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Peer Review Forum: Definition

ENG-106 Peer Review Worksheet: Cause and Effect Argument

Part of your responsibility as a student in this course is to provide quality feedback to your peers that will help them to improve their writing skills. This worksheet will assist you in providing that feedback. To highlight the text and type over the information in the boxes on this worksheet, double-click on the first word.

Name of the draft’s author: FORMTEXT Type Author Name Here

Name of the peer reviewer: FORMTEXT Type Reviewer Name Here

Reviewer

After reading through the draft one time, write a summary (3-5 sentences) of the paper that includes your assessment of how well the essay meets the assignment requirements as specified in the syllabus and the rubric.

FORMTEXT The essay has been structured into an introduction with a thesis statement in the end, 3 body paragraphs that elaborate key issues mentioned in the thesis statement and finally a concluding paragraph which summarizes the whole discussion and provides a way forward as well. The given topic has been well-researched and sources have been properly cited. A bibliography has also been added in the end. However, the use langauge is not very effective. There are many grammatical mistakes.

After a second, closer reading of the draft, answer each of the following questions. Positive answers will give you specific elements of the draft to praise; negative answers will indicate areas in need of improvement and revision. Please be sure to indicate at least three positive aspects of the draft and at least three areas for improvement in reply to the questions at the bottom of this worksheet.

Cause and Effect Argument Content and Ideas

How effectively does the thesis statement identify the main points that the writer would like to make in this cause and effect argument?

FORMTEXT The thesis statement clearly mentions three things i.e. expansion of black market, debate over regulation of organ sales and the question of dead-rule. It relates them with organ shortage in a cause-effect relation quite effectively in the body paragraphs that follow.

How successfully does the argument focus on explaining cause and effect?

FORMTEXT Although there is a lot of room for improvement of language, the essay quite effectively relates the effects with the cause. The essay is thoroughly researched and cause-effect relation is explained adequately, thereby justifying the thesis statement.

How persuasively is evidence used to justify ideas and enrich the essay?

FORMTEXT As said earlier, the essay cites several references as evidence to justify the ideas. Moreover, there is a lot of interesting information that enriches the essay.

How effectively does the essay incorporate strategies that support cause and effect arguments, namely cause and effect chains and inductive reasoning?

FORMTEXT The essay aims at justifying the cause and effect arguments by providing evidence from a number of sources. Over all, the reasoning is sound. Cause-effect chains are employed very effectively.

Organization

How effectively does the introduction engage the reader while providing an overview of the paper?

FORMTEXT Unfortunately the very initial sentences of the essay have many grammatical mistakes. However, if one bears with these mistakes, the introduction afterwards is quite engaging. The author provides a brief history of organ selling in the US. Then the main arguments are summarized, leading to the thesis statement which is mentioned at the end of the introduction.

Please identify the writer’s thesis and quote it in the box below.

FORMTEXT An escalate in the black market, debates about legalizing the sale of organs, and questions about if the dead donor rule should be abandoned are all caused by the organ shortage around the world.

How effectively do the paragraphs develop the topic sentence and advance the essay’s ideas?

FORMTEXT The body paragraphs correspond to the thesis statement. One of the strengths of the essay is its structuring. All the body paragraphs have clear topical sentences. The ideas within these paragraphs are substantiated by supporting evidence from varied sources.

How effectively does the conclusion provide a strong, satisfying ending, not a mere summary of the essay?

FORMTEXT The conclusion not only summarizes the essay, it also provides a way forward to deal with the situation. However, the length of the conclusion is not in proportion to other paragaphs. Some statistics have also been used in the conclusion. Nevertheless it is an engaging conclusion.

Format

How closely does the paper follow GCU formatting style? Is it double-spaced in 12 pt. Times New Roman font? Does it have 1" margins? Does it use headers (page numbers using appropriate header function)? Does it have a proper heading (with student’s name, date, course, and instructor’s name)?

FORMCHECKBOX Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMTEXT Add optional clarification here

Are all information, quotations, and borrowed ideas cited in parenthetical GCU format?

FORMCHECKBOX Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMTEXT Add optional clarification here

Are all sources listed on the references page in GCU format?

FORMCHECKBOX Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMTEXT Add optional clarification here

Is the required minimum number of sources listed?

FORMCHECKBOX Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMTEXT Add optional clarification here

Language Use and Style

Are the voice and tone of the essay effective in characterizing ideas and creating the appropriate mood? If “No,” please provide examples of ineffective or inappropriate voice and tone.

FORMCHECKBOX Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMTEXT Over all the tone and voice are fine. But the writer's grip over the langauge is weak.

How effectively does the paper incorporate a variety of sentence structures that strengthen the ideas, create vitality, and avoid choppiness in the writing?

FORMCHECKBOX Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMTEXT Despite weak grip over language, the author has tried to incorporate variety and create vitality in the essay. Conneting words have been encorporated. The technique of compare and contrast has been used. An argumentative style has been employed by using words such as 'however', 'thus', 'therefore', etc.'

How would you assess the writer’s diction (i.e., word choice)? Does the writer use active verbs, concrete nouns, and precise words?

FORMCHECKBOX Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMTEXT Add optional clarification here

Grammar and Mechanics

Does the writer use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling? If “No,” please provide examples of errors in need of correction.

FORMCHECKBOX Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMTEXT First sentence is incorrect. Second sentence is also incorrect. The third sentence is incorrect too. The whole essay needs proofreading. Even the thesis statement has gramatical mistakes. These are many mistakes related to punctuation. For instance reason's and kidney's are written instead of reasons and kidneys.

Is the writing clear and comprehensible throughout the draft? If “No,” please provide examples in need of improvement.

FORMCHECKBOX Yes FORMCHECKBOX No FORMTEXT Due to inadequate grip over language, the essay suffers from lack of clarity. Long sentences have been used throughout the essay. Although the logical reasoning of the essay is effective and accurate, a reader has to struggle to understand the point.

Following are some of the problematic sentences:

1. An escalate in the black market, debates about legalizing the sale of organs, and questions about if the dead donor rule should be abandoned are all caused by the organ shortage around the world.

2. The illegal transplant process of buying organs seems legal by way of how it is advertised.

3. As a result, it would decrease the amount of illegal sales of organs as well as provide the means necessary for the donor’s protection. (although this sentence is clear gramatically, the author has not mentioned the cause. "As a result" of what?)

Three things that I liked about your draft are:

FORMTEXT The essay has been thoroughly researched and sources have been properly cited.

FORMTEXT The essay has been structured well into an introduction, 3 body paragraphs and a conclusion that also includes a way forward.Three issues are clearly highlited in the thesis statement and the 3 body paragraphs address each problem.

FORMTEXT All the body paragraphs have clear topic sentences.

Three things that could be improved are:

FORMTEXT There are many grammatical mistakes. Long sentences have been used at the cost structural mistakes.

FORMTEXT Moreover, there are some sentences which are ambigious and not clear.

FORMTEXT The conclusion is very lengthy. In fact it is almost double of each of the other paragraphs. This is because the author has combined the summary of the essay and the way forward both in the same paragraph.

Personal And Work Stress (

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Personal and work stress

Work Stress:

Work stress can be defined as emotions or physical tension due to work problems. There are various factors that can cause work stress. The average person in America works 46 hours a week. With the advancement in technology, employers expect the availability of their employees on the weekend as well. It decreases the time to engage in the personal and social circle. Besides the shortage of time, discrimination and harassment at the workplace may lead to work stress. When people feel insecurity from their jobs and think they are not getting reward or acknowledgement for the hard work they are doing for the organization, they start feeling stressed at workplace. When people have to face strict management, their work and office policies make it worst to stay calm and relax. Therefore work stress becomes inevitable.

Personal Stress:

Personal stress is more important to consider because if a person gets personal stress, then it is obvious that the job will also be affected. Personal stress can be caused due to many reasons. If routine gets disturbed due to unknown reason, it leads to stress. For instance, you are on the way to the job, and you left your bag or mobile at home. The whole schedule will be disturbed now, and therefore you will feel personal stress. Personal personalities can also cause stress. A person with confidence will give less stress than the person who is not confident. Another reason for personal stress can be a life change. The scientists have found forty-three types of life changes which can cause personal stress. Lastly, there should be balance in work life and personal life. The people who failed to balance work-life balance may lead to personal stress as well as work stress at the same time.

PLANNED CHANGE APPLICATION OF A UNIT

Planned Change Application of a Unit

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Planned Change Application of a Unit

Introduction

Planning for implementation of the change process consists of different steps which identify the problems with the change, the organization's mission, the model or strategy to implement, and the management of the change. Healthcare and nursing require a descriptive analysis of a difference within a unit of a healthcare organization. As for the change needed in Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, the plan is to change the fixed wooden box beds in the geriatric unit to Hill-Rom hospital beds to decrease the number of falls (Hirsbrunner et al. 2014). This plan of action or a change implementation plan would require the issue or problem identified within the department. Moreover, it would discuss the new change that can address the issue and align the organization's missions and values along with delivering a professional standard of practice. Lastly, the discussion would identify and analyze the strategy which would be facilitated to manage the change within the selected model.

Discussion

Identification

Due to an increase in the number of patients falls in the geriatrics unit, the hospital wants to make a plan for implementation of change that would change the geriatric unit. The proposal would consist of replacing the fixed wooden box beds to Hill-Rom hospital beds with a setting that may alert the nurse when the patient tries to move or fall from the bed while getting up. The problem or issue with the specific department is its lack or inadequacy to buy the latest hospital and patient equipment. Even though these Hill-Rom beds are very costly and might require extensive investment, but it would help the organization reduce the number of patient falls in the geriatrics unit. The only specific or realistic change, for now, would be to replace the wooden box beds with the Hell-Rom hospital beds. Some of the patients who fall in the geriatrics unit suffer from significant mortality and morbidity, including injuries, financial liability, and prolonged hospitalization.

Using the new plan would reduce all these issues considerably and will help the patient recover quickly. Replacing the beds with the new Hill-Rom beds is one of the admissible prevention strategies for increased patient risk. Moreover, a change in medication may also reduce the fall in elderly with special medical conditions. Nurses can also stay vigilant and active while doing their duties so that patients may require their help whenever needed. The organization’s mission is to provide quality care to patients while focusing on all other areas of nursing such as pharmacology, therapies, interventions, admission rates, recovery, etc (Wiggermann et al. 2019). All of these activities are aligned with the organization's values and mission. They aim to provide a professional standard of care to the patients while keeping the costs to a minimum. However, this change in the geriatrics unit would require extensive cost but may solve many patient-related problems.

The change model that would be required for this implementation plan would consist of a solid rationale supporting the idea of replacing the fixed wooden box beds with the Hill-Rom hospital beds. The organization would have to save its costs to buy the new beds for the patients and sell the old ones to a low minimum price. Moreover, the hospital would also have to look for credit ways to indulge towards covering its financial costs for the new plan. Other screening tools with sufficient prognostic accuracy can also be used or recommended during this plan of action. Medical records and historical records of patients having to restrain and carry risk indulgences while being cared for can be overcome during this process. This selective rationale for this change model can be adequately used. The steps for the selected change model would start with first removing the fixed wooden box beds, collecting all the funds for the new implementation plan, ordering the most useful Hill-Rom hospital beds, and putting them for patient use.

The people who would be involved in initiating and managing this change would be the ones who are directly involved with patient care. Such as doctors, nurses, therapists, hospital staff, surgeons, etc. All of these individuals would be equally involved in initiating this plan of action through properly consulting patients and involving them in the decision making process (Sligo et al. 2017). The skills and characteristics required by each individual during this change would be to have enough knowledge and expertise about the Hill-Rom hospital bed and other necessary equipment that would reduce the number of falls for patients. Moreover, the nurses would have to improve their facilitation efforts towards the geriatrics unit so that the patients can acquire as much help as they want.

Conclusion

The aforementioned plan of action and the implementation change evaluates the key theories and strategies of hospitality management and nursing. It requires the staff to manage and care for all the organizational needs adequately. As the change is extensive and requires many costs, the organization would have to evaluate all its current costs before managing to buy the Hill-Rom beds. The management would have to calculate the number of patient falls in the geriatrics unit and reflect on fixing the issues and inefficiencies found in the specific unit. While aligning organizational goals, mission, and values, the strategies should be formulated and engaged towards the units facilitation efforts. Determining what to be involved and who to be involved, the essay would reflect on the initiating and management process during the change of plan and action (Hussain et al. 2018). The characteristics and skills required by the staff for this change in process is also identified above.

References

Hirsbrunner, T., Denhaerynck, K., Fierz, K., Milisen, K., & Schwendimann, R. (2015). Nurse staffing, patient turnover and safety climate and their association with in-patient falls and injurious falls on medical acute care units: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Hospital Administration, 4(3), 54-60.

Hussain, S. T., Lei, S., Akram, T., Haider, M. J., Hussain, S. H., & Ali, M. (2018). Kurt Lewin's change model: A critical review of the role of leadership and employee involvement in organizational change. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 3(3), 123-127.

Sligo, J., Gauld, R., Roberts, V., & Villa, L. (2017). A literature review for large-scale health information system project planning, implementation and evaluation. International journal of medical informatics, 97, 86-97.

Wiggermann, N., Rempel, K., Zerhusen, R. M., Pelo, T., & Mann, N. (2019). Human-Centered Design Process for a Hospital Bed: Promoting Patient Safety and Ease of Use. Ergonomics in Design, 1064804618805570.

Planning An Organization's Staffing Needs



Planning an Organization's Staffing Needs

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

CapraTek

Memo

To:

VP of Operations

From:

[Your Name Here]

CC:

Date:

January 29, 2019

Re:

Planning an Organization's Staffing Needs

Introduction

CapraTek is a high-end technology company, which has been playing a leading role in the manufacturing and designing of computers, computer servers, and computer server parts. CapraTek has always kept quality and customer satisfaction at its top priority so that it can still provide the best to its customers and keep winning their trust. CapraTek always tries to remain ahead of its competitors and bring innovation in its products by using the high-end technology and production techniques.

In order to expand its business and increase its customer base, CapraTek is planning to step into a new area where it would be launching a new product in the market. The new product comprises of a wireless system that will provide seamless integration of more modern home electronics and appliances capable of being controlled electronically by a single device. Our valued customers will be able to control multiple electronics and accessories by using the combination of only one device and a simple web-based interface. For instance, this device will control the systems of security, heating and cooling, lights, locks, telephone, home entertainment, computers, and gaming devices.

The manufacturing of the newly planned wireless system, Alfred, which is going to hit the markets very soon, is intended to be manufactured in a new plant that is in the planning phase and going to get operational in almost next six months. In order to meet the objectives and goals of the organization and fulfill the strategic growth needs of the company, I, as Head of Human Resource department, presenting a hiring plan keeping in mind the new manufacturing facility. This hiring plan will be beneficial for the company both in the area of cost efficiency and hiring of the competent staff for CapraTek, which will definitely take the manufacturing level higher and allow the company to focus on more strategic goals like increasing the sales.

Discussion

As the tech giant, CapraTek is planning to step into a new area and preparing to launch an entirely new product, which is a different from its normal area of operations it would require a new location for establishing a manufacturing plant of the products. In my opinion, the best site for such a manufacturing plant would be Silicon Valley in California.

The recruitment for the employees in the new manufacturing plant is planned to be carried out in the following three phases:

Phase I

Phase II

Phase III

Phase I:

In the first phase of recruitment and selection, the Human Resource Department of CapraTek is planning to recruit 100 employees. In order to achieve this objective, applications from 300 to 500 applicants, are scheduled to be invited, out of which, a total of 150 to 200 will be deemed appropriate and fit of the job. The training phase will follow after the selection stage, in which it is expected that only 100 to 120 employees will stay (Clarke, 2018). In this way, this will be the number of employees will be completed in the first phase of recruitment.

Phase II:

The second phase of the recruitment will be initiated after three months once the manufacturing plant resumes its operations. The same procedure will be followed as Phase I, only the number of employees finalized in this phase will be decreased to 75-80.

Phase III:

The third phase of recruitment in the newly developed manufacturing plant will start once six months have passed since the plant has started working. Same practices will be followed as in Phase I and Phase II. The number of recruited employees will depend on the number of employees already working in the plant and the number of workers required. The number of employees needed for this phase will be decided after a careful analysis and assessment (Phillips, & Gully, 2015).

The locations selected for the establishment of the manufacturing plant for this product is an ideal one for carrying on the manufacturing operations of such kinds. Silicon Valley is a place flooded with the tech giants, and many tech companies have their head offices in this area. Silicon Valley is also the best choice for such a manufacturing plant because the company can easily find the highly qualified and competent staff very easily (Pitti, 2018). The workforce found form this region will also have a plus point that they will bring high experience with them as well, which will add to the value of the company.

CapraTek plans to make its organizational culture more employee friendly and welcoming by making the policies more humanly which can connect more to the employees and give them maximum benefits. In order to attract more and more qualified, competent and experienced workforce, the Human resource department of CapraTek plans to keep the culture of the company as much diverse and healthy as it can. CapraTek will carry on its legacy of being an equal opportunity employer and would love to provide equal opportunities to both male and females to apply and work for the company. The company will also maintain a diverse culture in the manufacturing plant just like in its other offices and will recruit the employees without making any biases on the basis of gender, nationality, caste, color, creed or religion (Wong et al., 2016). The only preferred factor while recruiting any employee for the new manufacturing plant would be qualification and competence. In this way, CapraTek will fulfill its objective of becoming the employer of choice.

References

Clarke, J. H. (2018). Recruiting a Diverse LIS Workforce.

Phillips, J. M., & Gully, S. M. (2015). Multilevel and strategic recruiting: Where have we been, where can we go from here?. Journal of Management, 41(5), 1416-1445.

Pitti, S. J. (2018). The Devil in Silicon Valley: Northern California, Race, and Mexican Americans. Princeton University Press.

Wong, C. K., Horn-Ross, P. L., Gee, G. C., Shariff-Marco, S., Quach, T., Allen, L., ... & Clarke, C. A. (2016). Strategies for recruiting representative samples of Asian Americans for a population-based case–control study. J Epidemiol Community Health, Jech-2015.

Platelets And The Positive Feedback Of Clothing What Is Normal?

Platelets and the positive feedback of clotting what is normal?

Author name

Affiliations

Hemostasis is the biological process of discontinuing injured blood vessels from bleeding while upholding regular blood flow in other areas. It includes clotting of the blood. If there is too much clotting, then blood vessels can get blocked, which are even not bleeding. Moreover, if there is little clotting then the result can be the excessive bleeding even from a slight injury. Thus, the body keeps control mechanisms to check the regulation of clotting. One such mechanism is clotting by platelets. Platelets being component of blood react to bleeding when there is an injury, forming the “platelet plug”. The platelet plug is formed by fibrin within the several minutes of the injury, known as adhesion stage. After this, there are activation and aggregation stages leading to achieve hemostasis.

Moreover, blood coagulation is a result of a number of biochemical reactions. These reactions must move quickly to completion. For this quick process, there is another mechanism; positive feedback. Positive feedback is a kind of self-intensifying process that causes a stimulus to result in a greater change in a similar direction. Thus, when any blood vessel is damaged then platelets as a result of chemical signals stick to the vessel wall. These platelets then release more and more chemicals to accelerate the clotting process. This process finishes once a clot has mended the vessel wall.

Positive feedback is harmful in most cases for the body as it does not return the body to homeostasis but changes body status. But in the case of blood clotting, it is advantageous for the body when used in a limited fashion. More and more platelets get activated due to multiple positive feedback reactions. For instance, positive feedback activates enzymatic proteins resulting in the formation of fibrin that functions in blood clotting ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0uueOy9e","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jesty & Beltrami, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Jesty & Beltrami, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2457,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NHUKNZ5E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NHUKNZ5E"],"itemData":{"id":2457,"type":"article-journal","title":"Positive feedbacks of coagulation: their role in threshold regulation","container-title":"Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology","page":"2463-2469","volume":"25","issue":"12","author":[{"family":"Jesty","given":"Jolyon"},{"family":"Beltrami","given":"Edward"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jesty & Beltrami, 2005). Furthermore, during this loop, after the formation of thrombin, there is also activation of platelets.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Jesty, J., & Beltrami, E. (2005). Positive feedbacks of coagulation: their role in threshold regulation. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 25(12), 2463–2469.

Police Department Organization

Police Department Organization

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Police Department Organization

Introduction

Law enforcement agencies are an important and integral part of society. These agencies make sure that everything in the community is happening in accordance with law and order and there are no security issues in the country. Without the presence of these agencies, there would be chaos and disturbance in the society, and the evil would prevail. Without them, the crime rate would soar to skies, and the criminals would commit any sort of crime without any fear or shame. These law enforcement agencies make sure that there is peace in the state and no one tries to disturb the harmony of the society so that the citizens of the country can sleep in peace.

Two essential components of this peace-keeping process are police and military or army. Police is that part of the law enforcement agency that deals with the security and safety of citizens at the local level and makes sure that no crime occurs at a national level. The keep the town and cities safe and eliminates crime at domestic level. Another type of law enforcement agency, military or army, protects the country and its citizens against the international forces and ensures that no enemy from outside threatens the sovereignty if the country. They detect and fight both the visible and invisible forces that act against the state.

There has been a trend recently regarding the paramilitarization of the police department. Paramilitarizing is a term used for creating a force that has the same organizational structure, tactics, and subculture just like the military forces. It even gets formal training like the military forces and sometimes also function like them but is not a part of the professional military (Andrade, 2016).

In this respect, the Denver Police Department is a notable name which is performing its duties very skillfully in the region of Colorado. Denver Police department is famous for its honesty and hard work. It consists of 1518 sworn members and 319 unsworn members. Denver Police Department provides services to both the city and the county of Denver, Colorado. The Denver Police Department provides full spectrum security services to the city as well as the county both including the international Airport of Denver. The departments like the Denver Sheriff Department and Denver Fire Department also come under the umbrella of the Denver Department of Public Safety (Gupta et al., 2016).

Not in much older days, Denver police department has undergone various changes which also include the paramilitarization of the Denver Police Department. We can see various personnel from professional military forces joining the mentioned police department. Another notable change consists of the designing and implementation of rules and regulations in the police department on the footsteps of military forces. Denver Police department is making sure that the rules being designed are inspired form paramilitary forces and the personnel in this department are following it rigorously, just like in the armed forces. One of the reasons for this possible change could be the inclusion of many currently serving or retired army officers in the department who want to make sure that the culture in this department is same like military forces (Guelke, 2018). Moreover, much reliance is being done on the training and weapons being provided by the military training academies and military ordinance factories respectively. Examples of the paramilitarization of Denver police department can be taken in the form of various seats of higher rank currently taken by military personnel, for instance the Deputy Chief of Police is Lieutenant Colonel Barb Archer, Division Chief of Patrol is Lieutenant Colonel Ron Thomas, Division Chief of Investigations is Lieutenant Colonel Joe Montoya and Division Chief of Administration is Lieutenant Colonel Ron Saunier.

Pros and cons of a paramilitary structure

For many, this paramilitary structure of the police department may be disturbing, and it is, to some extent, but it carries multiple advantages with itself as well. Just like any other organizational structure, this structure provides some benefits and some disadvantages to the police department as well as the general society, which have been elaborated as under:

Pros:

The paramilitarization of the police department may prove beneficial in the following ways:

Police personnel gets better training to cope up with the crime and activities of terrorism.

The general public feels more safe and secure in the presence of better trained and efficiently equipped personnel.

The police can provide better protection to the citizens of the city or the state against domestic or foreign evil powers.

The surplus weapons produced for the army are effectively and efficiently used by the police department instead of rusting in any warehouse.

The evil forces and terrorists also remain alarmed that the police force is now more trained and equipped.

Cons:

With the paramilitarization of the Police department, the police can

Use the force excessively and unjustly,

Invade the privacy of citizens.

Citizens may perceive heavily armed forces as adversarial,

It can result in racial upheaval.

The police may indulge in the frequent incidents of violation of civil rights.

Conclusion

In short, paramilitarization of the structure of the Denver Police Department has possibly brought many benefits as well as adversities for the department. In my opinion, the pros outweigh the disadvantages. Only if the powers are utilized in a reasonable manner, and the rights of citizens are understood properly, the Denver Police Department can achieve great heights and become the best police department in the whole country and even in the world.

References

Andrade, J. (2016). World police & paramilitary forces. Springer.

Guelke, A. (2018). Political violence and the paramilitaries. In Politics in Northern Ireland (pp. 29-51). Routledge.

Gupta, A., Mohammad, A., Syed, A., & Halgamuge, M. N. (2016). A comparative study of classification algorithms using data mining: crime and accidents in Denver City the USA. Education, 7(7), 374-381.

Policy Project Check-In

Criminal Justice

Name:

Institution:

Controlling crime has been a major headache on people the world over. Heads of nations have come up with a number of policies aimed at preventing the vice from raging on and costing people all their hard earned fortunes in the long run. This paper therefore seeks to provide various contemporary ways of controlling crime.

To begin with, nations need to come up with strong criminal justice systems that will see the criminal apprehended and locked up for their crimes. The government needs to invest in the courts, give them absolute power for prosecution and even set up correctional facilities where the criminals can get to pay for their crimes (Siegel & Worall, 2015).

In addition, there need to be reforms on the criminal justice system to ensure that the police apprehend only the people who committed the crime. A number of times people have been framed for crimes they did not do and in the end the true criminals walk free. The criminal justice system got worse to a point that incarceration is now an issue whenever state of the correction facilities are touched on. In view of this, reforms need to be instituted (Wilson & Petersilia, 2011).

The officials in the high ranks of the police commissioners need to watch keenly the conducts of police office they send on the field and ensure they do not aid in criminal activities. It is paramount the justice system has been diluted by the corrupt police officers who work closely with criminals and arrest the wrong people as a cover-up for their wrong deeds (United Nations General Assembly, 2011).

In conclusion, the government needs to ensure that all the senior officials are properly vetted based on their past records and initiatives they have taken towards stopping crime. As such the government will know that they have the right people in place and can effectively combat crime.

References

Assembly, U. N. (2011). Crime Prevention and Control. NCJRS, 3-34.

James Q. Wilson, J. P. (2011). Crime and Public Policy. Chicago: Oxford University Press.

Larry J. Siegel, J. L. (2015). Introduction to Criminal Justice. Chicago: Cengage Learning.

National Public Radio (Producer). (2012, September 20). Is ‘Tough on Crime’ no longer a talking point? [Radio program]. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2012/09/20/161475623/is-tough-on-crime-no-longer-a-talking-point

Polytheism And Monotheism

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Polytheism and Monotheism

Religion has been an important component of human civilization that evolved with time. Greek and Roman polytheism, a religion that believed in many gods and goddesses paving the wayto Medieval monotheism, a religion based on one god who controls the whole system. After this came the Renaissance along with its classical beliefs. It gave importance to knowledge and education. Despite these believing differences, the one thing that is common among them is, that they all promote good moral values and happiness in the society. Depending on the belief system, we can see a change in their culture's artistic production. In polytheism, musical programs were organized in the honor of their gods and goddesses. Different songs were produced and people danced for their gods to make them happy. While in Medieval monotheism, the singing culture can be found in some of the religions like Christianity. They sing along in the church for the purification of their souls. Similarly, the elements of poetry are found in the religion Islam, there are verses in their holy books that focus on the literary aspects of poetry. The secular humanistic society, however, maintains its focus on education and works on the literature. The more literature it produces, the better the society should be.

The ancient Greek and Roman worlds added great contributions to religion and philosophy. They had a polytheistic religion, means they worshipped many Gods and goddesses and believed that there were gods behind every natural phenomenon. These gods were assigned to different things like the sun, earth, beauty, fertility, etc. People were obliged to fulfill the orders of their gods and did artistic activities to make them happy. They danced, sang songs, and acted on stage to entertain their gods. The concept of dance originated from there so the more the gods, the better the entertainment. They had different philosophies regarding everything like the god of fertility cannot perform the duties of the god of beauty ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"e6cFXM55","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tiernan)","plainCitation":"(Tiernan)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":75,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/RZF3J56R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/RZF3J56R"],"itemData":{"id":75,"type":"book","title":"Leader's Guide for Primary Source Readings in World Religions","publisher":"Saint Mary's Press","number-of-pages":"98","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Studying world religions is an intellectual challenge coupled with an emotional endeavor to grow in sensitivity to the mystery of human nature. Teaching world religions requires an openness to new languages, cultures and beliefs. By exploring the history of dialogue, students can begin to appreciate the unique contributions of each tradition without forgoing their own. Primary Source Readings in World Religions introduces your students to foundational texts of many of the world's main religions. This leader's guide brings you the expertise of a veteran world religions teacher who not only provides helpful insight into the readings but also lends the wisdom gained from years of guiding young people in deepening their understanding of different faith traditions. The leader's guideprovides you with continuity and variety. Each chapter includes these elements: summaries of the primary source readings from the student book an activity to help you guide students through each of the readings additional activities to further explore the issues suggestions for prayer related to the chapter topic action ideas related to the chapter topic","ISBN":"978-0-88489-827-6","note":"Google-Books-ID: 123PoxucmIMC","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Tiernan","given":"Patrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tiernan). People who celebrate this have more artistic abilities. They play with colors; they dance and sing together and build a big artistic society.

Medieval monotheism brought changes not only in the concept of believing in God but in artistic production too. The architecture we see in one of the religions ‘Islam' is a huge contribution to the production. People have built beautiful and big buildings for praying that focus on believing one god. They gather under one roof to perform their religious duties. The philosophy it provides is huge and covers a broader aspect of life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QdcOWCrF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baring-Gould)","plainCitation":"(Baring-Gould)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":71,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/ARWRR7SG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/ARWRR7SG"],"itemData":{"id":71,"type":"book","title":"Polytheism And Monotheism... - Primary Source Edition","publisher":"Nabu Press","number-of-pages":"446","source":"Amazon","abstract":"This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ <title> Polytheism And Monotheism; Volume 1 Of The Origin And Development Of Religious Belief; Sabine Baring-Gould<author> Sabine Baring-Gould<publisher> Rivingtons, 1884<subjects> Religion; Christian Life; General; Christianity; Religion; Religion / Christian Life / General","ISBN":"978-1-295-19386-8","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Baring-Gould","given":"Sabine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",11,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baring-Gould). The poetry produces to praise God is a remarkable addition to this artistic production. People who celebrate monotheism work more on the architecture and play their role in developing music to enhance their connection with god.

Renaissance Humanism, also called classical humanism, was an intellectual movement that began in Italy during the Renaissance period in the 14th and 16th centuries. It’s a unique program meant to bring back moral philosophy, cultural legacy and literary legacy of classical antiquity.

Most of the literature has been produced by people who celebrate secular humanism. Because this mostly focuses on knowledge and scientific education. The approach of this is to gain knowledge of everything that's happening in this ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eMcu12VQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Norman)","plainCitation":"(Norman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":78,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/Z9FH2FZ3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/bWNXhCgk/items/Z9FH2FZ3"],"itemData":{"id":78,"type":"book","title":"On humanism","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Norman","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Norman). For this purpose, a lot of literature was produced. People who believe in this Renaissance humanism promote knowledge and education. Their moral grounds become strong because they follow the philosophy of life-based on the betterment of human beings.

All three cultures give value to the goodness and betterment of society. whether it be one god, two gods or no god at all, it is always the values and happiness the religion gives are matter in society.

Work cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Baring-Gould, Sabine. Polytheism And Monotheism... - Primary Source Edition. Nabu Press, 2013.

Norman, Richard. On Humanism. Routledge, 2004.

Tiernan, Patrick. Leader’s Guide for Primary Source Readings in World Religions. Saint Mary’s Press, 2009.

Portfolio #3

Name

Course

Tutor

Date

Message 1: Recommendations Memo

FROM: (Name)

TO: Gary Schumacher

SUBJECT: The Best Point of Sale (POS) Systems

I am writing this memo to propose three Point of Sale (POS) systems best for your business. These POS systems will empower online business and increase customer experience. I feel that the current POS system is outdated, non-responsive and incapable of improving our online presence. For a business to remain competitive especially in the online presence, it must have strong, highly functional and efficient POS. This not only improves sales and increases revenue but also revamps the entire system navigability and enhance the customer experience. 

There are vital aspects considered when choosing the best POS for small businesses. As you choose POS for your business, I feel you must consider these aspects as they are integral in ensuring that business gets the best POS. Choosing POS you are required to assess the cost, functionality, ease of use and integration. Good customer support, employee management, inventory management, payment processing, and customer relationship management are equally important aspects. Given the nature of your business, I advise you to choose all the above factors, however, you must first consider the cost, customer support, ease of use and integration. The cost remains a fundamental factor when choosing POS for small business, you have to examine upfront hardware purchase, cost of add-on features, and monthly subscriptions. The upfront cost together with running costs should be manageable. As a burgeoning business in terms of its online presence, the POS you choose should have good customer support and easy to use. It should improve customer’s experience, ease the process of purchase items while answer questions and meeting their needs. Similarly, choose a POS software that integrates all operations of the business from marketing to bookkeeping. It should empower you to manage all operations of the business. 

Having explored all considerations when choosing POS, I want to suggest three POS Systems that fit the bill and suitable for your business. I suggest square POS, Shopify POS, and ShopKeep POS systems. These POS systems are the best options for your business as they are easy to use, integrates business operations and relatively cheaper to use. To start with, Shopify POS has the best features, which are crucial for your business. Part of its fundamental features and capabilities including 24 hours customer support, in-built payment processing, built-in commerce shop, and accepts mobile payments. Importantly, it has built-in E-commerce, easy to use and integrates all aspects of the business. Like Shopify, ShopKeep POS has 24 hours phone support, use of mobile payments, built-in payment processing, and good integration of business operations. However, it lacks a built-in E-commerce shop, and built-in email campaigns. 

Square POS another good option for your business. Worthily, Square POS is recommended for small businesses since it does not have to start up fees and its free system comes with in-built business management tools and payment processing. In terms of pricing, Square POS does not have a monthly fee unless the user wants to input add-features. Its add-features are inexpensive compared to other options. Other capabilities of Square POS include inventory management, employee management, and reporting as well as paid add-ons. The only disadvantage of Square POS is its lack of in-built E-commerce, you have to install E-commerce and integrate it with the POS. I recommend you intently consider the above recommendations since they are best options for your business

Sincerely 

(Name)

Quails Creations 

Message 2: Employee Performance Memo

FROM: Vendor Integration Manager PrinTech

TO: David Federro 

CC: Amanda Paik, Vice President of Client Services 

Dear David Federro

I write this Memo to you following a successful meeting that we held together where we highlighted different issues and made several recommendations. I must start by mentioning your outstanding and reputable work especially in developing Application Program Interfaces (APIs). Our clients are satisfied with your work and many highly rate your work. Your skills, capabilities and innovative ideas have made this organization competitive. While I agree that your contributions and brilliant performance in your duties in this company are unmatched, your pattern of behavior and cooperation with other employees has not been brilliant. Your behavior towards other members in your department has remained a hindrance to the progress of the business. Your mates have reported you as surly and non-responsive while consistently delaying your part of the project. You have also failed to meet important deadlines hence jeopardizing projects. Your performance, particularly, in the past few months has not been fruitful as your actions have been unpredictable. I must mention that on one occasion you missed work for one week, and later claimed that you were working at home. Besides, I had to reassign your project to the different programmers when it was clear to me that you will not deliver within the stipulated deadline. 

In our meeting, you mentioned that you get uninspired by projects in our company, and this has made you lose your focus. You stated that you are passionate about volunteer work, and you despise working with other employees since their lack of imaginations and skill deficiencies hold you back. As I agree with you in some of your opinions, I feel that there are many more things that you can do to improve your performance. During our meeting, we made important commitments as follows: First, we agreed that you will meet all deadlines on your projects, and failure to do so may not only leave you ineligible for the year-end bonus but also the termination of your service. Secondly, report all issues that may prevent you from reporting to work such as illness or emergencies. Besides, in case you want to work at home, you must seek prior permission. Thirdly, behave collegially towards both your teammates and those work in other departments, and promptly respond to all emails and voice messages. Importantly, regular check-in with me for close monitoring of projects and asses every step of your project deadlines. Lastly, I am giving you greater responsibility to influence projects, you will be part of every project origination meeting, to allow you to suggest alternative and innovative solutions, and influence the scope of projects. 

I must mention that your contributions to this organization are highly regarded, and your commitment is important in the continuity of this organization. I also value your cooperation and consider you as our best developer. Your work is integral in bringing customers to our company and ensuring loyalty to the existing customers. Your improvement in the issues made above and commitment to the agreements we made during our meeting will be a great turning point for both your career and the performance of our company. Lastly, I suggest that you meditate our commitments aspire to meet them, and I promise you my uncensored support. 

Yours sincerely,

Vendor Integration Manager PrinTech 

Portfolio #3 Assignment

Surname

Course

Professor

Date

Portfolio Assignment

For the growth of the business, it requires critical management skills. It should be in a position of adapting to different changes in the society. New trends such as systems of payments should be considered, respective to the type of business.

System of payments

Cloud Point of sale is a new system of client-server software. It is considered to be a wireless network that does not need wires to be connected. The cloud POS makes the flow of traffic to be much more comfortable because it transferred to a specific datacenter (Van Horn 67). The Cloud POS differs from the traditional-server POS in that the use of a network that was used and managed the rate of traffic low is no longer needed. The Cloud POS does not require any network gear to carry and control the flow of traffic, which consisted of the use of wires and networking gears. The Cloud POS has replaced the traditional POS by using the provider's data center in the cloud. Initially, everything is connected to wires, whereby the servers and networking team operated with headquarters who ran all types of tests.

The Cloud POS does not require an upfront hardware purchase that is expensive. This is different from the traditional POS, whereby the hardware upfront was costly to acquire, a license requirement to any software together with supporting fee (Jenkins, Wyn, and Dave 34). It's much easier to use Cloud POS because one only requires downloading the app. The updates are automatically made, making it to be less time consuming and to manage. Depending on the need and financial capability of the server, the Cloud POS can offer the opportunity to make changes. Several factors considered when it comes to choosing POS software. The rate at which it functions is worth considering. The software should be produced sure that it is written in a programming language; this is because some providers come up with wrap legacy code, which is outdated. Negatively the functionality will not work because of a lack of compatibility with the old POS systems.

It is worth to choose cloud POS solutions that work even when the internet outrage is low. This can only be supported by apps that have back-up data, which makes the connectivity of the devices to re-sync (Van Horn 38). It's good to note that different cloud POS work differently because some solutions are triggered when the internet goes down. A cloud POS that provides real-time analytics and several entrepreneur intelligence insights and access to information and alerts from anything is a factor to consider for any merchant.

Small business owners can make payments and also manage their business in different ways with the help of point of sale systems. Several factors need to be considered when evaluating POS systems for small businesses, such as the value of price and the mode of payment (Van Horn 46). If these factors are considered and put into place, then the Square POA becomes the appropriate systems for small businesses. Gary should, therefore, choose this system for his small business since it's free to use and can be easily accessed. Also, the startup fee charged is exempted and has business management tools that assist Gray in managing the business. The square is appropriate for Gray because it's a free POA app that does not require any monthly fee. Payments can be made offline if one is selling, and there is no internet service. They are making it the best POS system for small businesses.

The Point of Sale System is one of its kind cash registers. This is because it can work mutually work together with mobile devices, cloud services, and at the same time, satisfy both the software and hardware necessities of servers (Van Horn, 2019). With the use of POS, it is unnecessary to have a physical back-end server in many different locations. The new payment system has been installed in the POS software, whereby customers can make more than one payment.

Business management

 I have realized that David Federer is one of the brilliant programmers the company has ever had. Despite this, David has become unreliable because he fails to meet deadlines, ignore phone calls, and fails to notify his colleges when he is not available for meetings (Bear et al. 132)). It came to my attention from the team members that he is challenging to work with since he is a non-responsive and that his project portions are always behind schedule. It is also imperative to note that one of the programmers recently departed the institution because he knowingly left her hanging on an ongoing program and rather publicly demeaned her when she approached. The quality of his work is widely known to a point where different clients ask their projects to be given to him, despite the fact, he makes several excuses for not meeting the deadlines. For the past few months, he missed his work in one week and went out of contact. He instead gave an excuse for working at home, even without being given permission.

At one point, I was forced to assign a vital client's project to a different programmer after realizing that David could not complete the job. I have concluded that David is on trajectory since the problems he creates will, in due time, outweigh the value he brings to the company (Jenkins, Wyn, and Dave 46). However, after Amanda Palk agreed, he permitted me to retain David in his job because of the skills and talents he portrays. This is evident from the fact that David takes pride in his past actions. When David lucks the enthusiasm by a project, he finds it hard to work. He is a passionate person because of his voluntary work, where he has severally helped in finding out the different agency locations.

When asked about his unreliability, he suggested that he does not like working together with his fellow workmates. This is because he feels that they do don't have the capability to put up the task (Bear et al. 121). He also explained that a friend of mine had died the reason why he never showed up for one week at work. Both David and I agreed that his ability is of great importance and the strength of the company to be successful. Still, he should consider unity and teamwork from others for the company to succeed. For him to allow given a chance in the company, we both came up with several strategies on how to maintain the right terms. He should be available at all times to support his workmates. In case he decides working from home or an emergency arises, then he should ask for permission. Also, I will keep on checking his progress frequently, and this is to ensure that he meets every deadline made to him.

Conclusion

Because of the above provision, it can be seen that the business portfolio depends significantly on the performance of the employees and the cooperation of the employees. Systems payment is employed to ensure that the operations of the business are conducted from the system perspective. Business growth should be focused on system development and maintenance.

Work cited

Bear, Mary EG, et al. "System for business portfolio modeling and analysis." U.S. Patent No. 9,424,536. 23 Aug. 2016.

Jenkins, Wyn, and Dave Williamson. Strategic management and business analysis. Routledge, 2015.

Van Horn, Erik, et al. "Multifunction point of sale system." U.S. Patent No. 10,366,380. 30 Jul. 2019.

Presidential Executive Orders

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Presidential Executive Orders

The president of the country issues executive orders which are legally binding. The executive order comprises the ideas, rules, laws, or policies for the betterment of the country at the national level as well as international level. Executive orders are not always made to change the policy or develop a new law. It is also issued to guide a particular institution or officer to guide or provide them direction on existing laws. Executive orders are popular and controversial because they give power to the president for major decision making, which does not require acceptance of Congress. If Congress disagrees with any of the executive order, then it can amend a previous law or allow rewriting the order. At this point, the President can veto to the decision of, but it requires a two-thirds majority for acceptance.

Present president Donald Trump issued 97 executive issues till now. It shows how real and rapidly he wants to change the policies of former President Obama. One of the controversial executive order is developed for the restructuring of the immigration system in America. He issued three executive orders within a week to handle the issues of legal and unauthorized immigration, and taxpayers of America. The executive order for immigration system is issued to prioritize the lawful ways to enforce the law of immigration in the country. The order gives guidance to the secretary of homeland security ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x3hFFokJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}An Overview of President Trump\\uc0\\u8217{}s Executive Actions on Immigration\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“An Overview of President Trump’s Executive Actions on Immigration”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":290,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/7ISF8XSC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/7ISF8XSC"],"itemData":{"id":290,"type":"webpage","title":"An Overview of President Trump’s Executive Actions on Immigration","container-title":"AAF","abstract":"Since taking office, President Trump has prioritized restructuring the U.S. immigration system. Within a week of his inauguration, he issued three executive orders which carry significant implications for unauthorized immigrants, legal immigrants, and American taxpayers. The following paper explains each executive order in detail and examines their effects. Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of …","URL":"https://www.americanactionforum.org/insight/overview-president-trumps-executive-actions-immigration/","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“An Overview of President Trump’s Executive Actions on Immigration”). Another aim of this executive order is to control the crime in America. Improvement in the immigration laws would remove various categories of immigrants as unauthorized immigrants, immigrants who are charged with the crime and convicted and an immigrant who is charged with the crime but not convicted, etc. This order will also be applied to the immigrants who come to America through proper channel and legally. If any legal immigrant gets involved in any unlawful activity, then this order will be subjected to him.

The fundamental reason for the executive order on immigration system is to make the country free of terrorism. After the incident of 9/11, America advanced to combat terrorism. Through the amendment of the immigration system, terrorism can be finished. This executive order provides more flexible authority to apprehension officers, which has led to immigration raids. The focus of the immigration raids is stronger towards noncriminals. However right of immigration hearing or legal counsel is available for all immigrants.

The executive order on immigration system is beneficial in some aspects, but its drawback cannot be ignored. Although the aim of the present Donald Trump is to control the crime and terrorism from the country, this law may cause difficulties for many people. The new immigration law results in difficulties for the people who are legal immigrants. America is the world’s largest economy. People from different countries move here to find out new opportunities. Not only businessman or employees but a large percentage of foreign students come for higher studies. Therefore strictness and long process for visa and immigration process can make difficulties for such people. People who are involved in criminal act or terrorism do not migrate to the country through the legal channel. Therefore, it will be less beneficial to minimize their access through immigration law. Policies should be made on law enforcement to control illegal immigration through borders and ports. Also, policies should be more effective to handle criminal cases within the country. For common people, the immigration system should not be difficult to access.

Therefore, a potential executive order on immigration system shows the power of the president to establish the policies for the country. This order is developed for the betterment of the country. It is beneficial for the peace and prosperity of the country. While it has one major drawback that legal immigrants may face problems with the new law.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “An Overview of President Trump’s Executive Actions on Immigration.” AAF, https://www.americanactionforum.org/insight/overview-president-trumps-executive-actions-immigration/. Accessed 6 Mar. 2019.

Prioritizing Budgets Role Play

Title Page

Budget role

The mandatory requests that must be funded include research, programs for the students and teachers training. The strategic budget plan stresses on managing all essential aspects of the institute. The budgeting is affected by the mission and goals of the institute. The goals are focused on providing quality education and interactive learning environment to the students. Schools follow a systematic process of budgeting, so cutting budget for any activity is not simple. The budget is allocated for managing the education, programmes and project related activities. It is mandatory to provide salaries, safety and invest in infrastructure.

The evidence suggests that salaries and benefits of employees constitute a larger part of the institutional budget. Reductions in salaries often cause termination of staff. It is difficult for the institutions to reduce the salaries because this causes severe impacts and generate negative reactions in the teachers. In the case of financial stress, the most commonly adopted option is by lowering staff's salaries or removing some benefits. The institutions also respond by eliminating training programs for minimizing overall costs. Budget is controlled by school policies and depends on the proposed expenditure for a specified period. The institutes cannot cut the budget for the provision of desired educational programmes. They are developed according to the goals of the school. Budget is an allocation in a manner that ensures attainment of the given level of output CITATION Mei84 \l 1033 (Meisinger & Dubeck, 1984).

Another area that suffers the consequences of budget reductions includes student welfare programs. As the institutes are bearing high costs of free education or partial funding, they have to end many programs that are linked to their development. The changes in personal programs demand mutual agreements; otherwise, it causes an adverse situation. As quality education is dependent on skilled educators, so the budget is used for providing salaries and benefits to the teachers.

References

Brookson, Stephen. Managing Budgets. London: Dorling Kindersley Press, 2000. Chabotar, K. J. “Managing Participative Budgeting in Higher Education.” Change, Sept./Oct.1995, Vol. 27 (5), pp. 21-31.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Meisinger, R., & Dubeck, L. (1984). College & University Budgeting. An Introduction for Faculty and Academic Administrators. National Association of College and University Business Officers.

Van der Klaauw, Wilbert. 2002. “Estimating the Effect of Financial Aid Offers on College. Enrollment: A Regression-Discontinuity Approach.” International Economic Review, 43(4): 1249-1287.

Problems Faced By Nurses

Name

Instructor’s Name

Course Title and Code

Date

Problems Faced by Nurses

Introduction

Safety and security are a legal right of any person working for an organization and the administration is liable to provide this safety to its employees. This legal right is secured under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. In medical clinics and other social insurance settings, this turns out to be doubly significant in light of the fact that more secure attendants means safe and better care for patients. There have been countless issues that were faced by the nursing staff at John Hopkins Hospital during the mid-year and winter of 2018. Medical personnel and nurses at Johns Hopkins Clinic (JHH) overviewed the association of wellbeing with security in their divisions. This paper will discuss the issues and risks faced by nurses on a daily basis with the use of Johns Hopkins Clinic as an example.

Discussion

The larger part of certain problems has endured some time before medical attendants started to unionize. A portion of the issues was under survey by the executives since medical caretakers started sorting out to frame an association. Having a limited number of staff members undermines the nurse's capacity to look after the patients which in turn damages the overall working of medical caretakers (Ögenler et al. 120-125). JHH medical caretakers report noteworthy issues with staffing levels: 85 percent of medical caretakers report that their unit just once in a while, or on the other hand, regularly has adequate staff to think about patients securely and just 5 percent of John Hopkins Hospital’s medical attendants report that they generally have the staff they need. The standard should be that medical attendants make a report and have adequate staff to think about patients and attend them with ease and securely. Short staffing prompts expanded outstanding burden, stress, and burnout for medical caretakers.

A more ongoing examination found that with better staffing (lower nurture to patient proportions), medical caretakers wear out and employment disappointment rates decreased. Strain and fatigue contributed essentially to expanding nurse turnover. Attendants who revealed significant levels of pressure were unsatisfied with the hospital's administration. They were mainly unsatisfied with their chance to propel their vocations, or on the other hand were not satisfactorily redressed and were bound to leave the hospital (Ögenler et al. 120-125). Those medical attendants who described encountering high physical requests or burnout were more prone to leaving the job altogether. JHH's staffing approaches are hurting attendants' emotional well-being, business, and vocation possibilities.

Notwithstanding short staffing, John Hopkins Hospital medical attendants report deficient assets, bolster administrations, and rest and dinner breaks. A negligible 6 percent of John Hopkins Hospital medical caretakers report that their unit continuously has satisfactory supplies to give safe patient consideration and take care of the issues they might be facing including support services, for example, relating to diet, maintenance, and drug store. What is more, helpers are crucial for the arrangement of safe patient attention. Just 4 percent of John Hopkins Hospital medical attendants report that their divisions consistently have sufficient help to enable medical caretakers to devote time and look after their patients. A greater part of John Hopkins Hospital attendants does not reliably take adequate and safe supper and rest breaks. Attendants additionally depict issues with reasonable planning and pivoting day, night, and late shifts in the patient attention report. Providing complete attention to the patients is a very crucial task that must be met with flying colors but if the staff at hand is not enough then there will be a lack of professionalism (Roche et al. 13-22). Services provided to the patients will lack and the administration will completely fail to satisfy the patients. This makes the reputation of the staff and the hospital itself poor and might cause them to face legal issues.

When John Hopkins Hospital neglects adequate staffing, hardware, supplies, and backing for medical caretakers to give safe patient care, the effect on attendants incorporates expanded pace of work which makes the environment brutal. Further, they suffer higher danger of wounds and diseases to medical caretakers notwithstanding strain, weariness, and turnover. Roche, Diers inspected working conditions, for example, staffing, nurturing self-sufficiency and a few different components of the patient consideration and their condition. It was inferred that, "The investigations indicated that as ward situations become less steady (less enlisted medical attendants, expanded remaining burden and unexpected changes in persistent needs, diminished view of attendant initiative, lower independence of nurses, more unfortunate relations with medical specialists and doctors, patients anticipating position), saw viciousness increases." Additionally, Magnavita established that the relationship between business-related pain and work environment aggression is bidirectional (Ögenler et al. 120-125). At the point when medical attendants are worried and consumed, working environment viciousness is bound to happen. When such issues are ignored and not catered to by the employer, there is bound to be more risks and the work environment will perish (Act.nationalnursesunited.org).

A few distributed investigations have concluded a consistent connection between low medical caretaker nurses and expanded wounds. The California nurse to-patient proportion decree was related with 31.6 percent less professional related wounds to medical attendants than the normal rate without the law that was passed for the staff i.e. Occupational Safety and Health Act. John Hopkins Hospital medical caretakers depict issues with compulsory additional time. A few investigations have decided noteworthy connections between required additional time and expanded work-related damages and disease rates.

Further study elaborated that working overtime in institutions where it was mandatory, made conditions worse for nurses with increased injuries and health-related issues by up to 20 percent. Working week by week additional time was related to a 32 percent expansion in the hazard for a needle stick wound. Turning and rotating shifts are related to a wide scope of wounds and different sicknesses. All hospitals should end this training that organizes the business' adaptability and benefits over medical caretaker’s and nurse's wellbeing. Strikingly, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has verified that pivoting shifts are a plausible human cancer-causing agent (Fatemi, Moonaghi and Heydari 118). This dilemma needs to be addressed and a law should be endorsed all around the world under an international body to ensure that health and safety of hospital staff should be prioritized and medical attention should be given as well. Being humans first, nurses are exposed to many kinds of diseases at all times and they are more prone to get affected by them.

Nonexistence of a Workplace Violence Prevention

The issue of violence in the workplace also affects the jobs in many hospitals. A survey conducted at a hospital concluded that more than 64 percent of the hospital staff, more specifically, nurses have experienced or encountered violence at their workplace (Wang et al. 64-70). Violence at the workplace altogether impacts the care of patients as well as medical caretakers' instinctual, emotional, and psychological prosperity. By disregarding work environment violence, JHH jeopardizes medical attendants, other staff, and patients. Somewhere in the range of 27 percent of medical attendants report that John Hopkins Hospital disregards work environment violence when it occurs. This has caused many employees to lose or leave their jobs. On the other hand, 34 percent of medical nurses report that John Hopkins Hospital researches what occurred after a rough episode. Only 9 percent of medical caretakers report that John Hopkins Hospital changes practices to secure representatives and patients after that rough episode. A comparative investigation of National Nurses United individuals found that 63 percent of National Nurses United colleagues report that their manager explores work environment violence episodes and 30 percent report that their superiors change practices to diminish the danger of violence (Fatemi, Moonaghi and Heydari 118). Such issues should be taken care of by the hospital administration and they should make sure that such violent episodes do not occur. The following steps can be taken by the administration to counter such issues so that the safety of nurses can be marked with the full cooperation of the hospital.

Assess and report risk factors and threats in every unit and different regions of the office

Execute aversion measures, explicitly increasing staffing just as including building controls, security working and reaction frameworks, alert frameworks, and so forth

Create compelling, revealing frameworks so RNs can report work environment violence without having any fear of retaliation and having an affirmation that the administration will cure any concerns.

Connect with the dynamic contribution of RNs and other human services laborers regarding the hazard factors and risks in their divisions, what counteractive action measures would be viable, preparing substance and arrangement, also, reporting frameworks

These simple steps and other preventive plans will decrease the number and seriousness of brutal occurrences at the hospital. For instance, Arnetz, Hamblin detailed on a controlled mediation study where a worksite dry run including ecological hazard appraisals was led on every intercession division. Division chiefs were given occurrence and damage information for their unit from the previous three years and worked with direct-care staff to build up an activity intended to decrease work environment violence utilizing unit-explicit managerial, conduct, and ecological procedures. Intercession division revealed not exactly a large portion of the vicious occurrence rate contrasted with control divisions at six months after intercession. Likewise, Gillespie, Gates covered revised procedural investigation of six crisis offices. Researchers worked with direct-care representatives, supervisors, and heads to create preventive plans for tackling workplace violence which included natural changes, strategies, and methods, along with instruction and preparing (Fatemi, Moonaghi and Heydari 118). While not all mediation units completely actualized the plans, the designers of these preventive plans witnessed a 50 percent decline in attacks in the unit that most completely actualized their unit-explicit arrangement.

Staffing is likely a noteworthy factor affecting everything in the high paces of work environment violence detailed by many hospitals and medical caretakers. Working environment violence is factually altogether more probable to occur in offices with lower employment than offices with elevated employment levels. Employment levels and security were positioned as noteworthy contributing elements to physical work environment violence episodes in a single report (Wang et al. 64-70). Preventive plans to tackle workplace violence and other endeavors will adequately shield patients and medical attendants from the bunch effects of work environment violence. Furthermore, successfully averting work environment violence is probably going to improve issues with turnover at hospitals. Sofield and Salmond found that 61 percent of attendants who experience work environment violence think about finding employment elsewhere.

“While 34 percent of nurses report that John Hopkins Hospital investigates what happened after a violent incident, only 9 percent of nurses report that John Hopkins Hospital changes practices to protect employees and patients after a violent incident.”

Harmful Exposures and Insufficient Personal Caring Apparatus

Many hospitals are not giving adequate or successful defensive kits for attendants. A noteworthy extent of medical attendants (33 percent) announced that they have encountered skin or respiratory disturbance at work. This is a sign of an unsafe introduction that many hospitals have not tended to. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) necessitates that hospitals and institutions should give Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and different measures to forestall exposures to dangerous elements. Medical attendants report noteworthy issues with gloves that are provided to them by the hospitals. Gloves are important to avoid exposures to blood, natural liquids, contagious sicknesses, and perilous synthetics, for example, antineoplastic medications or cleaning synthetic substances (Brandford and Reed 488-511). 6 percent of medical caretakers report that they generally have quality gloves to shield themselves from unsafe materials. Medical attendants report that gloves tear off within no time and that numerous medical caretakers must wear gloves that are too huge for them to avoid tearing.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set rules and regulations for all hospitals to provide nurses and staff with all the safety measures to ensure their health and wellbeing. Numerous medical attendants and nurses dispense chemotherapy or antineoplastic drugs for a wide scope of therapies. Presentation to antineoplastic medications represents a critical danger to attendants and is related to expanded chromosomal abnormalities in unprotected nurses, expanded hazard for unconstrained fetus removal, and expansion in intense side effects of introduction where safety was not utilized. OSHA necessitates that hospitals and health institutions give Personal Protective Equipment or PPE to forestall dangerous exposures present in the working environment, comprising antineoplastic medications (PASNAP). One investigation revealed a noteworthy decline in contact after usage of safety equipment, including the expansion of chemotherapy-explicit gloves. Attendants additionally report that hospitals do not catch up on exposure occurrences when medical attendants have had huge exposures to perilous medications.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has discharged national rules for administrators to ensure that the staff is secured from risky medication exposures by counteracting exposures and executing therapeutic observation programs midst of different measures (Act.nationalnursesunited.org). All medical caretakers, nurses and other medicinal services laborers who manage antineoplastic, chemotherapy, or different risky medications ought to be taken a crack at a restorative observation program (Brandford and Reed 488-511). This implies there ought to be progressing assessments for side effects of introduction too as examination and follow-up after an exposure occurrence, for example, a leak or a needle stick. Records all things considered also, follow-up assessments ought to be kept up by the administration. Workers reserve the privilege to gain access to such files as expected by OSHA.

Education is the number one asset where we can tackle these issues at all levels. Nurses and hospital staff along with the patients should be given information about the hazardous issues they will face if the correct procedures are not followed during any process related to treatment. Hospitals are busy all the times and many patients are admitted with some serious ailments. Through education and weekly meetings, hospital staff can be educated on the issue of safety. As the nursing staff grows older, resigning attendants are being supplanted by fledgling level nursing moving on from colleges (PASNAP). These two are making a hole between the experience level of the nursing staff and the unpredictability of care these medical caretakers can give to the patients. This prompts challenges between medical caretakers because of the shifted degree of experience, and the developing measure of tenderfoot level attendants without guides.

Many hospitals do not have a successful safe patient dealing with a proper plan set up. A successful safe patient taking care of the plan incorporates gear, preparing, and extra staff to supplant the requirement for manual taking care of and to decrease the danger of damage to representatives (Brandford and Reed, 488-511). At John Hopkins Hospital, 63 percent of medical caretakers report that they should physically move patients all the time with an extra 31 percent of medical caretakers revealing that they should physically move patients at one point during the working hours. Just 39 percent of medical caretakers and nurses report they have lift gear when they need it furthermore, a negligible 9 percent report they generally have extra staff to help with lifts when required (Roche et al. 13-22). This puts medical caretakers at incredibly high hazard for wounds, for example, pain in neck and back, sprains and strains, and musculoskeletal issue.

Conclusion

According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, nurses and medical staff are more likely to suffer from skeletal disorders and diseases that might be infectious. Hospitals should provide basic facilities to facilitate nurses and medical staff for handling and taking care of patients as there are cases where patients might require extra attention and a single nurse with limited resources cannot provide required facilities at once. In any case, gear without any extra facility is inadequate. Extra staffing is vital. A safe patient taking care of gear does not improve lifts or trade the requirement for more than one individual. Handling a patient with care should be taught to the nurses with programs that must have lift groups or other staff who are accessible and prepared to help registered nurses with persistent taking care of errands. A domain where all social insurance laborers have an obligation as a major aspect of the persistent focused group to perform with a feeling of self-sufficiency, polished methodology, responsibility, straightforwardness, contribution, productivity, and viability. All must be aware of the wellbeing also, security for both the patient and the human services laborer in any setting giving human services, giving a feeling of wellbeing, regard, and strengthening too and for all people. Compelling relational correspondence in work settings serves as an inspiration to the medical caretakers, nurses, and hospital staff. It is the need of great importance to hold the medical caretakers by making a solid and supporting condition where they have copious chances to learn and develop so that they can perform their duty well and accordingly.

Work Cited:

Ögenler, Oya, et al. "Opinions of nurses on the ethical problems encountered while working as a team in intensive care units." Clinical Ethics 13.3 (2018): 120-125.

Fatemi, Naser Lotfi, Hossein Karimi Moonaghi, and Abbas Heydari. "Perceived Challenges Faced by Nurses in Home Health Care Setting: A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery 7.2 (2019): 118.

Wang, Shu Mi, et al. "The relationships among work stress, resourcefulness, and depression level in psychiatric nurses." Archives of psychiatric nursing 29.1 (2015): 64-70.

Brandford, Arica A., and Deborah B. Reed. "Depression in registered nurses: A state of the science." Workplace health & safety 64.10 (2016): 488-511.

Act.nationalnursesunited.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 22 Nov. 2019.

"Our Story — PASNAP." PASNAP. N. p., 2019. Web. 22 Nov. 2019.

Roche, Michael, et al. "Violence toward nurses, the work environment, and patient outcomes." Journal of Nursing Scholarship 42.1 (2010): 13-22.

Problems With The Articles Of Confederation And Remedies In The Constitution(Chp.2)

Articles of Confederation

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation established a weak central executive as well as legislature, delegating most powers to the states. The first problem with the Articles of Confederation was the issue of taxation as the central government did not have the power to enforce taxation. Rather, states had this authority and this put the central government in a weaker economic position. The Constitution rectified this situation by granting taxation powers to Congress. This ensured that the federal government has enough revenue to fund project and provide services to Americans, something the Articles of Confederation did not have.

Another major problem with the Articles of Confederation was its rigidity; it required a unanimous approval for any amendment. This made it difficult to adapt to changing times through amendments which are a necessity for any constitution of the world. As the world evolves, there is a need for the country and its laws to evolve as well. The Constitution resolved this crucial aspect by introducing Article 5m, which lays out the procedure to amend the Constitution. Article 5 states that Congress needs to pass an amendment with a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. This has paved the way for 27 important amendments to the Constitution, such as the 19th amendment, which granted women the right to vote.

The issue of raising an army was another problem with the Articles of Confederation as the central government did not have the authority to raise and maintain an armed force. This was left to the individual states as each state had its own army according to its own requirements. In case of an emergency or an attack from another nation, the central government had to request states for contributions to the army which were voluntary. So, states could refuse and USA as a whole would have suffered dire consequences. In order to correct this, the Constitution made it mandatory for the central government to maintain an army for the defense of the nation.

References

Beard, C. (2017). An economic interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. Routledge.

Maggs, G. E. (2017). A Concise Guide to the Articles of Confederation as a Source for Determining the Original Meaning of the Constitution. Geo. Wash. L. Rev., 85.

Project

Policy Project

Author Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Policy Project

Identification of the Problem

The criminal system comprised of various aspects of consideration that requires necessary attention. There are different forms of criminal issues under the spectrum of a criminal justice system that needs to be comprehensively addressed. The central objective of the series of criminal justice system prevailing in the country is to develop better policies and law of action to effectively deal with different types of criminal issues. It is noteworthy to mention that juvenile delinquency is recognized as one major concern that is identified as a complex phenomenon. Proper handling of cases of offences by juveniles is necessary because it involves a vulnerable population, based on individuals under the age of 18. The facet of juvenile crimes is one critical and serious issue for the criminal justice system of the country that requires some suitable policy development (Jordan & McNeal, 2016). The formulation of a comprehensive policy is necessary to successfully handle the growing concern of juvenile crimes and involves young individuals in the mainstream functioning of society. The concern of juvenile delinquency can be further examined by focusing on various domains of consideration. The overall situation relevant to this criminal issue requires adopting some unique forms of practical measures. Identification of possible weaknesses and limitations is a necessary condition to ensure the successful application of policy against the growing issue of juvenile offences. Proper development and application of the policy in the form of juvenile corrections are only possible by considering various related aspects. A detailed understanding of the problem of juvenile offending is the first practical step to propose suitable policy measures. The development of a significant plan of action is a necessary condition to provide better services in order to obtain and sustain the mental development and overall well-being of juvenile offenders. The central focus is to critically examine the possible strengths and weaknesses of the policy measures relevant to the problem of juvenile offending.

Review of Current Literature

There is a number of former research studies in which researchers focus to examine various dimensions of the issue of juvenile offending. A critical and comprehensive review of existing literature on the problem of juvenile delinquency is an integral condition to propose better policy solutions effectively and efficiently. This form of evaluation is also vital to identify all the obstacles referring to the objective of implementing a successful juvenile correction system. Identification of the approach of treatment in case of juvenile offending is a mandatory facet of consideration to ensure successful handling of the growing trend of criminal activities by young individuals.

The existing connection between the issue of crime and public policy is successfully examined by James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia (2010) in their research book, “Crime and Public Policy”. The central focus of this exploratory work is to examine various associated forms and domains of considerations when it comes to developing public policy in order to meet the needs of crimes at different social levels. The inclusion of this piece of research work is vital to apprehend the position of the public policy, specifically in the scenario of juvenile crimes. Undoubtedly, it is vital to successfully understand the approach of current public policy concerning the growing issue of juvenile delinquency. Various features of consideration referring to the issue of juvenile crime and the justice system are illustrated by researchers in the fourth chapter of this book. This specific research work was presented by Peter W. Greenwood and Susan Turner. It is important to mention that the inclusion of this piece of knowledge is vital to identify all the risk factors associated with the approach of criminal behavior by young people. According to researchers, identification of primary stimulating factors is a necessary condition to offer suitable practical measures in the form of correction domains for the juvenile offenders in an effective manner (Wilson & Petersilia, 2010). It is strongly argued by the researchers that active consideration of evidence-based practice in case of juvenile corrections is an obligatory condition to provide better and well-aligned treatment programs for young offenders. A critical consideration of vast domains of prevention, corrections, and the overall role of community and relevant institutions is vital to provide better protection to young individuals against the risk of crime.

The spectrum of youth violence prevention also comprehensively addressed by Thornton and his fellow researchers by presenting the research study with the title, “Best practices of youth violence prevention: A sourcebook for community action”, published in 2000. The primary objective of this research work is to examine the usefulness of the overall framework that is used in the form of community action, to propose better measures of prevention in case of a growing issue of youth violence. It is crucial to indicate that the opinions of the main stakeholders in this scenario such as teachers, community care providers, parents, school administrators, etc. were considered as the potential respondents by the researchers, to find out better measures of reduction for the issue of juvenile offending. It is argued by the researchers that prevention is one of the most critical phases of the overall criminal justice system in case of juvenile offending. It is proposed by the authors that active intervention is a necessary measure when it comes to proposing suitable prevention techniques (Thornton, Craft, Dahlberg, Lynch, & Baer, 2002). These particular strategies of prevention can be recognized under the domains of parent-and family-based, home-visiting, social-cognitive, and assessment plan of action.  

 The research bulletin provided by Griffin and fellow researchers in 2011 with the name, “Trying juveniles as adults: An analysis of state transfer laws and reporting” is another suitable piece of information. The outcomes delivered by researchers in this research work are assistive to critically overview all the laws of the state when it comes to the provision of a proper criminal justice system for juveniles. It is argued by the researchers that adoption of the proper mechanism is a necessary condition in order to assure successful transfer of juvenile offenders to criminal courts, under state law. It is explicitly established by the researchers that consideration of element of evolution is important when it comes to assuring the successful transfer of a juvenile to the criminal courts under the broader legal domain by the state (Griffin, Addie, Adams, & Firestine, 2011). The main idea of transfer mechanism in case of a young individual greatly related to the changing prospects and positions. The information shared by researchers in the form of this research work can be helpful to examine the current position of the criminal justice system offering for young criminals. This form of assessment is vital to examine the effectiveness of different preventive actions in the scenario of criminal offences by young individuals. 

 A detailed consideration of the factual information is also one necessary condition to better apprehend the issue of juvenile offences concerning the approach of better corrections mechanism. This form of knowledge is successfully attained from the research report, “Finding Direction: Expanding criminal justice options by considering policies of other nations” by the Justice Policy Institute in 2011. This source of research information is viable to successfully obtain the overall domain of the juvenile justice practices adopted in the United States. Additionally, consideration of critical comparison between the features of the incarceration rate and age of responsibility in case of juveniles (Institute & America, 2011). This form of assessment can be helpful to critically examine the effectiveness of different methods adopted for the rehabilitation of juvenile offending. It is important to indicate that the domain of juvenile protection and rehabilitation in case of different regions of Europe, Australia, and the U.S. is adopted to recognize the most suitable form of consideration. 

 The approach of graphical representation is utilized by Anne Teigen (2019) in a research report, “Juvenile age of jurisdiction and transfer to adult court laws.” The central aim of this form of consideration is to critically analyze the existing domain of juvenile offenders’ transfer, referring to various aspects of consideration. According to the author, it is necessary to determine the actual and suitable age group when it comes to the issue of juvenile transfer to adult court laws. A comprehensive assessment of the existing scenario in this domain is a necessary condition to ensure the successful application of corrective measures for juvenile offenders (Teigen, 2019). It is critically indicated by the researcher that the age of a juvenile offender needs to be considered as one primary aspect when it comes to developing the idea of transferring them to the adult court system. 

 The research information provided by the Office of Juvenile Justice U.S., in 2004, is also a necessary form of the research report. This piece of research study can be considered to address the issue of juvenile delinquency because the main concern is to identify the potential causes of the growing problem of juvenile crimes. Undoubtedly, the identification of the root-causes of the main problem is the mandatory condition to propose better practical measures for the future. According to the researcher, it is vital to apprehend the actual domain of delinquency in order to offer suitable practical measures in the form of future direction (Office of Juvenile Justice, 2004). The growing risk in the form of extensive involvement of gangs is critically examined by the researcher to understand the existing connection between the causes and consequences of juvenile crimes. 

Prevention is recognized as a necessary condition when it comes to finding possible solutions to deal with the issue of juvenile offending. The prospect of prevention in the context of violent juvenile offence is critically examined by Wasserman and his fellow researchers (2000) in the research article, “Prevention of serious and violent juvenile offending.” The central aim of this form of exploratory research is to identify specific aspects of practice areas that can be considered to propose better solutions to the concern of juvenile offending. Identification of the various nature of risk factors is a necessary condition when it comes to offering successful forms of preventions for the offenders who are characterized as under-aged individuals. It is proposed by researchers that offering multi-systematic intervention programs for juvenile offenders is one of the most significant practical measures (Wasserman, Miller, & Cothern, 2000). This form of the action plan is a feasible condition to propose the prospect of prevention to different juvenile offenders according to their specific requirements. 

 The overall scenario of juvenile delinquency is also comprehensively examined by Heilbrun and fellow researchers (2005) in the form of research work recognized as, “Juvenile delinquency: prevention, assessment, and intervention.” The inclusion of this piece of research study for the review is effective to successfully observe different dimensions of the main issue of juvenile offending or crime. It is a crucial prospect of consideration to identify the factors that influence the behavioral domains of young individuals and that they are eventually involved in different criminal activities at a young age. One of the developments of the main argument by researchers in this selected book is to examine the importance of forensic mental health assessments of the offenders (Heilbrun, Goldstein, & Redding, 2005). It is proposed by the researchers that proper evaluation of the mentioned condition of young offenders is a necessary condition to propose better practical solutions for them. Moreover, the importance of different shareholders in this scenario is highlighted when it comes to achieving the objective of proper prevention in case of juvenile offending. 

 A comprehensive series of knowledge provided by the researchers considering the importance of growing concern of juvenile delinquency. Furthermore, it is established that consideration of different phases is a necessary condition to achieve the objective of proper handling of the problem of juvenile offending. According to the researchers in this book, the first step of this correctional process is to critically examine the particular factors that encourage young individuals to get involved in different illegal and improper activities. The growing involvement in this form of action eventually appeared as the growing cases of juvenile delinquency in the country. Additionally, it is established that there are various integrated factors that can be characterized as the main causes referring to the issue of juvenile offending. A successful exploration between risk factors and prevention factors is a mandatory condition to offer better solutions to the growing concern of application of criminal activities by the young offenders. According to the researchers, this form of assessment is a vital measure referring to the entire process of corrections and preventions for young criminals (Heilbrun et al., 2005). It is also explicitly mentioned by the researchers that the option of mental health treatment can never be ignored when it comes to offering better living conditions to young offenders. According to former researchers, mental treatment of juvenile criminals needs to be an obligatory part of the overall criminal justice system to propose better forms of practices for young individuals. The aim of better corrective measures for young offenders can never be achieved without helping them with their psychological disturbances and upheavals. 

Summary of Existing Policy and Potential Approaches

           A complete assessment of the issue of juvenile delinquency is not possible without considering the effectiveness and the application of existing policy in this scenario. It is vital to observe and examine the current domain of corrective measures for juvenile offending. It is important to successfully deal with this issue and achieve the objective of better prevention in this scenario. Furthermore, this form of assessment can be vital to propose better practical solutions for prevention and treatment for the future in the context of juvenile offending. It is also vital to indicate that the critical examination of existing practices of correction also helps to propose better potential approaches for future domains. Identification of the current juvenile justice system is a necessary condition to identify the potential hazards and the areas of opportunities referring to the objective of better prevention. 

          Currently, there are three main mechanisms adopted under the paradigm of the juvenile criminal system. Identification of all these practices is effective to determine the current legal position in the overall scenario of juvenile offending. These main practices are recognized as a judicial waiver, legislative exclusion, and prosecutor discretion. All these parameters or standards are utilized referring to the growing concern of juvenile offending. The most common method of sending juveniles to the courts is identified as the adoption of judicial waiver standard. In case of this form of consideration, juvenile offenders can transfer to the courts by the decision of judges. In this method, judges have the authority to successfully waive their approach of the jurisdiction in the form of transfer instead of considering the option of an adult court. This mechanism is also recognized with the title of discretionary waiver that illustrates the important role of judges in case of development and application of the overall juvenile justice system. 

           Another potential approach in the overall form of juvenile criminal justice has appeared in the form of legislative exclusion. This practical scenario is another important prospect when it comes to finding better solutions to the issue of juvenile crimes. This particular method characterized its position as one of the most frequently applied methods concerning the approach of transferring juveniles to the criminal courts. Under this mechanism, the entity of the state legislative body has the authority to pass a law concerning the idea of youth charged with some specific forms of offenses. This form of power is utilized to define the position of specific cases that need to be prosecuted in criminal courts instead of considering the age of the offender. In this particular practice of the juvenile criminal system, the main focus towards the actual nature of the crime and giving less attention to the age factor in the entire scenario of juvenile delinquency. 

           Prosecutor discretion is another major standard followed by the juvenile criminal system to better apprehends the issue of juvenile crimes. This method is sometimes adopted by the legal authorities to successfully define the criminal position of young individuals. The state law provides authority to the prosecutors in the form of power, to decide whether it is significant to send juveniles to the criminal court or not (Democracy Now, 2019). This facet of consideration also identified with the name of concurrent jurisdiction that is used with regards to some specific cases of criminal offenses. It is vital to indicate that the entire procedure of the juvenile criminal system closely associated with the domain of prevention in the entire issue of juvenile offending. Development of various strategies is proposed to provide better living conditions for young offenders. 

Assessment of the Strengths and Limitations

           A critical assessment of the strengths and limitations of the current practice in the form of the juvenile criminal system is a necessary condition to propose better solutions to this growing and complex issue. This form of consideration requires an examination of the suitability of existing strategies to examine the potential benefits of these methods. It is observed that the current positioning of the juvenile justice system lacking the suitable perspective of rehabilitation in the scenario of juvenile offenders. It is one critical downfall of the current system that requires necessary attention and suitable fixation. The limitation of the juvenile justice system also appeared in the form of proper transfer of young individuals to the criminal courts. It is argued that young individuals, as the offenders, still suffer from the scenario of the criminal justice process, irrespective of this under-age domain. 

           Exploration of major strengths of the current practices in the case of juvenile offending is also important to successfully illustrate the current legal position in this manner. The major strength appearing in this legal mechanism is that it assures young people’s protection from various forms of physical and mental abuse. The existing approach of the juvenile criminal system has the authority to provide necessary protection to the young offenders by differentiating them from the usual form of criminal offense and the entire process of prosecution. Additionally, the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders is another strong practical option delivered by the current approach of juvenile justice. A detailed examination of the entire scenario of the juvenile justice system explicitly reveals that there is a need for offering better practical measures to ensure successful development and execution of the rehabilitation approach. 

References

Democracy Now! Kids for Cash: Inside One of the Nation’s Most Shocking Juvenile Justice Scandals. (2019). 

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Griffin, P., Addie, S., Adams, B., & Firestine, K. (2011). Trying juveniles as adults: An analysis of state transfer laws and reporting. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile ….

Heilbrun, K., Goldstein, N. E. S., & Redding, R. E. (2005). Juvenile delinquency: Prevention, assessment, and intervention. Oxford University Press.

Institute, J. P., & America, U. S. of. (2011). Finding Direction: Expanding Criminal Justice Options by Considering Policies of Other Nations.

Jordan, K. L., & McNeal, B. A. (2016). Juvenile penalty or leniency: Sentencing of juveniles in the criminal justice system. Law and human behavior, 40(4), 387.

Office of Juvenile Justice. (2004). Juvenile Justice: Causes and Correlates: Findings and Implications.

Teigen, A. (2019). Juvenile Age of Jurisdiction and Transfer to Adult Court Laws.

Thornton, T. N., Craft, C. A., Dahlberg, L. L., Lynch, B. S., & Baer, K. (2002). Best practices of youth violence prevention: A sourcebook for community action. June 2002 (Revision).

Wasserman, G. A., Miller, L. S., & Cothern, L. (2000). Prevention of serious and violent juvenile offending. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile ….

Wilson, J. Q., & Petersilia, J. (2010). Crime and public policy. Oxford University Press.

Project Deliverable 3: Database And Programming Design

Project Deliverable 3: Database and Programming Design

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Introduction

The main function of any business is to transform the data into information. The use of database warehouse and relational database has increased in recent times. It has gained recognition has the standard for the operation of most organizations. As stated by Laher, Surace, Grillmair, Ofek, and Levitan (2014) a quality database design makes the flow of business data to be seamless. However, the database schema is the beginning of the relation database and therefore, it is important for a business to have a quality database schema for it to have seamless flow of information in the company. The database schema defines the tables, relationship, views, fields, indexes and other elements of database. It is important for a company to create a quality schema for it realizes business, workflow and processes. Since the company is an internet based company the database should focus on designed towards the warehousing.

It is one of the viable strategies, which would give the company the competitive advantage in the market. It is therefore, evidence that database schema is a key component required for efficient database development and management. It is important to ensure that it is properly build to support an organization’s business goals and objectives. The report, therefore, presents a database schema, which presents the business idea of the company. It also illustrates the relationship entity and the rationale for establishing the kind of business schema. The table and other elements, which support the schema, relationship and the E-R Diagram, will also be provided as well to show the process of creating database for efficient and seamless flow of data. The company has variety of data and most of its data are online oriented and therefore, it is requires for an organization to have an efficient data, which can reflect the business nature of the company. It is therefore, important to look at the database Schema, relationship of the data and the tables and other fields, which form the database.

Database Schema

Enterprise data is comprehensive and can be used in-house and external system. Analysis of the company, established that there is a need to analyze the data across different organizational system by time, location and channel. The integration of data is needed here so that a company can be able to store and organize data in a single place. It would help for the business to cut time and the lengthy processes, which is involved in the creation and generation of business reports. Previously, it used to take businesses days and months to generate various reports. Time has changed and with advanced technology, reports and other important information are generate within seconds. The generation of reports involves series of steps that utilized the exact data from a source the sort the data and merges. Data warehousing therefore, serves the purpose of several platforms to make the data reliable and also facilitate easy data integration. According to Laher, Surace, Grillmair, Ofek, and Levitan (2014), the data which are stored in the data warehouse is completely integrated, no-variant, and also subject oriented. The data warehousing help the organization to get full view of the organization and its performance as well. However, by creating a database management system to be sued for data warehouse, the organization can be able to increase its level or operations and efficiency by using the data collected through internet enterprise resource planning. A lot of companies have integrated the EPR their major system with EPR to improve its performance in the market.

The efficient management of the organization requires understanding on how data flow in the organization. According to Chung and Paredes (2015), a successful deployment of ERP by using data warehousing is likely to help in reducing the production, shipping, and inventory expenses and therefore, it gives the company a competitive advantage in the market. The data warehouse allows the company to analyze some of its Key Performance Indicators (KIPS), which are used to measure the business track performance against the business objectives. KIP usually applied to measure a greater length of the organization performance and therefore, it informs the management whether the implementation of the system has deteriorated the performance or improved the business performance. And therefore, with efficient data management due to quality database, the performance of an organization is likely to improve. The essential element of quality of database is the database schema. Therefore, the existence, efficiency and better performance of a database depend on the nature of the database. The database schema is based on the nature of the business as well and therefore, the designing and implementation of database schema requires understanding of the nature of business being done by a company.

It is also important to note that large scale environmental problem is the difficult task to address. Business applies the use of database to address the management problem. According to Cox (2014), the data application in business impact performance hence most companies usually realize a huge profit. The type of data schema depends with the business structure and management level. And therefore, the data schema required for this business is based on the data flow in the organization. The database schema is based on the administration knowledge. It also illustrates how a real world entitles is structured into the system. The business is running a warehouse and therefore, the data schema should contain features, which would allow employees to enter data and process easily in the system.

Sales ID

Client’s Name

Phone No

SalesOrderDetails

Product Serial

Address

CarrierTrackingNumber

mber

Name

Product ID

Order Quantity

Number

Name

Diagram 1: Database Schema

Rational for the structure

The database schema in the diagram one (1), has four (4) sections, the Sales ID, Sales order Details Carrier tracking Number and Order Quantity. The nature of business being conducted by the organization is an online base and therefore, clients gives order online through its website, which is integrated with the ERP and therefore, it must have a way of tracking all its products to ensure that the products reaches the clients. Therefore, the table Carrier tracking ID is required since every order is issued with a tracking ID. Therefore, the kind of data, which will be entered into the system, includes sales details; cost of goods, selling price, data of submission and the clients also come from different regions. These must be captured by the system for easy processing and therefore, the data schema reflects what the database shall contain. The business would enter information related to sales, products, supplier or customers contacts, where they can from and data and month when the product was brought to the store (Laher, Surace, Grillmair, Ofek, & Levitan, 2014). This information would be captured best using the above data schema because of nature. The data nature contains four tables’ calendar, Fact table, customer and Bind Style. The Sales ID would contains information related to dates especially when the product was sold out and also when the product was product into the store. The information would be helpful in analysis sales and reporting the stocking as well. Since the database will capture when the products was brought into the store and the time it was sold. The information would be helpful in understating the sales report, stock report, and also purchase details of every client.

Entity relationship

It is important for the database to have graphic representation to indicate the functionality of the database. The data is required to have relationship for it to function well and therefore, it is important for the data to have the method to ensure that the system is protected. The entity relationship is the kind of relationship where graphical representation is used to illustrate the relationship between the tables or information. It describes the kind of information, which is stored (Rüegg, et al., 2018). The relationship is how the data is stored between tables, fields or entities. The data must have a proper link for it to work well and give positive feedback when processing queries or report. The business requires the relationship of one-to- many. This means that one table is linked to several other tables of the data. It means that the data entered at the warehouse of the company is associated with customer, and other data, which are closely related to the customer (Laher, Surace, Grillmair, Ofek, & Levitan, 2014). It is established this way to ensure that there is efficiently in data process across several departments. The image below shows an example of how entity relationship operates to ensure that it operates well across the company.

The entity relationship will be established by linking SALES ID, SALES ORDER QUANTITY, AND CARRIER TRACKING NUMNBER tables together. This will ensure that there is proficient communication within the data level and therefore, the processing would be easy and faster. It ensures that there is consistency and accuracy of the data, which is being processed. The diagram is therefore, just as example of how the entity relationship works.

Data Flow Diagram

The data flow indicates how the data flow in the organization. It begins from where the data starts and the end process, which could be report generation or queries and even storage of the data. It describes the process, which involve in the system for the transfer of data from the entry point to the exit (Chung & Paredes, 2015). The exit of the data processing could be either a report being generated or the data is stored for future use. It is described based on the logical data flow, which is required to established functionality of the system. The DFD is needed for processing, storage, manipulating, and the distribution of data to the system. It communicates with the system to ensure that the data flows from the beginning to the end. It is therefore, important to have a proper flow of data for the system to work well. And for this to be obtained the structure of the system must be well thought-out and clear. The data flow diagram is therefore, every essential for the operations of the database.

Database tables with appropriate field-naming conventions

The database table is an essential part of the database schema. The table provides the layout of the database and the way the data intends to interact or the relationship of the database with key elements of the system. A quality table for database must have a key and a better referential integrity for it to function well. According to Rüegg, et al. (2018) the key and referential integrity determines the performance of the database and therefore, it is required that the key and referential integrity should be properly defined so that the data can be understand and function as well. However, the table has SalesOrderID, SalesOrderDetails, OrderQuantity and ProductKey as its table. The primary key of the table is defined at the SalesOrderID and salesorderDetail columns. The primary key is located at the fact table in the first field of the table, which is the SalesOrderID. The SalesOrderDetails is used to identify every customer in the database and it is also describe the relationship between the tables to ensure that the database could function well. When customers come to the store, each customer is assigned a unique identification number when the product is processed to the warehouse. The customer’s products, sales, cost and the amount owned by the company could be established using he customer key and therefore, the primary key is the SalesOrderID and SalesOrderDetailsID.

The rationale for using the table is based on the demand of the company. The company is an online based company dealing with various products online. It has several sales daily and these sales are online based. The clients must be identified based on the sales items. The ID therefore, is issued to customers based on the sales. Therefore, each customer has a sales ID in the system. The sales ID are issued by the system when a client put an order. Therefore, the sales ID is the unique identification number, which is issued to all customers.

The Referential Integrity is the accuracy and consistency of the data. The referential integrity would be achieved by ensuring that there is a foreign key which is associated with one of the tables (Chung & Paredes, 2015). The foreign key can be established at the fact table to ensure that the four tables are connected. The parent table must have foreign key for success of complete processing of data when entered the system. Without foreign key the data can easily get lost and the incomplete information is brought back. From the database, the users would not be able to generate reports and queries cannot be sent as well. The referential key is therefore, important and it must be placed on the database to ensure that the system is having a proper relationship. Without it the database will not be able to communicate using tables and therefore, company will not be able to generate reports.

SalesOrderID

SalesOrderDetails

CarrierTrackingNumber

OrderQuantity

ProductKey

3421

1

421-351

3

78512

3422

2

421-352

2

78513

3423

3

421-353

3

78514

3424

4

421-354

1

78515

3425

5

421-355

5

78516

3426

6

421-356

6

78517

3427

7

421-357

7

78518

3428

8

421-358

8

78519

3429

9

421-359

15

78520

3430

10

421-360

10

78521

3431

11

421-361

11

78522

3432

12

421-362

13

78523

3433

13

421-363

13

78524

3434

14

421-364

14

78525

3435

15

421-365

15

78526

3436

16

421-366

114

78527

3437

17

421-367

17

78528

3438

18

421-368

14

78529

3439

19

421-369

24

78530

Diagram 4: Database tables with appropriate field-naming conventions

The security of the data base

Security policy is an important measure which is taken to prevent the access to the system. The best way to protect a system is derived a policy which can protect the system from unauthorized access. An organization can derive policies regarding login and accessibility of the system. The security policy can be including login password strength, active status and how clients can be able to log to the system and stay active after certain duration. The network administrator must come up with security policy to prevent people from login to the system. The policy would be able to prevent the system from external attack such as hackers and therefore, it is important to ensure that there is a proper security system based on the policy. For instance, the system can be set to require string password such word and letters, and at least eight. This is to make sure that nobody can easily guess the password and use to access a system.

Recommendation

For efficient operations of the company it is important to ensure that the database is designed based on the operations and the market demand of the company. It is therefore, recommended for a company to conduct research on the market and serious analysis of the company operations for efficient understanding of the operations and therefore, it would help in realignment of the company database to the demand of the customers and other stakeholders. Network security is an important factor for enterprises. It is therefore, important to ensure that the system is protected using policies, hardware and software to safeguard the integrity of the data. Security implementation should be done at the entry point and within the system to ensure that any network is protected from any unauthorized access. It is therefore recommended for enterprises to deploy some of the latest security system which require the use of bio for access to a building or a system. The firewall should e deployed as well at the entry and exists to make sure that the system is protected. In real world network security involve prevention detention and response. If the prevention techniques were perfect there would be no need to require detection and prevention. There are so many techniques, which are used to protect the system. Besides firewall, there are encryptions, passwords which are used to provide proper security to the system. Security of the network can be achieved only through proper installation of firewalls, which is at the entry and exit point of any system

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY Chung, K. S., & Paredes, C. W. (2015). Towards a Social Networks Model for Online Learning & Performance. International Forum of Educational Technology & Society , 2-35.

Laher, R. R., Surace, J., Grillmair, C. J., Ofek, E. O., & Levitan, D. (2014). IPAC Image Processing and Data Archiving for the Palomar Transient Factory. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific , 2-35.

Rüegg, J., Gries, C., Bond-Lamberty, B., Bowen, G. J., Felzer, B. S., McIntyre, N. E., et al. (2018). Completing the data life cycle: using information management in macrosystems ecology research. JOURNAL ARTICLE , 2-35.

Promoting CQI Efforts

Promoting CQI Methods

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Promoting CQI Methods

The Institute of medicine has specified six specific aims in order to ensure the delivery along with the improvement of healthcare. These six main aims are safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient and also equitable care. Safe care refers to the safety of the patients by avoiding any kind of injuries to the patient. Effective care is the scientific knowledge based care to the patients. Patient-centered care means that the standards of the patient guide the clinical decisions. Timely care is the reducing of wait for the care providers, equitable care means that the quality of the care given does not vary with gender or ethnicity of the patient. All these aims that are specified by the IOM are very important but I think that among these two of the most important aims are timely and equitable care because these two are important in the delivery of the quality care ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2g3gtf7707","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Slonim & Pollack, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Slonim & Pollack, 2005)"},"citationItems":[{"id":712,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/2RJg7y7G/items/3LHPRAU5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/2RJg7y7G/items/3LHPRAU5"],"itemData":{"id":712,"type":"article-journal","title":"Integrating the Institute of Medicine's six quality aims into pediatric critical care: relevance and applications","container-title":"Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: A Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies","page":"264-269","volume":"6","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The Institute of Medicine's report Crossing the Quality Chasm recommends \"six aims for improvement.\" The aims are safety, effectiveness, equity, timeliness, patient-centeredness, and efficiency. This review focuses on the quality of care information relevant to the Institute of Medicine's six aims to assess their relevance, potential impact, and affect on pediatric critical care practice. It is concluded that if the care for pediatric intensive care patients is to be fundamentally improved, an understanding of the current care environment, the existing evidence base, the opportunities for improvement, and the documentation of the improvements needs to be realized. The Institute of Medicine's six aims provide a useful framework to advance the quality of care in this pediatric subspecialty and perhaps others.","DOI":"10.1097/01.PCC.0000160592.87113.C6","ISSN":"1529-7535","note":"PMID: 15857522","shortTitle":"Integrating the Institute of Medicine's six quality aims into pediatric critical care","journalAbbreviation":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Slonim","given":"Anthony D."},{"family":"Pollack","given":"Murray M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005",5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Slonim & Pollack, 2005).

Timely care is important because it ensures that whatever ailment or other health condition the patient has it must be treated without wasting much time. It also ensures that the patients do not wait for long in the provision of the health care facility. If timely care is given to the patients then a relationship of trust and respect is built between the patient and the healthcare provider. Hospitals or physicians can meet this aim by addressing the issues of the patient without wasting time. If for example a patient is brought to the emergency room because of an accident or suicide attempt then the hospital should first provide care to the patient instead of wasting time in unnecessary formalities only then the trust between the patient and the healthcare provider can be built ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a12fgtr16bt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Summit, Greiner, & Knebel, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Summit, Greiner, & Knebel, 2003)"},"citationItems":[{"id":714,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/2RJg7y7G/items/4NQ6QB2C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/2RJg7y7G/items/4NQ6QB2C"],"itemData":{"id":714,"type":"book","title":"The Core Competencies Needed for Health Care Professionals","publisher":"National Academies Press (US)","source":"www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov","abstract":"All health professionals should be educated to deliver patient-centered care as members of an interdisciplinary team, emphasizing evidence-based practice, quality improvement approaches, and informatics.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221519/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Summit","given":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Health Professions Education"},{"family":"Greiner","given":"Ann C."},{"family":"Knebel","given":"Elisa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Summit, Greiner, & Knebel, 2003)

Equitable care is also one of the most important aims for the delivery of quality care. It ensures that the quality of any health care facility does not change with the gender or ethnicity or the socio-economic status of the patient. The hospitals can meet this aim by giving proper training to their staff and also by hiring healthcare professionals and nurses from diverse cultural background and gender as well. Only then it would be possible to neglect such differences and provide healthcare facilities regardless of the gender or other factors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bywydggZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Slonim & Pollack, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Slonim & Pollack, 2005)"},"citationItems":[{"id":712,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/2RJg7y7G/items/3LHPRAU5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/2RJg7y7G/items/3LHPRAU5"],"itemData":{"id":712,"type":"article-journal","title":"Integrating the Institute of Medicine's six quality aims into pediatric critical care: relevance and applications","container-title":"Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: A Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies","page":"264-269","volume":"6","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The Institute of Medicine's report Crossing the Quality Chasm recommends \"six aims for improvement.\" The aims are safety, effectiveness, equity, timeliness, patient-centeredness, and efficiency. This review focuses on the quality of care information relevant to the Institute of Medicine's six aims to assess their relevance, potential impact, and affect on pediatric critical care practice. It is concluded that if the care for pediatric intensive care patients is to be fundamentally improved, an understanding of the current care environment, the existing evidence base, the opportunities for improvement, and the documentation of the improvements needs to be realized. The Institute of Medicine's six aims provide a useful framework to advance the quality of care in this pediatric subspecialty and perhaps others.","DOI":"10.1097/01.PCC.0000160592.87113.C6","ISSN":"1529-7535","note":"PMID: 15857522","shortTitle":"Integrating the Institute of Medicine's six quality aims into pediatric critical care","journalAbbreviation":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Slonim","given":"Anthony D."},{"family":"Pollack","given":"Murray M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005",5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Slonim & Pollack, 2005).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Slonim, A. D., & Pollack, M. M. (2005). Integrating the Institute of Medicine’s six quality aims into pediatric critical care: relevance and applications. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: A Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 6(3), 264–269.

Summit, I. of M. (US) C. on the H. P. E., Greiner, A. C., & Knebel, E. (2003). The Core Competencies Needed for Health Care Professionals.

Proposing A Solution

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[English]

[Date]

How to Better Prepare Students for College

Introduction

In the current scenario, it has been observed that there is a high need to prepare students at the school level for college. The reason for that lies in the fact that most of the students after taking admission in college are still not capable of aligning with the requirements. The matter of fact is that success in college is not about grades only. It has been observed a great number of key changes that are required in school for preparing students to be successful at college-level. At times when high school seniors tend to walk across the stage and are collecting their diplomas, at that particular time, high hopes rest on their shoulders. The aim of such students is to either become a doctor, teacher, scientist or go to any field.

The matter of fact is that the majority of students after passing their high-school diploma will not live out their college dreams. When the majority of the students head to college, it is to be taken into consideration that the issue of whether such students are ready for college or not has arisen. Studies and researches show that only around 60 percent of students graduate within six years. In the current scenario, most of the schools are observed not preparing the student for success in college. However, there are certain changes that can be made in schools for better preparing students for success.

The Need to Prepare Students

In the past few years, it has been observed that a large number of students are graduating high schools, and still not have a clear, real path to success in college. Studies and researches tell that nearly half of college-level students are seen graduating high school, and not even taking college readiness course of study. In the majority of the cases, high school graduates are not ready to take on college-level courses. Apart from some basic classes, there is not any set curriculum that a high school student can follow. A student is left free to choose whatever class he/she wants even if they are not under a college-readiness level. In a nutshell, it can simply be said that highs schools are failed to prepare students for college. Due to this, students are not able to provide quality work at the college level, and it results in a dark future for them. It is true that the problem cannot be resolved on its own, but the matter of fact is that there are some ways in which high schools can try to prepare the students for college.

Focus on Emotional and Social Learning

Not only in America but all over the world mental health is becoming a crucial issue on college campuses. From the past few years, it has been observed an increase in the number of students in crises. As per different reports, depression, anxiety, sleep, and stress difficulties among college students tend to affect their academic performance more than any other factor. Students at the college level are mostly found in such cases, and they are not able to fulfill the requirement of college (Deming et al., 2016). All of it happens due to not having proper training from schools. The majority of the students who fall in such category are mostly the ones who speak English as a second language. For schools, a piece of advice is to offer workshops that may cover all competencies of emotional and social learning along with workshops about depressing and anxiety in college.

Strengthen Executive Function Skills

The matter of fact is that in schools, professors tend to provide scaffolding for students. There are a number of duties that a teacher is bound to perform such as organizing projects, creating deadlines, and setting aside time in class to work on the project itself. The outcomes of this result in the student not developing the executive functioning skills they are required to be successful in college. At that particular time, students are mostly seen struggling to finish their college degrees.

An important thing about executive functions is that they tend to allow us to complete tasks by problem-solving and making decisions. If schools aim to better prepare students for college, there is a high need to teach them as a part of the coursework deliberately. A perfect example in such a scenario would be instead of planning for students. Professors should teach students the ways in which they can plan out larger projects for themselves. The matter of fact is that students at the high school level require opportunities for practicing self-talk or for working through the decision-making process and difficult situations. It is quite obvious that students participating in sports, arts, extra-curricular activities can build executive functioning skills.

Offering College Classes

Another way in which schools can better prepare students for college is by offering college classes. The matter of fact is that dual-enrollment programs tend to allow students in getting a sense of academic rigor college to expects. Along with this, a student is helped in becoming knowledgable regarding the overall college system (O'Sullivan et al., 2017). The outcomes of this result in becoming an advantage for students to entering college as they are already armed with reasonable credits. Although there are some high schools that take dual enrollment classes, this culture is not that much in common. There is a high need for all high school students to have exposure to a college class before they leave. The reason for that is quite simple as it will help them for the real thing.

Embracing Rigor in Classrooms

A classroom is a place that tends to play a vital role in the skill enhancement of a student. It is none other than the environment of a classroom that affects the mind of a student to a great extent. Rigor in the classroom is considered as a useful way for the teachers to better prepare the student for college (Skinner, 2016). When a teacher tends to increase rigor in the classroom, most of the times, they are subjected to backlash from parents, students, and administration that tries appeasing parents and students. Therefore, in the effort to prepare students for college, there is a high need to increase rigor school-wide (Deming et al., 2016).

Here, the question would be what are the ways to build rigor. Well, in any particular situation, if there is a need to build rigor in classroom, there needs to be a shift to unification within schools. In order to build rigor, the best place for taking a start is to develop a common language for articulating academic expectations across the school. One thing that must be taken into consideration that the common language developed should be used when teachers and administrators speak with students and parents. Apart from this, across content areas and grade levels, there requires to be a set of common practices. The matter of fact is that each science teacher in a grade level who tends to use a set of common assessment for gauging student progress is a strategy for increasing rigor. It is to be taken into consideration that each such change needs to supported with professional development. Therefore, teachers have knowledge and tools they require for building rigor in classrooms.

Preparation Course

It is true that for the majority of the students, college is the beginning of freedom for loving life and making decisions on their own. However, it must be taken into consideration that the freedom of that type requires skillsets which are basically outside the scope of K-12 curriculum. In such a scenario, a course like genuine college preparation will be of great worth. In that particular course, it is required to make it a genuine college readiness course for teaching the students' life skills that may help them in their college. If a student is looking forward to success, he/she is required to understand the ways in which he/she can locate and take advantage of opportunities in their field. In that particular case, students should understand how to network (Greenhow et al., 2017).

Conclusion

It is concluded that success in college is not about grades only. Studies and researches tell that nearly half of college-level students are seen graduating high school, and not even taking college readiness course of study. A large number of students are graduating high schools, and still not have a clear, real path to success in college. As per different reports, depression, anxiety, sleep, and stress difficulties among college students tend to affect their academic performance to a great extent. The matter of fact is that students at the high school level require opportunities for practicing self-talk or for working through the decision-making process and difficult situations. The dual-enrollment programs tend to allow students to get a sense of academic rigor college expects. Along with this, a student is helped in becoming knowledgable regarding the overall college system. Although there are some high schools that take dual enrollment classes, this culture does not seem that much in common. In the current scenario, there is a high need for all high school students to have exposure to a college class before they leave high school.

Work Cited

Deming, David J., and David Figlio. "Accountability in US education: Applying lessons from K-12 experience to higher education." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30.3 (2016): 33-56.

Greenhow, Christine, and Emilia Askari. "Learning and teaching with social network sites: A decade of research in K-12 related education." Education and information technologies22.2 (2017): 623-645.

O'Sullivan, Michael K., and Kim B. Dallas. "A collaborative approach to implementing 21st century skills in a high school senior research class." Education Libraries 33.1 (2017): 3-9.

Skinner, Burrhus Frederic. The technology of teaching. BF Skinner Foundation, 2016.

Wyner, Joshua S. What excellent community colleges do: Preparing all students for success. Harvard Education Press, 2019.

Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Psycholinguistics

‘First Language Acquisition’ or commonly identified as the Child Language Acquisition is a procedure whereby kids from the early period through initial school years acquire their 1st language. The term 1st Language Acquisition can be talked about as the field that explores the procedure through which kids grow to use small words and sentences in their 1st language, to converse with other individuals.

A number of theories and methodologies have been established throughout the course of previous years struggling to study and investigate how do youngsters acquire their mother language. Here we will identify 2 major concepts that elucidate the learning procedure of the child’s 1st language: Behaviorism and Nativist or Innateness theory. These two theories are also referred to as nature versus nurture theories.

Behaviorist theory of language is a psychology based educational way of thought, founded on the notion that conduct can be studied scientifically devoid of deliberation of mental conditions. The principal assumption is that learning is influenced exclusively by bodily variables, for instance, ecological or substantial fortification. By terminating the effect of cerebral variables, scientists that belonged to the behaviorist school of thought suggest that self-determination is a delusion and that answers can be found and habituated. Significant facts important to the growth of these theories take account of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JlE1pVX6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reimann, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Reimann, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":195,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CyMh1xNF/items/C3CCIWMW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CyMh1xNF/items/C3CCIWMW"],"itemData":{"id":195,"type":"chapter","title":"Behaviorist Learning Theory","container-title":"The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching","publisher":"American Cancer Society","page":"1-6","source":"Wiley Online Library","abstract":"Behaviorist learning theory is a psychology-grounded pedagogical line of thought, based on the idea that behavior can be researched scientifically without consideration of cognitive states. The primary hypothesis is that learning is influenced solely by physical variables such as environmental or material reinforcement. By dismissing the influence of mental variables, behaviorist theories propose that free will is an illusion and that responses can be determined and conditioned. Key figures essential to the development of these theories include Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner.","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0155","ISBN":"978-1-118-78423-5","note":"DOI: 10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0155","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Reimann","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reimann, 2018).

The behaviorist theorists believe that babies acquire spoken linguistic from other human role models by a method including imitation, rewards, and practice. As soon as a youngster endeavors verbal language or replicates the sounds or speaking patterns they are frequently acclaimed and given love for their hard work. As a consequence, admiration and love turn out to be rewarded. On the other hand, the behaviorist theory is analyzed for a diversity of motives.

The mentalist learning theory gives emphasis to the part of the mind in the linguistic acquisition by arguing that human being is born with an instinctive and natural capability to learn languages. The theory was headed by Noam Chomsky and ascended in reply to B. F. Skinner's fundamental behaviorism. The fundamentals of this theory can be found in the origins of the mentalist learning theory back to psychology and illuminate how it is unlike the behaviorism ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XpaIF5Zl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Spino & Loewen, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Spino & Loewen, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":197,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CyMh1xNF/items/6UAENLLB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CyMh1xNF/items/6UAENLLB"],"itemData":{"id":197,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mentalist Learning Theory","container-title":"The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching","collection-title":"Major Reference Works","page":"1-6","source":"onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon)","abstract":"The mentalist learning theory emphasizes the role of the mind in language acquisition by arguing that humans are born with an innate and biological capacity to learn languages. This theory was spearheaded by Noam Chomsky, and arose in response to B. F. Skinner's radical behaviorism. This summary traces the origins of the mentalist learning theory back to psychology, and explains how it is different from behaviorism. Although the mentalist learning theory was not designed to have pedagogical implications for second language learning, this summary also includes suggestions for language teachers that are compatible with the theory.","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0156","DOI":"10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0156","ISSN":"9781118784235","author":[{"family":"Spino","given":"Le Anne"},{"family":"Loewen","given":"Shawn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",1,18]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Spino & Loewen, 2018). Youngsters learning how to speak do not ever make grammatical mistakes, for example, having their subjects, verbs, and objects in an erroneous manner. If a grownup intentionally said a grammatically inappropriate sentence, the kid would notice that. Kids every so often utter things that are not correct grammatically for instance ‘mama ball', which they cannot have learned submissively. Mistakes just like ‘I drew' as an alternative of ‘I drew’ display they are not learning by imitation only. Chomsky made use of the sentence ‘colorless green ideas sleep furiously’, which is syntactic even though it doesn’t seem sensible, to demonstrate his theory: he said it illustrates that utterances can be grammatically deprived of having any sense ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JCor8paf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Theories of the early stages of language acquisition,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Theories of the early stages of language acquisition,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":199,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CyMh1xNF/items/6FP7AR7X"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CyMh1xNF/items/6FP7AR7X"],"itemData":{"id":199,"type":"webpage","title":"Theories of the early stages of language acquisition","container-title":"Khan Academy","abstract":"Read and learn for free about the following article: Theories of the early stages of language acquisition","URL":"https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/language/a/theories-of-the-early-stages-of-language-acquisition","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Theories of the early stages of language acquisition,” n.d.). That we can point the dissimilarity between a grammatical and an ungrammatical utterance deprived of ever having caught the sentence in the past, and that we can generate and comprehend spanking new utterances that nobody has said in advance ever.

The new technology of brain imaging, just like MRIs and fMRIs have as well permitted researchers to look at the brains of youngsters and patients with disorders related to language-acquisition to apprehend this complex incident. An fMRI can trail at what point and at what times our brains use energy. If a specific fragment of your brain lights up during the time you’re learning a language, that fragment of the brain is consuming energy, and in this perspective could be connected to language-acquisition. Unquestionably we learn by the passage of time and not at the same time, consequently, there is a boundary to what we can learn by means of imaging which signifies the brain in a single instant.

The two theories of nature and nurture have presented some valid and some invalid or such points that cannot be proved. As in nature theory, scientists believe that the language is God-given and is a process that is solely inbuilt in the brain of a child since birth. This is purely a sweeping statement, and cannot be proved. Similarly, behaviorist theory also seems to have its drawbacks such as I say that language is the result of imitation, and no mental processing is involved, which proves to be wrong when it comes to wrong sentence structures produced by kids.

The theory of behaviorism or mentalism though have their shortcomings yet they cannot be totally denied. The reason is that many of the points that they make are evidence-based. Such as the behaviorists state that the child learns the language through his surroundings, this is true in a sense that the child hears the words in his surroundings and adopts them. When he makes the correct use of these words or the utterances, people respond to him and even appreciate him thus giving him a positive stimulus. This proves that language is learned by behaviorism to some extent. On the other hand, any of the modern researches have shown that the energy in the brain is traced while someone utters a word or makes an utterance. This depicts that some brain activity is involved in language learning. Though there has been going on lots of research regarding this matter, yet enough pieces of evidence are not found until today to support which theory is correct and which one is not.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Reimann, A. (2018). Behaviorist Learning Theory. The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0155

Spino, L. A., & Loewen, S. (2018). Mentalist Learning Theory. The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0156

Theories of the early stages of language acquisition. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2019, from Khan Academy website: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/language/a/theories-of-the-early-stages-of-language-acquisition