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Title: Best High School Memory

Memories are a vital component of human life. They shape personality and impact us in several different ways. Memories can be good and bad; some remind us of our tough days and some take us to or cheerful days. Memoirs also help us shape our lives, besides these shape our future and lives as well. School life is a golden period of learning; its significance can never be negated. Every student has some good and bad memories pertaining to school life. As of me, they are a treasure and the joys of school life are just incomparable. School life is a time that offered me a great learning experience and shaped what I am today. This essay shares one of the most significant memories of my school life that; it remained that taught me dedication, motivation, and hard work.

Let me engage you in one of the most significant memories of my life, something I never get tired talking about and something that still set me on fire. It was in the 5th grade and the time of my life where most of the learning occurs that leaves an everlasting impact on one's life. This memory of my school life stood out all the other reminiscences I made as a student. I had never been a performing student but after immense motivation from my parents, 5th grade was the start of my academic prowess. For the first time, I started getting no C's on my report cards. I started getting A's and B's much to my parent's delight. 5th grade was when I jumped on the "Straight A" train for the first time and completely "A" my way through that year. 6th grade came and I was on the straight-A roll until a history class put me at risk for breaking that streak.

I took one of the tests that introduced a new element that I’ve never seen. That element was the essay question. The essay question now seems a standard, but imagine looking at one from the eyes of a 6th grader. I was petrified and in that test, I got a very poor grade and showed it to my mom. My mom asked me, “Why didn’t you answer the question?” I responded with, “I didn’t know the answer.” My mom was baffled as she looked through the rest of the test and discovered that the essay question was the only thing I missed.

Before the next test, the teacher always talked about academic progress. When she talked to me, she gave me some news that I didn't expect to hear. "Mya, you have a B in history. You have a very low score. What you get on the next test will be your ending grade for the term." I uttered loudly, "I will definitely get an A in the next test." The younger version of me was very determined and responded in a firm tone. I realized that everyone was looking at me with a surprise and got familiar with the challenge I took in front of the whole class. However, the young version of me hasn't lived to those expectations, yet.

In the coming days, the teacher gave us example essay questions for our understanding before two weeks of the actual deadline of the test. I was all set, from day one I got the essay questions, I started preparing for it. I grabbed my textbook long before the actual textbook and spent the next time reading, writing and practicing. I refused to have the essay question mess me up. Once I wrote the key essays down in my notebook, I ripped the pages out of the notebook and taped the answer to my closet door. Every morning and every night for three weeks straight, I looked at the essays, their thesis statement and by the time the test came around, I knew precisely what do I have to write in my essay questions and in what manner.

As always, my hard work and effort paid off. I was able to score a direct 100% on the essay. When I got my essay back in class, I yelled, “Yeah! I did it”. The test was for sure not an easy one as expected, and therefore I was some faced staring at me with envy. I did not pay any attention; everyone felt I lost my mind but I was just pumped up. This was not the end of the story but there was much more than made this memory settle down in my head. The very next week, we had a ceremony in the school in recognition of the excellent academic performance of the students. My teacher praised me in front of my parents; my mom was smiling with pride. The moment I was awarded, my hand shook and the next moment was very magical for me.

My teacher stayed there and proceeded to tell the entire school and parents the following, “I want you all to hear the story of this guy story. I told him, based on his previous performance that he will not be able to score well in the next test. He said to me, “I will definitely get an A in the next test.” He was very determined and to your surprise, let me tell you, he got 100% on the test as he promised to himself.” The next moment I heard wows, ohhhs, and similar sounds. It was the day I enjoyed the fruit of my hard work. Now I understood, “Success is not about the end result but what it taught on the way.”

Michael Johnston’s Deep Democratization Theory

Michael Johnston’s Deep Democratization Theory

[Author’s name]

Michael Johnston’s Deep Democratization Theory

Introduction

The broad idea of democracy is associated with various crucial forms of consideration. It is important to critically examine theoretical domains to figure out the actual functioning of the approach of democracy. It is worthy to mention that the detailed idea of deep democracy provides the philosophical foundations concerning the overall domain of process and the paradigm of the work. The concept of deep democratization is different from the conventional form of democracy because it mainly focuses on all the aspects relevant to awareness and frameworks of reality. Michael Johnston developed the perspective of deep democratization theory to deliver better philosophical base considering the main concern of corruption. Here the particular focus is to critically analyze Michael Johnston’s deep democratization theory to attain a better assessment of different vulnerabilities to corruption and its effects on the overall reforms.

Discussion

Consideration of the theoretical foundation is essential to attain a better understanding of the prevailing connection between corruption and the democratization. There are various themes connected with the concern of corruption in case of deep democratization. It is argued by Michael Johnston that the issue of corruption will persist even in the existence of the rule. This specific argument is used by the researcher to develop the theory of deep democratization. The key approach of the deep democratization makes it essential for the citizens to defend their interests with the proper consideration of political channels. This basic principle of the theory established by the author to form a better understanding of the four major syndromes of the issue of corruption. These particular syndromes recognized in the form of Official Moguls in Egypt and Tunisia, Oligarchs and Clans in the Philippines, Elite Cartels in Argentina, and the Influence market in France, Australia, and the United States of America.

It is integral to consider that there is a need for offering various responses when it comes to dealing with different kinds of corruption concerning the broad approach of deep democratization. The theory formulated by Michael Johnston in the form of deep democratization is established as the framework to successfully assess vulnerabilities to corruption and the overall effects of the reforms (Lavena, 2015). Furthermore, this form of knowledge can be utilized to explore new domains of favorable practices. The issue of corruption is closely connected with the factor of power. This certain association is used by the author to figure out different dimensions of corruption with the concern of deep democratization. At the initial stage of the analysis, it is important to establish this fact that corruption is an ongoing issue that can never be fully eradicated (Johnston, 2014). There is a need for adopting possible and fruitful reforms considering this particular this specific assumption. The theoretical concept of deep democratization provides the direction to evaluate the overall politics of corruption control. There is a need for examining various perspective on reform to better understand the operations of social and political procedures. Consideration of this specific approach is also suitable because the problem of corruption in different societies also come up with varied forms. Michael Johnston rightly established this prospect that there is need of observing specific social context to evaluate all the reforms links with the issue of corruption. Adoption of suitable political strategies is also an essential idea to propose better form in the society in case of corruption control.

The philosophical approach of deep democratization reveals that the approach of democracy itself can never be used in case of control of corruption in the country. It is argued by the author that the phenomenon of democracies also comprised of various forms of distinctive varieties of corruption. There is a need for enhancing focus on the theoretical grounds of deep democratization to find out new reforms in case of corruption control. Deep democratization provides a platform to establish it as the continuing procedure of forming workable rules. The theoretical perspective of deep democratization can be used to ensure better forms of accountability with the enhancement of the interest in the overall form of governing procedures. The practical implications of this idea can be assistive to draws force from the various operating levels of the society. It is also helpful to deeply monitor the functioning of institutions and the operations of the government. Combination of the social interests and implementation of the policy can immensely be productive to attain required forms of interests and values at the collective level. The essence of the philosophical approach of deep democratization is effectively proposed by Michael Johnston in case of checking corruption. The option of deep democratization is one complex and long approach that is linked with the proper intervention of many motivations and the practical domains. It is a complex perspective to successfully deal with the changing paradigm of the deep democratization referring to the distinct syndromes of corruption (Mungiu-Pippidi, 2016). Change of social setting is another major indicator linked with the application of the theoretical perspective of deep democratization. Economic change is one major indicator that impacts the consideration of deep democratization. Economic factors prevail in any society can never ignore to determine the actual process of deep democratization in the context of controlling corruption. It is rightly considered by the researcher that material well-being is one key factor for individuals to adopt the approach of corruption. People are interested to increase their financial domains by various means concerning the approach of economic activities.

The opportunity of deep democratization refers to the attainment of proper influence in case of different processes of rule-making. Various themes linked with the main idea can assess at different levels of social functioning. The main tasks of this particular theory can explore by considering the practical dimensions of this idea. These tasks are recognized as enhancement of pluralism, considering political and economic domains, the approach of reform activism, and the proper implementation of the main idea of accountability (Bull & Heywood, 2018). These certain tasks vary considering the application of syndrome of corruptions that differences exist in various societies. Detailed awareness of different frameworks of reality is crucial to determine the basic principles of the concept of deep democratization. The main idea of this theory comes up with the consideration to focus all the voices and interests to enhance the information level. The proper attitude of deep democratization is offered by the researcher to attain a better understanding of the central and the marginal forms of syndromes of corruption. The application of the theory ensures the active involvement of all the stakeholders of society to identify the root causes of corruption and propose better practical solutions to handle the problem of corruption. The experience of the deep democratization guarantees the proper flow of the process and the relevant activities to achieve the desired level of intervention in any society. Michael Johnston also comes up with the argument that deep democratization is one natural procedure that contains by any society considering the collective interests and voices. It is the social measurement that focuses on the involvement of all the stakeholders in the political procedure. In other words, this practical approach can establish as the active step to enhance the involvement of all shareholders in the procedure of handling the issue of corruption.

The theoretical idea of deep democracy makes it essential to consider the opinion and voice of others to enhance the prospect of diverse views. Undoubtedly, there is a need for increasing openness the point of view of others to figure out different reasons for the existing problem of corruption. Establishment of the theoretical perspective of deep democratization is not possible without the proper intervention of politics. The practical implications of the good governance are not possible without the consideration of other relevant factors such the political and economic considerations. The objective of the desired and successful reforms can never achieve without the involvement of all the stakeholders. Development of the trust at the collective level is another main aspect to ensure the proper utilization of the deep democratization (Silva, 2018). The objective of the successful reform can never imagine without the development of the necessary trust. Collective trust can establish as the beneficial form of working to achieve the desired level of reforms in case of corruption control. A collective-action problem such as the corruption prevails in the society demands to enhance the characteristic of trust to overcome the growing difficulty.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, it is worthy to consider that adoption of the indirect strategies at different levels of functioning in the society can be helpful to ensure the proper acquisition of the theoretical idea of deep democratization. Exploration of the contrasting syndromes of corruption is mandatory to successfully utilize the desired form of deep democratization according to the need of the society. The difference of opportunities, origins, and complications in case of different societies demands to consider the issue of corruption in the forms of various syndromes of corruption. The platform of the deep democratization can be assistive for the societies to use this theoretical idea according to the deep-rooted-situation of corruption.

References

Bull, M. J., & Heywood, P. M. (2018). Introduction: towards a better understanding of corruption and anti-corruption. European Political Science, 1-4.

Johnston, M., 2014. Corruption, contention and reform: the power of deep democratization.Cambridge University Press.

Lavena, C. F. (2015). Book Review: Corruption, Contention, and Reform: The Power of Deep Democratization.

Mungiu-Pippidi, A. (2016). For a new generation of objective indicators in governance and corruption studies. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(3), 363-367.

Silva, P. (2018). Neoliberalism, democratization, and the rise of technocrats. In The Changing Role of the State in Latin America (pp. 75-92). Routledge.

Mobility As A Service (MaaS)

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Mobility as a Service (MaaS)

Introduction

South Florida is facing traffic situations that are getting worse with every passing day. As real estate is booming, the crisis related to traffic are empowered. As South Florida is experiencing unprecedented levels of investment and growth, still their infrastructure of transportation continues to lag. Although several strides are incorporated to address it, still the issue is unresolved. It is asserted that South Florida is listed at 12th number of those regions that are adversely affected by traffic issues and have terrifying traffic congestions. It is more added that as South Florida is still growing continuously as a global region with new projects that are casting a direct impact on traffic, both in and around the Brickell Financial District, paving the way to think critically in terms of prevalent issues. One of the solutions to address issues that are faced by South Florida is MaaS, (Mass as a Service). Mass as a Service is defined as an integration or amalgamation of different forms of transport services into a single mobility service. This service is accessible on demand (Faisal, et al. 2019, pp. 45-72). A MaaS operator facilitates and addresses the diverse need of people by providing them with a menu of transport option, it can either be a diverse menu of transport option i.e. ride, a car, rental car, a public transport or a combination of all of these. There is a single payment method and a single application to access mobility rather than multiple channels and multiple payment options (Faisal, et al. 2019, pp. 45-72). In order to address the issues proposed by traffic along with a blockage to daily life activities, MaaS is one of the solutions and options that can help to address these issues at earliest along with the incorporation of future prospects that can prove positive in the long run.

Discussion

South Florida is facing serious traffic issues. According to a study it is found that the congestion of traffic is causing serious issues to the internal structure of South Florida. It is found that nearly 80% of the residents who are relying on cars for transportation are spending 105 hours each year in gridlock (Jiang, et al. 2019, pp. 146-151). Adhering to the notion that traffic issues are discouraging startups and disorganizing large corporation from shifting their business into South Florida, a great deal of attention is required to address traffic issue (Faisal, et al. 2019, pp. 45-72). MaaS is one of the solutions and an option that can be used to address traffic concerns. MaaS is capable of bringing new business ideas and ways to operate various transport options that can provide an improved and better version of transport accompanied by easy access to user and the opportunity to meet the unmet transport demands (Coconea, et al. 2019). MaaS can be used as a catalyst that can bring between information and data services together with an aim to enhance the experience to transport for the transporters' and exploit the indirect benefits. Taking into account the Mobility as a Service that explains the shift from personally owned modes of transportation towards general mobility options. It would not be wrong to say that there are some potential benefits associated with MaaS in reducing challenges to traffic (Faisal, et al. 2019, pp. 45-72).

MaaS can provide transportation facilities to travellers. Travelling becomes easy when the travellers are being given the one-stop-shop where they could get and access the services as per their need (Jiang, et al. 2019, pp. 146-151). It has been witnessed that one of the most reported hustles that travellers complain of is the unavailability of a proper stop where they could gather to get their mobility needs i.e. maybe there is a traveller who wanted to avail car and there is another traveller who wants to travel by bike. One-stop-shop also provides transportation facilities for the patient who may need special sort of commercial products i.e. wheelchair ramps, stairlifts, patients lifts, pool lifts and platform lifts, it helps the customers in the mobility by providing easy and safe ride (Coconea, et al. 2019).

MaaS will not only bring ease to transportation but it is one of the opportunities that can be productive and cost-saving by reducing the cost that an individual has to face because of having a vehicle. MaaS provides more flexibility and choice for mobility along with provisions of mobility level services that can help to mitigate the disruption in the infrastructure of traffic (Coconea, et al. 2019). MaaS is not only effective for facilitating transport but it also enhances the revenue of public transport, encouraging the economy of the country in the long run. It increases the ridership by facilitating the mobility users by addressing the challenges through integration with other modes of transportation (Jiang, et al. 2019, pp. 146-151). MaaS optimises the supply of public transport and improve its efficiency by incorporating a better understanding of the required demand through analysis of the data captured (Coconea, et al. 2019). MaaS can incorporate some environmental, economic and social benefits to South Florida as well because it will reduce the single-occupancy vehicle trips. It will also encourage the public and active transport through the understanding of the required demand. The reduction in vehicles will also reduce pollution by improving air quality. MaaS can bring potential improvement in terms of road safety along with empowering managing of the road space. If a long-term perspective is visualized, it is highlighted that MaaS is one of the opportunities for South Florida to reduce concerns regarding traffic and improve the global aspects of the environment as well (Coconea, et al. 2019). A philanthropist view highlights that MaaS can increase access to the different source by reducing the barriers in the way such as reaching to hospitals and workplaces would be facilitated. It will also improve the mobility and the transport of disabled or ageing people. Innovation is another option that would get promoted because of MaaS because it is one of those opportunities that can help to address technological aspects. It allows centralisation of transport by introducing some new and innovative modes and options that can help to reduce traffic issues. South Florida would be having a great deal of improvement in terms of delivery of services that are driven by data or internet by the integration of some multi-sourced data (Jiang, et al. 2019, pp. 146-151).

MaaS can also address the integration of mobility service with the other major apartments of life such as Real Health and Insurance, taking into account the idea that it will lead to ideate business models and innovative services of a business. MaaS is not only an option or a service that can help people save their lives and money but it will prove economical in the long run. It is highlighted that people in South Florida are facing numerous issues because they are becoming victim of accidents due to serious road blockage which can all be recovered by MaaS (Jiang, et al. 2019, pp. 146-151).

Conclusion

After an in-depth analysis of the traffic issues that are faced by residents of South Florida, and an understanding of the future prospects and positive approach associated with MaaS, it is asserted that MaaS can play a central role addressing issues related to traffic. MaaS will not only let people get themselves facilitated by a quick service but it will also help people to live a safe life and get themselves facilitated with better and comfortable rides. Moreover, MaaS is also an approach that can help the city to gain progress in the long run because it will be casting numerous social, ecological and economic benefits for both government and public.

Work Cited

Coconea, Laura, et al. "Insights on traffic management in the MaaS value chain." 13th ITS European Congress. 2019.

Faisal, Asif, et al. "Understanding autonomous vehicles: A systematic literature review on capability, impact, planning and policy." Journal of Transport and Land Use 12.1 (2019):45-72.

Jiang, Chenming, et al. "Miss-and-run: Factors contributing to two-vehicle phantom vehicle crashes in Florida." Traffic injury prevention 20.2 (2019): 146-151.

Module 02 Project - Understanding Planetary Motion



Full Title of Your Paper Here

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Background Question – Describe Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion.

Objective: This assignment is aimed at analyzing the factors that influence the motions of the planets. This assignment will particularly analyze the study about such objects during the planets movement around the Sun. the basic premise is to analyze and to know exactly as to what constrain the movement of the planet. Is it relay a Meta thing, which disrupts the motion of the planets? If so, then to how much extent the motions of the planets are affected by the presence of such objects. This assignment will able the researcher to get a thorough analysis of the Kepler's laws about the motion of the planets.

Hypothesis: The movements of the planets conform to the laws of Kepler's, but somehow in the unavailability of the type of matter being searched that might be present in the space, it is impossible to analyze the perfect rotatory motion of the planet.

Q1. List the visible planets in order of increasing distance from Sun.

Answer: The list of visible planets from the sun in the order of their increasing distance is the Sun, Mercury preceded by the Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and the Pluto, such movements have also remained observable in Brown’s observations of 2015 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"G6iBqTSK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Brown, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":20,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/F4XFTP8Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/F4XFTP8Q"],"itemData":{"id":20,"type":"article-journal","title":"Exploring skyscape in Stellarium","container-title":"Journal of Skyscape Archaeology","page":"93–112","volume":"1","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown, 2015). Although Pluto does not qualify the definition of a planet, somehow it is observable.

Q2. Are the planets moving at the same speed? If not, which planet is the fastest and what planet is the slowest?

Answer: It has been noticed that the planet Jupiter is moving the fastest as compared to the movements of other planets, as it has the smallest length of the day and night. Whereas, the planet Venus is moving at the minimum speed if compared to the movements of rest of the planets in the solar system.

Q3. Is Mercury orbit perfectly circular or is it slightly egg-shaped?

Answer: It has been observed that the planet Mercury does not conform to the circular definition of shape, and nether it has shown any such attributes visible. Therefore, for the sake of this experiment, the mercury will be mentioned as the Egg-shaped or in simple words the oval shaped.

Q4. Is the Sun at the exact center of Mercury orbit?

Answer: it has been observed during the observation that as since the mercury shares, not an exact circular path, therefore it has been observed that the sun is not ion the exact middle of the planet Mercury's orbit.

Q5. When does Encke move the fastest? Is this in agreement with Kepler’s second law?

Answer: Universal gravitation calls for that whenever some closeness is observed between a planet and the sun, while the planet is revolving its orbital motion, some fastness will be observed in the motion of the planet. Similarly, it will appear to be moving slowly when it goes away from the sun. So since the mercury is the closest planet to the sun, it will keep on changing the speed of its motion.

Average

distance (a)

Planet

Period (p)

= (perihelion + aphelion) / 2

p2

a3

 The Earth

1.00

(0.0983+1.017)/2

  1.00

1.00

 The Mercury

0.241

(0.308+0.467)/2

 0.3875

0.3875

 The Mars

1.881

(1.666+1.381)/2

 1.5235

1.5325

 The Saturn

29.459

(10.046+9.031)/2

 9.5385

 9.5385

Q6. Does your data support Kepler’s third law (p2 = a3)?

Answer: After the conclusion of this experiment, it has been observed that it does not conform to any of the laws of the Kepler’s.

Conclusion

During this experiment, I had faced problems in recording the observations and managing them with the variables of the tables provided. It has also remained a difficulty of adjusting the Stellarium software in accordance with the guidelines mentioned in the assignment. These observations have been also mentioned in many other observations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sb0P7cmU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sparavigna, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Sparavigna, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":21,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/42DB3SWM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/42DB3SWM"],"itemData":{"id":21,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stellarium software and the occultation of Aldebaran observed by Copernicus","container-title":"Philica","volume":"2017","issue":"923","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sparavigna","given":"Amelia Carolina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sparavigna, 2017). Therefore, there might be a possibility that the table reading might not get a proper adjustment with the standard readings. Thereof, the hypothesis claimed in the starting of this assignment has been hence proved.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, D., 2015. Exploring skyscape in Stellarium. Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 1, 93–112.

Sparavigna, A.C., 2017. Stellarium software and the occultation of Aldebaran observed by Copernicus. Philica 2017.

Module 04 Course Project - Presenting Your Technology Choices

Technology choices

The two technologies required for attaining the goal of enhancing customer experience include location-based computing and artificial intelligence. Location-based computing is used for improving customers interaction with the company. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an effective tool that can have a significant impact on customer experience. Digital technologies are linked to increased productivity and efficiency. It is thus crucial for organizational growth and success CITATION Tar15 \l 1033 (Fenwick & Edwards, 2015).

Location-based computing involves location-based promos and navigation services. Location-based promos allow companies to use these services for reaching out customers of specific geo-location. Navigation service is an app that permits customers to navigate warehouse-like stores assisting them in finding products faster and with convenience. The customer uses the app for making the right purchases. Some common artificial intelligence features include voice to text features, sales, e-commerce, and business forecasting. Through e-commerce, the company will provide an online platform to the customers where they can view the features of the product. Placing an order through an online website and making payment is cost-effective and time-saving CITATION NIB17 \l 1033 (NIB, 2017).

The strengths of e-commerce include offering smart services with relevant features. It is cost-effective and time-saving. It allows enhancement in communications that are effective for building customer loyalty and focus on customer segmentation. Location bases computing also include many strengths such as the company can target the right customer's rate CITATION Sér13 \l 1033 (Cavalcante, 2013).

It also has some weaknesses such as an error in navigation services that affects the continuity and accuracy of the data. Tracking logistics and GPS also involve the probability of errors. There is also some weakness of AI techniques such as loss of data generated can lead to confusion. Another weakness that it does not support creativity. Irrespective of the weaknesses the technologies offer many benefits to the company.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cavalcante, S. A. (2013). Understanding the impact of technology on firms' business models. European Journal of Innovation Management, 16 (3), 285-300.

Fenwick, T., & Edwards, R. (2015). Exploring the impact of digital technologies on professional responsibilities and education. European Educational Research Journal.

NIB. (2017). Artificial intelligence in business. Retrieved 03 10, 2019, from https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/examples-artificial-intelligence-use-business

Module 05 Project - A Universe Of Galaxies

Conclusion

Most of these galaxies were found in nearness of groups of stars or are found inside them. I feel that I have met the target since I have a superior comprehension of the contrasts between characterizations of galaxies. It was simpler to see these distinctions at that point to find out about them. It was fascinating to see the diverse make ups of galaxies and how the ones with normal names show up as they are named, similar to the sunflower galaxy and the stogie galaxy. For troubles, I found that in Stellarium, subtleties can be difficult to see.

Table

Galaxy

Classification Type

Interesting Features

Andromeda

 Spiral

Center is bright white and outer sides are blue. 

M33

 Spiral

Bluish purple in color 

LMC

 Irregular

 Light purple shade

SMC

 Irregular

 Blue colored

M51

 Spiral

 Colored like a whirlpool of red and blue.

M58

 Spiral

 Bright white at center

M60

 Elliptical

 Bright white star like appearance

M63

 Spiral

 Appearance like sunflower

M81

 Spiral

Brownish red bars across 

M82

 Irregular

 Shape like a cigar with bright red top and bluish bar

M86

 Lenticular

 Marron colored

M87

 Elliptical

 Smokish cloud

M88

 Spiral

 Surrounded by grey clouds.

M90

 Spiral

 Bluish white condensed cloud

M91

 Spiral

 Greyish violet cloudy appearance

M94

 Spiral

 Golden yellowish color

M99

 Spiral

 Appearance like a pinwheel

M100

 Spiral

 Arms like appearance

M102

 Lenticular

 Have a dust lane

M106

 Spiral

 Arms like appearance

M109

 Spiral

 Cyclone type appearance with blue and white color

Module 06 Written Assignment - Evidence For The Big Bang Theory

Big Bang Theory

Name

Affiliation

Date

Olbers' Paradox

The fact that the Universe has a finite age provides a new approach to a relatively old problem, first raised by Kepler and picked up in more precise terms by Heinrich Olbers in 1826. This problem is known by the name of the paradox of Olbers, and it is enunciated thus: why the sky is black at night.

Olbers proposed the following explanation to the paradox in 1826: the night sky was black because the interstellar matter absorbed the radiation of the stars and weakened, then, it's light. However, as stipulated by thermodynamics, energy must always be conserved. Thus, the radiation absorbed by the interstellar medium had to be emitted again in one form or another, and Olbers' explanation was not sustained. Another explanation was to say that the stars were not evenly distributed, as they regrouped into galaxies. But this solution was not satisfactory either, because the reasoning that led to the paradox could very well apply to the galaxies themselves (Brent, 2018).

It is, in reality, in the finite age of the Universe, it is necessary to seek the solution to Olbers' paradox. Indeed, since the Universe is only about 13.7 billion years old, light, whose speed is finite, could not travel much from its origin, but a finite distance, and it is impossible for us to observe objects more distant than this maximum value (Howell, 2017).

The explanation of the paradox then becomes very simple: galaxies that are beyond this maximum limit are inaccessible to us and do not contribute to the brightness of the sky. There remain the directions of the celestial vault in which our gaze finds absolutely nothing. Olbers' reasoning no longer holds, and the paradox rises: the sky is black at night because there are a large number of empty spaces in the distribution of the observable galaxies. That means that the further away a galaxy is, the weaker is its contribution to the brightness of the sky (Cain, 2017).

Example of observation evidence that supports the Big Bang Theory

The scientific evidence related to big bang theory leaves little room for doubt. There are numerous key points in the understanding of the universe. These points help us to get a remote idea of ​​what happened at the beginning of time. And that also helps us to imagine what will happen to the universe. The foremost one is demonstrated by Edwin Hubble back in the 20s, this astronomer, one of the most important in our history, spent his scientific life studying nebulae. Among his research, he discovered that there is something beyond our galaxy. And he also managed to explain that the great celestial objects were moving and how they were doing it: moving away from the same point. In particular, all extragalactic nebulae move away and the farther they are, the faster they do it.

In the end, his observations translate into the fact that the universe is expanding, which may make us think that at some point in time, it was concentrating on a point. To arrive at the conclusion, Edwin Hubble described the speed of each object by measuring it according to its "redshift". This process occurs when a light source increases in its wavelength, (so it is seen, when it is visible, in "red tones"), which happens precisely because it is moving away from our point of view (Dashper, Denny & Shannon, 1993).

To understand, this great evidence makes us think that at one point the universe was a small energy ball filled with a soup of particles. Although it is very difficult to describe, one must understand that at that time there was no time or space. This singularity suddenly, "exploded" and expanded in a magnitude that one simply cannot even imagine. So, this is how the universe, space and time came into being.

References

Brent, S. (2018). Evidence for the Big Bang Theory: Background Radiation, Red-Shift and Expansion - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com. Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/evidence-for-the-big-bang-theory-background-radiation-red-shift-and-expansion.html

Cain, F. (2017). What Is The Evidence For The Big Bang? - Universe Today. Retrieved from https://www.universetoday.com/106498/what-is-the-evidence-for-the-big-bang/

Dashper, J., Denny, J., & Shannon, M. (1993). The big bang theory. [Auckland, N.Z.]: [J. Dashper].

Howell, E. (2017). What Is the Big Bang Theory?. Retrieved from https://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html

Mood Disorders And Life Stages

Mood Disorders and Life Stages

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Mood Disorders and Life Stages

Question Number 1

After reading both the case studies, the case of Mark identifies more with the mood disorder than in Jeff’s case. According to the most recent criteria of DSM-V, symptoms for mood disorder indicate the total loss or interest in the deeds which once the person enjoyed,

loss or excessive gain of appetite, insomnia or sleeping disorder, anxiety, fatigue, crying, no energy for taking care of things, feelings of sadness, isolation, worthlessness and hopelessness, decision making problems, guilty feelings, irritability and suicide ideation (Goodday et al., 2017). These symptoms are more or less present in Mark and indicate the presence of a mood disorder.

Question Number 2

For diagnosing the mood disorder, above mentioned symptoms should prevail in the patient for at least two weeks, and then they should be diagnosed by a healthcare professional (Zarate Jr, 2017). These symptoms most obviously affect the everyday working of life as it has affected Mr. Mark’s.

Question Number 3

The causal factors may include hereditary or biological, environmental or psychological factors. The causes of mood disorder are still unknown to the scientists, and many theories have been produced regarding this issue, but none has been verified yet, i.e., neurotransmitter imbalance theory (Lozano, & Mayberg, 2018).

Question Number 4

The treatments strategy includes psychotherapy and medication. Anti-depressants and anti-anxiety medicines are given to the individual to alleviate the psychological distress along with the psychotherapies. Cognitive behavioral therapy is also one of the most effective therapy for patients of mood disorder. In severe mood disorders, patients are often hospitalized after they inflict any harm on themselves.

Question Number 5

The mood disorder is aggravated in old age due to resistance and stubbornness with one’s own issues. As in the case of Mark, the causal factor for mood disorder is chronic depression which he got due to psychological and environmental issues. The treatment strategies would differentiate for Mr. Mark as he would need anti-depressants along with CBT to get an effective treatment.

References

Goodday, S. M., Preisig, M., Gholamrezaee, M., Grof, P., Angst, J., & Duffy, A. (2017). The association between self-reported and clinically determined hypomanic symptoms and the onset of major mood disorders. BJPsych open, 3(2), 71-77.

Lozano, A. M., & Mayberg, H. S. (2018). U.S. Patent No. 9,931,500. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Zarate Jr, C. A. (2017). An Update on the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Research of Mood Disorders.

Most Alert

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Most Alert

Human bodies are programmed on the basis of timing. No human can stay active for a whole day long; we all need rest in order to regain our energies. Just like our cellphones work for a specific period of time and then they need to be put on charging, similar is the case for human bodies. A person can only stay active for a limited period of time and then he or she needs to "recharge" themselves so that they can function properly for the upcoming day (or night).

This phase of being active differs for every individual; some people are most active in the day, some are most productive in the afternoon, while some perform much better in the night as compared to any other time of the day. I belong to the last category of people. The people who are most active during the day timings are called early birds, just like a lark, who gets up very early in the morning and starts functioning. On the other hand, people, like me, who stay up late in the night and feel more active and energetic during night time as compared to during the day are known as night people or night owls. This name has been given to them because of their similarity with an owl, who becomes more energetic in the dark hours and only functions in the night.

Honestly, I have never tried to change this habit, because I am happy with my body clock. I do not force my body to adopt something that it is not programmed for. I can never go to sleep early even if I try to, keep tossing and turning in the bed. I don’t think so that being a night own or a night person will harm me in any sense, in the present or the future, as the employers are now taking care of this fact and introducing flexible working hours for their organizations.

Muscles Of The Back: Superficial To Deep- How Is It Organized?

Muscles of the Back: Superficial to Deep- How it is Organized?

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Muscles of the Back: Superficial to Deep- How it is Organized?

The human body is a complex structure that is composed of a number of components. These components include a skeleton, bones, muscles, and organs. The basic building block of any living organism is a cell. Multiple cells that perform the same function come together to form a tissue, and a number of tissues that perform similar functions are accumulated together to form an organ. One of the prominent examples of organs is muscles. Muscles are the collection of soft tissues that are found in almost every animal. This collection of tissues are made up of protein and protein filaments of actin and myosin. These filaments slide past each other, which results in a contraction and changes the length and shape of the cell (Wagner, 2014). Muscles are the main parts or the components of the body that help in the production of force and motion.

If looked at a human body, it is completely made up of muscles. Mainly there are three types of muscles in a human body: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. One of the major portions of a human body is the back. Just like the rest of the body, the back is also covered with muscles. These muscles are developed in the very early stages of human development when they are still in their mother's womb. This stage is known as an embryo or fetus. The muscles at the backside of the human body can be divided into three categories; superficial, intermediate, and deep ground (Bogduk, Macintosh, & Pearcy, 2016). The muscles that help in the support and movement of the upper limb are a superficial group. The intermediate group of muscles might perform respiratory action and are usually attached to the ribs. The third group of the back muscles, deep group, assist in the movements of the vertebral column and head. These are also called intrinsic muscles as they develop deep in the back.

Refrences

Bogduk, N., Macintosh, J. E., & Pearcy, M. J. (2016). A universal model of the lumbar back muscles in the upright position. Spine, 17(8), 897-913.

Wagner, I. J. (2014). Classification of the vascular anatomy of muscles: experimental and clinical correlation. 50 Studies Every Plastic Surgeon Should Know, 27.

Nacirema

Submitted by

Submitted to

Course

Date

Nacirema culture And Comparison to Modern Americans

The debates around the problematic of cultural differences have led to the revelation of the tradition of Nacirema culture research. It is observed the tremendous diversity of people's behavior in similar situations; even the most exotic traditions are incapable of confusing him. Even if all the logical possibilities of a certain behavior are not yet available in any place known around the world; The anthropologist suspects that this possibility may be present in an undefined tribe.

According to the radical belief that determines the entire system, the human body is ugly and inherently a weakness and disease. The only hope of a person imprisoned in such a body is to eliminate these traits by means of rituals and ceremonies. Each household has one or more temples dedicated to this purpose. There are more sanctuaries in the homes of the more able individuals and the prosperity and abundance of a house are explained with reference to the rite points that it has. Most of the houses are built with acacia rod and plaster; The temple of the more affluent houses is built with stone walls. Relatively less affluent families attempt to mimic the rich by covering the walls of the temple rooms with pottery plates

Every family has sanctuary with associated rituals to performed in a personal and confidential manner, not in the form of family ceremonies. Information about the ritual begins to be shared with children only when they are old enough to become aware of these mysteries. However, since I was able to develop a friendly relationship with the locals, I had the chance to study these temples and tell them about the rituals.

The pivotal fact of the temple is a kind of box or box placed inside the wall. In this chest there are many talisman and magical tonics which the locals believe cannot survive without them. These preparations are secured by a group of experts. The most respected of these experts are the healers who should be paid with precious gifts in return for their help. However, healers do not offer the necessary healing medicines for their customers; they agree what content is necessary and write this recipe in ancient and secret language. This recipe can only be understood by those who prepare the necessary talismans for healers and other gifts.

Comparison of modern-day Americans and the Nacirema (similarities/ differences)

Nacirema is nothing but "American". The example is intended to give the readers the salutary experience that the views of a people about themselves have little in common with the description an outsider would give of them, and that simple truths about a people as a whole are a rather dubious affair.

Nacirema culture is categorized by an extremely developed market economy grew in a rich, natural habitat. While most of the people's time was dedicated to economic rendezvous, the return of these efforts and much of the day is used for rituals. The focal point of these rituals is the appearance and health of the human body, which is the dominant area of interest in the community's belief system. While such an interest is certainly not unusual; the ritual manifestations of it and the underlying philosophy are unique. Native Americans revolted against their neglect, then the gay ones, and so instead of celebrating the all-American unity, we see an ever-expanding sculpture park coming forward that belies the original intent.

Modern day American are a largely mythical people, in which the dreams of the modern world are crystallized, allowing this world to articulate its central social problems as well as basking in escapist and romantic fantasies.

The Nacirema are rather prudish towards their own bodies, they like to undress and humiliate their sick, and there is even a priesthood caste of their own, whose duty it is to harass and harass the frail and suffering. Another group of people, surprisingly, make a living by traveling from place to place and displaying their healthy bodies. Whereas modern Americans like to wear modern dresses and they don’t have any priesthood.

Overall impression

Nacirema are extremely strange people who are completely irrational in their beliefs and engage in amazing magical practices. Their lives revolve around small water temples set up in their homes, and shrines hung in them, holding primeval remedies for cleansing and healing rituals whose effectiveness the Nacirema is firmly convinced, even though all the facts point to their complete uselessness.

Native American Diversity

Native American Diversity

Author

Institution

Native American Diversity

America is populated by people from all over the world with diverse ancestry. So, a question arises here; how is it logical for people from other countries to criticize Americans? Aren’t they criticizing themselves? The answer is quite simple; the logical fallacy here is that criticism of a country is a criticism of the genetic character of the people of that country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zRM4q2no","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Arrington & Wilson, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Arrington & Wilson, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1487,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/28RPUSR9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/28RPUSR9"],"itemData":{"id":1487,"type":"article-journal","title":"A re-examination of risk and resilience during adolescence: Incorporating culture and diversity","container-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies","page":"221–230","volume":"9","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"A re-examination of risk and resilience during adolescence","author":[{"family":"Arrington","given":"Edith G."},{"family":"Wilson","given":"Melvin N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Arrington & Wilson, 2000). Americans have a certain set of values, which, in many cases, differ quite markedly from those in other countries, especially if those countries are outside of the Anglosphere. It is those values and cultural differences that lead to critique. These are expressly attributing that the United States or Americans collectively do not have and/or explicitly rejected cultural diversity. There are certain challenges being faced by Native Americans today that include lack of employment opportunities, marginalization, racism, drug and alcohol abuse, and mental illness. Besides, true history of the United States has been suppressed by most of the history books. In most of the history texts provided to school-age kids, the role white settlers played in the near genocide of the native people of the US is generally suppressed, and it is cultural insensitivity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3SmIJhoo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wittig, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Wittig, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1486,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/T9NM9BZK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/T9NM9BZK"],"itemData":{"id":1486,"type":"article-journal","title":"Knowledge, skills, and attitudes of nursing students regarding culturally congruent care of Native Americans","container-title":"Journal of Transcultural Nursing","page":"54–61","volume":"15","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Wittig","given":"Deborah R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wittig, 2004). There seems to be a mindset among the elite that these people must be defeated every time they rise, no matter how reasonable they are. A few people doubt if most Americans give a thought to Native Americans, let alone have any “feelings” toward them. Given the paucity of educational material on the “First Americans,” their story does not relate to the majority of students sitting in the classroom.

As far as human resource management is concerned, there are some cultural implications for human resource management in any organization. In order to understand cultural implications, the HR manager must know how to observe what is a culture in organizations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Y9Z1vN7o","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shen, Chanda, D\\uc0\\u8217{}netto, & Monga, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Shen, Chanda, D’netto, & Monga, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1491,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/7BFWLVR5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/7BFWLVR5"],"itemData":{"id":1491,"type":"article-journal","title":"Managing diversity through human resource management: An international perspective and conceptual framework","container-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management","page":"235–251","volume":"20","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Managing diversity through human resource management","author":[{"family":"Shen","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Chanda","given":"Ashok"},{"family":"D'netto","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Monga","given":"Manjit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shen, Chanda, D’netto, & Monga, 2009). For instance, HR manager must listen to the language and observe the behaviors of leadership, followers, and customers. If the organization has a mercenary culture, there will be a lack of empathy for those who decide to leave the organization.

In addition, cultural diversity halts the imagined supremacy of one brand. Supremacists, in any organization, hate diversity because they would cease to be 'the best', and the most common problem with supremacists is; they want apartheid ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZwislxEy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Metcalfe, Fielden, & Sippola, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Metcalfe, Fielden, & Sippola, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1492,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/B3YVV5TV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/B3YVV5TV"],"itemData":{"id":1492,"type":"article-journal","title":"Developing culturally diverse organizations: a participative and empowerment-based method","container-title":"Women in Management Review","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Developing culturally diverse organizations","author":[{"family":"Metcalfe","given":"Beverly D."},{"family":"Fielden","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Sippola","given":"Aulikki"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Metcalfe, Fielden, & Sippola, 2007). A problem the US has today, though, is thinking; Supremacists belong as part of diversity which is insane and leads to great conflict (as we see but will not admit we made a mistake by allowing them in the first place.) Supremacists of any kind cannot exist in a tolerant, diverse society because they hate diversity and will not be tolerant; they preach/teach their hatreds and persecutions to new generations.

For the HR manager to promote cultural diversity vis-à-vis Native Americans, one must devise policies that not only downplay the supremacy but also promote cultural diversity. Empowering and educating managers is the first step toward the promotion of cultural diversity in workplace. The presumption that managers are aware of the importance of cultural diversity is wrong. The manager should understand how to hire and manage a diverse group of employees. Besides, devising policies that are diversity-friendly could also be pivotal for the promotion of cultural diversity within an organization ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FYoeBgYY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shen et al., 2009)","plainCitation":"(Shen et al., 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1491,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/7BFWLVR5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/7BFWLVR5"],"itemData":{"id":1491,"type":"article-journal","title":"Managing diversity through human resource management: An international perspective and conceptual framework","container-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management","page":"235–251","volume":"20","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Managing diversity through human resource management","author":[{"family":"Shen","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Chanda","given":"Ashok"},{"family":"D'netto","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Monga","given":"Manjit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shen et al., 2009). There must be policies in place that offer diverse opportunities for employee engagement; this would let employees - from a culturally diverse background - experience and participate in other environments.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Arrington, E. G., & Wilson, M. N. (2000). A re-examination of risk and resilience during adolescence: Incorporating culture and diversity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9(2), 221–230.

Metcalfe, B. D., Fielden, S., & Sippola, A. (2007). Developing culturally diverse organizations: A participative and empowerment-based method. Women in Management Review.

Shen, J., Chanda, A., D’netto, B., & Monga, M. (2009). Managing diversity through human resource management: An international perspective and conceptual framework. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(2), 235–251.

Wittig, D. R. (2004). Knowledge, skills, and attitudes of nursing students regarding culturally congruent care of Native Americans. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 15(1), 54–61.

Navigating Genres

Student’s Name:

University Affiliations:

Professor’s Name:

Course Title:

Navigating Genres

Introduction

In the essay, “Navigating Genres” by the renowned writer Kerry Dirk, a genre is more of a category used in writing. The creation of a writing piece pertains to vast characteristics and carry the notion that a certain type of formula should be followed. As an authentic writer, an individual should firstly understand and choose a genre that to pursue throughout the writing. In reading and comprehending Dirk’s work, a few questions were answered using the text. These questions include; what is Dirk saying about the nature of rhetorical genres? Which genres do you follow most closely? What are the hallmarks of these communication types? What, in your view, are the important components of the advertising genre? What about the contemporary speech or verbal address? The answers given were developed from “Navigating Genres” to retain the essay’s subjectivity.

Body

Genres have evolved over the years obtaining new meaning and perception from both readers and writers. Rhetorical genres are based on the nature of things or the convention of the writer. According to Dirk, the comparable day-to-day situations guide the creativity of a writer interested to utilize the rhetoric genre. Not only are rhetoric forms generated form these situations, but the writer is also able to obtain; grammar, style, and vocabulary. Currently, genres are perceived as repeating rhetorical forms that occur in part of our day to day endeavors. ”The definition of genre has changed even more since Bitzer’s article was written; genres are now viewed as even more than repeating rhetorical situations. Carolyn Miller, a leading professor in the field of technical communication, argues that “a rhetorically sound definition of genre must be centered . . . on the action, it is used to accomplish” (Dirk, 249)

Knowing what a genre is considered a prerequisite for any writer. The rhetorical genres have power over vast activities that can be innate or abstract. For instance, the utilization of a specific genre in writing can assist individuals to attain goals that may be unattainable through verbal means. The awareness of different genres helps one to be versatile and more functional when it comes to expressing oneself. “Learning about genres and how they function is more important than mastering one particular genre”. (Dirk, 259) Readers can treat texts as rhetorical objects since they already know that context can elicit some type of response in them. It is, therefore, a necessity for writers to familiarize themselves with the right type of rhetoric genre which helps in creating texts that stimulate their target response.

Before genres were viewed as rhetoric, there was a negative notion about them. However, research and other efforts have helped them to receive a positive notion in the writing industry whereby they are viewed as an aid for writers in making relevant decisions before developing a creative text. “But on a brighter note, genres also help us to make more efficient decisions when writing, as we can see how people have approached similar situations. Creating a new genre each time that writing was required would make the writing process much longer, as we would not have past responses to help us with present ones.” (Dirk 252)

The genres that I follow closely have to do with adventure and creative imagination. My most profound genres are; Drama, Science Fiction abbreviated as (Sci-fi) and crime fiction. The particular aspect that makes me obliged to read texts that apply these particular genres is the level of creativity and language used in these texts.

Drama is a genre through which an author creates fictional representations that are performed in the texts. A writer can choose to dramatize a fiction or non-fiction narrative, which makes the text more interesting. A dramatic text could be in the form of a; play, mime, ballet or an opera. The most common form used in texts is the ‘play’ form. Science fiction (Sci-fi) is a modern rhetorical genre that mainly deals with futuristic concepts or imaginative themes related to advanced science and technology. Sub-genres found in this fiction are mostly superhero fiction, fantasy, and horror. Lastly, the crime fiction genre is a common rhetorical genre that has been applied over the years by authors. The narration in this genre deal with; murder, mystery, detective stories, and investigation theatrics.

In my view, there are important components found in the following genres; advertising, contemporary speech and verbal address. The advertising genre is driven towards attaining a specific objective that is sales. Primary components include; persuasive language, promotional themes, and eye-catching headlines. A contemporary speech is common in most functions and is mostly read from written text. The text should have; a grabber, subject, perfect structure and themes that convey the target message. Verbal addresses ought to have the following components included perfectly depending on one’s audience; standard grammar, voice tone, voice speed, and diction.

Conclusion

In choosing a rhetorical genre, a writer should choose that which creates a desired result from the target audience. One should be aware of the various writing genres to improve writing skills. In my opinion, Dirk did a remarkable job in teaching writers about genres and there are a few lessons that I obtained which I can apply in creating texts.

Sources

Dirk, Kerry. "Navigating genres." writingspaces (2010): 249.

Non-Invasive Monitoring Technology – Capnography

Non-Invasive Monitoring Technology – Capnography

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Non-Invasive Monitoring Technology – Capnography

What are some of the problems associated with the clinical usage of Capnography measurements?

Capnography is a technique used to monitor the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the respiratory gases excreted via the body by the respiratory system. This technique or its results are mostly represented in the form of a graph, plotted against time. Sometimes, the graph is also plotted against expired volume, which is more useful and result oriented method. The tool that is used for the measurement or monitoring of the concentration of the carbon dioxide is called the Capnogram and the graph used to represent the results are known as Capnograph (Al-Ali, 2015). The unit of measurement of this concentration is millimeters of mercury, or mmHg.

Capnography is mostly used in the intensive care units and while giving anesthesia to the patients. It is very beneficial in the diagnosis and the treatment of various respiratory diseases in the respiratory systems especially early respiratory depression and airway disorders (Suarez-Sipmann, Bohm, & Tusman, 2014). Where this technique is proving very much beneficial for in the medical field, it has also some issues while using it for various medical purposes. The first and foremost issue that if being used in the sedation, it sometimes gives varying information or values for the exhaled amount of Carbon Dioxide which may cause confusion for the medical practitioner.

In addition to this, the technology of Capnography can be a little confusing while providing the data for the concentration of Carbon Dioxide if plotted against various variables. For example, if the values are measured against time, they may vary from the values measured against any other factor like expired volume. The values obtained as a result of graph plotted against expired volume are considered much more valid and reliable as compared to the values obtained out of the graph plotted against time.

References

Al-Ali, A. (2015). U.S. Patent Application No. 14/627,500.

Suarez-Sipmann, F., Bohm, S. H., & Tusman, G. (2014). Volumetric capnography: the time has come. Current opinion in critical care, 20(3), 333-339.

Not Necessarily

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Crossing Brooklyn Ferry

“Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” is a poem written by Walt Whitman and published in the second edition of Leaves of Grass in 1856. The poem was published in its original state, but it was edited, revised and even retitled in the later versions of the book.

In the poem, the poet has used many brilliant expressions and phrases that explain the philosophy behind the actual words. The poem is about life; the uncertainty of life and how the people in lie come and go. The poet wants to remind us that how short this life is by giving the example of a ferry and the passengers as the people who get on it as the people who come in your life and go.

The poem makes use of the two important places as references. One of them is mentioned in the very title of the poem “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry." The poem mentions in it that a ferry that starts from Brooklyn end its Journey in London. The two places are very far apart; in fact, both are in different continents. Brooklyn is in New York, situated in the United States of America. And London is in located in England. The London Bridge, in 1857 has been described as a tall and vast bridge with big and strong walls. On the other hand, Brooklyn has been described as a prosperous and thriving place where the ships and ferries used to come and get parked, with the sailors working all the time on the docks. The poet has explained the hustle and bustle of the city in the following words “Crowds of women and men, attired in usual costumes," and at another instance, “On the ferry boats, the hundreds and hundreds that cross” (Whitman). This feature of bot these places is still present at these places that they are very thriving and busy.

Works Cited

Walt Whitman. “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry.” Leaves of Grass. 1867.

Electronic Text Center. University of Virginia Library, 2000. 23 February 2006. http://etext.virginia.edu.

Organization Structure And Chart

TO:

FROM:

DATE: 14/10/2019

SUBJECT: Organization Structure and Chart

Organization structure and chart plays a major role in business performance. The structure helps in operations and running the business. Operations include the strategies that is marketing, finance, production and administration. Besides, there is ease of communication from the top management to the bottom management and other staffs. A good structure follows the necessary principles and incorporates all the stakeholders. Therefore, listing of positions and organization should be of attention.

Listing of positions

Effective management and attaining of the organization goals, it is necessary to have employees with different titles. The following are the jobs available for Smart Solutions;

Position/Title

Number

Responsibilities

Chief Executive Officer

1

Communicating on behalf of the company, ensure that the company achieves its long and short-term strategies, contribute in the creation of the company’s mission and vision

Web Design/Developer

3

Responsible in the design, layout and coding of the website play a role in the technical and graphical aspect of the website. They are also responsible for development and maintenance of the website.

Social media marketing

2

Responsible for marketing in the social media platforms, they also design and distribute posters to the social media users

Business development manager

1

To oversee the work of the markers in the development of the business

Promoters

4

To organize for live events as they walk through institutions to seek business and create awareness.

Accountant

1

To conduct all accounting functions including preparing budgets, financial statements and cost management

HR

1

Recruiting, firing and performance evaluation of employees

Organization Chart

The organization chart helps in understanding the flow of operations and communication. This follows the principles of superiority and defines who has Authority over the other. Since the company is still on development with 13 employees, the structure is as follow;

Organization chart

Organizational Survival Strategies

Organizational Survival Strategies

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Organizational Survival Strategies

Managing a business is not an easy task; it takes a lot of courage and wisdom for a businessman to run the organization and that also in such crucial times. The businessperson should have a risk-taking attitude in addition to a deep insight into the current and upcoming situations so that he or she can cope up with them in advance and design their strategies accordingly. In the current times of the rigorous competition between various organizations, every organization should know survival tactics or survival strategies. These tactics are important because of the dwindling political, social, and financial conditions in the world.

The health organizations are not safe from all these threats; they also to cope up with the dangers swirling in the market and make sure that their health care or medical facility is prospering successfully. The topmost survival tactic that health organizations should adopt is to create space for more and more patient accommodation (Jacobson, Dalton, Berson‐Grand, & Weisman, 2015). It may become a serious threat or issue for a healthcare organization if the footfall or the sick patients is more than the space available for their treatment, and an opportunity for the competitors to take advantage of this situation.

Another major survival tactic for healthcare organizations is to keep the turnover of the staff as low as possible. This survival tactic is necessary for all organizations irrespective of their area of work, however, hospitals, medical centers, and other healthcare facilities need to take special care in this regard as it may affect the health of the patients in a very serious manner. Lastly, the third and one of the most important survival tactic is to keep the medical stock up to date. The medical stock like medicines and the surgical inventory should always be available and up-to-date (unexpired products) otherwise it can cause serious harm to the patients’ health, and can even cause death.

References

Jacobson, P. D., Dalton, V. K., Berson‐Grand, J., & Weisman, C. S. (2015). Survival strategies for Michigan's health care safety net providers. Health Services Research, 40(3), 923-940.

Paper Topic Examples: 1. Drawing On The Articles We Read In Class, Discuss Some Of The Major Issues Surrounding Health And Disease Classifications In Medicine. Is There An Area Of Medicine Where These Debates Are Particularly Relevant? (E.g., Cosmetic Su

Teddy Ofosu

Instructor Name

Course Number

15 May 2019

Topic 2: Central ethical principles of clinical research involving human Subjects

In patient-care today, the idea of paternalism is not accepted today. The idea of the doctor deciding a course of treatment thereby eliminating the patient’s right to make a choice regarding their own treatment violates the key ethical principle of autonomy and is thus not acceptable today in medical practice. Clinicians and care staff are expected to promote patient autonomy and empower them to make autonomous decisions as much as reasonably possibleCITATION Rho12 \p 508 \t \l 1033 (Rhodes and Schiano 508). However, such ethical clarity is not as probable when it comes to clinical research. Clinical research often involves testing new medical interventions within the laboratory to observe important findings and information, often by first subjecting animals to the same trials and eventually testing them in humans. The practice raises critical ethical and bioethical issues, and because many physicians are themselves involved in clinical research today, any misinterpretation when it comes to boundaries between care and research can have potentially serious consequences. It is therefore important to engage in an ethical analysis of clinical research to arrive at an answer. In the paper, I will be discussing various key ethical principles of clinical research that involves human subjects, highlighting important ethical and philosophical concerns raised by bioethicists and physicians associated with human recruitment in clinical research, and finally attempt to arrive at an appropriate ethical model for the protection of human subjects.

The goal of clinical research is to determine which medical intervention is most appropriate to a disease and whether one form of intervention is more adequate than the other while offering a greater clinical benefit than risk. Yet, the human subjects on which these medical interventions are tested are themselves prone to risks regardless of preceding animal trials. It is thus evident that subjecting the participants to risks in order to collect useful health and clinical data is to seek benefit for future patients. Nevertheless, the practice is still ethically problematic since it can potentially lead to an Individual being possibly harmedCITATION Tom03 \p 24 \l 1033 (Beauchamp 24). Many current regulations and guidelines attempt to address the issue by admonishing researchers to subject test participants to risks only when the value of the study can sufficiently justify it, yet, there are no easy answers. Several observers are of the view that the ethical principles of clinical care govern the ethics of clinical research, utilizing methods that are deemed acceptable within clinical care while exposing participants to only as much risk as is acceptable within a clinical setting.

These concerns by bioethicists and physicians regarding the ethics of clinical research are not without context. Clinical research history is rife with abuses which continues to influence how ethicists and policymakers perceive clinical research-related concerns. Numerous guidelines were developed to prevent the recurrence of horrific abuses, such as the hypothermia experiments conducted by Nazi scientists during the Second World WarCITATION Rob90 \p 1435 \l 1033 (Berger 1435). The Nuremberg Code was one such formal guideline developed in response, which was also later deemed inadequate to address the ethical issues related to clinical researchCITATION Dav07 \p 372 \l 1033 (Buchanan and Miller 372). For instance, the requirement to have independent ethical approvals and reviews was not existent in the Nuremberg Code CITATION The96 \p 1448 \l 1033 (The Nuremberg Code 1448). The guideline was then followed by the Declaration of Helsinki to address the former’s shortcomings. The presence of informed consent was emphasized as a mandatory condition for clinical research testing various conditions and emergency situations in patients, even if the research posits minimal harms or risks, or offers the human subject certain compensationCITATION Dec96 \p 1449 \l 1033 (Declaration of Helsinki 1964 1449). The increased emphasis on informed consent was due to the fact that clinical research always relied on volunteer participation who would agree to assume certain risks to themselves. The informed consent process seeks to inform the test subjects of the benefits, risks, and their rights when they agree to participate in a clinical testCITATION Dav07 \p 384 \l 1033 (Buchanan and Miller 384).

Following the Helsinki Declaration, The Belmont Report of 1979 provided clear guidance to behavioral and biomedical researchers by outlining some key ethical principles that had to be taken into consideration to ensure the protection of human subjects, namely justice, beneficence, and respect for individuals. It followed after the abuses committed in the Tuskegee syphilis study came to light four decades after the research was initiated. The infamous study involved testing and documenting the natural course of syphilis among 400 African American males in Tuskegee countyCITATION Rot82 \p 5 \l 1033 (Rothman 5). Clinically proven treatments were withheld from the test subjects who were instead told that the processes involved were for therapeutic purposes. After the incident came to light, a U.S. National Commission was formed following public outcry, who were tasked to develop appropriate safeguards and re-evaluate ethical principles for clinical researchCITATION All78 \p 27 \l 1033 (Brandt 27). The Commission’s findings and recommendations created a code of conduct for future regulations surrounding clinical research

Even as improved guidelines started to govern clinical research, the philosophical and bioethical debate among ethicists and physicians continues in light of emerging ideas. Any misinterpretation between the boundaries of clinical care and research can lead to serious consequences, for instance, it can lead test subjects to believe that the research studies will involve the physician prescribing the best therapy, while the intervention provided within the test is governed by research protocol. Such issues have prompted many observers to assume the position that the ethics of clinical care should also govern the ethics of clinical research. Such a view finds it ethically unacceptable for a physician to support a research unless it stands consistent with the medical interests of the patient since the contrary view would violate their duty as a clinicianCITATION SEP09 \p n.p \l 1033 (SEP n.p). The view has been mostly applied to randomized controlled trials wherein the intervention received by a test subject is based on a random process instead of a proper clinical judgement deciding the most appropriate therapyCITATION Rob99 \p 532 \l 1033 (Levine 532). Another principle adopted by this camp is that the treatments selected for the trial must be the best currently available for that particular disease and that the test subject's interests must not be compromised when scientific information is collected. The position is based on the philosophical notion of virtue, which believes that clinical research must protect and reassure the test subjects as well as the public that they are protected, just as the norms of clinical medicine are. In turn, it is assured that any enhancements in clinical research and medicine are not achieved at the cost of exploiting Individuals.

However, the reality is that many procedures and studies which were crucial in developing or identifying enhanced methods for protecting health are not consistent with the medical interests of the test subjects. In this regard, classifying certain research as therapeutic or nontherapeutic is also problematic since nearly all clinical research involves some components that are nontherapeutic in natureCITATION Rob99 \p 531 \l 1033 (Levine 531). Similarly, an evaluation of the risk-benefit of many clinical studies would reveal that certain interventions and procedures are contrary to the norms of medical practice, for instance, studies that use healthy subjects to test a drug’s safe dosage level. Such a study clearly violates the position taken by ethicists who believe a trial should be consistent with the individual’s clinical interests. A prima facie view in this regard would be to view the physician’s responsibilities to exist only within the domain of clinical care for patients requiring treatment, which cannot apply to clinical research CITATION Tom03 \p 27 \l 1033 (Beauchamp 27). Moreover, most bioethicists have begun to recognize the former’s view’s limitation in ensuring that research subjects are not exposed to risks beyond that which falls within the risk threshold of clinical medicine, without obscuring the actual clinical research and its objectives.

One way to address the conflict between the two positions would be to find a reasonable justification for exposing the test subjects to overall net risks against the society’s benefitCITATION Tom03 \p 25 \l 1033 (Beauchamp 25). Moreover, it will also involve identifying certain protections for human subjects so that they can remain safe while not being as strict as to obstruct the necessary clinical research intended to bring benefit to a group or community. In such a case Rhodes and Alfandre (69) bring forth a set of principles that help decide which particular principle should have priority in a certain case, in a way that helps avoid the ethical dilemma. Such meditative methods have been applied by other researchers, for instance, in the case of defining the ethics of placebo-controlled trials. According to Emanuel and Miller (918), such trials are ethical only when they have compelling methodologic reasons, wherein a strict ethical assessment makes it clear that placebo-taking subjects will not be exposed to serious harm and at the same time, certain arrangements have been made to minimize any potential risks associated with receiving the placebo.

In order to arrive at an appropriate model for protecting the human subjects, the Belmont report (1979) is a useful guiding tool to understand the underlying principles which should govern the model. Among the principles, the first is that any study involving human test subjects should be necessary to improve the welfare and health of human beings. Secondly, a recognition that the ability to engage in research is not a right, but rather a privilege extended to the researchers by the subjects and the overall society itself. Thirdly, the costs and risks of the clinical research must not outweigh the potential benefits CITATION Ken79 \p 4 \l 1033 (Ryan, Brady and Cooke 4). Following these basic principles, some further governing principles to define a model includes ‘respect for persons’ which involves treating individuals as autonomous agents and entitling them to protection if their autonomy is diminished. The principle of beneficence and justice generally cover the aforementioned principles under the former’s doctrine of minimizing potential harms and maximizing possible benefitCITATION Tom03 \p 24 \l 1033 (Beauchamp 24). An injustice is said to have occurred if an individual is denied what is entitled to them as a result of some undue burden or without good reasonCITATION Tom03 \p 26 \l 1033 (Beauchamp 26). The principle of justice also applies in the case of selecting research subjects who have to be examined whether they have been selected owing to their manipulability, belonging to a certain class, or a compromised position, instead of the selection being governed directly by the requirements of the clinical research.

The important doctrines governing ethical principles in research lead researchers Buchanan and Miller (372) to define what makes clinical research ethical. These requirements include: informed consent, presence of independent review, a favorable risk to benefit ratio, a known scientific or social value, fair selection of subjects, scientific validity, respect for participants, and community collaboration. Together these fair terms would allow human subjects to be used in clinical research while avoiding potential exploitation and ensuring particular safeguards for them CITATION Dav07 \p 372 \l 1033 (Buchanan and Miller 372). Additionally, there must be uncertainty within the clinical community regarding which intervention or treatment is better, and the outcome should be helpful in determining the preferred treatment. Furthermore, since the objective of clinical research is to obtain knowledge to enhance human health, the findings and investigations of the research must be placed in the public domain.

In addition, the model should also consider the incentives offered to human subjects for participating in the research. In order to avoid concerns of exploitation, bias, inducement, any monetary compensation must be dependent on the time needed to complete the research procedures and activities, as well as the nature of the research CITATION Dav07 \p 382 \l 1033 (Buchanan and Miller 382). Incentives should be offered that minimize any potential conflict of interest. At the same time, the presence of IRBs is also necessary to protect the safety, well-being, privacy and rights of the vulnerable subjects CITATION Dav07 \p 373 \l 1033 (Buchanan and Miller 373). Furthermore, no study or procedure should be performed if it is not a clear part of approved IRB protocols, and other requirements such as maintenance of records and documentation, reporting adverse events, and obtaining prior approval before changes are initiated must also be followed, while ensuring that all applicable regulations are complied with CITATION Tom03 \p 30 \l 1033 (Beauchamp 30).

Appreciating the engagement of the research subjects is also useful to build a level of trust between the subjects and investigators, while ensuring that the complete requirements of informed consent are fulfilled and it is evident that the human subjects used an autonomous and voluntary choice to participate. The informed consent procedure must involve a descriptive statement of discomforts and risks in the study, a disclosure of alternatives, benefits to the test subject, statement of compensation and confidentiality, the availability of treatment in case of an adverse event, a statement outlining the voluntary nature of the participation, and contacts in case the subject has questions related to the risks, benefits, or their rightsCITATION Dav07 \p 384 \l 1033 (Buchanan and Miller 384). Additionally, any circumstances for exclusion, unforeseeable risks, potentially additional costs, information about other members of the study, and consequences to withdrawing during the research must also be outlined where appropriate.

To conclude, the adherence to guidelines are crucial for conducting ethical research to protect the vulnerable population while ensuring that all clinical research is conducted without undue influence, coercion, or through deceptive means. However, there is still a need to evaluate and examine other methods to further enhance the test subject's protection as well as retention, providing them with incentives that maximize positive outcomes and minimize conflict of interest. A careful assessment of risks, proper collection of informed consent and compliance with regulatory bodies is essential to minimize any potential harms to the vulnerable test subjects, who must be treated with concern, beneficence, justice and respect in accordance with the applicable codes of conduct.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Beauchamp, Tom L. "Ethical Theory and Bioethics." Contemporary Issues in Bioethics. Ed. Beauchamp and Walters. 6th. New York, NY: Wadsworth, 2003. 2-34.

Berger, Robert L. "Nazi Science - The Dachau Hypothermia Experiments." The New England Journal of Medicine 222.20 (1990): 1435-1440.

Brandt, Allan M. "The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study." The Hastings Center Report 8.6 (1978): 21-29.

Buchanan, David and Franklin G. Miller. "Justice in Research on Human Subjects." The Blackwell Guide to Medical Ethics. Ed. Rosamond Rhodes, Leslie P. Francis and Anita Silvers. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. 373-393.

"Declaration of Helsinki 1964." BMJ 313 (1996): 1448-1449.

Emanuel, Ezekiel J. and Franklin G. Miller. "The Ethics Of Placebo-Controlled Trials — A Middle Ground." The New England Journal of Medicine 345.12 (2001): 915-919.

Levine, Robert J. "The Need to Revise The Declaration of Helsinki." The New England Journal of Medicine 341.7 (1999): 531-534.

Rhodes, Rosamond and David Alfandre. "A systematic approach to clinical moral reasoning." Clinical Ethics 2 (2007): 66-70.

Rhodes, Rosamond and Thomas D. Schiano. "Justice in Transplant Organ Allocation." Medicine and Social Justice. Ed. Rosamond Rhodes, M Pabst Battin and Anita Silvers. 2nd. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012. 505-522.

Rothman, David J. "Were Tuskegee & Willowbrook 'Studies in Nature'." The Hastings Center Report 12.2 (1982): 5-7.

Ryan, Kenneth John, et al. The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Commission Report. Bethesda, MD: National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1979.

SEP. The Ethics of Clinical Research. 30 January 2009. 16 May 2019. <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/clinical-research/>.

"The Nuremberg Code." BMJ 313 (1996): 1448-1449.

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Romeo Juliet act 3 , scene 11

The image represented in act 3,scene 2 is different from the real portrayal of character Juliet. In this act Juliet seems more passionate about love even she is not caring about her virginity. Juliet is looking forward to an evening meeting with her husband Romeo. But the nurse who came in tells her that he killed her cousin Tybalt and was sentenced to exile. Hot Juliet at first in a passionate impulse curses Romeo, but love passion overpowers hatred in her “lovers can see to do their amorous rites”(9). Juliet says that for the sake of her husband, she is ready to despise the memory of not only Tybalt, but even her mother and father. She sends the nurse to Romeo to tell him to come at night. Juliet awaits Romeo. The nurse tells her that he killed Tybalt. Juliet scolds him but realized that she blames her husband. She is further plunged into despair by the fact that Romeo is expelled from the city. She knows where Romeo is now, and she says she will find him. Juliet gives the ring for him and asks him to tell him to come to say goodbye to her. “Give me my Romeo. And when I shall die”(21).

The guard delivers messages from Romeo again, as was the case in Act 2. Again, the guard is not content with delivering the messages in a factual and understandable style, but is playing games with Julia, consciously or unconsciously. She does not immediately give an overview of the entire situation, but only reports on the events in stages, so that Julia is not immediately fully informed again. She has already done this in the second act in the fifth scene. Here Julia was initially of the opinion that Romeo might not want to marry her, since the guardian did not immediately speak the language. As they talk about the events, there is a difference of opinion between the two women. The guardian condemns Romeo for his deed and has thoughts of revenge. Julia does not find this appropriate and criticizes the guard. The discussion also raises the question of who is morally right for the viewer. The scene takes a clear look at how Romeo's exile is felt by Juliet. She expresses it clearly and with regret about this situation and leaves no doubt about her feelings: For her, the exile of her beloved Romeo is far worse than the death of Tybalt.

Work cited

" Tragical Mirth": From Romeo to Dream." Shakespeare Quarterly 43.2 (1992): 214-218.