas. While this increases the possibility of poisonous plants and soil-borne diseases, the area does not have a lot of stray cats and dogs roaming around, which is a relief. This decreases the potential of stray-related and soil-borne diseases considerably.

Additionally, the area does not have any big industrial unit in place that could adversely affect the environment. At the very best it has smaller industries with includes photo developing companies, paint stores, artisan stores, and dry cleaners.

Parks and Recreational Areas

The city of Lauderhill is lush and green. Being a planned city, the minds behind it ensured that ample space was reserved for landscaping to make sure that the town looked picture perfect. The city has a grand total of 26 parks, all of which are frequented by the people CITATION Flo163 \l 1033 (Lauderhill, Parks and Facilities, 2016).

Housing

The city of Lauderhill, Florida was created as a housing society or community from the very beginning, the sort that could house the brilliantly created model houses by Herbert Sadkin. Most of the neighbors still contain the original houses designed the Sadkin wanted. However, even after the completion of the project, the fact that houses of similar design and structure are used by single and multi-family homes is fairly commonplace. Apartment complexes are also popping up in different locations around the city. However, according to my assessment, none of the houses in the area were vacant or up for sale, with homes dating back to the foundation of the city.

Educational Institutes

There are more than 21 schools in the within the zip code 33311. Among them, six are public schools while the remaining are private ones. The students have their fair share of choices with regard to the schools they would like to go to. However, with regard to the designated location i.e. North West 33rd Terrace, Lauderhill, Florida, there are three schools in the area i.e. the Wingate Oaks Center School, Child Find and Larkdale Elementary School.

People

The area has a population of 72,750 people as of July 2018 CITATION Flo16 \l 1033 (Florida, 2016), with most of the population being foreign-born, primarily from Jamaica and West Indies CITATION Cen10 \l 1033 (Census, 2010). Thus, the zip code 33311 is filled with people of African origin. Secondly, Lauderhill is a retirement community. Thus, the number of baby boomers in the street or strolling in the park in the evening is a whole lot higher than the generations that follow them. However, there is an equally high number of teenagers in the area, who are often found milling around the Auburn Boulevard, Florida Avenue and Berkeley Boulevard in the evenings and over the weekend, chilling out with their friends. It often looks like they are having a great time.

Transportation

The city has a public transit as well as a public taxi system in place. Furthermore, Lauderhill has a great road network that can easily bear the morning rush hour traffic. The markings on the road prevent you from often getting lost. With most members of the community owning their own cars, people of Lauderhill believe in the carpooling system and they often give one another rides from places to places, especially if they are headed in the same direction. Asking neighbors and the people one may recognize if they need a ride to someplace is very much commonplace in Lauderhill, Florida.

Social Service and Community Centers

The Henderson Behavioral center is frequently visited by community members, especially when they seek advice on a mental health issue. On the other hand, there are about 22 community centers in the area, with the Herbert Sadkin community center being the oldest and the one most frequency visited by the senior members of the community. They get to exercise, learn new things and meet friends here. However, there is only one social service center located on the North West 33rd Terrace i.e. LifeNet4Families, which caters to family and works on developing and improving the family institute in the area.

Religion

The most commonly observed religion in the area is Christianity, given the fact that there are almost 20 churches in the zip code 33311. However, none of the churches in the area are located on North West 33rd Terrace. Although the Christian Family Center Good Shepherd is located on North West 33rd Avenue, which is only a short walk away. People here are rather religious, with the Christian community being rather close-knit. Their affiliation with religion is easily noticeable with the number of people attending the Sunday mass in unison and choosing to spend the day together with the members of their community.

Business and Industries

There are more than 5000 registered businesses in the area, which employ as much as 10,475 people CITATION Flo16 \l 1033 (Florida, 2016). This includes both local businesses, owned and operated by the residents of the area as well as chain restaurants and other well-known stores with branches all over the country. These stores are usually frequented by the younger crowds since they happen to be the target audience. However, people that have been living in the area all their lives have the tendency to frequent the local stores, with most of them being friends with the owners.

Emergency Services

The city has a number of emergency response services in place to aid its population in case of an emergency. It has a fire rescues station, fire department, a number of ambulance services and even the Lauderhill police department located within the zip code. The city commission, sensing a renewed commitment to community involvement and engagement moved to re-establish the Municipal Lauderhill Police Department. The new Police Chief Mike Scott was tasked with hiring police officers whose diversity reflected the diversity of the community. Scott promised to take a proactive, problem-oriented approach to crime prevention as well as law enforcement. It had been a truly professional organization ever since and has been formally recognized by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) in July of 2005 CITATION Flo161 \l 1033 (Lauderhill, 2016). The prime mission of the Lauderhill Police Department is to protect the community, safeguard the people in the city and even provide professional police partnership in order to make the community a better place.

Healthcare in Lauderhill, Florida

There are ample of hospitals and healthcare facilities in Lauderhill, Florida. With a round figure of more than 15 hospitals and 4 healthcare centers, including mental healthcare centers, the healthcare system in place is beyond excellent. However, the north-eastern and the south-eastern part of the city is plagued with poverty, with a number of low-income households in the area. They have an annual income of less than $30,000 and often have to fall back on the community for aid. They often have to use government benefits (0.5%), Medicaid (28%) and Medicare (40.1%) in order to afford healthcare. The pupils here are also entitled to the free lunch program CITATION Cli13 \l 1033 (Cleveland, 2013).

As mentioned earlier, most of the people living in the area are from Jamaica and hence blacks. While palliative care and hospice should be culturally sensitive. However, according to research that is not the case. If the patient or their family does not belong to the same culture as the caregiver, there is a good chance that a communication barrier may exist between the two of them. They are often uncomfortable in their presence and are unable to administer the sort of healthcare the patient needs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"O2EmLvn3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Policzer, Mizell, Deese, Payne, & Sanders, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Policzer, Mizell, Deese, Payne, & Sanders, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":223,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/TB89EKI3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/TB89EKI3"],"itemData":{"id":223,"type":"article-journal","title":"Culturosity: Competence in Caring for Communities of Color (P10)","container-title":"Journal of Pain and Symptom Management","page":"310-311","volume":"51","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Policzer","given":"Joel"},{"family":"Mizell","given":"Deborah"},{"family":"Deese","given":"Diane"},{"family":"Payne","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Sanders","given":"Lawrence"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Policzer, Mizell, Deese, Payne, & Sanders, 2016).

Additionally, since there is a large number of the members of baby boomer generation living in the area, with Lauderhill doubling as a retirement community, there is a need for Geriatric healthcare specialists in the area. Add in the fact that the city hosts lush golf courses, this increases the chances of such individuals to suffer from back and hip related issues. Sometimes they may also need round the clock care. Thus, having professionals on board that can specialize in geriatric healthcare is necessary ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a6oljlJj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gallo, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Gallo, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":224,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/WW7MHMBI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/WW7MHMBI"],"itemData":{"id":224,"type":"book","title":"Handbook of geriatric assessment","publisher":"Jones & Bartlett Learning","ISBN":"0-7637-3056-4","author":[{"family":"Gallo","given":"Joseph J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gallo, 2006).

Conclusion

Lauderhill is a lush city, boasting every amenity that you may ever need. It hosts a close knit community of people that care about one another. This community is strong, despite some areas belonging to a lower socioeconomic class, it is mutually supportive and meets every need in terms of food, water, shelter and a safe work environment for its residents. The health statistics in the area may need some work, but the way the community leaders in the city are working towards is development, that is one area that will not be an issue for quite some time. The city is improving on a daily basis and is working towards the introduction of health initiatives that it needs, while addressing more issues that need to be taken care of on a regular basis.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Census. (2010). Census of Population and Housing. Retrieved from Census.GOV: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade/decennial-publications.2010.html

Cleveland, C. (2013). Community Health Needs Assessment - Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved from Cleveland Clinic: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/files/org/florida/about/2013-florida-chna-and-isr.ashx?la=en

Florida, L. (2016). City Profile, Lauderhill, Florida.

Gallo, J. J. (2006). Handbook of geriatric assessment. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Lauderhill, F. (2016). Parks and Facilities. Retrieved from City of Lauderhill, Florida: https://www.lauderhill-fl.gov/parks-recreation/parks-list-view2

Lauderhill, F. (2016). POLICE DEPARTMENT, Lauderhill, Florida.

Policzer, J., Mizell, D., Deese, D., Payne, R., & Sanders, L. (2016). Culturosity: Competence in Caring for Communities of Color (P10). Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 51(2), 310–311

Repeat Police Calls

Repeat Police Calls

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Repeat Police calls

The number of police call an area determine the level of crime rate. Studies have established that call rate are different and it based on locality. However, in Denver, the high number of calls reported by the police is about crime against property. These crimes are related to arson, bribery, burglary, counterfeiting, criminal mischief, extortion motor vehicle theft, robbery, embezzlement and others. It is noted that theft from motor vehicle is leading with 15.4% of cases being reported followed by motor vehicle theft at 13.6% and then drug and narcotic at 8.4% of the cases. According to Denver Police (2019), each call to the police is related to a crime being committed and the frequent the call the frequent higher the rate of crime in a region. However, the statistic indicates a drastic change in repeated calls. This means that police has dealt with the issues of crimes being reported for the area to register a reduction calls.

However, in order to address the calls rate in the region, the police have established community policing, increase the number of patrons and improve coordination between the community and the law enforcement. High number of calls translates to high crime rate and therefore, to address the high crime rate the police department has encouraged the community to form neighborhood watchdog to help in the provision of security CITATION Ric16 \l 1033 (William, 2016). The police department has also increase patrol in areas, which several calls are being reported daily to ensure that it deters criminal elements from invading the society. According to Denver police department, the patrol has been increased from three to five times with police on patrol stationed close to crime prone neighborhood. This has helped in reducing the crime rate by almost 15% between March 2018 and March 2019. With efficient patrol system, it is likely to help in curbing all manners of crimes being committed and the calls to the police station would reduce by almost 50% within the next two years.

In order to deal with calls, the police department has assigned police office based on regions to handle the calls. It means that each officer on the call stations deals with specific area to ensure that there is efficient coordination between the police and the people on the field. Each call also has a time limit, which requires police officer to respond. According to Denver police department, the police officers are required to respond within 15 minutes of the call. And therefore, the police officers at the call station relay the call to the officer in field immediately for quick response and solution. Since each calls means there a security issues, the time limit is mandatory for the officer to adhere to and this has helped in addressing insecurity issues within the area.

Though the police have dealt with these calls appropriate to find a permanent solution, I would introduce follow up and efficient coordination between the police and the community. This is still missing with the police setup and therefore, it makes the solutions provided by the police to be temporary rather than establishing a better and permanent solution to the crime related issues. It is important to increase the number of officers dealing with calls and the assign each station specific role to follow. It would also be important to conduct research on establish the cause of high crime and provide solution in partnership with the community. The respond time limit should also be documented for efficiency and to ensure that police response is quick for permanent solution to perennial problems, which affect people living in Denver area.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Denver Police. (2019). Providing Aid to Officers & Enhancing Public Safety. http://denverpolicefoundation.org/ , 2-15.

William, R. (2016). A Dive Into Colorado Crime Data In 5 Charts | CPR. Police and Policing for improved security , 2-15.

Research And Policy

Criminal Justice

Name

Institutional Affiliation

Date

Criminal Justice

Empirical research evidence is critical when making decisions pertaining to criminal justice. Through proper research, it becomes easier to come up with better practices, programs, and policies (PROJECT, 2010). The results obtained from empirical research help in making essential decisions on various interventions to use. Interventions developed from empirical research helps in serving the public interests efficiently (Petersilia& Wilson, 2011).

Researchers have played a vital role in the US sentencing policy. Specifically, in determining when a sentencing archive the goal of incapacitation, rehabilitation, and deterrence (Petersilia& Wilson, 2011). Researchers have shown that rehabilitation does not reduce the chance of recidivism (Bardach& Patashnik, 2015). This research helped the sentencing policy to shift from indeterminate to determinate sentencing. Treatment participation was removed as a significant consideration, and objective-based sentencing was developed.

After discrediting rehabilitation, researches started to gather information on how a sentence can meet the goals of deterrence and incapacitation (Petersilia& Wilson, 2011). Based on information concerning the widespread presence of crime, researchers have identified that there has been a decrease in the levels of crime which have been brought by sentencing the offenders for a certain length of time (Gutwillig, 2014). This has led to lengthy sentencing of drug dealers, especially those thoughts of selling cocaine (PROJECT, 2010). This model has greatly assisted policymakers in coming up with targeted sentencing approaches to crime.

Other research has been carried out concerning overcrowding in prisons (Bardach& Patashnik, 2015). This is meant to assist administrators in handling probations operations, incarceration, and parole given limited resources. Researchers found that classifying inmates according to the level of crime while incarcerated. And the risk of recidivism if the prisoner is set free (Gutwillig, 2014). Researchers have used historical data to predict the number of inmates in future years, which has helped administrators to be prepared. Through this research, various states have come up with a system of classifying prisons. Prisons are termed as a minimum, medium, or maximum.

In conclusion, empirical-based research needs to be applied when determining policy and practices to be put in place when dealing with crime. The interventions provided by research are sure and help in serving the interests of the public as well as discouraging crime.

References

Bardach, E., & Patashnik, E. M. (2015). A practical guide for policy analysis: The eightfold path to more effective problem solving.

Petersilia, J., & Wilson, J. Q. (2011). Crime and public policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gutwillig, s. (2014). ANNUAL REPORT 2014. Newyork: ADVENTURE WORKS PRESS.

PROJECT, T. S. (2010, OCTOBER 20). FEDERAL CRACK COCAINE SENTENCING. THE SENTENCING PROJECT, p. 1.

Research Paper

Genetic Algorithms Improves School Transportations Performance

Student’s Name

Institution

Course Code

Date

Introduction

The school bus problem is associated with the class of vehicle routing problem. This problem includes the use of several vehicles to transport students from schools to their destinations. The problem could be solved through the extraction of school buses routes by reducing the total number of buses, distance covered by buses to pick students from various picking points and reducing the number of buses. The manual schedule of buses generates several routes of buses, many routes and the number of buses and therefore, it creates a lot of confusion leading to delay in the transportation of students. It also results in multiple buses transporting on the same route hence increasing the cost and time of the pick. As stated by Gen and Ida (2015), it is a major bottleneck in bus transportation and why the use of genetic algorithms system was established to address the bottleneck. However, the problem could be solved through the use of Genetic algorithms system. The genetic algorithms are integrated with the chosen route of each fleet of buses. The system would then be able to choose the route based on the routes integrated with the system and apply across the network. The route, which is chosen by the genetic algorithm are superior choose system and the current route and therefore, genetic algorithms would be able to evaluate and decide on the best route. The algorithms terminate when the maximum number is achieved and this ensures that there are less multiple transits in a given route.

Genetic algorithms are described as adaptive heuristic search strategies, which are based on the doctrine of population genetics. According to Gen and Ida (2015), genetic algorithms have been utilized before to solve several problems and obtaining successful results. Some of these problems, which have been solved using genetic algorithms, are the problem of a salesman traveling, job shops scheduling, telecommunication networks, and vehicle routing problem. In this paper, the generic router system used for routing school buses using genetic algorithms is availed. The genetic algorithms have been used by several schools across the district to improve the bus schedule and the pick to the routing point, which is the school in this case CITATION Olu18 \l 1033 (Oluwadare, Oguntuyi, & Nwaiwu, 2018). The genetic algorithms system is a solution to the problem of wastages being incurred by the school, which use a manual system to pick and drop students. The manual system results in multiple trips, which is a waste a lot of time and resources of schools. This paper, is, therefore, investigate how genetic algorithms improve school transport performance hence brings efficiency within the school transport system.

Statement of the problem

Most schools are experiencing a problem of picking and dropping students using a fleet of school buses. This is because schools within most districts use manual scheduling system. As stated by Kang, Kim, Choi, and Cho (2015), this results in multiple schedules hence a waste of resources and finances of the school. School bus routing problem is a complete set of problem, which are based on the way students are picked and dropped by a fleet of school buses CITATION Kan15 \l 1033 (Kang1, Kim, Choi, & Cho, 2015). In many occasions, the fleet of bus routing schedule is not well planned and it ends up scheduling several businesses in one route. This is because the bus network is a very difficult problem to solve because of the cost, bus lines, coverage, fleet size, transit travel time and frequency of buses. With several buses scheduled to pick students, it becomes difficult to optimize the use of time and therefore, genetic algorithms provide the best solution and therefore, improve the performance of school transport.

Purpose of the study

The main purpose of the study is to investigate how genetic algorithms are used to solve the problem of school bus transportation. It is noted that school bus transportation problem is majorly caused by poor scheduling, several fleets of buses in a route and poor plan for the routing. This study is, therefore, meant to establish the cause of the problem and how the genetic algorithms are used to develop transport network solution to the school bus transportation problem. The main goal of the study is to extra the best possible solution to address the problem of school bus transport system. The genetic algorithms, therefore, the best solution to the school transportation problem because it is able to select the bus stop, generate bus routes, and schedules the generated routes as well.

Methods and materials /Plan

The study was conducted through a descriptive and analytical research method. In this case, various journals, peer review and research papers were read and analyzed. These Journals, peer review, and other readings materials used were obtained through search from different databases. The databases used to complete the study were Google Scholar, EBSCO database and Pro-Quest database. It is, therefore, important to state that a search was conducted using keywords such as school bus transport problem, genetic algorithms improve school bus transportation performance. Several journals and peer review were obtained and analyzed. Out of 250 journals obtained only twenty (20) journals and articles were selected and only ten used to complete the proposal. Each article or journal used to complete the study was analyzed based on the author, date of publication and relevancy to the topic being addressed. The routing problem was analyzed and the way they have been solved to improve efficiency in

Finding

It is obtained that genetic algorithms are the best system, which can be used to solve the problem of school transportation. The genetic algorithms solve the problem through the use of subdivision of the transport system into groups. From the analysis of various studies, it is discovered that genetic algorithms help in solving the problem through the efficient allocation of buses based on the need and the route. It is done through the integration of the bus system with genetic algorithms system so that it could be able to select the route based on the data.

Diagram 1: School bus transportation schedule

Diagram 2: School transport problem and solution offered by algorithms

Discussion

Normal algorithms use a normal sequence to pick and drop schools. The school bus transport system, which still uses normal algorithms, utilizes a linear method of operation. However, it is likely that genetic and normal algorithms are associated with random and stochastic phenomena. As stated by Gen and Ida (2015) stochastic are defined as things, which happen periodically and independent but still exist. The stochastic search algorithms like genetic algorithms are controlled by rules, which are related to optimization and evolution. But in case of random search, we have to locate the error to find the best solution and therefore, this is the techniques, which is used by genetic algorithms to allocate bus stops and schedule of the routes. All normal algorithms have been used to try to address the problem of school transport with little success because of the multiple trips of busses on the same route. This is because the use of normal algorithms means that the bus is destined to use the linear route. And with linear route means that the buses picked students from point A, B, C and D and during dropping time, the same method is used. In this case, several buses are found to be on the same route and therefore, it leads to a waste of cost and time hence it become expenses to the school.

It is the reason the genetic algorithm was inverted to help in addressing the same problem. Research indicates that genetic algorithms use data integrated with the system CITATION Raf17 \l 1033 (Rafaa, Guedria, & Sayda, 2017). This means that the system is updated with a number of students, bus fleets, routes and time. The system then gets updated automatically after every few minutes and this allows every bus on the fleet to have a bus schedule, next bus, and updated routes. The genetic algorithms calculate the population of each station and update its system based on the availability of the next bus. And therefore, with the algorithm, it is possible for school transportation would be able to get the next available bus and reschedule buses based on the unpicked students. It helps to avoid having several buses in one route and therefore, it limits the cost and time being utilized in picking students. In this case, it is important to point out that genetic algorithms help in reducing expenses being incurred by the school in transportation.

Conclusion

It is, therefore; important to point that genetic algorithm is the most effective technique to solve the problem of the school transport system. And therefore, it enhances the school transportation system hence productivity of the school. The core reason for this approach is to solve the problem, which exists due to the available several buses, the poor scheduling techniques being used by many schools and because of nonsymmetric questions. It addresses the problem of several buses on one route to help in reducing the time being used for picking and dropping students. Genetic algorithms have a more improved solution to the problem, which affects the transport system of several schools.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bögl, M., & Doerner, K. (2015). The school bus routing and scheduling problem with transfers. Network

New York, 2-14.

Gen, M., & Ida, K. (2015). An improved genetic algorithm for generalized transportation problem. Artificial

Life and Robotics, 2-35.

Kang1, M., Kim, S.-K., Choi, R. H., & Cho, M. (2015). Development of a Genetic Algorithm for the School

Bus Routing Problem. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, 2-38.

Oluwadare, S. A., Oguntuyi, I., & Nwaiwu, J. (2018). Solving School Bus Routing Problem using

Algorithm-based Model. I.J. Intelligent Systems and Application, 21 (5), 50-68.

Rafaa, M., Guedria, N. B., & Sayda, L. B. (2017). Solving School Bus Routing Problem with a genetic

algorithm. Conference: Advanced Logistics and Transport (ICALT), 2013 International Conference on, 2-14.

Sadrsadat, H., Poorzahedi, H., Haghani, A., & Sharifi, E. (2013). Bus Network Design Using

Algorithm. ://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/207124/files/2012_155_Bus_Design_Gen_Algorithm.pdf , 2-21.

Vignaux, G., & Michalewicz, Z. (2014). A genetic algorithm for the linear transportation problem.  IEEE

Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics, 2-18.

Wang, W., Shuyan, C., & Haoyang, D. (2015). Genetic Algorithm for Multiple Bus Line Coordination on

Urban Arterial. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2015; 2015: 868521. , 2-35.

Research Paper

Paper Title

Name

Name of Institution

Caring for Vulnerable Population

Although there are different measures taken by the government to secure the populations from different types of natural disasters. Even then some populations are more vulnerable to different types of natural calamities including flood and earthquake. There are some areas where floods and earthquakes occur more frequently than other parts of the world. Like Japan, Malaysia and United States are some of the recent examples where such calamities occurred, lives were lost and properties were destroyed at a larger scale. There are many factors that contribute towards the vulnerability of such populations. Delayed rescue operation and lose of contact are some of the main factors that lead to the vulnerability. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jGnvsniC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(O\\uc0\\u8217{}Toole, Johnson, Aiello, Kane, & Pape, 2016)","plainCitation":"(O’Toole, Johnson, Aiello, Kane, & Pape, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":483,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/3WI25E4L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/3WI25E4L"],"itemData":{"id":483,"type":"article-journal","title":"Tailoring Care to Vulnerable Populations by Incorporating Social Determinants of Health: the Veterans Health Administration’s “Homeless Patient Aligned Care Team” Program","container-title":"Preventing Chronic Disease","volume":"13","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Introduction\nAlthough the clinical consequences of homelessness are well described, less is known about the role for health care systems in improving clinical and social outcomes for the homeless. We described the national implementation of a “homeless medical home” initiative in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and correlated patient health outcomes with characteristics of high-performing sites. \n\nMethods \nWe conducted an observational study of 33 VHA facilities with homeless medical homes and patient- aligned care teams that served more than 14,000 patients. We correlated site-specific health care performance data for the 3,543 homeless veterans enrolled in the program from October 2013 through March 2014, including those receiving ambulatory or acute health care services during the 6 months prior to enrollment in our study and 6 months post-enrollment with corresponding survey data on the Homeless Patient Aligned Care Team (H-PACT) program implementation. We defined high performance as high rates of ambulatory care and reduced use of acute care services.\n\nResults\nMore than 96% of VHA patients enrolled in these programs were concurrently receiving VHA homeless services. Of the 33 sites studied, 82% provided hygiene care (on-site showers, hygiene kits, and laundry), 76% provided transportation, and 55% had an on-site clothes pantry; 42% had a food pantry and provided on-site meals or other food assistance. Six-month patterns of acute-care use pre-enrollment and post-enrollment for 3,543 consecutively enrolled patients showed a 19.0% reduction in emergency department use and a 34.7% reduction in hospitalizations. Three features were significantly associated with high performance: 1) higher staffing ratios than other sites, 1) integration of social supports and social services into clinical care, and 3) outreach to and integration with community agencies.\n\nConclusion\nIntegrating social determinants of health into clinical care can be effective for high-risk homeless veterans.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4825747/","DOI":"10.5888/pcd13.150567","ISSN":"1545-1151","note":"PMID: 27032987\nPMCID: PMC4825747","shortTitle":"Tailoring Care to Vulnerable Populations by Incorporating Social Determinants of Health","journalAbbreviation":"Prev Chronic Dis","author":[{"family":"O’Toole","given":"Thomas P."},{"family":"Johnson","given":"Erin E."},{"family":"Aiello","given":"Riccardo"},{"family":"Kane","given":"Vincent"},{"family":"Pape","given":"Lisa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",3,31]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (O’Toole, Johnson, Aiello, Kane, & Pape, 2016).

Although research has been done on the health effects of flood and also the characteristics of flood associated with health, little is known about the factors that play major role in the vulnerability of flood victims. Some of the factors that play a major role in such situation are gender, age and also social status. The health impairments as a result of flood and earth quake is tolerated by women and children as compare to the male population. This may be due to the fact that both women and children are physically weak, therefore they become the victims of such disasters than males. It has been noted that any natural disaster has a deep psychological effect on females and children than the male community. Other factors that play a major role in vulnerability are disability and age ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9jVXldNp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Du, Ding, Li, & Cao, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Du, Ding, Li, & Cao, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":486,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/EV3RLM3X"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/EV3RLM3X"],"itemData":{"id":486,"type":"article-journal","title":"The role of hazard vulnerability assessments in disaster preparedness and prevention in China","container-title":"Military Medical Research","volume":"2","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"China is prone to disasters and escalating disaster losses. Effective disaster mitigation is the foundation for efficient disaster response and rescue and for reducing the degree of hazardous impacts on the population. Vulnerability refers to the population’s capacity to anticipate, cope with, and recover from the impact of a hazardous event. A hazard vulnerability assessment (HVA) systematically evaluates the damage that could be caused by a potential disaster, the severity of the impact, and the available medical resources during a disaster to reduce population vulnerability and increase the capacity to cope with disasters. In this article, we summarized HVA team membership, content (disaster identification, probability and consequences), and methods and procedures for an HVA that can be tailored to China’s needs. We further discussed the role of epidemiology in an HVA. Disaster epidemiology studies the underlying causes of disasters to achieve effective disaster prevention and reduction. In addition, we made several recommendations that are already in practice in developed countries, such as the U.S., for future implementation in China and other developing countries. An effective HVA plan is crucial for successful disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4657270/","DOI":"10.1186/s40779-015-0059-9","ISSN":"2095-7467","note":"PMID: 26605045\nPMCID: PMC4657270","journalAbbreviation":"Mil Med Res","author":[{"family":"Du","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Yibo"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zixiong"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Guangwen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",11,24]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Du, Ding, Li, & Cao, 2015). The effects of age and disability on disaster vulnerability were seen quite clearly in the aged population who were trapped in nursing facilities during many events like flood and earthquake.

The outcome of natural disasters varies from population to population. In some population the outcome is relatively severe than others, it also depends on the severity of the event and the country that is hit by the event. If the country is well-developed, like in case of USA when Hurricane Harvey hit then they were able to recover soon as compared to other Asian countries which takes quite longer to get out of the trauma both in terms of economy and healthcare. Less developed countries due to limited resources take longer to cope up with such situations. So in such countries the outcomes are severe, both the physical and mental health is suffered and infrastructure is damaged which causes more causalities so the impact also varies from population to population.

Population hazard vulnerability assessment has been studied comprehensively, and it proved to be quite effective. After the events of 11 September 2011, healthcare experts in the USA suggested that hospitals should be at the lead to organize and react to any such catastrophic event. Nurses were provided with basic training and other facilities and then they were sent to effected areas which were damaged both by man-made and natural disasters. It was suggested that hospitals should be community organization rather than a standalone institution. Whenever there is any natural disaster, then both the governments and the victims rely on the hospitals. So in that case hazard vulnerability assessment is the vital step in the emergency response to any calamity when it strikes.

Hazard vulnerability assessment is an effective step in evaluating the degree of the impact, and also it provides brief background information to create a targeted disaster mitigation plan (Rufat, Tate, Burton, & Maroof, 2015). While it is effective in case of natural disasters but at the same time, it can also be used for human made disasters like terrorist attacks. In addition to these, a community HVA and a hospital HVA should be designed in such a way to complement each other in emergency response and rescue. When such disaster strikes then special care is given to such populations. Whenever any natural disaster happens, then healthcare departments and hospital form a team of experts belonging to every field like healthcare, medical and emergency to cope up with the situation. It is usually developed by a multidisciplinary group depending upon the top hazards which are faced by the community and also on the availability of the resources in that area ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tRTWhG37","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alderman, Turner, & Tong, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Alderman, Turner, & Tong, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":491,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/AFTFMNX5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/AFTFMNX5"],"itemData":{"id":491,"type":"article-journal","title":"Floods and human health: A systematic review","container-title":"Environment International","page":"37-47","volume":"47","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"Floods are the most common type of disaster globally, responsible for almost 53,000 deaths in the last decade alone (23:1 low- versus high-income countries). This review assessed recent epidemiological evidence on the impacts of floods on human health. Published articles (2004–2011) on the quantitative relationship between floods and health were systematically reviewed. 35 relevant epidemiological studies were identified. Health outcomes were categorized into short- and long-term and were found to depend on the flood characteristics and people's vulnerability. It was found that long-term health effects are currently not well understood. Mortality rates were found to increase by up to 50% in the first year post-flood. After floods, it was found there is an increased risk of disease outbreaks such as hepatitis E, gastrointestinal disease and leptospirosis, particularly in areas with poor hygiene and displaced populations. Psychological distress in survivors (prevalence 8.6% to 53% two years post-flood) can also exacerbate their physical illness. There is a need for effective policies to reduce and prevent flood-related morbidity and mortality. Such steps are contingent upon the improved understanding of potential health impacts of floods. Global trends in urbanization, burden of disease, malnutrition and maternal and child health must be better reflected in flood preparedness and mitigation programs.","DOI":"10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003","ISSN":"0160-4120","shortTitle":"Floods and human health","journalAbbreviation":"Environment International","author":[{"family":"Alderman","given":"Katarzyna"},{"family":"Turner","given":"Lyle R."},{"family":"Tong","given":"Shilu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alderman, Turner, & Tong, 2012).

Such strategies are quite aligned with the “Healthy people 2020” because in both cases the wellbeing and security of the population are kept in mind. One of the main objectives of Healthy People 2020 is the promotion of health through a healthy environment. So by taking care of the population as a result of climate change which includes flooding and other natural disasters, is common between this study and Healthy People 2020.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Alderman, K., Turner, L. R., & Tong, S. (2012). Floods and human health: A systematic review. Environment International, 47, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003

Du, Y., Ding, Y., Li, Z., & Cao, G. (2015). The role of hazard vulnerability assessments in disaster preparedness and prevention in China. Military Medical Research, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-015-0059-9

O’Toole, T. P., Johnson, E. E., Aiello, R., Kane, V., & Pape, L. (2016). Tailoring Care to Vulnerable Populations by Incorporating Social Determinants of Health: the Veterans Health Administration’s “Homeless Patient Aligned Care Team” Program. Preventing Chronic Disease, 13. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.150567

Rufat, S., Tate, E., Burton, C. G., & Maroof, A. S. (2015). Social vulnerability to floods: Review of case studies and implications for measurement. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 470–486.

Research Project Probability Statistics

Research Project probability statistics

Annmarie Persaud

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Research Project Probability Statistics

In the U.S. healthcare system, community health workers (CHWs) play a vital role in delivering care by acting as a liaison between the community and health services, and by providing resources, information, and options to them regarding their health.

In the study by Ingram et al. (2017), electronic health records (EHRs) are used to investigate the role played by CHWs in primary care focusing particularly on chronic disease-related indicators of health. It is hypothesized that EHRs aid in improving patient management and promote inter-staff communication. For this purpose, EHRs of a sample of 32147 chronic disease patients were examined between the years 2012 and 2015 in which health-indicators were used as variables along with the patient’s level of contact with CHWs, in two groups.

The outcome variables were estimated according to within-group and between-group results through a covariance analysis of the mean of the observations between groups in which one group saw a CHW at least once, and one group did not see any CHW. The findings indicated that within-group there was a statistically significant improvement in health indicators associated with chronic disease after they had contacted CHWs. The within-group analyses showed that HbA1c mm/mol levels decreased to 0.15 with a 95% confidence interval (CI=-0.2, -0.006) and a P-value of 0.001. Whereas cholesterol saw a decrease of 11.9 mg/dl and BMI decreased by 0.22, with a 95% confidence Interval (CI=-13.5, -10.2) with a P value of less than 0.001. However, in the between-group analysis, the only statistically significant difference between non-CHW and CHW groups was in patients' diastolic blood pressures which was 0.38mmHG, with a 95% CI (CI=0.09, 0.67) and a P-value of 0.01.

The results demonstrated that patients saw significant improvements in clinical outcomes in within-group settings after contacting CHWs, while the between-group findings did not show much considerable improvement, except for one outcome, in the outcomes associated with CHW exposure.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ingram, M., Doubleday, K., Bell, M. L., Lohr, A., Murrieta, L., Velasco, M., . . . Carvajal, S. C. (2017). Community Health Worker Impact on Chronic Disease Outcomes Within Primary Care Examined Using Electronic Health Records. American Journal of Public Health, 107(10), 1668-1674.

Respond To The Prompts

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Respond to the Prompts

1)

When long-term career goals align with academic interests, they get strengthened profoundly. I have managed to align my academic interest with the long-term goals by choosing subjects that have the potential to yield practical and significant benefits. For instance, the indulgence in critically studying non-profit leadership has enhanced the managerial skills in me. The political sign has further supplemented it by making me acquainted with the essential values, theories and paradigms of the political and social structure of the society. I shall highlight the positive manifestations and implications of my academic career as it has benefited me practically. I successfully established a non-profit organization namely Youth of Liberia, Inc. It would not have been possible if I was not privileged and honored with the opportunity to work and collaborate with a couple of non-profit organizations. Such productive have been the ramifications of my academic career in pursuing and accomplishing my long-term career goals. The non-profit organization I have established is in the beginning phase and the thorough commitment, unwavering perseverance and collective support are likely to alleviate the impediments of the Liberian youth. The primary purpose served by the call action oriented Youth of Liberia, Inc. is inspiring and empowering the youth of Liberia through seasoned mentorship and productive education programs. In addition, the skilled training dispensed by the professional rejuvenated the spirits and goals of the organization to serve the youth potentially. Since my long-term career goals and aspiration are collaborating in the non-profit sector, I will harness the necessary experience and evident productivity through the Youth of Liberia, Inc. which perfectly aligns with my career goals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2uiLtMxp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}MyMnCareers | CAREERwise Education})","plainCitation":"(MyMnCareers | CAREERwise Education)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":94,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/MZ3FKEGM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/MZ3FKEGM"],"itemData":{"id":94,"type":"webpage","title":"MyMnCareers | CAREERwise Education","URL":"https://careerwise.minnstate.edu/mymncareers/index.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (MyMnCareers | CAREERwise Education).

2)

My utmost desire is being a member of the Congress to contribute toward the welfare of society and eradicate the social evils and structural flaws in the fundamental policymaking. If I were a Congressman, I would have addressed the contentious matter which refers to the prisoners not being sanctioned the rights to vote after serving their time. Irrefutably, the prisons in the United States of America (USA) are replete with the prisoners who are convicted despite being innocent. The structural flaw in the criminal justice system is a contentious matter and should be debated to remove the flaws. However, I will strive to introduce a bill in Congress. The bill will advance to permit the prisoners throughout the United States to vote once they have served their time. A critical appraisal of the matter reveals the issue is not only relevant to the criminal justice system but also to the essential moral and ethical values. Prohibiting the prisoners to vote after serving their time is a blatant desecration of the fundamental human rights. Moreover, the presence of wrongfully convicted prisoners makes it imperative to introduce an essential bill to reform the structure and grant them their fundamental rights. The United States is a nation which advances to accomplish the American dream for every resident. Prisoners, especially the innocent ones, are a member of American society and ought not to be treated with discrimination once they serve their time. It is the need of the hour to restructure and rejuvenate the structural flaw in the criminal justice and political system and thus will be my foremost priority to address it. Voting is the right cherished by each American citizens as they are entitled to choose the stakeholders who can meet their needs and alleviate predicaments. The bottom line is I shall restructure the flawed policy of not granting the right to vote to those prisoners who have served their time.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY MyMnCareers | CAREERwise Education. https://careerwise.minnstate.edu/mymncareers/index.html. Accessed 27 Apr. 2019.

Response To Steingraber

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Response to Steingraber

The following essay discusses the two rhetorical features which include attraction of the readers and development of the context with the help of the article “how to read like a writer”.

This article started with two characters, Faith and her mother, and after a few weeks, Faith gets an offer to eat a tuna salad sandwich. After having a delicious sandwich, she demands for it on daily basis, and later on, she wanted to know whether tuna fish has mercury in it or not. The author developed a context by providing a background story that initiated the topic of Tuna fish. The beginning of the article by mentioning a poem reflects the development of an appropriate context of the topic by the author. Steingraber continued by giving personal opinions and by creating a special connection with Faith so that her audience may get the context of the article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NqvYPq3u","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Tune of the Tuna Fish})","plainCitation":"(Tune of the Tuna Fish)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":677,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/HVEWTTMK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/HVEWTTMK"],"itemData":{"id":677,"type":"motion_picture","title":"Tune of the Tuna Fish","URL":"https://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/jpvinjp1hkfbdq32ni3274gvh3---Steingraber_The-Tune-of-the-Tuna-Fish.pdf"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tune of the Tuna Fish). She provided an in-depth analysis of the biological and chemical formulations and combinations.

This is how she started grabbing the attention of her audiences, and then she started with the claims regarding pollution that humans have caused to marine life. In her article, she also mentioned important resources including the Red Cross Association so that she would present the validity of her claims. The chemical and toxic chemicals in the ocean are entered into the umbilical cord of fish and this is why mercury is found in Tuna fish ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RQzsXuvK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Tune of the Tuna Fish})","plainCitation":"(Tune of the Tuna Fish)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":677,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/HVEWTTMK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/HVEWTTMK"],"itemData":{"id":677,"type":"motion_picture","title":"Tune of the Tuna Fish","URL":"https://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/jpvinjp1hkfbdq32ni3274gvh3---Steingraber_The-Tune-of-the-Tuna-Fish.pdf"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tune of the Tuna Fish). I agree with her that such types of fish can be very dangerous to children, even to unborn babies. she further includes a discussion about the organic food and the guidelines by the United States Food and Drug Administration regarding how much tuna fish is healthy or safe for pregnant women and infants ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kbfMB6O3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Tune of the Tuna Fish})","plainCitation":"(Tune of the Tuna Fish)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":677,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/HVEWTTMK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/HVEWTTMK"],"itemData":{"id":677,"type":"motion_picture","title":"Tune of the Tuna Fish","URL":"https://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/jpvinjp1hkfbdq32ni3274gvh3---Steingraber_The-Tune-of-the-Tuna-Fish.pdf"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tune of the Tuna Fish).

Steingraber intelligently grabbed readers' attraction and developed a context to convey her message about the pollution caused by humans to marine life.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Tune of the Tuna Fish. https://www.docs.writing4money.com/uploads/orders/jpvinjp1hkfbdq32ni3274gvh3---Steingraber_The-Tune-of-the-Tuna-Fish.pdf.

Responses

Saleh A

Instructor Name

History and Anthropology

2 December 2019

Responses to Posts

Part # 1

Yes, I agree with your point-of-view that Witchcraft was used as a misogynic weapon against the women of the relevant period. This belief can be confirmed by the fact that the women that were targeted in these witch-hunts were either too intelligent for the people in power to handle or too powerful and posed a serious threat to the rule of a monarch. The most famous example that is citable here is that of Joan the Maiden, who was later known in history as Joan d’ Arc. She was a brilliant military commander at just nineteen years of age and posed a serious threat to the British progress in the hundred years war. She was declared a witch and burned at a stake because she had become too powerful for the British to handle CITATION Ken191 \l 1033 (Kennedy, 2019). But we simply cannot rule out the possibility that some of these actions might have been driven under superstitious beliefs, even though only women were targeted in these extensive witch-hunts.

Part # 2

There should not be any doubt that these misogynic witch-hunts were given the cover of superstitious beliefs like Satan’s influence or possession by evil spirits and many other stories. But there is a possibility that the witches were used as scapegoats by the rulers of the time to divert their attentions to the general state of misery that they were in as common folks CITATION Lah15 \l 1033 (Mia Lahtinen, 2015). In any area where the rulers would fail, they would blame it in the witches and the community would vent out their anger mostly on the innocent women. In addition to that, there is another noteworthy point that the women that were accused of being witches were generally troublemakers according to their rulers because they often challenged a set of well-established beliefs and asked for rights and liberties that were considered as resentful in their societies. That is were Briggs is rightful to assume that this is the result of misogyny.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Kennedy, L. (2019, May 30). Why Was Joan of Arc Burned at the Stake? History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/news/joan-arc-burned-stake

Mia Lahtinen, A. K. (2015). Cultures of Death and Dying in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Helsinki: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies. Retrieved from http://www.helsinki.fi/collegium/journal/volumes/volume_18/Death%20and%20Dying%20in%20Medieval%20and%20Early%20Modern%20Europe.pdf

Review And Reflection

1. In one or two paragraphs, discuss your current knowledge of or interest in online assessment.

I personally believe that online assessments have brought an evolution and revolution when it comes to education and academic learning. Previously, the academics and quality learning institutes were restricted only for the privileged students who had time and ability to be physically present. However, with online assessments, the distant learning paradigms have evolved that have allowed more students to achieve high quality education without any geographic, time or physical constraints. I believe that online assessments are a great way for the students to engage, interact and communicate with an extensive diversity of peers, students and teachers. Access and interactivity with diversity allows the students to have a broad vision, greater level of acceptance, improved tolerance and better patience. Therefore, in my opinion, online assessments are not only providing an academic opportunity for distant students, but also allowing them to become more socially prepared.

2. Briefly discuss two items you learned from your Unit 1 Reading material.

Unit 1 was a very comprehensive section that had some valuable topics. Two items that I found most interesting and valuable for further research include “Principles of Effective Online Assessment” and “Using the Online Environment for Assessment Advantage”. I believe that these two topics are of essential importance and significance for our domain.

3. In one or two paragraphs, discuss how the two topics from question 2 could fit in with the course project.

The above topics are appropriate for the course project as they help us understand the policies, standards and specifications through which online assessments can be made more effective. Apparently, online assessment seem to be similar to traditional assessments. However, they need to be designed, tested and promoted in a different way. This is where the above two topics will be most valuable. They will help us develop measurable success pointers for an effective online assessment.

References

Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2009). Assessing the online learner: Resources and strategies for faculty (Vol. 7). John Wiley & Sons.

Richards V. Wisconsin

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Richards Vs. Wisconsin

Police in Madison, Wisconsin got a search warrant to examine a suspect named Richard hotel room for the illegal possession of drugs and all other items. Although the magistrate did not approve a no-knock entry into the victim's room, they got a general search warrant which required them to knock on the door and then identify themselves as police before starting the search operation. Once they arrived on the scene one of the officers knocked on the door and identify himself as hotel custodian. When the suspect opened the door, he saw another officer in uniform behind him and slammed the door on their face. When he did that, then the officer broke through the door and caught Richards while he was trying to escape the crime scene. After proper investigation of the room, they found cocaine and cash amount in the bathroom. When he appeared in the court, he demanded evidence suppressed because according to him the officer did not knock and identify themselves. In response, the state answered that Richards already knew that who was on the door and if they identified themselves then he would escape and destroy all the evidence.

The issue, in this case, referred to search and seizure; therefore it was needed in this particular case if the police violated the protection which was given by the fourth amendment which was related to illegal searches and seizures once the officers didn’t knock and identify themselves before entering the room. So the issue was there any blanket exception to the "knock and announce" rule of serving permits particularly when subatances like drugs were involved.

The holding, in this case, was no. The court did not provide any blanket exception for cases of drugs to knock and reveal their identity. But in order to obtain a no-knock warrant, the officer should possess genuine reason related to the occasion that knocking in such situation would be risky or it would involve the damage of evidence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mjT4sCDQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Richards v. Wisconsin Case Brief | Casetext})","plainCitation":"(Richards v. Wisconsin Case Brief | Casetext)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1034,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/L8U7EE79"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/L8U7EE79"],"itemData":{"id":1034,"type":"webpage","title":"Richards v. Wisconsin Case Brief | Casetext","URL":"https://casetext.com/analysis/richards-v-wisconsin-case-brief","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Richards v. Wisconsin Case Brief | Casetext).

The issue, in this case, was the balance between privacy and the concerns related to public interests. In this case, the court frowned over no-knock entries except in some special cases like drugs in this particular case. The defense attorney referred to the case Wilson vs. Arkansas case while going against no-knock entries. Although entering without not knocking was against the sanctity of private properties of the individuals but he referred to drug possession as an exception due to the risks involved in it. They argue that in a situation when there are risks of weapons possessions or evidence destruction, then it is justified to enter the suspect's place while not revealing the identity. The rationale that was provided in this particular case was simple, that is that in some particular situation it is preferable to hide the identity as in this case the police were right because if they identified themselves then not only the suspect would escape, but also he would destroy all the drugs and then there would be no clue about the illegal action ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HWTL9ysc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hemmens)","plainCitation":"(Hemmens)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1031,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/5IK7I79U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/5IK7I79U"],"itemData":{"id":1031,"type":"book","title":"The Supreme Court and the Knock and Announce Rule","source":"CiteSeer","abstract":"The regular “Recent Legal Developments ” feature here gives way to a review of SupremeCourt decisions addressing one particular criminal justice–related issue: the knock and announce rule. The knock and announce rule is an ancient restriction on the manner by which the police may enter a dwelling. Although the knock and announce rule has been examined by every state and federal court (Hemmens, 1997), its applicability to the Fourth Amendment was never expressly determined by the Supreme Court until 1995. Since 1995, however, the Supreme Court has decided five cases involving the knock and announce rule. This article discusses the history and development of the knock and announce rule and examines the Supreme Court’s recent decisions, including Hudson v. Michigan, decided","author":[{"family":"Hemmens","given":"Craig"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hemmens).

The ruling of this case is also quite significant in case of criminal crime justice because most of the time it has been noticed that when the police identify themselves, then the suspects flew from the scenes and then they are never caught. So if the police have genuine reasons not to knock and identify themselves, then it is easy and also secure not to reveal their identity. So this ruling was not only helpful for the police officers in this particular case but in all the future cases where they would face any related thread and issue.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hemmens, Craig. The Supreme Court and the Knock and Announce Rule.

Richards v. Wisconsin Case Brief | Casetext. https://casetext.com/analysis/richards-v-wisconsin-case-brief. Accessed 21 Mar. 2019.

Russian Midterm Paper

Bryan Rodriguez

Instructor Name

Course Number

7 July 2019

Russian Midterm Paper: Was Russia’s democratization and liberalization successful after the collapse of the Soviet Union?

The 1970s saw many authoritarian regimes in the world being replaced by political systems more democratic in their outlook. In particular, South American and Southern European nations such as Brazil, Spain, Chile, and Portugal experienced dramatic changes during this time period in terms of their political processes and government institutions’ leanings towards a democratic structure. Similarly in the Soviet bloc, following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, many leaders announced their intent to institutionalize democracy within their states among which Russia was a particularly important test case. However, tracing Russia’s transition by analyzing various historical and contemporary events, factors, and influences, it is observed that the transition of Russia towards market liberalization and democracy has not been successful so far, and may require greater time for the purpose.

Among many Western leaders in the 1990s, the transition of Russia towards democracy was seen as the most important test case. For the Clinton administration, the transition of the former Soviet states towards a market economy and democratic political structure became one of the leading foreign policy objective. This was evident in a remark from Warren Christopher, the former US Secretary of State, who stated that “helping the Russian people to build a free society and market economy is the greatest strategic challenge of our time” CITATION Eva11 \l 1033 (Evans). Russia is not just important because of its large population, land mass, and territory but due to its immense influence, strategic military capability, and the challenge it posed to the United States. Moreover, Russia was the successor of the Soviet Union, the main ideological and geopolitical rival to the U.S., for half a century. The symbolic implications of an ideological rival and superpower transitioning to democracy and liberalization would be profound.

In tracing the success or failure of Russia’s transition towards democracy and liberalization, Gorbachev and his policies remain of fundamental importance. The decrees issued and the initiatives taken by Gorbachev in rapid succession considerably weakened the administrative apparatus of the Communist party and the system that was in place for well over 70 years. The aim was to create an intra-party democratic scheme within the one-party system which redefined electing procedures and roles of party functionaries. However, his reform process was painstakingly slow and was marred by technical lapses, zigzag policies and fundamental contradictions owing to various political pressures and certain apprehensions on his own part CITATION Dal92 \l 1033 (Dallin). The transition attempted at a separation of powers within the Communist party while introducing a system of checks and balances based on the ‘socialist’ system by amending constitutional procedures. Yet, even this careful and slow transition faced resistance by the constitutional court while the people lacked the political habits and culture necessary for democratization. Although the Soviet economy still carried potential for reform, the often-conflicting reforms introduced by Gorbachev aimed more at creating a modernized socialist system rather than to completely replace the Soviet economy with liberal capitalism CITATION Shl99 \l 1033 \m Coh04(Shlapentokh; Cohen). Consequently, these economic reforms completely failed and led to growing inflation, budget deficits, falling production, and consumer shortages.

As Gorbachev’s gradual and reformist approach towards transition failed, Boris Yeltsin and his team sought to treat Russia’s chaotic economic and political environment with fast-track economic reforms through ‘shock therapy’. Gorbachev was seen by Yeltsin as wanting to combine things which were not combinable, and instead jolt the Russian economy with quick shocks aimed at liberalization CITATION Eva11 \l 1033 (Evans). However, Yeltsin’s team adopted a confrontational strategy instead of a democratic-consensus building one throughout the 1990s. Yeltsin’s strategy involved introducing elements from right-wing U.S. conservatism to replace the planned economy created under the Communist regime. The public expectations were high, however, they soon turned into widespread discontent as Yeltsin’s market liberalization reforms also failed to materialize. Freeing the prices of goods led to a dramatic rise in the price of essential goods to the extent that people’s savings were wiped out and consequently, were met by increased frustration, societal polarization and fragmentation CITATION Eva11 \l 1033 (Evans). Thus neither Gorbachev nor Yeltsin’s reform policies could help Russia transition to a democratic free-market economy.

The other reason why the democratization process remained unsuccessful in Russia was the negligible public resistance to non-democratic actions by successive leaders. It explains why Yeltsin in 1993 was able to fire at the parliament, filled with opposition members, with tanks or Vladimir Putin was able to eliminate three hundred hostages in a 2004 terrorist attack at a school in Beslan. Hence, the benefits outweighed the costs for these Russian leaders, something which lies in sharp contrast to the U.S., where a President would risk impeachment and loosing popular support for such actions. The tolerance of the public and the lack of resistance also allowed Yeltsin and Gorbachev to rearrange institutions and develop policies that suited their own interest. Even as selected appointments limited the political influence of the opposition, the Russian society remained passive and indifferent, allowing Yeltsin, Putin, and others sweeping access to powers, amend the constitution, and appoint governors to positions even if they lost the popular vote CITATION Vla15 \l 1033 (Gel'man). Moreover, the general trend at various other critical junctures tended to prefer a more authoritarian rather than a democratic direction even as democracy remained part of the political agenda. However, these democratic elements served more as a smokescreen for various antidemocratic purposes and, as a result, any hopes towards a transition to real democracy remain bleak CITATION Vla15 \l 1033 (Gel'man).

One of the key reasons why Russia could not transition towards market liberalization include the nature of macroeconomic reforms introduced during the 1990s period. Even if the reforms were sometimes sincere, they did not meet expectations mainly because of the absence of a proper institutional framework which a market economy needs to build itself on. Furthermore, other non-economic micro-level factors such as a lack of business ethics, civic responsibility, and a non-existent civil society were absent to make market liberalization successful CITATION Ale01 \l 1033 (Ledeneva). The state remained a major shareholder in major industries and large corporations, and extra-legal practices were employed at nearly all levels which were a result of a substantially weak overall enforcement infrastructure. The government continues to fail in generating tax revenue, enforce agreements and laws, preserve a social safety net, and create the necessary conditions needed by a market economy to flourish. Since the private sector did not receive such services, this led it to develop alternate rules and institutions which often employ extra-legal to operate CITATION Ale01 \l 1033 (Ledeneva). In the absence of a coherently functional legal framework, lack of transparency, and frequently changing rules, it is not possible for basic market institutions to work. The market system relies heavily on transparency, anti-corruption legislation, and a functional banking system to allow open competition and transparent corporate governance to take root.

Furthermore, corruption remained a major obstacle to Russia’s transition. In a society where nearly all institutions and agencies are involved in corruption, it is nearly impossible to eliminate it from the society. Russia’s economy remained tainted with corruption in both the Soviet and Post-Soviet era, and as a result, developed a reputation for non-transparency. Hence, in an economy where “rules of the game” are not understood or recognized, and businesses operate on rules other than that of free competition, it becomes increasingly difficult to set up a democratic and liberal economy. The weakness of the rule of law deters foreign investors and undermines efforts to battle tax evasion, capital flight, and abuse of corporate governance CITATION Ale01 \l 1033 (Ledeneva). Although there have been attempts to improve the efficiency of the system by strengthening the rule of law, it largely failed at the implementation stage. However, that failure resulted more from a failure of the law to function coherently, rather than the core elements of rule of law being absent. When corrupt practices and dubious rules govern the ways in which corporations and businesses make profit, while the law fails to prevent concentration of ownership to ensure free competition, then a market economy cannot flourish. In addition, the implementation of antitrust and antimonopoly laws remains unsuccessful. Furthermore, the judiciary’s inability to tackle corporate misdeeds and the government institutions ‘inability to generate tax revenues prevent corrupt corporations from gaining and exercising excessive political influence CITATION Des05 \l 1033 (Desai). The interplay of these factors continue to serve as a major obstruction to Russia’s transition to a free democratic market economy.

In conclusion, there are several interconnected factors that lead us to conclude that Russia’s transition to market liberalization and democracy is yet to be successful. In the post-Soviet era, these factors relate to conflicting political reforms by Russian leaders that ignored democratic consensus and led to further deterioration of an economy, which could still potentially be reformed. A lack of pro-democratic political culture and indifference of the elite and public further contributed to the problem. In addition, corruption and inadequate macroeconomic reforms continued to obstruct a free market from flourishing in the environment. However, even as the transition remains unsuccessful, it is possible to assume that Russia just needs more time for its democracy to mature. Just as it the U.S. democracy was substantially different in the 1990s compared to the 1950s and women only gained the right to vote 80 years ago, Russia with its different political history may require further time to transition to a successful democratic and free market economy.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cohen, Stephen F. "Was the Soviet System Reformable?" Slavic Review 63.3 (2004): 459-487.

Dallin, Alexander. "Causes of the Collapse of the USSR." Post-Soviet Affairs 8.4 (1992): 279-302.

Desai, Padma. "Russian Retrospectives on Reforms." Journal of Economic Perspectives 19.1 (2005): 87-106.

Evans, Alfred B. "The failure of democratization in Russia: A comparative perspective." Journal of Eurasian Studies 2.1 (2011): 40-51.

Gel'man, Vladimir. Authoritarian Russia: Analysing Post-Soviet Regime Changes. Ed. Jonathan Harris. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburg Press, 2015.

Ledeneva, Alena. Unwritten Rules: How Russia Really Works? London: Centre for European Reform, 2001.

Shlapentokh, Vladimir. "The Soviet Union: A normal totalitarian society." The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 15.4 (1999): 1-16.